Comparative Study Betweeen Balinese and English Grammatical Features.
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Daftar isi Halaman.
Kumpulan Makalah Micro Linguistics xi
Afiks Pembentuk Verba Bahasa Ciacia 1
Nonverbal Predicates in Austronesian and Papuan languages: an LFG Perspective 30
The Basic Structure of Kemak 47
Comparative Study Between Balinese and English Grammatical Features 63 Kontribusi Iklan Televisi sebagai Media Pemertahanan Bahasa Lokal 80
Penyifatan Bagian Badan/Tubuh Manusia dalam Bahasa Jawa 97
Proses Pembentukan Kata Bahasa Bali di Lombok sebagai Bahan Ajar di
SDN 20 Cakranegara Kota Mataram 119
Perbedaan Leksikal dan Perbedaan Fonologis Bahasa Jawa di Kota Surabaya
dan Kabupaten Magetan 144
Kesalahan Penulisan Pasang Aksara Bali pada Papan Nama
di Lingkungan Kota Denpasar 166
Konstruksi Verba Beruntun Menyuruh di dalam Bahasa Klasik Melayu 184 Kerangka Sintaksis dan Spesifikasi Struktur Batin Makna Asali Melakukan
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COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN BALINESE AND ENGLISH GRAMMATICAL FEATURES'
I Gede Budiasa
English Department, Faculty of Letters and Culture, Udayana University. [email protected]
Abstrak
Menyoal kekerabatan atau rumpun bahasa, Bahasa Bali (disingkat BB) termasuk salah satu dialek di Indonesia yang merupakan Keluarga Melayu Polinesia rumpun Bali-Sasak dan dipakai sebagai Bahasa Ibu oleh sebagian besar suku Bali.(Kridalaksana, H. 1993:xLiii; Granoka, dkk.1985:10).BB merupakan bagian integral serta menopang sendi kebudayaan Indonesia yang tetap dipelihara oleh penuturnya untuk mewujudkan hak hidup kebahasaan dalam masyarakat multilingual dan multikulrtural sesuai dengan yang diamanatkan dalam UUD 1945 Bab XV Pasal 36 dan menjadi Bahasa Ibu kebanyakan penduduk Bali (Kridalaksana, H. 1993:xLiii; Granoka et al.1985:10 and Abas, 1987:178)
Akan tetapi Bahasa Inggris (disingkat Ing.) termasuk rumpun Indo-Eropah dan telah menjadi bahasa Dunia yang sangat penting karena kira-kira 350 juta penduduk dunia menggunakan kosa kata bahasa Inggris sebagai Bahasa Ibu (McCrum, 1986:19-20), dan karena sebaran geografis, sarat dengan funsi sebagai sarana komunikasi dan pengaruh politik serta ekonomi penuturnya. Makalah ini berupaya untuk memberikan pandangan tentang persamaan dan perbedaan ciri-ciri grammatikal antara BB dan Ing,
Dari sudut tipe klausa, BB dan Ing. keduanya memiliki klausa transitif dan intransitif serta intensif. Akan tetapi struktur dasar BB adalah Subjek–Predikat dan Predikat –Subjek sedangkan Ing. memiliki struktur dasar Subjek–Predikat.
Aspek dan Modalitas BB terungkap melalui proses leksikalisasi dengan menggunakan partikel seperti suba, sampun sebagai pengungkap aspek perfektif sedang
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(aspek Progresif), jaga, jagi, lakar (keakanan) dan bisa, dadi, musti dsb (modalitas) + KK sedangkan Aspek dan Modalitas Ing. terungkap secara gramatikal yakni dengan formula Be + Present Participle untuk Aspek Progresif, Have/has + Past Participle untuk Aspek Perfektif dan KK bantu: can, may, must, etc + Bare Infinitive or Infinitive without to) sebagai pengungkap modalitas.
BB tidak mengenal Kala (Tense) hanya memiliki satu bentuk KK magae ‘kerja/bekerja’, ‘work’. tetapi dalam Ing tidak bisa disangkal lagi memang bercirikan sistem Kala (Tense). Olehkarena itu Ing. perlu membedakan KK work/works-worked ‘kerja’ go/goes, went ‘pergi’ sebaga pengungkap Kala Kini (Present) dan Kala Lampau (Past)
Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif BB bertalian dengan proses morfofonemik dengan piranti afiksasi baik prefis maupun sufiks dengan tidak menutup kemungkinan terjadi asimilasi. BB memakai {N-} ma-/m/, /n-/ + KK untuk menandai kalimat aktif dan prefiks {ka-} and the suffiks{-a} dan infiks {-in-} +KK sebagai penanda bentuk KK pasif. Namun Ing. memakai unsur-unsur gramatikal dengan formula Be + Past Participle.untuk memberikan ciri kalimat pasif.
