Santiago's Machoism in Ernest Hemingway's the Old Man and the Sea Atheis.
ANTIAGO’ MACHOIM IN ERNET HEMINGWAY’ HE
OLD MAN AND HE SEA
A THEI
ubmitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the arjana
Degree of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities
UIN unanAmpel urabaya
By
Yuan Abadi
Reg. Number: A83210093
Advisor
ItsnayahadatudDinurriyah, M.A.
NIP. 197604122011012003
ENGLIH DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF LETTER AND HUMANITIE
TATE ILAMIC UNIVERITY (UIN) UNAN AMPEL
URABAYA
2015
3
DECLARATION
I here by declare that this thesis report entitled antiago’s Machoism in
Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The ea is truly my original work. I
presented this study to fulfill the requirement for Sarjana Degree at English
Department of Faculty Letter and Humanities in State Islamic University Sunan
Ampel Surabaya.
I also declare that this study is presented in the way of academic writing
and ethic. Based on the rules, I have fully cited all material which is not original
to this work. The last, I am the only person responsible for the thesis if there is
any objection.
Surabaya, 6th January 014
Writer,
Yuan Abadi
Reg Number: A83210093
4
APPROVAL HEET
Approved to be examined
Surabaya, December 10th 014
Approved by
The Advisor
ItsnaSyahadatudDinurriyah, M. A
NIP. 197604101101003
Acknowledged by
The Head of English Department
Drs. Mohammad Kurjum M. Ag.
NIP. 1969095199403100
ENGLIH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTER AND HUMANITIE
TATE ILAMIC UNIVERITY UNAN AMPEL
URABAYA
2015
5
EXAMINER HEET
This thesis has been approved and accepted by the Board of Examiners, English
Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan
Ampel Surabaya, February 10th 015
The Dean of Faculty Letters and Humanities
Dr. H. Imam Ghazali, M. A
NIP. 196001 199003 1 00
The Board of Examiners
Head of Examination
Itsna Syahadatud Dinurriyah, M. A.
NIP. 1976041 01101 003
Examiner I
Wahju Kusumajanti, M. Hum.
NIP. 1970005 199903 00
ecretary
Sodikin, M.Pd.I.
NIP. 197118 00701 1 03
Examiner II
Abu Fanani, M.Pd.
NIP. 19690615 00701 1 051
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ABTRACT
Abadi, Yuan. 2014. Santiago’s Machoism in Ernest Hemingway’s he Old
Man and he Sea. Thesis. English Department. Faculty of Letter and
Humanities. tate of Islamic University unan Ampel urabaya
This thesis entitled antiago’s Machoism in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old
Man and The ea is chosen because there is a few study about machoism. The
machoism which is taken from the existential essence is greatly portrayed by
Santiago, the old man.
This study which I conduct is by using analytical descriptive method. The
first is by choosing the topic of study. The second is by collecting data on
Santiago which is related to study. The third is analyzing the data by using the
apropriate theory, Sartre’s theory about existential characteristic and the last is by
concluding the study and finding the result of study.
After analyzing the data, it is clear that Santiago has machoism inside of
himself. He can prove that he exist by his own style. He shows his existentialism
by having all of the existential characteristics, like Subjectivity, Concious Being
in the World, Contingency, Anti Materialism, Humanity and Faith.
Key word:
Machoism, Existentialism, Sartre’s Existential Characteristics,
ABTRAK
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Abadi, Yuan. 2014. Santiago’s Machoism in Ernest Hemingway’s he Old
Man and he Sea. kripsi. astra Inggris. Fakultas astra dan Humaniora.
Universitas Islam unan Ampel urabaya.
Skripsi yang berjudul antiago’s Machoism in Ernest Hemingway’s The
Old Man and The ea dibuat karena masih sedikit pembahasan yang menyangkut
machoism. Topic machoism ini diambil dari esensi existensi dapat digambarkan
dengan sangat baik oleh seorang yang tua bernama Santiago.
Skripsi yang saya susun ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis.
Langkah pertama adalah dengan menentukan topik. Langkah kedua adalah dengan
mengumpulkan data Santiago yang berhubungan dengan topik pembahasan.
Langkah ketiga adalahmenganalisis data dengan menggunakan teori yang tepat
yaitu teori Sartre tentang karakteristik eksistensi dan langkah yang terakhir adalah
dengan menyimpulkan dan menemukan hasil dari pembahasan.
Setelah menganalisis data, terbukti dengan jelas bahwa Santiago memiliki
machoism dalam dirinya. Dia bisa membuktikan keeksisannya dengan gayanya
sendiri. Dia menunjukkan eksistensinya dengan memiliki semua ciri-ciri
eksistensi, seperti ubjectivity, Concious Being in the World, Contingency, Anti
Materialism, Humanity dan Faith.
Kata Kunci:
Machoism, Ekistensialisme, Karakteristik eksistensi Sartre.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Inside Cover Page……………………………………………….………… i
Inside Title Page………………………………………………………….. ii
Declaration Page………………………………………………………….. iii
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Sheet………………………………………… iv
Thesis Examiners’ Approval Sheet……………………………………… . v
Motto…………………………………………………………………… .
vi
Dedication Page…………………………………………………………... vii
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………….. viii
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………. x
Abstract…………………………………………………………………… xii
Abstrak…………………………………………………………………… xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of The Study ……………………………………….... 1
1.. Statement of The Problem ………………………………………... 4
1.3. The Objective of The Study …………………………….………… 4
1.4. Scope and Limitation …………………………………….……….. 4
1.5. Significance of The Study ………………………………………… 5
1.6. Method of The Study ……………………………………………... 5
1.7. Definition of Key Terms ………………………………….………. 6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
.1 Theoretical Framework …………………………………………… ..10
.1.3
Structuralism ………………………………………………….....10
.1.3.1 Character ………………………………………………….......... 11
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.1.3. Characterization …………………………………………. ..........1
.1.4
Existentialism……………..………………………. ……………. 14
.1.5
The Characteristics of Human Existence……………………….. 15
..
Review Related Literature ………………….…………………....
CHAPTER III ANALYI OF THE TUDY
3.1.
The Character and Characterization of Santiago………………… 3
3..
The Presence of Santiago………………………………………… 7
3..
The influence of Santiago’s action…………………….………… 35
Machoism of Santiago …………………………………………………… 37
CHAPTER IV CONCLUION AN UGGETION
4.1. Conclusion ……………………………………………………….. 40
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................... 44
YNOPI OF THE TORY .………………………………………….. 46
BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR …………………………………….. 50
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HAPTER I
INTRODUTION
A. Background Of Study
Existentialism is a philosophical movement which emphasize on
individual existence, freedom, and choice (Kaufmann 10). It means that
existentialism cannot be separated from action, freedom and choice which are
only had by human and not other creature. The other creatures like animal and
plant do not have this characteristics. Human is free and has his own choice to
continue his life. His decision is controlled by himself to decide the best thing
in his life (11). Because he does not depend on anything, he can show his pure
existence by his way as free as he wants.
The father of existentialist, Soren abye Kierkegaard also emphasizes
in his book he Concept of Irony that development of man’s process is
decided by himself. That is the reason that existentialism purely can show by
human. Since man is not depending on anything to prove his own existence,
he is free to choose the way of delivering his existence. In showing his
existence, he must decide himself what to do. It can be done by doing good or
bad act, which is not questioned in showing existence. In applying those acts,
man will take any kind of risk and always constantly struggle in the process of
becoming (56).
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Furthermore, Kierkegaard shows the human existence determines the
individual quality of a man. It is stated by Wenina that:
The term existence was reserved for individual human being. To exist,
he said, implies being a certain kind of individual, an individual who
strives, who considers alternatives, who chooses, who decides and who
above all commits himself….existence must refer to a quality in the
individual, namely his conscious participation in an act…Truth, said
Kierkegaard, is subjectivity (14)
In that quotation, it is clear that human existence is known as freedom
of individual in choosing and acting to undergo his life. Man will take
everything to prove his existence. By his action, man will get pride which is
determined by his quality.
On the other hand, the freedom of choosing and acting also brings the
responsibility to the doer. It is stated by a great existentialist philosopher Jean
Paul Sartre in the book, Existentialism and Humanism. He says that man is
also commended to be free because in the world he is responsibility for
everything he does (17). It means despite of his free choice, he has the
consequence of what he chooses. Man must take a responsibility for
everything he does.
The concept of human existence all above is greatly portrayed in the
literary works. Since literary works is a creation of human being, then it
becomes the way to delivers man’s existence. There are many of the literary
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works which has human existence as the theme of the novel. One of them is
he Old Man and the Sea. It is written by Ernest Hemingway in 1952.
