The need for companionship as seen in the main character in the Ernest Hemingway`s The Old Man and The Sea.

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THE NEED FOR COMPANIONSHIP AS SEEN IN THE MAIN
CHARACTER IN THE ERNEST HEMINGWAY'S
THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters

By
SYLVA HARYOSAPUTRO
Student Number: 084214046

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
2013

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THE NEED FOR COMPANIONSHIP AS SEEN IN THE MAIN
CHARACTER IN THE ERNEST HEMINGWAY'S
THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters

By

SYLVA HARYOSAPUTRO
Student Number: 084214046

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
2013
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"If you do not believe you
can do it then you have no
chance at all."
A r s e n e We n g e r

“If you think you are too
small to make a difference,
try sleeping with a mosquito.”
Dalai Lama
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for
my beloved parents,
mulyono and hardinar.
and for
my love,
vany eka ningtyas.

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama

: SYLVA HARYOSAPUTRO

Nomor Mahasiswa

: 084214046

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberi Perpustakaan Universitas
Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE NEED FOR COMPANIONSHIP AS SEEN IN THE MAIN CHARACTER
IN THE ERNEST HEMINGWAY'S THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberi
Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam
bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara
terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet dan atau media lain untuk kepentingan
akademis tanpa meminta izin kepada saya dan tanpa perlu memberikan royalti kepada
saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 31 Juli 2013
Yang menyatakan,

SYLVA HARYOSAPUTRO

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the
ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full
consequences including degree cancellation if he took somebody else’s ideas,
phrases, or sentences without proper references.

Yogyakarta, July 31, 2013

SYLVA HARYOSAPUTRO

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to thank Allah SWT, for the endless blessing
and for giving me guidance in accomplishing this undergraduate thesis. Also, I have
to thank Muhammad SAW as the truth leader and messenger. Secondly, I would give
gratitude to Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum. as my advisor for the helps, comments,
ideas, and patience. I would also thank Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani, S.S., M. Hum. as my
co-advisor. A special appreciation also goes to all English Letters secretariat staff
who have been so kind to help me during my study in Sanata Dharma University.
Then, I would also give special gratitude for my gratitude is for my beloved
parents Mulyono and Hardinar for their endless loves and support. I would like to
thank my all family member that I cannot mention one by one. After that, my loudest
gratitudes go to my best friends: Andri, Damar, TJ, Demen, Yuga, Dedhy, Gaplek,
Ian, Ari, Rintan, Helga, Rissa, Denty, Cella, Putri, Momon, and Gisa who always
help, support, and motivate me. My special thanks to FKM BUDI UTAMA for

facilitating a place for praying to the Moslem students of Sanata Dharma University. I
would also give my gratefulness to my English Letters friends that I could not
mention one by one.
Last but not least, my great and special thank goes to Vany Eka Ningtyas, who
gives the spirit and support for me. For everyone not written and mentioned here, I
note you in my heart. Thank you.
SYLVA HARYOSAPUTRO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
..............................................................................
APPROVAL PAGE ..............................................................................

ACCEPTANCE PAGE .....................................................................
MOTTO PAGE ....................................................................................
DEDICATION PAGE
................................................................
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI
KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ..........
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ..................................................
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................
ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................
ABSTRAK ..........................................................................................

i
ii
iii
iv
v

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................
A. Background of the Study ......................................................

B. Problem Formulation ............................................................
C. Objectives of the Study .........................................................
D. Definition of Terms ..............................................................

1
1
4
4
5

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ......................................
A. Review of Related Studies ....................................................
B. Review of Related Theories ..................................................
1. Theories of Character and Characterization ........................
2. The Relation between Literature and Psychology .............
3. Theory of Companionship .................................................
C. Theoretical Framework .........................................................

6
6
8
8
11
12
15

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...................................................
A. Object of the Study ................................................................
B. Approach of the Study ..........................................................
C. Method of the Study ..............................................................

17
17
18
19

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...............................................................
A. The Characteristics of Santiago
.....................................
B. The Need for Companionship as Seen through Santiago ......

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21
29

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .........................................................

45

BIBLIOGRAPHY

..............................................................................

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APPENDIX .........................................................................................