Kata Kunci
Kala, Aspek, Modalitas, Morfofonemik
Abstract
As far as language family is concerned Balinese belongs to Malayo Polynesian family of Balinese-Sasak offspring as one of the regional languages or vernaculars It is
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a part of the Indonesian cultures that is properly maintained by their speakers according to the By-Laws of the Constitution 1945, Chapter XV, Article 36.and becomes the mother tongue of the great majority of the population.(Kridalaksana, H. 1993:xLiii; Granoka. et al, 1988). English, however, belongs to the Indo-European group and has become the world paramount language because about three hundred and fifty million people use the English vocabulary as a mother tongue (McCrum, 1986:19-20), and because of its geographical dispersion, vehicular load', economic and political influence of those who speak it as their own language. The paper attempts to provide insights into similarities and differences between Balinese and English. in particular its grammatical features.
Regarding the Clause Types both Balinese and English have Intransitive Clause, Intensive Clause and Transitive Clause. However Balinese basic clause is Subject - Predicate and Predicate Subject, while English basic clause is Subject- Predicate. Aspect and Mood in Balinese are expressed, through lexicalization by the use of Balinese particles such as suba. sampun, sedang. .jaga/jagi. etc + Verb and bisa, dadi. musti. etc. + Verb),whereas in English they are expressed by way of grammatical processes (i.e. Be + Present Participle for Progressive Aspect, Have/has + Past Participle for Perfective Aspect and modal verbs: can, may, must, etc + Bare Infinitive or Infinitive without to). Balinese is a tenseless language (i,e. having one form for the verb work megae. while English does distinguish between Present and Past realized in the forms of Verb Phrase (e.g. work/works worked). The Active-Passive voice in Balinese is having to do with morphophonemics by adopting the prefixes and. suffixes. The assimilation will be inevitable in this process. .Balinese exploits the prefix {ka-} and the suffixes{-a} and the infix
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{-in-} in the verb phrases to indicate Passive voice. In English, however, the passive verb phrases are formulated by grammatical elements: Be + Past Participle.
Key Words:
Tense, Aspect, Mood, Morphophonenics
I INTRODUCTION
The paper is entitled "Comparative Study Between Balinese and English Grammatical Features' and it aims at illustrating a brief comparative accounts on the Clause Types, Tense, Aspect, Mood and Voice. So far as the socio-cultural factors are concerned, traditional Balinese society is highly stratified into four castes in a decending order of prestige or profession including Bramana. Ksatrya. Wesia and Sudra (Comnoners). This stratification results in the speech levels (sorsingih base) as dialectal varieties: familiar (kapara). Polite (P) alus and Honorfic_ (H) singih. For example, S'he/ He will buy a house. or in BI ‘Ia akan membeli rumah’ can be respectively expressed by the following utterences:
I Ida pacang numbas geriya (H) /id patSaN numbas gEriJE/. ii. Dane jaga numbas jero (P) /dane dZagE numbas dZEro/ iii. Ia lakar meli umah (F) /iE lakar mE li umah /
Utterance 1) is said to Brahmana and Ksatrya groups, (ii) to Wesia and (iii) to Sudra. When Brahmana, Ksatrya and Wesia groups speak to Sudra. they tend to speak in a familiar code (see examples of Permission and Obligation p.13) Most of the examples given in this paper are in Familiar (F) form. The concluded .remarks are provided in the last chapter*
II THE COMPARISON BETWEEN BALINESE AND ENGLISH GRAMMATICAL FEATURES 2.1 Clause Types.
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In terms of complementation both Balinese and English have Intransitive Clause, Intensive Clause and Transitive Clause, which are specified only by the obligatory elements to the clause structure.
2.1.1 Intransitive Clause.
Balinese English
1) Subject - Verb (Intrans.)
a. Cicinge ngongkong /tSitSiNeNoNkoN/ (F) a. The dog barks.