This novel contains the idea about human existence. It is portrayed by
Santiago who performed as the main character of the novel. Santiago is the
representation of human being who faces the fact of the real life in which
human tries to pursuit of existence. Santiago has his own characteristics which
represent the characteristics of human existence. It is shows when he fights to
catch fish. He felt faint again because of the attact of fish but he held on the
great fish all the strain that he could. I moved him, he thought. Maybe this
time I can get him over. Pull, hands, he thought. Hold up, legs. Last for me,
head. Last for me. You never went. This time I’ll pull him over (Hemingway
35).
In those statements, Santiago provides a great struggle to catch a fish
without considering the risk. With his power he turns his body to fight against
the fish. He also makes a moving to pull and hold his pole again and again.
This is one of the ways, the struggle that Santiago shows to pursuit existence.
Within his old body, he tries to deny his weakness and prove that he is able to
get a fish. In short, Santiago shows his qualities by doing action to catch a fish
which is represent his essence of human existence.
Since there is relationship between the human existence and literature
in this novel, the writer feels that it is important to make a further analysis
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about human existence. he Old Man and the Sea provides a great inspiring
message which reveals the existence of human being. Hemingway shows that
this novel can be learned by other people that people should have struggle to
get something. lthough it is really hard, but having struggle is must.
Fundamentally, this becomes the main reason of choosing this thesis as
entitled; Machoism in Ernest Hemingway‘s he Old Man and the Sea.
B. Statement of Problem
Based on the background of the study, this thesis analyzes the main
character, Santiago. The thesis question is formulated as follow:
1. How is the Character of Santiago described?
2. How does he show his existence?
3. What is the result of his action?
. Objective Study
1. To reveal characterization of Santiago in he Old Man and he Sea.
2. To explore the Santiago’s way to show his existence.
3. To reveal the Santiago’s action.
D. Scope and Limitation of Study
Because the topic of human existence is still broad, this study only
focusses on the main character only. That is Santiago. This study also has
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limitation based on characteristics of human existence. From those scope and
limitation, this analysis proves Santiago’s existence.
E. Significance of Study
There are significances in accomplishing this thesis. The first is
theoretical. This thesis is expected to enrich the study about literature,
especially Ernest Hemingway’s he Old Man and the Sea. It is expected to be
a source of information in understanding literature in field of knowledge. The
second is practical. This study is expected to make the readers comprehend in
understanding the literature as inspiring ideas. Hopefully, by analyzing this
novel, it will be a substantive knowledge for readers in applying the message
of this literature, which is the message of human existence. It is genuinely
expected; as stepping stone for readers in discussing a further analysis about
human existence
F. Method of Study
Conducting the analysis, the writer is performing the descriptive
qualitative method. The method is applied by describing the data and
analyzing them, related to the focus of analysis. Qualitative approach is taken
because the analysis is about discussing, analyzing, and finding the
characterization. There are some steps that the writer used in order to present
the analysis:
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1. Reading the novel he Old Man And he Sea intensively
2. Collecting the books which relate to the human existence including
journals, notes and relevant sources to the thesis.
3. Marking the text related to the idea of human existence and its
characteristics as the main data of analysis.
4. Quoting the data and describing them into the analysis. The
analysis will be performed by explaining the characteristic of
human existence as reflected in Santiago’s character in Ernest
Hemingway’s he Old Man and the Sea.
5. Concluding the analysis
G. Key Terms
1. Existence: The being real of human life. It has several characteristics
which are subjectivity, conscious being in the world, contingency, anti
materialism, humanity and faith (Jean Paul Sartre in Existentialism and
Humanism)
2. Struggle: n act of having to deal with difficult situation resolutely,
especially with an adversary of superior power or to make violent effort to
escape from constraint (Britannia Encyclopedia)
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3. Machoism: belief in male superiority which is expressed in terms of
physical aggressiveness or being the tough guy who lacks in physical fear
(Oscar Lewis)
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HAPTER II
LITERARY REVIEW
2. 1 Theoritical Framework
In conducting this study, this study uses some theories. In order to know who
Santiago is, this study tends to use Structuralism which talks about intrinsic view
about character and characterization. It purposes to show the personality of him. This
study also uses Sarte’s existentialism theory. This theory use to analyze the way
Santiago show his existance in the world. fter that, in this study also give the
concept of machoism as the result of Santiago’s existance.
In order to make this chapter more organized, the writer divides this chapter
into three parts. The first part is about structuralism, intrinsic view including
character and characterizations. The second part is about the theories, which contain
existentialism of Santiago, and the last is about Santiago’s machoism. Those intrinsic
view and theories are explained as follows:
2.1.1. Structuralism
The term of Structuralism started Ferdinand de Saussur’s work, an early
twentieth-century Swiss linguist who emphazise that language must be studied. He
claims that language contains two main system. They are langue and parole (Rivkin
and Ryan 78). Some Structuralists analyzed this material by examining underlying
structures, such as characterization or plot, and attempted to show how these patterns
were universal also to make general conclusions about both individual works and the
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systems from which they emerged (Poetry Foundation, par. 1. 5). In this study, it uses
the structuralism based on structural approach based on character and
characterization.
2.1.1.1 haracter
Since the main character is being analyzed, it is important to include theory of
character and characterization because from it, the reader can understand the whole
story of the novel. Character takes the great roles in the novel since it is the first
element of intrinsic. Character is the first focus when the reader reads the novel.
Holman in book to Literature explains that character is a complicated term.
It is included the ideas of moral constitution of human personality, the presence of
moral uprightness, and the simpler notion of the presence of creatures in art that seem
to be human beings of one sort to another (63). It means character is a representation
of human being in literary art which describes the life of human in the real life.
Foster in spect of the Novel derives character into two classifications. They
are flat and round character. Flat character or simple character is presented without
much an individualizing detail, and therefore it can be described only by a single
phrase or a sentence (67-68). From that, the reader can understand the character of
story easier because the author does not reveal another side from its life. It does not
have trait and behavior that able to give surprise to the reader. In addition, the
behavior and the moral of flat character are monotonous and reflect only one
outstanding feature to reader and it does not undergo a substantial change in the story
(69).
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Meanwhile, the opposite of flat character, round character has any side of its
life, personality and self-identity. Round character is realistic, behaving and speaking
such a real human life. It also has various attitudes and actions. Sometimes it also has
capability to give surprise the reader because it is a changing character.
complex character in temperament and motivation and it is represented with
subtle particularly; such a character therefore it is difficult to describe with
any adequacy as a person in real life, and like real persons, is capable of
surprising us (Foster 70).
In that statement, it is clear that round character here is described as the
character which has more details. Round character can give extra surprising thing
since they can change along of the story build.
By studying character in a novel, someone can know the knowledge and
typical of human being since character is representation of human life. Character
becomes a prominent thing in this study since it focuses on the main character named
Santiago. By analyzing his character, the deeper knowledge of Santiago character is
achieved. It determines the typical of character he is and also the knowledge of
Santiago, including his status will be revealed.
2.1.1.2 haracterization
Characterization is the author’s method of presenting the character with
literary work, in which the readers can capture or understand the character personality
(Kusumo 15). uthor gives characterization in each character to give them imaginary
person as portrayed in the real life. “The creation of these imaginary persons so that
they exist for the reader as real within the limits of the fiction is called
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characterization (Holman 75).” It means characterization is used to describe the
character. Characterization is the way that the author gives the personality and the life
of character inside of the story.
Holman in Handbook to Literature states that characterization can be seen
in the explicit presentation by the author through direct expression. Second, it can be
seen in the presentation of the character’s action. The last, it can be seen inside of the
character itself (75). For instance, the characterization can be seen through the
physical appearance, the dialog that character said, the action that they did, and also
from their thought and feelings.
brams in the Glossary of Literary Terms states there are two ways to explain
the characterization. He mentions those ways are showing and telling. Showing is
when the author simply presents the characters talking and acting and leaves the
reader to infer the motives behind what they say and do (33). It means that the author
not only needs the verbal dialog between characters physically, but also deals with
the thought and feeling which is placed inside of the character. On the other side,
telling process is a kind of process of the author intervenes authoritatively in order to
describe, and often to evaluate, the motives and dispositional qualities of the
characters (34). Telling process described as the ability of the author to create the
character. The author directly state what kinds of person the character is like; Sneaky,
honest, innocent, evil, and so on.
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Characterization is important because it is a part of making story. In order to
interest the reader in the character, they need to seem real. The author achieves it by
depicting the as real human. good characterization gives readers a strong sense of
character’s personality and complexities. It makes character alive and believable.
The characterization is used to analyze the habitual and behavior of Santiago
which determines his personality.
2.2 Literary Theory
This study also uses theory based on Sartre’s existentialism.