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ABSTRACT
SYLVA HARYOSAPUTRO (2013). The Need for Companionship As Seen in the
Main Character in the Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma
University.
This study discusses the book entitled The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest
Hemingway. The objective of this study is to show that the main character in this
novel needs for companionship. There are two problems analyzed. These problems
cover the description of the main character and the need for companionship that is
reflected through the main character.
To answer the problems, the writer uses two theories. The first theory used is
theory of character and characterization. This theory is used to describe the
characteristics of the main character. The second theory is theories of companionship.
These theories are used to reveal that the main character need for companionship in
order to get an acceptance from the people who live around him. In this study, the
writer uses psychological approach to see the text. Psychological approach is chosen
by the writer since the need for companionship of the main character is mostly
discussed as psychological problems.
For this study, the writer conducts library research. By taking this method, the
writer can be closer to the text. Then the analysis is done by researching the data and
the theories by finding it in the books or internet.
At last, the result of this study is the writer finds that the need for
companionship is seen in the main character, Santiago. The need for companionship
of Santiago can be seen from his characteristics. The characteristics of the old man
show that he is an unlucky person. He has fished for 84 days but he gets nothing,
while the other fisherman can get the fish only for several days. It makes the people
mock him as salao. Salao is the worst word of unluckiness. The unluckiness of
Santiago makes him as an ambitious person. He has an ambition to fish by himself
because the boy's parents do not permit her son to help the old man because of
Santiago's salao (unluckiness). The parents of the boy assume that the old fisherman
cannot catch the fish by himself.
Finally, he forcedly fishes alone in order to prove that he can get the fish by
himself. It makes him lonely because he fishes alone. His loneliness makes him
unable to catch the fish easily. Santiago is alone there. It makes him need the other
person to help him catch the fish. The loneliness of the old fisherman also makes him
suffer. After getting of the fish, he suffers because there is no one to help him when
he is struck by the shark. It wounds him because there is not anyone beside him for
helping him to against with the shark. His unluckiness, ambition, loneliness, and
suffering prove him that he needs for companionship. Santiago requires this need in
order to get other's help and get an acceptance from the fishermen who live around
him.
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ABSTRAK
SYLVA HARYOSAPUTRO (2013). The Need for Companionship As Seen in the
Main Character in the Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea.
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membahas sebuah buku berjudul The Old Man and the Sea yang
ditulis oleh Ernest Hemingway. Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk menunjukkan bahwa
tokoh utama pada novel ini membutuhkan pertemanan. Ada dua masalah yang akan
dianalisis dalam studi ini. Yang pertama adalah deskripsi tokoh utama dan
permasalahan yang kedua adalah need for companionship terlihat pada tokoh utama.
Dalam pembahasan masalah- masalah tersebut, penulis menggunakan dua
teori untuk mendasari analisisnya. Teori yang pertama adalah teori tokoh dan
penokohan. Teori ini digunakan untuk mengetahui deskripsi tokoh utama. Teori yang
kedua adalah teori companionship. Teori ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa
tokoh utama pada novel ini membutuhkan kebutuhan akan pertemanan yang
bertujuan untuk bisa diterima oleh orang-orang yang hidup di sekitarnya. Dalam studi
ini, penulis menggunakan sebuah pendekatan secara psikologi. Pendekatan ini dipilih
oleh penulis dengan melihat bahwa kebutuhan pertemanan pada tokoh utama
merupakan masalah yang sering dibahas sebagai masalah psikologi.
Untuk studi ini, penulis menggunakan riset pustaka. Dengan metode ini
penulis dapat menjadi lebih dekat dengan teks. Data dan dan teori yang didapat dari
buku dan internet kemudian menjadi dasar analisis studi.
Pada akhirnya, penulis menemukan bahwa kebutuhan pertemanan terlihat
pada tokoh utama pada novel ini, Santiago. Kebutuhan untuk pertemanan pada diri
Santiago pun terlihat pada karakteristiknya. Karakteristik lelaki tua ini menunjukkan
bahwa dia adalah orang yang tidak beruntung. Dia telah melaut selama 84 hari tanpa
mendapatkan satu ikan pun, di lain pihak para nelayan lainnya bisa mendapatkan
tangkapannya hanya dalam beberapa hari saja. Hal ini membuat orang-orang
mengejeknya sebagai salao. Salao adalah kata terburuk dari ketidakberuntungan.
Ketidakberuntungannya membuat ia menjadi seseorang yang ambisius. Dia memiliki
ambisi untuk menangkap ikan sendiri karena anak laki-laki yang ingin membantunya
melaut dilarang oleh orang tuanya. Mereka tidak memberi ijin ke anaknya karena
Santiago adalah seorang yang salao. Mereka beranggapan bahwa nelayan tua ini
tidak akan mampu menangkap ikan satu pun.
Akhirnya dengan terpaksa ia melaut sendiri dengan tujuan untuk
membuktikan bahwa ia dapat menangkap ikan tanpa bantuan orang lain. Hal itu
membuatnya menjadi sendiri dan kesepian. Ini yang membuat ia membutuhkan orang
lain untuk membantunya menangkap ikan. Kesepian yang dimiliki oleh nelayan tua
ini pada akhirnya membuat ia menderita. Dia menderita karena tidak ada orang yang
membantunya menangkap ikan dan sampai terluka ketika berjuang menangkap ikan
sendirian. Ketidakberuntungan, ambisi, kesepian, dan penderitannya membuktikan
bahwa ia membutuhkan pertemanan. Santiago membutuhkan kebutuhan ini untuk
mendapatkan bantuan dari orang lain untuk menangkap ikan dan membawanya
pulang dan setelah itu bisa diterima oleh para nelayan yang tinggal di sekitarnya.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of four sections. The first is the background of the
study, which covers the reasons for choosing the novel and the topic. The second
concerns with the problem formulation, which gives general description of the
problem that will be analyzed in this study. The third talks about the objectives of
the study to answer the problems stated in the problem formulation. The last part
describes the terms that are used in this study.
A.