‘Anjingnya mengongong,
b. I Bapa maburuh ‘(F)/i bapE maburuh/ ‘Father works as labourer’ b. The child laughs
‘Bapak bekerja sebagai buruh’
c. Tiang tusing teka (F) /tiijaN tusiN tEkE/ ' I do not come’ . c.They cried
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2) Subject – Verb (Intrans.) - Adjunct.
a. Icang nongos di Badung (F) a. A policeman lives in the house /itaN noNos di baduN /
‘Saya tinggal di Badung’ ’I live in Badung’
b. I Raka luas ke peken b. John goes to Victorian Market
/i rak lwas kE pEkEn/ ‘I Raka goes to the market’ ‘I Raka pergi ke Pasar’
c) Praginane ngigel duang jam . (F) /prEginane NigEl dwaN dZam / c. The artist danced for two hours
‘Seniman itu menari selama dua jam 2.1.2 Intensive Clause
3) Subject - Verb(intens.) - Complement.
a. la dadi pragina ( F ) /iE dadi prEginE/ a. He becomes an artist.
‘Ia menjadi seniman’
b. Papineh caine rasa-rasa luwung b.Your ideas seem good.
/papinEh tSaine rasE rasE luwuN/ . c. Mary is a nurse
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2.1.3 Transitive Clause.
4) Subject - Verb (monotrans.) - Od.
a. I Rai ngalih capung (F) / i rai Nalih tSapuN/ a. Somebody caught the ball. ‘I Rai mencari capung’
‘I Rai looks for a dragonfly’ b. Billy kicked the bucket.
b. Pan Karta ngarit padang. (F) /pan kartENarit padaN c. Everybody admiredher new car
‘Pan Karta menyabit rumput’ 'Karta’s father cuts the grass.
5) Subject - Verb (ditrans.) - Oi -Od.
a. I Bapa ngaritang sampi padang /i bapENaritaN sampi padaN/ a. She gave me expensive present
‘Ayah nyabit rumbut buat sapi. ‘Father cuts the grass for the cow’
b. I Meme madaarin pianakne nasi (F) b. They passed Aunty Ann the salt /i meme mdaarin pianakne nasi/ ‘Ibu ngasi anaknya makan’ c, My dad bought me a new celephone, ‘Ibu menyuapi anaknya nasi’
'Mother feeds her child with some rice’
6) Subject - Verb (Comp.trans.) - Od- Adjunct.
a. I Rai meli nasi di warung F) /irai mEli nasi di waruN/ a. I put the ball on the table.
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'I Rai bought some rice at the foodstall’
b. Bapa Made ngejuk celeng di jempeng.(F) b.The government sent the envoy /bapE made NEjuk tSeleN di dZEmpEN/ to Africa.
/bapE made NEjuk tSeleN di dZEmpEN/
‘Pak Made nangkap babi di kandang’
7) Subject - Verb (cormp. trans) - Od - Co.
a. la ngaku dewekne beneh dogen (F) a. We have proved him a fool
/iENakudeweknebEnEhdogen/
‘Ia memgaku diriya selalu benar’
‘He/she acknowledges himself/herself always right’
b. I Bapa nyicipin laware jaan gati (F) b. The police proved him guilty,
/i bapE³itSipin laware dZaan gati/ c. The group selected Mr Ali
‘Ayah mencicipi lawarnya enak sekali’ chairman
'Father tasted the lawar very delicious’
2.2 Basic Clause.
Balinese basic clause is Subject - Predicate and Predicate - Sub.ject. word –order (see example . a) whereas English is Sub.ject - Predicate, except for thematic purposes in certain Adjuncts it demands Verb-Subject or even Operator – Subject word-order (see examples c - d).
a.Macan gede makecos,, and Makecos macan gede ( F ) (Balinese)
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/matSan gEde makEtSos/ / makEtSos matSan gEde/
‘Macan besar melompat’
b. A big tiger jumped down, (English)
c.Here comes the bemo. cf. The bemo comes here
d.Never will I make the same mistake cf. I will never make the same mistake. 2.3 Tense.
Unlike English, Balinese is a tenseless language. There is no distinction marked between I Raka works
everyday and 1 Raka ' worked yesterday, instead; I Raka magae nyabrang dina/ (F) /i rakE mEgae nyabraN dinE I Raka
magae ibi/ (F) /i rakmgae ibi/ 2.4Aspect.