2.2.1 Existentialism
Existentialism is one of the literary theories that emphasize of being and
inbeing in the world. Existentialism deals with the philosophy which emphasizes the
uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent
universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice
and responsibility for the consequence of one’s acts (Sartre 57). Sartre in
Woodhouse’s Preface to Philosophy states:
Existentialism is a general orientation in philosophy with no set common
principle. mong the theme stressed are the following: the importance of
personal existence rather than abstract theorizing; the encounter with freedom
and necessity of choosing; the denial of any fixed human nature and of
universal moral codes; the desirability of authentic lifestyle; the encounter
with death and meaningless (Woodhouse 154).
From that quotation, it defines that existentialism sets as personal existence
rather than abstract theory. It also deals with the freedom of choosing to encounter the
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next stage of life. Every human will show their existence through the way they
choose. Thus, the existentialism is cannot be separated from human existence.
Sartre’s conception of choice can be understood by individual original choice.
Sartre’s view the whole life of an individual is an expression of original project. This
statement seems like there is a limitation on every individual’s freedom to choose.
Because there is so many freedom choosing in each individual, but those choices are
limited by other people’s choice. In order to set the concept of freedom, Sartre argues
that essence precedes existence. Freedom for Sartre is to be understood as
characteristic of the nature of consciousness as spontaneity.
From the previous paragraph above, it is clear that existentialism is a study of
human existence which related to the action that the human does. This theory is used
by to analyze the aspect of existentialism in Santiago. The writer chooses the Sartre’s
concept because it suits with Santiago in the Hemingway’s The Old Man and The
Sea. In order to make a comprehend analysis; the writer decides to use the
characteristics of human existence as the scope of analysis.
2.2.1.1. The haracteristics of Human Existence
Since there are a lot of concepts in Existentialism, this study uses scope in the
theory. This study chooses the characteristic of human existence based on Sartre’s
concept which is taken from Muzairi’s book Existentialism Jean Paul Sartre. In his
book, Sartre formulates the characteristics of human existence. The characteristics are
subjectivity, conscious being in the world, contingency, anti materialism, humanity,
and faith. These characteristics are used by the writer to analyze Santiago, the main
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character in The Old Man and The Sea. By applying this theory, hopefully it will
reveal the Santiago’s human existence in The Old Man and The Sea.
a.
Subjectivity
Subjectivity is one of the characteristic of human existence. It defines as the
individual personal impressions, feelings and opinions rather than external facts. The
meaning of subjectivity drives to the understanding of human existence. The
definition of subjectivity leads to an understanding that human existence is
emphasized individually as a personal existence. Muzairi says that human existence is
always particular and individual always my existence, your existence, his existence
(46). It is the representation of personal existence and it becomes one of the
characteristics of human existence. It exists for every person and always depends on
the individual quality of a man.
To give a further understanding about subjectivity, we can see the concept of
human existence “Existence precedes Essence”. The understanding of subjectivity is
similar to this concept. Sartre formulates this concept from The Dialectics of
Subjectivity in David Sherman’s book, quotes Sartre conception:
“…There is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, a being
who exist before he can be defined by any concept…. What is meant here by
saying that existence precedes essence? It means that, the first of all, man
exist, turns up, appears on scene, and only afterwards define himself… . Man
is nothing else but what he makes himself. Such is the first principle of
existentialism. It is also what is called subjectivity… (113)”
From quotation above, Sartre emphasizes the subjectivity as first principle of
existentialism (114). Subjectivity which represents a personal existence means it is
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the first move of human existence. The way to show his existence is by having own
subjectivity.
b. onscious Being in the World.
Conscious being in the world is the state of being able to use senses and
mental power to understand what is happening in the world. Realizing the
subjectivity, it will take human being into the conscious being in the world. The
conscious being in the world means realizing the uniqueness of every individual
being. It is properly with Muzairi says that every individual is unique. Human being
is not like an object or general. Because of their uniqueness, human being is an
individual who exist in the level of conscious being in the world (46).
Because every individual is unique, man has possibility to exist when he is
realizing conscious being in the world. Then, when a man realizing the subjectivity
and knowing that every individual being is unique and exist, he must accept that his
freedom is strives by another individual’s freedom. So, it needs responsibility to
respond this uniqueness in stepping for the human existence. This responsibility is a
compulsory for the state of conscious being in the world as Sartre says: “I am thus
responsible for myself and for all men.” (Muzairi 211). Human being must have
consciousness as the responsibility towards his / her existence. The conscious being
in the world becomes a moving factor in proving human existence. Thus human has
responsibility and responsibility motivates individual to prove the human existence.
(Solomon 243).
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In addition, self consciousness brings rejection from outer world. The
rejection comes from dissimilarity of every individual conscious being in the world,
as well as the fact of personal existence (subjectivity). This rejection brings the
conscious being in the world into an alienated individual. The person who realizes his
self-consciousness (of being exist) is dealt with a self alienation (242).
c.
ontingency
Contingency becomes one of the characteristics of human existence. It is
effective experience of human being in actual world. Human being gets his existence
by experiencing from his life. When he proves his contingency, he will show his
existence. It means contingency is a process to become real man in actual world.
Muzairi states in his book Existentialism Jean Paul Sartre: Sumur Tanpa Dasar
Kehidupan Manusia that the existence of human being is not an observation but
contingency; which is the effective experience in the world. Thus, existentialism is
definitely trying to reveal whole human as existence—existence precedes
essence—because human existence is not stable finish but on the contrary, always
exist (42).
In applying human existence, it is not only the matter of concept. It is not sum
of letters in a paper or speeches on the table. The concept of human existence should
be applied in reality and it is a must. Human existence is always requiring the actual
experience of real life in the world (43-44).
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Jean Paul Sartre concerns the contingency as something which is actuality
and not like conceptual thing. Contingency of human existence is like an everlasting
process of human existence. It can be seen beyond the causes and motives of human’s
act (Muzairi30). Furthermore, the importance of contingency as representation of
action in actual world is highly appreciated by Sartre. He emphasizes it for multiple
times that man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself. Man defines
himself by his act. He is nothing else but the sum of his actions, nothing else but what
his life is (Muzairi 182-183). So it is clear that human existence is really determined
by human contingency. Contingency means the real actions of human beings in actual
world.
d. Anti-Materialism
nti-Materialism is the doctrine which refuses the judgment based on
materialistic values only. This doctrine contradicts the essence of human being, it
against materialism value. Materialism regards human being as the result of
materialistic process, body, soul, passion and life of man represent the material. nti
materialism regards the existence of human being is quite considerable. It is
something called existence beyond the material itself (Muzairi 185).
J.O. de la Mettrie in his book L’ Homne Machine describes man as the
machine, and human soul is equaled with the function of a machine. nti materialism
denies this perspective that human being can not be equaled with the object or thing.
We cannot compare the existence of human being to the existence of an object
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because man’s existence precedes essence while an object does not. This becomes the
source of anti materialism (51).
e. Humanity
Humanity is value that affirms the dignity and worth of all people, based on
the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualities.
Humanity deals with condition of human being in the life. It concerns the values of
life which determines the existence of human being in the world. When the term of
humanity is related with individual being, it will discover the fact of human
existence, which can be understood by fully accepting the human condition.
Only human beings are known to ask themselves questions relating to the
purpose of life beyond the base need for survival, or the nature of existence
beyond that which is empirically apparent: What is the meaning of existence?
Why was I born? Why am I here? Where will I go when I die? The human
struggle to find answers to these questions — and the very fact that we can
conceive them and ask them — is what defines the human condition in this
sense of the term.The concept of humanity always emphasizes the dignity of
man as a man. It means that there is sense of recognition of equality of all
people. This recognition proves the characteristic of human existence which
admits the truth of every individual being as a personal existence. Humanity is
a sense of recognition of all human beings, respectfully (Sartre 47).
In accordance with human recognition, humanity also delivers care for every
individual. Since it recognizes all human being, it shows the care and love in life.
This feeling can be seen from affection towards all human being and it is clear that
humanity is needed to declare the human existence.
2.2.4.6. Faith
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Faith is engaged with inner, attitude, conviction and trust relating man to a
supreme god or ultimate salvation (Britannica Encyclopedia 660). Faith can be
defines as belief or commitment towards the values of life. The conception of faith
becomes a debating problem of existentialism. This debate brings the study of human
existence into two sides, religious existentialists and non religious (atheist)
existentialists. The concept of faith is defined by the question of God’s existence and
the answer of the question separates these sides, contradictory. Based on Sartre this
faith is divided into two. They are:
a. Religious existentialists
The religious existentialists believe God as the source of all existence. Faith
becomes the representation of God existence and it is manifested into religions. The
study of former existentialism can’t be separated from the Christianity which affected
most of existentialists. Some of them are Gabriel Marcel (Roman Catholic), Nicolai
Berdyaev (Orthodox) and Martin Buber (Jew). ccording to them, faith is the
commitment towards God, as the source of values and it is represented in religion.