Background of the Study
The American society today is the people who convinced to their

knowledge of literature. Ernest Hemingway's novel, The Old Man and the Sea, is
an American literature. American literature has many elements of idea in it. This
idea supports literature because it can help to analyze literature itself. One of the
ideas is an idea of companionship.
The idea of companionship is also related to the idea of cooperation.
Before discussing the idea of companionship, at first the writer discussed about
the idea of cooperation. In a general sense, cooperation is an action that results
from a partnership to share the purpose, or a desire to cooperate. One of the
authors who explain the idea of cooperation was Benjamin Franklin. This idea is
the important value in the history of American society, and who became an
inspiration to some writings by the American authors. In his book, Autobiography,
Franklin explains a system of reason and virtues that will allow a man to achieve

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moral perfection. The idea of cooperation is always in the frame of the discussion
of American society. The idea or the doctrine of cooperation is sometimes seen in
a conflict, or can be seen as a complement of the ideas of companionship, which is
also one of the important values in American society. Franklin believes that in
order to fulfill a need in society, people have to get it from someone else. The idea
of cooperation comes from the belief that being both individual and
companionship are good in the community. Meaning to say the idea of
cooperation

relates

to

the

idea

of

companionship

(https://shop.lakewinds.com/store/pdf/Newsletters07/lw101107.pdf).
Wendy Johnson in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology believes
that making an affiliation or having each other is aimed to get something from the
others and for having a social identity. The community comes from the people's
environment. The people who want to get it have to have a companion in his or
her life. They who want to have a companion usually need the other people's help.
Everyone actually needs a companion in this world. One companion or more can
fulfill the other companion's needs. Some people make a group for themselves to
get one similarity. They want their members to interact with each other. A group
that the members are interacting can also affect each other.
It also makes it possible to assess the degree to which the independent
variables exert their effects independently of genetic influences on life
satisfaction and to distinguish environmental effects acting to make
members of the same family similar from those that act to make members
of the same family different. Environmental effects that act to make
members of the same family similar are generally termed shared
environmental effects (2006: 680-691).

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Companionship can be defined as the idea that accompanies or is in
company with another for a longer or shorter period. This idea relates to the
psychological side. The idea of companionship is about the existence of the
people from the psychology side. Rollo May is the best known American
existential psychologist. Many of May’s unique ideas can be found in the book
that the writer consider his best, Love and Will. In his efforts at reconciling Freud
and the existentialists, he turns his attention to the motivation. May believes that
our modern society has lost sight of the true nature of love and will, equating love
with sex and will with will power. He further held that psychologically healthy
people are able to combine love and will because both imply care, choice, action,
and responsibility (1974: 273).
The relation between companionship meaning and Ernest Hemingway’s
novel, The Old Man and the Sea, is located in the main character, Santiago.
Reading this novel at first the writer thinks that it is about the selfishness of
Santiago because the old man fishes by himself even though he lives in a complex
area. The idea of companionship side of this novel is the main point of it. Santiago
evidently needs the other's help, especially from the boy, to catch the fish in order
to get the people acceptance.
In this novel, the writer sees the powerlessness of Santiago. Leo Gurko, in
his 1955 essay, interprets that Santiago does not have more power to fish alone.
This overriding powerlessness and futility of the individual is reflected in
the fisherman Santiago’s conversations with the big fish itself while he is
trying to land it (Gurko, 1955: 11).