Aspect refers to an action showing perfectiveness, progressiveness and futurity or
the manner in which the verbal action is experienced or regarded (for examples as completed or in progress. Thus, in English there are two pairs of distinctions to be drawn: (see Samsuris1980:251).
(1) a verb phrase may be regarded as either Progressive or non -progressive e.g.: I was walking - I walked
(2) a verb phrase may be regarded as perfective or nonperfective, e.g.: I have walked , I walked
Balinese, however, has three ways to indicate those situations by using the particles respectively indicating perfectiveness, progressiveness and futurity sampun /sampun/ suba /sub /, konden or tonden ( p e r f e c t i v e n e s s ) , sedeng /sd/ or sedek /s/; (progressiveness) jaga /g/ or jagi /ii/ , pacang /pa/ or lakar /lakar(futurity) before the verbs, whereas in English Aspect is expressed by Be + Present Participle (Progressive), Have/Has + Past Participle (Perfective) .
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Balinese English
a. Ni Luh Sari sedeng nulis surat. (F) a. Ni Luh Sari is writing a letter.
/niluhsarisdnulissurat/
‘Ni Luh Sari sedang menulis surat’
b. la suba madaar (F) /iE subE mEdaar/ b. He has seen the film already. ‘Ia sudah makan’
'He/she has eaten’ c. I have not eaten yet.
c. Titiyang durung ngajeng (P) /titjaN duruNadZEN/
‘Saya belum makan”
d. Ni Luh Sari enggal lakar nganten /ni uh sari eNgal lakar Nanten/
‘Ni Luh Sari segeraakan menikah’ ‘Ni Luh Sari will soon get married’
Thus, in Balinese, Aspect is simply expressed by lexicalization in terms of using the particles: sedang. suba. tonden. lakarf etc., whereas in English Aspect is expressed by grammatical process in terms of using auxiliaries : Be + Present Participle and Have/Has + Past Participle,
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To express the speaker’s attitude towards the action, Balinese uses some particles: musti /musti/, mirip/mirip/ bisa /bisa /, dadi /dadi/, dados /dados/, whereas in English, meanings associated with mood are realized in the verb phrases by the modal verbs: can, may, shall, will, must.
Balinese English
a. Ability
Ni Luh Sari bisa ngigel He can swim
/ni luh sari bisENigEl/ ‘Ni Luh Sari bisa menari’ ‘Ni Luh Sari can dance’ b. Permission
Cai dadi mulih jani (F) You may go home now
/tai dadi mulih dani/ ‘Kamu bisa pulang’ c. Obligation
Cai musti (apang) teka buin mani, (F) You must come tomorrow /tai musti apa tek buin mani/
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d. Possibility
Belin tiange mirip teka buin mani(F) My elder brother may come tomorrow. /belin tjae mirip tek buin mani/
‘Kakak saya mungkin datang besok’
So far as the mood is concerned, in making distinction between Declarative, Interrogative and Imperative. Balinese mood is marked by suprasegmental features in particular intonation. However, in English, the ordering is necessary in addition to the intonation. For interrogative in English there is an inversion between the subject (S) and auxiliary or operator has and rising intonation, whereas in Balinese there is no such inversion except for the rising intonation
Balinese ' English
a. Declarative Ida lunga ke pasar (H) The secretary has typed the letter. (falling intonation) /id lu k pasar/
‘Ia pergi ke pasar’ b. Interrogative (rising intonation)
I Beli lakar luas kija?/(F) Has she typed the letter? /i bli lakar lwas kid /
‘Kakak mau ke mana?’
'Where are you going, Brother?
c. Imperative i) Sing dadi ngawag-ngawag makecos (F) Open the bottle! (falling intonation) /si dadi awag awag maktos/
‘Tidak boleh sembarangan meloncat; ‘Look before you leapt’
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ii). Jemakang bajune di lemarine (F)
/dmakabadune di lmarine/ Please get my shirt in the wardrobe ;Ambilkan bajunya di almari’
2.6 Voice
Voice is a category used in the grammatical description of sentence or clause structure, primarily with reference to verbs, to express the way sentences may alter the relationship between the subject (S) and object (O) of a verb without changing the meaning of the sentences (Crystal, 1985: 329).