The personalization of religion as a faith; that there is no rational argument
dominance which able to replace the commitment or “ultimate concern” as the first
rule in understanding the religion.
b. Non religious or atheist existentialists
The non religious existentialist rejects the perspective above, that their belief
is the existence of human being only. Some of them are Jean Paul Sartre, Heidegger,
Camus, and Maurice M. Ponty. ccording to them, man is dealing with himself in an
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absolute freedom, planning his own future and creating his own values. Sartre, in his
book Being and Nothingness, states that:
I am condemned to be free, then I am free (Je suis condamne a etre libre)...It
is only to choose, a free man or admit God as the source of values….man
can’t be a slave while simultaneously he is free, he is free forever or not at all
(77)
This is the conception of faith. It reveals the different view of human being in
dealing with existence. It is clear that human being lives by faith, although it
differentiates them into different perspective
2.2 Review Related Literature
The writer finds some previous study which has similar object. The first thesis
belongs to Eva Susanti Sinaga, a student of University of North Sumatra. She wrote
her thesis in 2007 under the title n nalysis Based on Theme and Motive
Hemingway’s Novel The Old Man and The Sea. Her study focuses on the theme and
the motive inside of the novel. She takes the main character’s mind to know the
theme and the motive of his action inside of novel.
The second thesis belongs to Henny Irawati Wijaya, a student of Petra
Christian University Surabaya. She wrote her thesis under the title Linguistic
pproach to the Study of Theme in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea in
1995. Her study also focuses to theme of The Old Man and The Sea novel. She uses
intrinsic approach to know the theme of the novel. It is different with the first novel
that Wijaya used is only analyzing the theme, without the motive of the main
character.
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The similarity between this research and those previous studies is in the object
analysis which is analyzed. That is using a novel The Old Man and The Sea which is
created by Ernest Hemingway.
The difference between this research and those previous studies is in the topic
subject matter which is analyzed. The first previous study analyzes the theme. She
also revelas the motive of the main character. The second previous study analyzes
only the theme without the motive of the main character.
In this study, it reveals the concept of human existence in the Santiago’s life.
by using human existence, the machoism on Santiago can be gotten. First, this study
will describe the characterization of Santiago to know his personalization. fter
knowing his characterization, it continues to identify the characteristics of human
existence inside of the character. Soon, the machoism’s idea which is on the human
existence is revealed.
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HAPTER III
ANALYSIS
3.1 The haracter and haracterization of Santiago
From the previous chapter, it has explained about the character of novel.
Santiago belongs to be the main character since he is the one who always
mentioned in the story. He becomes the center object of the story. long the story
build, he is a main character who has big role to build the story up. Based on
Forster, about flat and round character, Santiago belongs into round character. It is
explained in the previous chapter that round character has any side of its life,
personality and self-identity. It is the same like Santiago who also has those
elements. It can be seen in the background of his life, he is a fisherman. Despite of
being fisherman, it cannot be denied that Santiago is the old man. It becomes
controversial that usually old man will spend his life without no hard working, but
Santiago has this job, which becomes different side of life. s a fisherman, most
of all his time is spent by fishing. His self identity is shown as the real fisherman.
Santiago also has various attitudes and actions. He is so stubborn to
maintain his goal to catch a fish but in other case, he is so charitable to take care
Manolin. Since he is round character, he has ability to give surprise the reader
because Santiago’s goal is very high and his struggle to make it comes true is so
great. Despite his old age, he still keeps his spirit to catch a fish. lthough he
must feel the pain, torture and sick.
From his physical appearance, Santiago is an old man who has a miserable
shape of body that thin and gaunt. Moreover clothes that cover his body are
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miserable as their owner. His gaunt body wears and his shirt has been patched so
many times that it is like the sail and the patches are faded to many different shade
bay sun. There are stage shoulders, still powerful although very old. The creases
do not show so much when the old man is asleep and his head falls forward. The
old man’s head is very old though and with his eyes close like there is no sign of
life in his face. The newspaper lay across his knees and his weight of his arm held
it there in the evening breeze. He was barefooted (Hemingway 13-14).
The old man was a fisherman who has gone to sea for eighty-four days
without taking any fish but he never give up to catch fish on the next day. Most
people in his village call him as a Salao which is worse form of unlucky.
He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he
had gone eigthy-fourdays without taking a fish. In the first forty day a boy
had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parent’s
gad told him that the old man was now definitely and finally Salao, which
is the worst from of unlucky (Hemingway 5).
Santiago is also a solitude person. He lives alone in his house with nobody
accompanies him. Even in the beginning of story, Hemingway tells that Santiago
sails alone in his skiff for forty days (5).
Moreover Santiago has a bad social interaction. He does not mingle with
other fisherman. When he sits on the Teracce he only talks to a boy called
Manolin among many other fishermen sitting in the place. This attitude makes
him isolated from the other. Many of the fishermen insult him for not catching
any fish in almost three months. They joke of him in the terrace. Other take pity
on him but say nothing of it. They choose to talk about other thing. Manolin’s
parents have forced him to abandon Santiago’s skiff to work in another boat,
which is more prosperous to catch a lot of fish and call Santiago Salao, the worst
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badi 25
form unlucky. Santiago realizes what people think of him but he just ignores it.
This proves that he is a self confident man.
Based on the explanation all above, it clear that Santiago is classified as
round character and he has various personalities. Based on his job, he is
fisherman, although his physical appearance does not support him to catch a big
fish but he keeps his struggle to try again and again. It means he denies all of his
weakness to catch his dream, catching the big fish.
3.2 The Presence of Santiago
It has been mentioned in advance that existential characteristic is the
requirement that man needs to prove his human existence. It can be shown by the
presence of Santiago which is shown by his action. Those characteristics are
subjectivity, conscious being in the world, contingency, anti-materialism,
humanity, and faith. Santiago must have all those characteristics to prove that he
has his own human existence.
a.
Subjectivity
Subjectivity is always individual and it emphasizes the personal existence
of human being. In accordance to the human nature, subjectivity always
recognizes the uniqueness of every human being. he Old Man and the Sea also
provides the elements of subjectivity as reflected in Santiago’s character. We can
see the uniqueness of Santiago, not only as a man in a vast world, but also as a
true fisherman.
The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his
neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings
from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran
well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars
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badi 26
from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh.
They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about him
was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were
cheerful and undefeated. (Hemingway 1)
From the beginning of novel shows the uniqueness of Santiago as a man.
Hemingway introduces Santiago as a unique man. Santiago is described as an old
man with undefeated eyes. From Santiago’s physical descriptions, it is a clear that
Hemingway tries to introduce a strong character to the readers. He introduces
Santiago, who is old but still cheerful and undefeated. This description shows the
uniqueness of Santiago’s character as a strong man, although he is old now.
Furthermore, Hemingway shows the uniqueness of Santiago as a
fisherman. Santiago is described as a unique fisherman. For him, fishing is not
only the way of making money but it is a way of life.
You were born to be a fisherman as the fish was born to be a fish. San
Pedro was a fisherman as was the father of the great DiMaggio….You did
not kill the fish only to keep alive and to sell for food, he thought. You
killed him for pride and because you are a fisherman (Hemingway 95).
This subjectivity proves the uniqueness of Santiago as a fisherman. His
perspective about fishing shows that he is not only a fisherman in common, but
also to be a true fisherman. Hemingway also shows the uniqueness of Santiago as
a fisherman by using Manolin’s compliment towards Santiago. Manolin praises
Santiago as the greatest fisherman and it declares his uniqueness from other
fishermen.
“Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think
they are equal.” “nd the best fisherman is you.” “No. I know others
better.” “Que Va,” the boy said. “There are many good fishermen and
some great ones. But there is only you.” “Thank you. You make me happy.
I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.”
(Hemingway 17)
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s the boy and the old man talk of great baseball players, of who the
greatest team manager is, the discussion very naturally turns to who is the greatest
fisherman. The boy says to Santiago that there are many good fishermen and some
great ones, but there is only you (means Santiago). It is simple recognition of the
old man’s uniqueness and value.
nother point from subjectivity is also reflecting the dream of a man. It
reflects the hopes and idealism of man. Hemingway describes his idealistic hope
by using Santiago’s dream about lion.