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This statement means that Santiago as the old fisherman needed the other's
help. He cannot fish alone. It means that Santiago needed a companionship in his
life. From Gurko's statement, the novel, The Old Man and the Sea, was the perfect
example to research the topic.

B.

Problem Formulation

There are two problems that are going to be analyzed:
1.

How are Santiago’s characteristics described?

2.

How is the need for companionship reflected through Santiago?

C.

Objectives of the Study
The primary objective of this study is to learn and understand the need for

companionship of the main character of this novel, Santiago. The title the Need
for Companionship As Seen in the Main Character, in Ernest Hemingway’s
The Old Man and the Sea is chosen to be the topic of my undergraduate thesis in
order to show the need for companionship reflected through the main character,
Santiago. The writer has two objectives to answer of the problem formulation.
The first objective is to know how the characteristics of the main character
of this novel, Santiago, are described. To analyze this undergraduate thesis, first,
the writer wants to know the characteristics of Santiago.
The second objective is to understand and to find out how the
characteristics can reflect the need for companionship. From this objective the
writer wants to analyze that the characteristics of Santiago reflects his need for
companionship.

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D.

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Definition of Terms
It is difficult to discuss further without knowing terms that will commonly

be used in this study. To avoid misinterpretation and to clarify the theme, the
writer would like to explain the term that needs to be defined. According to
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 7th Edition, companionship is “the
pleasant feeling that you have when you have a friendly relationship with
somebody or not alone” (Hornby, 2005: 305). From Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology that is written by Karen S. Rook, companionship is the
strongest

predictor

of

the

dimensions

of

social

satisfaction

because

companionship contributes to a relationship satisfaction and feelings of loneliness
(1986: 1132-1147). The writer asserts that companionship means the feeling of
closeness and friendship that exists between companions.

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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter will focus on the analyzing of theories that are used in this
study. The first part, the writer tries to review on some related studies that contain
some information, comments, or criticism related to Ernest Hemingway's The Old
Man and the Sea. The second part the writer reviews on some theories that will be
used in the analysis. The third part or the last part the writer discusses the
theoretical framework. In this part, the writer tries to explain how the theories are
used to analyze the analysis.
A. Review of Related Studies
In a literary work, usually there are some criticisms to argue the work. For
some critics, the form of criticism can be an agreement or disagreement. The Old
Man and the Sea also needs the criticisms for analyzing this study.
The Old Man and the Sea is a work that is written by Ernest Hemingway.
This novel is about an old fisherman named Santiago. Santiago, the main
character in this novel, is physically described as an aged, weak, and brave man.
He is described psychologically as a lonely old man. Santiago realizes that he
never caught any fish. He needed to catch fish because he wanted the other
fishermen respect him.
The conflict is resolved into a struggle between a man and a force which
scarcely comprehends, but which he knows that he must continue to strive
against, though knowing too that the struggle must end in defeat
(Waldmeir, 1962:161).

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Clinton Burhans, a writer of The Old Man and the Sea: Hemingway’s
Tragic Vision of Man, wrote a link of Santiago’s loneliness, solo journey out to
sea, “beyond all people in the world,” and then back to his “good town,” to
Hemingway’s own philosophical tug-of-war between the rugged individualist in
thought and action and the recognition that truly, no man is an island (1960: 446).
When Santiago finally catches his marlin, the boat is too far out at sea, in sharkinfested waters, and the sharks begin to tear apart the prized catch. Burhans stated
t ha t
In his realization that in going alone and too far out, he has ruined both
himself and also the great fish, suggesting this symbolizes Hemingway’s
belief that man. In his individualism and his pride and his need, inevitably
goes beyond his true place in the world, and thereby brings violence and
destruction on himself and on others (1960: 449).
Burhans also stated the need for companionship of Santiago. He said that
Santiago finally realizes his true solidarity and interdependence with the rest of
mankind, Burhans says, when he gets back to shore, and finds that it is pleasant to
have someone to talk to instead of speaking only to himself and to the sea (1960:
453).
Leo Gurko commented about The Old Man and the Sea. Gurko stated
about the powerlessness of Santiago. He also stated that Santiago was lonely
when he was fishing. Gurko said that this overriding powerlessness and futility of
the individual is reflected in the fisherman Santiago’s conversations with the big
fish itself while he is trying to land it (1955: 11). From Gurko’s statement, it
shows how Santiago actually cannot fish alone. He still needed a help from the
other person, but here he wanted to fish individually.