Active and Passive voice in Balinese are distinctively marked by affixation in the verb phrases in
addition to the exchange of noun phrases position. Most of active verb phrases in Balinese are marked by {N-}+{Root} and passive verb phrases are marked by {ka-} + {Root} or {Verb root}+{-in-} or {-a}. On the other hand, the passive verb phrases in English are marked by Be + Past
Participle.
Balinese English
Active: Tiang mirage suaran suling punika (H) The police arrested the thief.
NP 1 VP NP 2 NP 1 VP NP 2
‘Saya mendengar suara suling itu’ ' I heard the sound of the bamboo flute’
Passive Suaran suling punika kapiragi antuk tiang (H) The thief was arrested by the police
NP 2 VP PP NP 2 VP PP
‘ Suara suling itu terdengar/didengar oleh saya’
Active : Kuluke ngamah nasine.('F) The dog eats the rice
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‘Anjingnya makan nasinya’
Passive: Nasi amaha ban kuluke.(F) The rice is eaten by the dog,
NP 2 VP PP NP 2 VP PP
‘Nasi dimakan oleh anjing’
The infix {-in-}in Balinese passive voice is specifically used and borrowed from Old Javanese,
For examples:
(i) Puput sinurat ring rahina Wrehaspati Wage Watugunung’ (P)
‘Selesai ditulis pada hari Kemis Wage Watugunung’ (Anom, dkk. 2009:693) ‘Finished being written on Thursday Wage Watugunung’
(ii) Mupu sarwa tinandur, murah sarwa tinumbas.
‘Menghasilkan segala yang ditanam, murah segala yang dibeli’
‘Yield the crops when everything is being planted, cheap when everything is bought’ Thus, the verb phrases in Balinese tend to be in morphophonemic process, while in English they are grammatical process.
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III CONCLUSION
Having compared Balinese and English grammatical features, it can be concluded as follows:
1).As far as Clause Types are concerned, both Balinese and English share the seven Clause types.
2) Balinese basic clause is Subject - Predicate and Predicate Subject, while English basic clause
is Subject- Predicate.
3) Aspect and Mood in Balinese are expressed, through lexicalization by the use of Balinese Particles such as suba. sampun, sedang. .jaga/jagi. etc + Verb and bisa, dadi. musti. etc. +
Verb),whereas in English they are expressed by way of grammatical processes (i.e. Be + Present Participle for Progressive Aspect, Have/has + Past Participle for Perfective Aspect
and modal verbs : can, may, must, etc + Bare Infinitive or Infinitive without to). 4) Balinese is a tenseless language (i,e. having one form for the verb work megae. while
English does distinguish between Present and Past realized in the forms of Verb Phrase (e.g.
work/works worked).
5) The Active-Passive voice in Balinese is having to do with morphophonemics by adopting
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exploits the prefix {ka-} and the suffixes{-a} and the infix {-in-} in the verb phrases to indicate Passive voice In English, however, the passive verb phrases are formulated by grammatical elements: Be + Past Participle.
6) The lexical choice in Balinese is made adjusting the speech levels socio-culturally rigidly stratified
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anom, I Gusti Ketut, dkk. 2009. Kamus Bali –Indonesia Beraksara Latin dan Bali Denpasar: Badan Pembina Bahasa, Aksara dan Sastra Bali. Provinsi Bali. Bawa, I Wayan,et al, 1981. Struktur Bahasa Bali.. Jakarta: Pusat Perabinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Budiasa, I Gede, 1988. Sociolects in English Speaking Countries and in Indonesia. Denpasar:English Departmental Seminar, Denpasar: Faculty of Letters, Udayana University. ,
Crystal, D. 1985 A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jackson, Howard, 1982. Analyzing English, An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics.
Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Leech, Geoffrey, et al, 1975. A Communicative Grammar of English. England: Longman Group UK Limited.
Oka Granoka, Ida Wayan , et al, 1988 Tata Bahasa Bali. Denpasar: Proyek Pengembangan
Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Quirk Randolph, et al. 1973 University English Grammar. England: Longman Group UK Limited
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Samsuri, 1980. Analisis Bahasa. Jakarta: Pusat Perabinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan
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ii). Jemakang bajune di lemarine (F)
/dmakabadune di lmarine/ Please get my shirt in the wardrobe ;Ambilkan bajunya di almari’
2.6 Voice
Voice is a category used in the grammatical description of sentence or clause structure, primarily with reference to verbs, to express the way sentences may alter the relationship between the subject (S) and object (O) of a verb without changing the meaning of the sentences (Crystal, 1985: 329).