He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of frica when he was a boy
and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt
your eyes, and
ANTIAGO’ MACHOIM IN ERNET HEMINGWAY’ HE
OLD MAN AND HE SEA
A THEI
ubmitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the arjana
Degree of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities
UIN unanAmpel urabaya
By
Yuan Abadi
Reg. Number: A83210093
Advisor
ItsnayahadatudDinurriyah, M.A.
NIP. 197604122011012003
ENGLIH DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF LETTER AND HUMANITIE
TATE ILAMIC UNIVERITY (UIN) UNAN AMPEL
URABAYA
2015
3
DECLARATION
I here by declare that this thesis report entitled antiago’s Machoism in
Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The ea is truly my original work. I
presented this study to fulfill the requirement for Sarjana Degree at English
Department of Faculty Letter and Humanities in State Islamic University Sunan
Ampel Surabaya.
I also declare that this study is presented in the way of academic writing
and ethic. Based on the rules, I have fully cited all material which is not original
to this work. The last, I am the only person responsible for the thesis if there is
any objection.
Surabaya, 6th January 014
Writer,
Yuan Abadi
Reg Number: A83210093
4
APPROVAL HEET
Approved to be examined
Surabaya, December 10th 014
Approved by
The Advisor
ItsnaSyahadatudDinurriyah, M. A
NIP. 197604101101003
Acknowledged by
The Head of English Department
Drs. Mohammad Kurjum M. Ag.
NIP. 1969095199403100
ENGLIH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTER AND HUMANITIE
TATE ILAMIC UNIVERITY UNAN AMPEL
URABAYA
2015
5
EXAMINER HEET
This thesis has been approved and accepted by the Board of Examiners, English
Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan
Ampel Surabaya, February 10th 015
The Dean of Faculty Letters and Humanities
Dr. H. Imam Ghazali, M. A
NIP. 196001 199003 1 00
The Board of Examiners
Head of Examination
Itsna Syahadatud Dinurriyah, M. A.
NIP. 1976041 01101 003
Examiner I
Wahju Kusumajanti, M. Hum.
NIP. 1970005 199903 00
ecretary
Sodikin, M.Pd.I.
NIP. 197118 00701 1 03
Examiner II
Abu Fanani, M.Pd.
NIP. 19690615 00701 1 051
1
ABTRACT
Abadi, Yuan. 2014. Santiago’s Machoism in Ernest Hemingway’s he Old
Man and he Sea. Thesis. English Department. Faculty of Letter and
Humanities. tate of Islamic University unan Ampel urabaya
This thesis entitled antiago’s Machoism in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old
Man and The ea is chosen because there is a few study about machoism. The
machoism which is taken from the existential essence is greatly portrayed by
Santiago, the old man.
This study which I conduct is by using analytical descriptive method. The
first is by choosing the topic of study. The second is by collecting data on
Santiago which is related to study. The third is analyzing the data by using the
apropriate theory, Sartre’s theory about existential characteristic and the last is by
concluding the study and finding the result of study.
After analyzing the data, it is clear that Santiago has machoism inside of
himself. He can prove that he exist by his own style. He shows his existentialism
by having all of the existential characteristics, like Subjectivity, Concious Being
in the World, Contingency, Anti Materialism, Humanity and Faith.
Key word:
Machoism, Existentialism, Sartre’s Existential Characteristics,
ABTRAK
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13
Abadi, Yuan. 2014. Santiago’s Machoism in Ernest Hemingway’s he Old
Man and he Sea. kripsi. astra Inggris. Fakultas astra dan Humaniora.
Universitas Islam unan Ampel urabaya.
Skripsi yang berjudul antiago’s Machoism in Ernest Hemingway’s The
Old Man and The ea dibuat karena masih sedikit pembahasan yang menyangkut
machoism. Topic machoism ini diambil dari esensi existensi dapat digambarkan
dengan sangat baik oleh seorang yang tua bernama Santiago.
Skripsi yang saya susun ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis.
Langkah pertama adalah dengan menentukan topik. Langkah kedua adalah dengan
mengumpulkan data Santiago yang berhubungan dengan topik pembahasan.
Langkah ketiga adalahmenganalisis data dengan menggunakan teori yang tepat
yaitu teori Sartre tentang karakteristik eksistensi dan langkah yang terakhir adalah
dengan menyimpulkan dan menemukan hasil dari pembahasan.
Setelah menganalisis data, terbukti dengan jelas bahwa Santiago memiliki
machoism dalam dirinya. Dia bisa membuktikan keeksisannya dengan gayanya
sendiri. Dia menunjukkan eksistensinya dengan memiliki semua ciri-ciri
eksistensi, seperti ubjectivity, Concious Being in the World, Contingency, Anti
Materialism, Humanity dan Faith.
Kata Kunci:
Machoism, Ekistensialisme, Karakteristik eksistensi Sartre.
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10
TABLE OF CONTENT
Inside Cover Page……………………………………………….………… i
Inside Title Page………………………………………………………….. ii
Declaration Page………………………………………………………….. iii
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Sheet………………………………………… iv
Thesis Examiners’ Approval Sheet……………………………………… . v
Motto…………………………………………………………………… .
vi
Dedication Page…………………………………………………………... vii
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………….. viii
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………. x
Abstract…………………………………………………………………… xii
Abstrak…………………………………………………………………… xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of The Study ……………………………………….... 1
1.. Statement of The Problem ………………………………………... 4
1.3. The Objective of The Study …………………………….………… 4
1.4. Scope and Limitation …………………………………….……….. 4
1.5. Significance of The Study ………………………………………… 5
1.6. Method of The Study ……………………………………………... 5
1.7. Definition of Key Terms ………………………………….………. 6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
.1 Theoretical Framework …………………………………………… ..10
.1.3
Structuralism ………………………………………………….....10
.1.3.1 Character ………………………………………………….......... 11
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11
.1.3. Characterization …………………………………………. ..........1
.1.4
Existentialism……………..………………………. ……………. 14
.1.5
The Characteristics of Human Existence……………………….. 15
..
Review Related Literature ………………….…………………....
CHAPTER III ANALYI OF THE TUDY
3.1.
The Character and Characterization of Santiago………………… 3
3..
The Presence of Santiago………………………………………… 7
3..
The influence of Santiago’s action…………………….………… 35
Machoism of Santiago …………………………………………………… 37
CHAPTER IV CONCLUION AN UGGETION
4.1. Conclusion ……………………………………………………….. 40
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................... 44
YNOPI OF THE TORY .………………………………………….. 46
BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR …………………………………….. 50
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badi 1
HAPTER I
INTRODUTION
A. Background Of Study
Existentialism is a philosophical movement which emphasize on
individual existence, freedom, and choice (Kaufmann 10). It means that
existentialism cannot be separated from action, freedom and choice which are
only had by human and not other creature. The other creatures like animal and
plant do not have this characteristics. Human is free and has his own choice to
continue his life. His decision is controlled by himself to decide the best thing
in his life (11). Because he does not depend on anything, he can show his pure
existence by his way as free as he wants.
The father of existentialist, Soren abye Kierkegaard also emphasizes
in his book he Concept of Irony that development of man’s process is
decided by himself. That is the reason that existentialism purely can show by
human. Since man is not depending on anything to prove his own existence,
he is free to choose the way of delivering his existence. In showing his
existence, he must decide himself what to do. It can be done by doing good or
bad act, which is not questioned in showing existence. In applying those acts,
man will take any kind of risk and always constantly struggle in the process of
becoming (56).
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badi 2
Furthermore, Kierkegaard shows the human existence determines the
individual quality of a man. It is stated by Wenina that:
The term existence was reserved for individual human being. To exist,
he said, implies being a certain kind of individual, an individual who
strives, who considers alternatives, who chooses, who decides and who
above all commits himself….existence must refer to a quality in the
individual, namely his conscious participation in an act…Truth, said
Kierkegaard, is subjectivity (14)
In that quotation, it is clear that human existence is known as freedom
of individual in choosing and acting to undergo his life. Man will take
everything to prove his existence. By his action, man will get pride which is
determined by his quality.
On the other hand, the freedom of choosing and acting also brings the
responsibility to the doer. It is stated by a great existentialist philosopher Jean
Paul Sartre in the book, Existentialism and Humanism. He says that man is
also commended to be free because in the world he is responsibility for
everything he does (17). It means despite of his free choice, he has the
consequence of what he chooses. Man must take a responsibility for
everything he does.
The concept of human existence all above is greatly portrayed in the
literary works. Since literary works is a creation of human being, then it
becomes the way to delivers man’s existence. There are many of the literary
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badi 3
works which has human existence as the theme of the novel. One of them is
he Old Man and the Sea. It is written by Ernest Hemingway in 1952.