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From those statements, we can see that Hemingway’s novel, The Old Man
and the Sea, has a great value of the idea of companionship. With this study, the
writer wants to discover something new, as the main character, Santiago still
needed a help from the other person to catch the fish. This novel is an attempt to
develop a companionship story into it full meanings and to see what Hemingway
has done in representing in a reality. Many critics have analyzed The Old man and
the Sea in the sense of symbolic meaning. Those critics and comments give
deeper information for the writer to analyze the story of the novel such as
character and the idea of companionship. This thesis is different from the others
because this focus on the need for companionship of the main character, Santiago,
seen through his story when he wanted to go to the sea until the fishing.
B. Review of Related Theories
1.

Theory of Character and Characterization
A character is an important role in a play or story. The character has an

important role in making up a story. In this novel, Santiago as the old man is the
main character of The Old man and The Sea. In the Understanding Unseeens, M.
J. Murphy mentioned nine ways of how an author reveals the character's
personality and traits to the reader. The nine ways are:
a. Personal Description, an author can describe a person's appearance
and clothes (1972: 161-162).
b. Character as seen by another, an author uses character's eyes and
opinions to describe a character (1972: 162).

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c. Speech, what a character says can give the reader an insight of
another person's characteristics (1972: 164).
d. Past life, the author gives a clue to past events that help the readers
to shape a person's characteristics (1972: 166).
e. Conversation of others, the conversations of other people and the
things they say about a character can be a clue to a person's
characteristics (1972: 167).
f. Reactions, by allowing the readers to know how a person reacts to
various situations and events, an author can also give them a clue
to a person's characteristics (1972: 168).
g. Direct comment, the author can describe or comment on a person's
characteristics directly (1972: 170).
h. Thoughts, an author can give the readers a direct knowledge of
what a character is thinking about (1972: 171).
i. Mannerisms, a person's mannerisms, habits can be described by the
author to tell his readers something about the person's
characteristics (1972: 173).
A character may remain essentially "stable," or unchanged in outlook and
disposition, or may undergo a radical change, either through a gradual process of
development or as the result of a crisis. Whether a character remains stable or
change, the reader of a traditional and realistic work expects "consistency", the
character should not suddenly break off and act in a way not plausibly grounded

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in his or her temperament as we have already come to know it. Abrams also said
t ha t
the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work who examined by the
readers as being accomplished with moral and dispositional qualities that
are expressed in what they say – the dialogue and by what they do – the
action. The grounds in character’s temperament and moral nature for his
speech and his actions constitute his motivation (1981:20).
A broad distinction is frequently made between alternative methods for
characterizing (i.e., establishing the distinctive characters of) the persons in a
narrative: showing and telling. In showing (also called "the dramatic method"),
the author simply presents the characters talking and acting and leaves the reader
to infer the motives and dispositions that lie behind what they say and do. The
author may show not only external speech and actions, but also a character's inner
thoughts, feelings, and responsiveness to events; for a highly developed mode of
such inner showing in stream of consciousness. In telling, the author intervenes
authoritatively in order to describe, and often to evaluate, the motives and
dispositional qualities of the characters (Abrams, 1981:24).
In the literary works such as drama, novels, and short stories, the
characterization of imaginary persons is revealed by the author. Holman and
Harmon said, “characterization is the creation of the author’s imaginary about
characters as the real persons so that they exist for the reader as lifelike”
(1976:81). According to Rohrberger and Woods, “the process by which an author
creates the characters is called characterization” (1976:12).
The ability to characterize is primary of a good writer. There are three
basic methods of characterization in fiction according to Holman and Harmon.

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They are through “direct exposition, presentation of the character in action, and
the impact of actions and emotions,”
The explicit presentation by the author of the character through direct
exposition, either in introductory block or more often piecemeal
throughout the work illustrated by action. The presentation of the character
in action, which little or no explicit comment by the author, in the
expectation that the readers will be to deduce the attributes of the actor
from the action. The representation from within a character, the impact of
actions and emotions on the character’s inner self, with the expectation
that the readers will come to a clear understanding of the attributes of the
character (1976: 81).
Direct presentation makes a clear explanation and makes easier for the
readers to identify the characters. On the other hand, without any explanation of
the character or indirect presentation makes the readers have to analyze it more
deeply.
2.