Active and Passive voice in Balinese are distinctively marked by affixation in the verb phrases in
addition to the exchange of noun phrases position. Most of active verb phrases in Balinese are marked by {N-}+{Root} and passive verb phrases are marked by {ka-} + {Root} or {Verb root}+{-in-} or {-a}. On the other hand, the passive verb phrases in English are marked by Be + Past
Participle.
Balinese English
Active: Tiang mirage suaran suling punika (H) The police arrested the thief.
NP 1 VP NP 2 NP 1 VP NP 2
‘Saya mendengar suara suling itu’ ' I heard the sound of the bamboo flute’
Passive Suaran suling punika kapiragi antuk tiang (H) The thief was arrested by the police
NP 2 VP PP NP 2 VP PP
‘ Suara suling itu terdengar/didengar oleh saya’
Active : Kuluke ngamah nasine.('F) The dog eats the rice
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‘Anjingnya makan nasinya’
Passive: Nasi amaha ban kuluke.(F) The rice is eaten by the dog,
NP 2 VP PP NP 2 VP PP
‘Nasi dimakan oleh anjing’
The infix {-in-}in Balinese passive voice is specifically used and borrowed from Old Javanese,
For examples:
(i) Puput sinurat ring rahina Wrehaspati Wage Watugunung’ (P)
‘Selesai ditulis pada hari Kemis Wage Watugunung’ (Anom, dkk. 2009:693) ‘Finished being written on Thursday Wage Watugunung’
(ii) Mupu sarwa tinandur, murah sarwa tinumbas.
‘Menghasilkan segala yang ditanam, murah segala yang dibeli’
‘Yield the crops when everything is being planted, cheap when everything is bought’ Thus, the verb phrases in Balinese tend to be in morphophonemic process, while in English they are grammatical process.
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III CONCLUSION
Having compared Balinese and English grammatical features, it can be concluded as follows:
1).As far as Clause Types are concerned, both Balinese and English share the seven Clause types.
2) Balinese basic clause is Subject - Predicate and Predicate Subject, while English basic clause
is Subject- Predicate.
3) Aspect and Mood in Balinese are expressed, through lexicalization by the use of Balinese Particles such as suba. sampun, sedang. .jaga/jagi. etc + Verb and bisa, dadi. musti. etc. +
Verb),whereas in English they are expressed by way of grammatical processes (i.e. Be + Present Participle for Progressive Aspect, Have/has + Past Participle for Perfective Aspect
and modal verbs : can, may, must, etc + Bare Infinitive or Infinitive without to). 4) Balinese is a tenseless language (i,e. having one form for the verb work megae. while
English does distinguish between Present and Past realized in the forms of Verb Phrase (e.g.
work/works worked).
5) The Active-Passive voice in Balinese is having to do with morphophonemics by adopting
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exploits the prefix {ka-} and the suffixes{-a} and the infix {-in-} in the verb phrases to indicate Passive voice In English, however, the passive verb phrases are formulated by grammatical elements: Be + Past Participle.
6) The lexical choice in Balinese is made adjusting the speech levels socio-culturally rigidly stratified
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anom, I Gusti Ketut, dkk. 2009. Kamus Bali –Indonesia Beraksara Latin dan Bali Denpasar: Badan Pembina Bahasa, Aksara dan Sastra Bali. Provinsi Bali. Bawa, I Wayan,et al, 1981. Struktur Bahasa Bali.. Jakarta: Pusat Perabinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Budiasa, I Gede, 1988. Sociolects in English Speaking Countries and in Indonesia. Denpasar:English Departmental Seminar, Denpasar: Faculty of Letters, Udayana University. ,
Crystal, D. 1985 A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jackson, Howard, 1982. Analyzing English, An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics.
Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Leech, Geoffrey, et al, 1975. A Communicative Grammar of English. England: Longman Group UK Limited.
Oka Granoka, Ida Wayan , et al, 1988 Tata Bahasa Bali. Denpasar: Proyek Pengembangan
Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Quirk Randolph, et al. 1973 University English Grammar. England: Longman Group UK Limited
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Samsuri, 1980. Analisis Bahasa. Jakarta: Pusat Perabinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan
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