This novel contains the idea about human existence. It is portrayed by
Santiago who performed as the main character of the novel. Santiago is the
representation of human being who faces the fact of the real life in which
human tries to pursuit of existence. Santiago has his own characteristics which
represent the characteristics of human existence. It is shows when he fights to
catch fish. He felt faint again because of the attact of fish but he held on the
great fish all the strain that he could. I moved him, he thought. Maybe this
time I can get him over. Pull, hands, he thought. Hold up, legs. Last for me,
head. Last for me. You never went. This time I’ll pull him over (Hemingway
35).
In those statements, Santiago provides a great struggle to catch a fish
without considering the risk. With his power he turns his body to fight against
the fish. He also makes a moving to pull and hold his pole again and again.
This is one of the ways, the struggle that Santiago shows to pursuit existence.
Within his old body, he tries to deny his weakness and prove that he is able to
get a fish. In short, Santiago shows his qualities by doing action to catch a fish
which is represent his essence of human existence.
Since there is relationship between the human existence and literature
in this novel, the writer feels that it is important to make a further analysis
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about human existence. he Old Man and the Sea provides a great inspiring
message which reveals the existence of human being. Hemingway shows that
this novel can be learned by other people that people should have struggle to
get something. lthough it is really hard, but having struggle is must.
Fundamentally, this becomes the main reason of choosing this thesis as
entitled; Machoism in Ernest Hemingway‘s he Old Man and the Sea.
B. Statement of Problem
Based on the background of the study, this thesis analyzes the main
character, Santiago. The thesis question is formulated as follow:
1. How is the Character of Santiago described?
2. How does he show his existence?
3. What is the result of his action?
. Objective Study
1. To reveal characterization of Santiago in he Old Man and he Sea.
2. To explore the Santiago’s way to show his existence.
3. To reveal the Santiago’s action.
D. Scope and Limitation of Study
Because the topic of human existence is still broad, this study only
focusses on the main character only. That is Santiago. This study also has
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limitation based on characteristics of human existence. From those scope and
limitation, this analysis proves Santiago’s existence.
E. Significance of Study
There are significances in accomplishing this thesis. The first is
theoretical. This thesis is expected to enrich the study about literature,
especially Ernest Hemingway’s he Old Man and the Sea. It is expected to be
a source of information in understanding literature in field of knowledge. The
second is practical. This study is expected to make the readers comprehend in
understanding the literature as inspiring ideas. Hopefully, by analyzing this
novel, it will be a substantive knowledge for readers in applying the message
of this literature, which is the message of human existence. It is genuinely
expected; as stepping stone for readers in discussing a further analysis about
human existence
F. Method of Study
Conducting the analysis, the writer is performing the descriptive
qualitative method. The method is applied by describing the data and
analyzing them, related to the focus of analysis. Qualitative approach is taken
because the analysis is about discussing, analyzing, and finding the
characterization. There are some steps that the writer used in order to present
the analysis:
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1. Reading the novel he Old Man And he Sea intensively
2. Collecting the books which relate to the human existence including
journals, notes and relevant sources to the thesis.
3. Marking the text related to the idea of human existence and its
characteristics as the main data of analysis.
4. Quoting the data and describing them into the analysis. The
analysis will be performed by explaining the characteristic of
human existence as reflected in Santiago’s character in Ernest
Hemingway’s he Old Man and the Sea.
5. Concluding the analysis
G. Key Terms
1. Existence: The being real of human life. It has several characteristics
which are subjectivity, conscious being in the world, contingency, anti
materialism, humanity and faith (Jean Paul Sartre in Existentialism and
Humanism)
2. Struggle: n act of having to deal with difficult situation resolutely,
especially with an adversary of superior power or to make violent effort to
escape from constraint (Britannia Encyclopedia)
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3. Machoism: belief in male superiority which is expressed in terms of
physical aggressiveness or being the tough guy who lacks in physical fear
(Oscar Lewis)
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HAPTER II
LITERARY REVIEW
2. 1 Theoritical Framework
In conducting this study, this study uses some theories. In order to know who
Santiago is, this study tends to use Structuralism which talks about intrinsic view
about character and characterization. It purposes to show the personality of him. This
study also uses Sarte’s existentialism theory. This theory use to analyze the way
Santiago show his existance in the world. fter that, in this study also give the
concept of machoism as the result of Santiago’s existance.
In order to make this chapter more organized, the writer divides this chapter
into three parts. The first part is about structuralism, intrinsic view including
character and characterizations. The second part is about the theories, which contain
existentialism of Santiago, and the last is about Santiago’s machoism. Those intrinsic
view and theories are explained as follows:
2.1.1. Structuralism
The term of Structuralism started Ferdinand de Saussur’s work, an early
twentieth-century Swiss linguist who emphazise that language must be studied. He
claims that language contains two main system. They are langue and parole (Rivkin
and Ryan 78). Some Structuralists analyzed this material by examining underlying
structures, such as characterization or plot, and attempted to show how these patterns
were universal also to make general conclusions about both individual works and the
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systems from which they emerged (Poetry Foundation, par. 1. 5). In this study, it uses
the structuralism based on structural approach based on character and
characterization.
2.1.1.1 haracter
Since the main character is being analyzed, it is important to include theory of
character and characterization because from it, the reader can understand the whole
story of the novel. Character takes the great roles in the novel since it is the first
element of intrinsic. Character is the first focus when the reader reads the novel.
Holman in book to Literature explains that character is a complicated term.
It is included the ideas of moral constitution of human personality, the presence of
moral uprightness, and the simpler notion of the presence of creatures in art that seem
to be human beings of one sort to another (63). It means character is a representation
of human being in literary art which describes the life of human in the real life.
Foster in spect of the Novel derives character into two classifications. They
are flat and round character. Flat character or simple character is presented without
much an individualizing detail, and therefore it can be described only by a single
phrase or a sentence (67-68). From that, the reader can understand the character of
story easier because the author does not reveal another side from its life. It does not
have trait and behavior that able to give surprise to the reader. In addition, the
behavior and the moral of flat character are monotonous and reflect only one
outstanding feature to reader and it does not undergo a substantial change in the story
(69).
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Meanwhile, the opposite of flat character, round character has any side of its
life, personality and self-identity. Round character is realistic, behaving and speaking
such a real human life. It also has various attitudes and actions. Sometimes it also has
capability to give surprise the reader because it is a changing character.
complex character in temperament and motivation and it is represented with
subtle particularly; such a character therefore it is difficult to describe with
any adequacy as a person in real life, and like real persons, is capable of
surprising us (Foster 70).
In that statement, it is clear that round character here is described as the
character which has more details. Round character can give extra surprising thing
since they can change along of the story build.
By studying character in a novel, someone can know the knowledge and
typical of human being since character is representation of human life. Character
becomes a prominent thing in this study since it focuses on the main character named
Santiago. By analyzing his character, the deeper knowledge of Santiago character is
achieved. It determines the typical of character he is and also the knowledge of
Santiago, including his status will be revealed.
2.1.1.2 haracterization
Characterization is the author’s method of presenting the character with
literary work, in which the readers can capture or understand the character personality
(Kusumo 15). uthor gives characterization in each character to give them imaginary
person as portrayed in the real life. “The creation of these imaginary persons so that
they exist for the reader as real within the limits of the fiction is called
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characterization (Holman 75).” It means characterization is used to describe the
character. Characterization is the way that the author gives the personality and the life
of character inside of the story.
Holman in Handbook to Literature states that characterization can be seen
in the explicit presentation by the author through direct expression. Second, it can be
seen in the presentation of the character’s action. The last, it can be seen inside of the
character itself (75). For instance, the characterization can be seen through the
physical appearance, the dialog that character said, the action that they did, and also
from their thought and feelings.
brams in the Glossary of Literary Terms states there are two ways to explain
the characterization. He mentions those ways are showing and telling. Showing is
when the author simply presents the characters talking and acting and leaves the
reader to infer the motives behind what they say and do (33). It means that the author
not only needs the verbal dialog between characters physically, but also deals with
the thought and feeling which is placed inside of the character. On the other side,
telling process is a kind of process of the author intervenes authoritatively in order to
describe, and often to evaluate, the motives and dispositional qualities of the
characters (34). Telling process described as the ability of the author to create the
character. The author directly state what kinds of person the character is like; Sneaky,
honest, innocent, evil, and so on.
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Characterization is important because it is a part of making story. In order to
interest the reader in the character, they need to seem real. The author achieves it by
depicting the as real human. good characterization gives readers a strong sense of
character’s personality and complexities. It makes character alive and believable.
The characterization is used to analyze the habitual and behavior of Santiago
which determines his personality.
2.2 Literary Theory
This study also uses theory based on Sartre’s existentialism.