The Relation between Literature and Psychology
In their book Theory of Literature, Wellek and Warren stated four studies

to research a psychological literature thesis. First, the psychological study of the
author as a type or as an individual. It means that this study tends toward
psychology of art. Researchers try to capture the author's mental condition at the
time of bringing forth a literary work. Second, the study of creative process. This
study related to the mental health. It means how psychological measures when
expressing literary work into focus. Third, the study of psychological types and
laws presented within works of literature. This study can be directed to the study
of psychological theories, such as psychoanalysis into a literary text. The
assumption of this study is the authors often use certain psychological theories in
creation. This study really raised the literary text as a study area. Fourth, the effect

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of literature upon readers. This study is more inclined towards pragmatic
psychological aspects of literary texts to readers (1977:81).
The relationship between psychology and literature may seem intuitively
obvious given the ways that fictional narratives can create the impression that one
has direct access to a character's thoughts and deepest feelings. In the book
Psychology and its Allied Disciplines Humanities, Bornstein stated that literature
is the best to describe the human condition in dramatic form and psychology has
the strength to investigate human’s character or behavior in systematic ways
(1984: 144). It means that both literature and psychology study about the human's
character.
Psychology literature is the study of literature that sees the work as a
mental activity. Psychology has an aspect that examines the author's creative
process when projected through his work. In his book The Psychology of Human
Behavior, R.A. Kalish stated that literature "holds the mirror up to the man"
(1973: 8). The writer can conclude that psychology literature analyzing character's
characteristics. How far the author describes the character thus characteristic of
literature becomes more alive.
3.

Theory of Companionship
In social psychology, the need for companionship is an intrinsic

motivation to affiliate with others and be socially accepted. This need plays a role
in a number of social phenomena such as self-presentation and social comparison.
In Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation, stated in Motivation and
Personality, companionship is a part of one of the person's major needs that

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motivates human behavior or need for love and belonging. The hierarchy is
usually portrayed as a pyramid, with more basic needs at the base and more
complex needs near the peak. The need for love and belonging lie at the center of
the pyramid as part of the social needs. While Maslow suggested that these needs
were less important than the physiological and safety needs, he believed that "the
need for belonging helped people to experience companionship and acceptance
through family, friends, and other relationships. The people need for
companionship in order to avoid problems such as loneliness, depression and
anxiety, it is important for people to feel loved and accepted by other people"
(1987: 20).

In The Third Force: The Psychology of Abraham Maslow, Maslow's
theory of needs for companionship relate to the theory of human motivation. This
theory can be applied to almost every aspect of individual and social life. The

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individual is an integrated, organized whole. "It is unusual that an act or a
conscious wish have but one motivation", (Maslow, 1987: 37). In other words the
whole person is motivated, not just a part of that person.
The need for companionship is the relation between psychological and
physiological needs. They are related to each other. Maslow explained this
(relation between psychological and physiological needs) in part as being
physiological-the need for rest or recovery. But it is also a psychological response,
a tendency to conserve energy (1987: 45). Psychological and physiological needs
the true inner nature of the human species, but they are weak, easily distorted, and
overcome by incorrect learning, habit, or tradition.
They are (psychological and physiological needs) intrinsic aspects of
human nature which culture cannot kill, but only repress. The needs are
easily ignored or suppressed and those are not bad either neutral or good
(1987: 38).
The idea of companionship relates to the aspect of love and belongingness.
From those two aspects, the growth and the potential of the person will develop.
Without companionship, the person cannot develop the potency and it will
obstruct the other needs.
Love hunger is a deficiency disease, like salt hunger or the avitaminoses. It
would not occur to anyone to question the statement that we 'need' iodine
or vitamin C. I remind you that the evidence that we 'need' love is exactly
the same type (1987: 41).
Companionship idea relates to a relationship between the one person and
the other persons. This idea also talks about the idea of friendship. In the proper
relationship, there is a lack of fear, a dropping of defense. Friendship makes the
person does not have to be afraid with his weakness and fault that will be