2.2.1 Existentialism
Existentialism is one of the literary theories that emphasize of being and
inbeing in the world. Existentialism deals with the philosophy which emphasizes the
uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent
universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice
and responsibility for the consequence of one’s acts (Sartre 57). Sartre in
Woodhouse’s Preface to Philosophy states:
Existentialism is a general orientation in philosophy with no set common
principle. mong the theme stressed are the following: the importance of
personal existence rather than abstract theorizing; the encounter with freedom
and necessity of choosing; the denial of any fixed human nature and of
universal moral codes; the desirability of authentic lifestyle; the encounter
with death and meaningless (Woodhouse 154).
From that quotation, it defines that existentialism sets as personal existence
rather than abstract theory. It also deals with the freedom of choosing to encounter the
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next stage of life. Every human will show their existence through the way they
choose. Thus, the existentialism is cannot be separated from human existence.
Sartre’s conception of choice can be understood by individual original choice.
Sartre’s view the whole life of an individual is an expression of original project. This
statement seems like there is a limitation on every individual’s freedom to choose.
Because there is so many freedom choosing in each individual, but those choices are
limited by other people’s choice. In order to set the concept of freedom, Sartre argues
that essence precedes existence. Freedom for Sartre is to be understood as
characteristic of the nature of consciousness as spontaneity.
From the previous paragraph above, it is clear that existentialism is a study of
human existence which related to the action that the human does. This theory is used
by to analyze the aspect of existentialism in Santiago. The writer chooses the Sartre’s
concept because it suits with Santiago in the Hemingway’s The Old Man and The
Sea. In order to make a comprehend analysis; the writer decides to use the
characteristics of human existence as the scope of analysis.
2.2.1.1. The haracteristics of Human Existence
Since there are a lot of concepts in Existentialism, this study uses scope in the
theory. This study chooses the characteristic of human existence based on Sartre’s
concept which is taken from Muzairi’s book Existentialism Jean Paul Sartre. In his
book, Sartre formulates the characteristics of human existence. The characteristics are
subjectivity, conscious being in the world, contingency, anti materialism, humanity,
and faith. These characteristics are used by the writer to analyze Santiago, the main
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character in The Old Man and The Sea. By applying this theory, hopefully it will
reveal the Santiago’s human existence in The Old Man and The Sea.
a.
Subjectivity
Subjectivity is one of the characteristic of human existence. It defines as the
individual personal impressions, feelings and opinions rather than external facts. The
meaning of subjectivity drives to the understanding of human existence. The
definition of subjectivity leads to an understanding that human existence is
emphasized individually as a personal existence. Muzairi says that human existence is
always particular and individual always my existence, your existence, his existence
(46). It is the representation of personal existence and it becomes one of the
characteristics of human existence. It exists for every person and always depends on
the individual quality of a man.
To give a further understanding about subjectivity, we can see the concept of
human existence “Existence precedes Essence”. The understanding of subjectivity is
similar to this concept. Sartre formulates this concept from The Dialectics of
Subjectivity in David Sherman’s book, quotes Sartre conception:
“…There is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, a being
who exist before he can be defined by any concept…. What is meant here by
saying that existence precedes essence? It means that, the first of all, man
exist, turns up, appears on scene, and only afterwards define himself… . Man
is nothing else but what he makes himself. Such is the first principle of
existentialism. It is also what is called subjectivity… (113)”
From quotation above, Sartre emphasizes the subjectivity as first principle of
existentialism (114). Subjectivity which represents a personal existence means it is
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the first move of human existence. The way to show his existence is by having own
subjectivity.
b. onscious Being in the World.
Conscious being in the world is the state of being able to use senses and
mental power to understand what is happening in the world. Realizing the
subjectivity, it will take human being into the conscious being in the world. The
conscious being in the world means realizing the uniqueness of every individual
being. It is properly with Muzairi says that every individual is unique. Human being
is not like an object or general. Because of their uniqueness, human being is an
individual who exist in the level of conscious being in the world (46).
Because every individual is unique, man has possibility to exist when he is
realizing conscious being in the world. Then, when a man realizing the subjectivity
and knowing that every individual being is unique and exist, he must accept that his
freedom is strives by another individual’s freedom. So, it needs responsibility to
respond this uniqueness in stepping for the human existence. This responsibility is a
compulsory for the state of conscious being in the world as Sartre says: “I am thus
responsible for myself and for all men.” (Muzairi 211). Human being must have
consciousness as the responsibility towards his / her existence. The conscious being
in the world becomes a moving factor in proving human existence. Thus human has
responsibility and responsibility motivates individual to prove the human existence.
(Solomon 243).
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In addition, self consciousness brings rejection from outer world. The
rejection comes from dissimilarity of every individual conscious being in the world,
as well as the fact of personal existence (subjectivity). This rejection brings the
conscious being in the world into an alienated individual. The person who realizes his
self-consciousness (of being exist) is dealt with a self alienation (242).
c.
ontingency
Contingency becomes one of the characteristics of human existence. It is
effective experience of human being in actual world. Human being gets his existence
by experiencing from his life. When he proves his contingency, he will show his
existence. It means contingency is a process to become real man in actual world.
Muzairi states in his book Existentialism Jean Paul Sartre: Sumur Tanpa Dasar
Kehidupan Manusia that the existence of human being is not an observation but
contingency; which is the effective experience in the world. Thus, existentialism is
definitely trying to reveal whole human as existence—existence precedes
essence—because human existence is not stable finish but on the contrary, always
exist (42).
In applying human existence, it is not only the matter of concept. It is not sum
of letters in a paper or speeches on the table. The concept of human existence should
be applied in reality and it is a must. Human existence is always requiring the actual
experience of real life in the world (43-44).
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Jean Paul Sartre concerns the contingency as something which is actuality
and not like conceptual thing. Contingency of human existence is like an everlasting
process of human existence. It can be seen beyond the causes and motives of human’s
act (Muzairi30). Furthermore, the importance of contingency as representation of
action in actual world is highly appreciated by Sartre. He emphasizes it for multiple
times that man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself. Man defines
himself by his act. He is nothing else but the sum of his actions, nothing else but what
his life is (Muzairi 182-183). So it is clear that human existence is really determined
by human contingency. Contingency means the real actions of human beings in actual
world.
d. Anti-Materialism
nti-Materialism is the doctrine which refuses the judgment based on
materialistic values only. This doctrine contradicts the essence of human being, it
against materialism value. Materialism regards human being as the result of
materialistic process, body, soul, passion and life of man represent the material. nti
materialism regards the existence of human being is quite considerable. It is
something called existence beyond the material itself (Muzairi 185).
J.O. de la Mettrie in his book L’ Homne Machine describes man as the
machine, and human soul is equaled with the function of a machine. nti materialism
denies this perspective that human being can not be equaled with the object or thing.
We cannot compare the existence of human being to the existence of an object
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because man’s existence precedes essence while an object does not. This becomes the
source of anti materialism (51).
e. Humanity
Humanity is value that affirms the dignity and worth of all people, based on
the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualities.
Humanity deals with condition of human being in the life. It concerns the values of
life which determines the existence of human being in the world. When the term of
humanity is related with individual being, it will discover the fact of human
existence, which can be understood by fully accepting the human condition.
Only human beings are known to ask themselves questions relating to the
purpose of life beyond the base need for survival, or the nature of existence
beyond that which is empirically apparent: What is the meaning of existence?
Why was I born? Why am I here? Where will I go when I die? The human
struggle to find answers to these questions — and the very fact that we can
conceive them and ask them — is what defines the human condition in this
sense of the term.The concept of humanity always emphasizes the dignity of
man as a man. It means that there is sense of recognition of equality of all
people. This recognition proves the characteristic of human existence which
admits the truth of every individual being as a personal existence. Humanity is
a sense of recognition of all human beings, respectfully (Sartre 47).
In accordance with human recognition, humanity also delivers care for every
individual. Since it recognizes all human being, it shows the care and love in life.
This feeling can be seen from affection towards all human being and it is clear that
humanity is needed to declare the human existence.
2.2.4.6. Faith
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Faith is engaged with inner, attitude, conviction and trust relating man to a
supreme god or ultimate salvation (Britannica Encyclopedia 660). Faith can be
defines as belief or commitment towards the values of life. The conception of faith
becomes a debating problem of existentialism. This debate brings the study of human
existence into two sides, religious existentialists and non religious (atheist)
existentialists. The concept of faith is defined by the question of God’s existence and
the answer of the question separates these sides, contradictory. Based on Sartre this
faith is divided into two. They are:
a. Religious existentialists
The religious existentialists believe God as the source of all existence. Faith
becomes the representation of God existence and it is manifested into religions. The
study of former existentialism can’t be separated from the Christianity which affected
most of existentialists. Some of them are Gabriel Marcel (Roman Catholic), Nicolai
Berdyaev (Orthodox) and Martin Buber (Jew). ccording to them, faith is the
commitment towards God, as the source of values and it is represented in religion.
The personalization of religion as a faith; that there is no rational argument
dominance which able to replace the commitment or “ultimate concern” as the first
rule in understanding the religion.
b. Non religious or atheist existentialists
The non religious existentialist rejects the perspective above, that their belief
is the existence of human being only. Some of them are Jean Paul Sartre, Heidegger,
Camus, and Maurice M. Ponty. ccording to them, man is dealing with himself in an
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absolute freedom, planning his own future and creating his own values. Sartre, in his
book Being and Nothingness, states that:
I am condemned to be free, then I am free (Je suis condamne a etre libre)...It
is only to choose, a free man or admit God as the source of values….man
can’t be a slave while simultaneously he is free, he is free forever or not at all
(77)
This is the conception of faith. It reveals the different view of human being in
dealing with existence. It is clear that human being lives by faith, although it
differentiates them into different perspective
2.2 Review Related Literature
The writer finds some previous study which has similar object. The first thesis
belongs to Eva Susanti Sinaga, a student of University of North Sumatra. She wrote
her thesis in 2007 under the title n nalysis Based on Theme and Motive
Hemingway’s Novel The Old Man and The Sea. Her study focuses on the theme and
the motive inside of the novel. She takes the main character’s mind to know the
theme and the motive of his action inside of novel.
The second thesis belongs to Henny Irawati Wijaya, a student of Petra
Christian University Surabaya. She wrote her thesis under the title Linguistic
pproach to the Study of Theme in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea in
1995. Her study also focuses to theme of The Old Man and The Sea novel. She uses
intrinsic approach to know the theme of the novel. It is different with the first novel
that Wijaya used is only analyzing the theme, without the motive of the main
character.
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The similarity between this research and those previous studies is in the object
analysis which is analyzed. That is using a novel The Old Man and The Sea which is
created by Ernest Hemingway.
The difference between this research and those previous studies is in the topic
subject matter which is analyzed. The first previous study analyzes the theme. She
also revelas the motive of the main character. The second previous study analyzes
only the theme without the motive of the main character.
In this study, it reveals the concept of human existence in the Santiago’s life.
by using human existence, the machoism on Santiago can be gotten. First, this study
will describe the characterization of Santiago to know his personalization. fter
knowing his characterization, it continues to identify the characteristics of human
existence inside of the character. Soon, the machoism’s idea which is on the human
existence is revealed.
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HAPTER III
ANALYSIS
3.1 The haracter and haracterization of Santiago
From the previous chapter, it has explained about the character of novel.
Santiago belongs to be the main character since he is the one who always
mentioned in the story. He becomes the center object of the story. long the story
build, he is a main character who has big role to build the story up. Based on
Forster, about flat and round character, Santiago belongs into round character. It is
explained in the previous chapter that round character has any side of its life,
personality and self-identity. It is the same like Santiago who also has those
elements. It can be seen in the background of his life, he is a fisherman. Despite of
being fisherman, it cannot be denied that Santiago is the old man. It becomes
controversial that usually old man will spend his life without no hard working, but
Santiago has this job, which becomes different side of life. s a fisherman, most
of all his time is spent by fishing. His self identity is shown as the real fisherman.
Santiago also has various attitudes and actions. He is so stubborn to
maintain his goal to catch a fish but in other case, he is so charitable to take care
Manolin. Since he is round character, he has ability to give surprise the reader
because Santiago’s goal is very high and his struggle to make it comes true is so
great. Despite his old age, he still keeps his spirit to catch a fish. lthough he
must feel the pain, torture and sick.
From his physical appearance, Santiago is an old man who has a miserable
shape of body that thin and gaunt. Moreover clothes that cover his body are
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miserable as their owner. His gaunt body wears and his shirt has been patched so
many times that it is like the sail and the patches are faded to many different shade
bay sun. There are stage shoulders, still powerful although very old. The creases
do not show so much when the old man is asleep and his head falls forward. The
old man’s head is very old though and with his eyes close like there is no sign of
life in his face. The newspaper lay across his knees and his weight of his arm held
it there in the evening breeze. He was barefooted (Hemingway 13-14).
The old man was a fisherman who has gone to sea for eighty-four days
without taking any fish but he never give up to catch fish on the next day. Most
people in his village call him as a Salao which is worse form of unlucky.
He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he
had gone eigthy-fourdays without taking a fish. In the first forty day a boy
had been with him. But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parent’s
gad told him that the old man was now definitely and finally Salao, which
is the worst from of unlucky (Hemingway 5).
Santiago is also a solitude person. He lives alone in his house with nobody
accompanies him. Even in the beginning of story, Hemingway tells that Santiago
sails alone in his skiff for forty days (5).
Moreover Santiago has a bad social interaction. He does not mingle with
other fisherman. When he sits on the Teracce he only talks to a boy called
Manolin among many other fishermen sitting in the place. This attitude makes
him isolated from the other. Many of the fishermen insult him for not catching
any fish in almost three months. They joke of him in the terrace. Other take pity
on him but say nothing of it. They choose to talk about other thing. Manolin’s
parents have forced him to abandon Santiago’s skiff to work in another boat,
which is more prosperous to catch a lot of fish and call Santiago Salao, the worst
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form unlucky. Santiago realizes what people think of him but he just ignores it.
This proves that he is a self confident man.
Based on the explanation all above, it clear that Santiago is classified as
round character and he has various personalities. Based on his job, he is
fisherman, although his physical appearance does not support him to catch a big
fish but he keeps his struggle to try again and again. It means he denies all of his
weakness to catch his dream, catching the big fish.
3.2 The Presence of Santiago
It has been mentioned in advance that existential characteristic is the
requirement that man needs to prove his human existence. It can be shown by the
presence of Santiago which is shown by his action. Those characteristics are
subjectivity, conscious being in the world, contingency, anti-materialism,
humanity, and faith. Santiago must have all those characteristics to prove that he
has his own human existence.
a.
Subjectivity
Subjectivity is always individual and it emphasizes the personal existence
of human being. In accordance to the human nature, subjectivity always
recognizes the uniqueness of every human being. he Old Man and the Sea also
provides the elements of subjectivity as reflected in Santiago’s character. We can
see the uniqueness of Santiago, not only as a man in a vast world, but also as a
true fisherman.
The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his
neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings
from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. The blotches ran
well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars
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from handling heavy fish on the cords. But none of these scars were fresh.
They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Everything about him
was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were
cheerful and undefeated. (Hemingway 1)
From the beginning of novel shows the uniqueness of Santiago as a man.
Hemingway introduces Santiago as a unique man. Santiago is described as an old
man with undefeated eyes. From Santiago’s physical descriptions, it is a clear that
Hemingway tries to introduce a strong character to the readers. He introduces
Santiago, who is old but still cheerful and undefeated. This description shows the
uniqueness of Santiago’s character as a strong man, although he is old now.
Furthermore, Hemingway shows the uniqueness of Santiago as a
fisherman. Santiago is described as a unique fisherman. For him, fishing is not
only the way of making money but it is a way of life.
You were born to be a fisherman as the fish was born to be a fish. San
Pedro was a fisherman as was the father of the great DiMaggio….You did
not kill the fish only to keep alive and to sell for food, he thought. You
killed him for pride and because you are a fisherman (Hemingway 95).
This subjectivity proves the uniqueness of Santiago as a fisherman. His
perspective about fishing shows that he is not only a fisherman in common, but
also to be a true fisherman. Hemingway also shows the uniqueness of Santiago as
a fisherman by using Manolin’s compliment towards Santiago. Manolin praises
Santiago as the greatest fisherman and it declares his uniqueness from other
fishermen.
“Who is the greatest manager, really, Luque or Mike Gonzalez?” “I think
they are equal.” “nd the best fisherman is you.” “No. I know others
better.” “Que Va,” the boy said. “There are many good fishermen and
some great ones. But there is only you.” “Thank you. You make me happy.
I hope no fish will come along so great that he will prove us wrong.”
(Hemingway 17)
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s the boy and the old man talk of great baseball players, of who the
greatest team manager is, the discussion very naturally turns to who is the greatest
fisherman. The boy says to Santiago that there are many good fishermen and some
great ones, but there is only you (means Santiago). It is simple recognition of the
old man’s uniqueness and value.
nother point from subjectivity is also reflecting the dream of a man. It
reflects the hopes and idealism of man. Hemingway describes his idealistic hope
by using Santiago’s dream about lion.
He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of frica when he was a boy
and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt
your eyes, and