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discovered. Karl Menninger believes that friendship which contains love and
belongingness makes the person more powerful in his activity.
Love is impaired less by the feeling that we are not appreciated than by a
dread, more or less felt by everyone, lest others see through our masks, the
masks of repression that have been forced upon us by convention and
culture. It is that leads us to shun intimacy, to maintain friendships on a
superficial level, to underestimate and fail to appreciate others lest they
come to appreciate us too well (Menninger, 1987: 41).
Maslow implied that the need for companionship appeared when the need
for love, affection, belongingness is owned by the person. This need comes from
the belongingness and love needs. These (the belongingness and love needs)
include needs for belonging, love, and affection. Maslow considered these needs
to be less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as
friendships, romantic attachments, and families help fulfill this need for
companionship and acceptance, as does involvement in social, community, or
religious groups (1987:40).
C. Theoretical Framework
The theories will contribute to answer the problems that have been
mentioned and the review of related studies is needed to add some more
information about the focus of this undergraduate thesis. The review of related
theories will stand in parallel with the review of related studies to give a deeper
understanding about the study. The elaboration of review of related studies and
review of related theories helps the writer to obtain the answers of the problem
formulated previously in Chapter I.

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The theories of character are to answer the first problem. By knowing and
understand what character and characterization are, the writer can understand how
to analyze the characteristics of the main character. The writer will be able to
focus on the descriptions of the character. Knowing the descriptions of the
character will give more decision to see the need for companionship through the
main character, Santiago.
The theories of companionship are used to analyze the need for
companionship that is seen from the main character, Santiago. These theories are
used to reveal that the main character need for companionship in order to get an
acceptance from the people who live around him It will be the focus in this work.
It also helps the readers to understand deeper about the theme of this
undergraduate thesis.
The theory of the relation between psychology and literature is used to
help the writer in analyzing this work from two point of view, psychology and
literature. The theories of characters and characterization are taken from literature
point of view, while the theories of companionship are taken from psychology.
Therefore, the theory of relation between psychology and literature takes an
important role in this research.

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the methodology of the study, which can be
divided into three parts. The first part is object of the study. Object of the study
deals with the novel The Old Man and the Sea and the focus of the writer's
analysis in the study.
The second part is the approach of the study. In this part, the writer
provides the approach that the writer used in conducting the study, that is the
psychological approach.
The third part is the method of the study. In this last part, the writer will
provides the method or the procedure that concerns with the steps that the writer
used in analyzing the problem formulation in this study.
A. Object of the Study
The writer focuses on the novel of Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and
the Sea. The Old Man and the Sea is Hemingway's popular novel since the novel
received a Pulitzer Prize in 1954. The writer used the novel The Old Man and the
Sea that was published by New York Scribner as the primary source. This novel
was published in 1952. This novel consists of 127 pages. When The Old Man and
the Sea first appeared in the September 1, 1952, issue of Life magazine, millions
of people stood in line at newsstands to purchase a copy; 5,300,000 copies were
sold in two days.

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This novel tells about the old man named Santiago. He is a fisherman that
has gone for 87 days without catching a single fish. This is considered salao, or
extreme unluckiness, in the small Cuban fishing village where he lives. After the
first 40 days, the parents of the boy named Manolin, who normally fishes with
him force him to switch to a more profitable boat, and they catch three good fish
in the first week he is on board.
When he is fishing, he tries to catch the fish by himself. Until 87 days, he
gets nothing. Then, after struggling very hard, he can catch the fish.
Unfortunately, he and the fish are attacked by the sharks. In his failure to catch the
fish, he shows his loneliness. He often speaks by himself and often said that he
needs the boy, Manolin, to accompany him in his fishing. His need for making a
companionship aims to get the people's acceptance around him. Santiago wishes
the boy is in the same location to him in order to help him catch the fish and bring
it home successfully.
Based on the story above, the writer gets a point to be discussed in this
study. The writer gives more attention to the characterization of the main
character, Santiago as the old man, and the writer will give more attention to
Santiago's need for companionship.
B. Approach of the Study
To make the analysis of this study, the writer uses the psychological
approach in supporting the analysis. Here, the writer analyzes about the need for
companionship that is seen from the novel. In case that companionship has its

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relationship with the study of psychology, thus the writer needs to make an
analysis using psychological approach.
Recognizing that there is a close relationship between literature and
psychology, Kalish in The Psychology of Human Behavior implies that "literature
holds the mirror up to the man". A good writer or novelist can communicate the
feeling of theirs character and make them seem more life-like than the real people
whose behavior the psychologist attempt to describe. The writer can use the
understanding provided by the psychologist to enrich the stories, and psychologist
can gain in their understanding of human behavior by drawing from the deep
sensitive of good author (1973: 8).
From that explanation, the writer can understand that psychological
approach is used to research this study by using the theory of psychology,
meaning to say the writer studied about psychology and human mind to help to
observe this study. In this study, psychological theory is taken as the element of
the observation. As the relationship between literature and psychology is closelyestablish it can be said that psychological approach is suitable for this analysis.
C. Method of the Study
The writer tried to discuss the characterization of the main character of this
novel and the main character's need for companionship. The method that the
writer applied to this study was the library research.
There are two kinds of data used in the study. The first and the primary
data, is the novel written by Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea and it
was published in 1952. The secondary data are the books that were used to

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provide the theories, such as Abram’s A Glossary of Literary Terms, Maslow's
Motivation and Personality, and May's Psychology and The Human Dilemma.
Besides books, the writer also used some criticisms that were taken from internet..
The writer took some steps to answer the problem formulation that stated in the
previous chapter.
First, the writer obtained the Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the
Sea as the primary data or source. To understand the main problem and the idea of
the study, the writer reads the novel for many times to understand the story.
Second, the writer focused on the main problems that had been analyzed in
this study. Then the writer tried to formulate the problem formulation. Here, the
problem formulation related to the characterization of the main character,
Santiago, and the need for companionship is reflected through Santiago.
Third, the writer tried to find the books of the theories to answer the
problem formulation. The writer also tried to find the criticisms about The Old
Man and the Sea to help the writer to analyze this study.
Fourth, the writer tried to analyze this undergraduate thesis. The writer
supported the analysis with sentence to sentence of the novel as the proofs. Then,
the writer tried to answer the problem formulation from the required information
that the writer has got.
Fifth, the writer made a conclusion of the analysis. The writer made
several paragraphs in this chapter from the important points of the analysis
chapter. Then, the writer can make the conclusion clearly.

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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter is the main focus or the core of this study. The purpose of this
part is to answer the problem formulation that has been stated in the previous
chapter. There are two questions on the problem formulation that needed to be
answered by the writer in order to find out the need for companionship of the
main character, Santiago. The first question is about how Santiago's
characteristics are described. The second question is about how the need for
companionship is reflected through Santiago. Here, the writer will explore the
novel by developing the answers based on the order of the problem formulation.
A. The Characteristics of Santiago
The Old Man and the Sea talks about the old man who is a fisherman. The
old man’s name is Santiago. In this novel, the story tells about the struggle of
Santiago to catch the fish by himself. Santiago has a great experience when he
sails in the sea. As the narrator, Ernest Hemingway describes Santiago as the old
fisherman. It can be seen from the physical appearance of him.
The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his
neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings
from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran
well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars
from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh.
They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert (pp. 5-6).
As a fisherman who lives in a complex living, Santiago includes as a poor
fisherman. He lives alone in a small and simple sack. In that shack there is only

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one bed, table, chair, and the dirt floor. It seems like Santiago does not have
anything to be pride.
The mast was nearly as long as the one room of the shack. The shack was
made of the tough bud-shields of the royal palm which are called guano
and in it there was a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to
cook with charcoal (p. 12).
Santiago's poverty has made him to be an imaginative person. He imagines
about something that actually he does not have. With his friend, Manolin,
Santiago always does the fiction to imagine that he has something. He says to
Manolin that he still has a cast net, even the old man and the boy has sold it.
Santiago also always says about his pot of yellow rice and fish that actually he
does not have them.
"What do you have to eat?" the boy asked.
"A pot of yellow rice with fish. Do you want some?"
"No. I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?"
"No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold."
"May I take the cast net?"
"Of course."
There was no cast net and the boy remembered when they had sold it. But
they went through this fiction every day. There was no pot of yellow rice
and fish and the boy knew this too (p. 13).
Santiago is a poor fisherman. He is also a kind-hearted person. His
kindness is shown when many fishermen around his living place made fun of his
eighty-four days without fish. Santiago is never angry with them even though the
fishermen make fun of him.
They sat on the terrace and many of the fisherman made fun of the old
man and he was not angry. Others, of the older fishermen, looked at him
and were sad. But they did not show it and they spoke politely about the
current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and steady good
weather and of what they had seen (p. 7).

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His kindness is not only shown to the fishermen that make fun of him, but
also to the other person. It can be seen from the way how the old man gives thank
to the other person. Santiago always thanks to the other person who has helped
him. Santiago wants to say thanks to Martin because he has given Manolin two
sets of knives and forks and spoons with a napkin wrapped around each set. Then
those stuffs will be given to Santiago. Although Manolin has thanked M