THE REPRESENTATION OF EGYPTIAN AND SYRIAN GOVERNMENTS IN BBC AND CNN TEXTS REGARDING THE CIVIL WARS IN EGYPT AND SYRIA.
THE REPRESENTATION OF EGYPTIAN AND SYRIAN GOVERNMENTS IN BBC AND CNN TEXTS REGARDING THE CIVIL WARS IN EGYPT AND SYRIA
A Research Paper
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree.
Written by:
Khaerul Ma’ruf 0906932
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION 2014
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THE REPRESENTATION OF EGYPTIAN AND SYRIAN GOVERNMENTS IN BBC AND CNN TEXTS REGARDING THE CIVIL WARS IN EGYPT AND SYRIA
Oleh
Khaerul Ma’ruf
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Khaerul Ma’ruf 2014 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Mei 2014
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
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PAGE OF APPROVAL
THE REPRESENTATION OF EGYPTIAN AND SYRIAN GOVERNMENTS IN BBC AND CNN TEXTS REGARDING THE CIVIL WARS IN EGYPT AND SYRIA
APPROVED BY:
Main Supervisor
Iwa Lukmana, M.A., Ph.D. NIP. 196611271993031002
Co-Supervisor
Ruswan Dallyono, S.Sos., M.Pd. NIP. 197008032005011002
Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
ABSTRACT
This research probes the representation of social actors in two prominent Western mass media and examines ideologies behind such representation by using social actor classification (van Leeuwen, 2008) and Transitivity (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004). The Egyptian and Syrian governments are the focuses of this research. The data of this research were taken from two Western mass media, namely BBC and CNN. The research is descriptive qualitative in nature. The data include the online news articles published in official sites of BBC and CNN. The analysis examines how social actors are excluded and included in the texts. The findings showed that BBC and CNN mostly represent the Egyptian and Syrian governments negatively. It was discovered from the excessive use of predicates with negative semantic load attached to the Egyptian and Syrian governments. Such excessive use of predicates implicates that BBC and CNN were likely to expose the bad sides of the Egyptian and Syrian governments to the world citizen. This practice appears to reflect how the two media view the two national governments. Furthermore, the findings also showed that (im)partiality, democracy, and consumerism were the ideologies that appeared in the texts.
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL ... i
DECLARATION ... ii
PREFACE ... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iv
ABSTRACT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi
LIST OF TABLES ... ix
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1. Introduction ... 1
1.2. Research Questions ... 4
1.3. Aims of the Study ... 4
1.4. Scope of the Study ... 4
1.5. Significance of the Study ... 5
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
1.7. Organization of the Paper ... 6
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 7
2.1. Critical Discourse Analysis ... 7
2.1.1. Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis ... 7
2.1.2. Ideology, Power, and Critique ... 9
2.1.3. Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis ... 10
2.2. The Media and Media Discourse ... 11
2.3. Representation of Social Actor ... 13
2.3.1. Exclusion ... 14
2.3.2. Inclusion ... 15
2.4. Representation of Action: Transitivity ... 21
2.5. Previous Studies ... 24
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 27
3.1. Research Design ... 27
3.2. Data Collection ... 28
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 30
4.1. The Representation of the Egyptian and Syrian Governments through the Combination van Leeuwen’s Social Actor Classification and Transitivity ... 30
4.1.1. Exclusion in the Representation of the Egyptian and Syrian Governments in BBC and CNN ... 33
4.1.2. Inclusion in the Representation of the Egyptian and Syrian Governments in BBC and CNN ... 35
4.1.2.1. Personalization and Impersonalization ... 52
4.1.2.1.1. Personalization ... 53
4.1.2.1.2. Impersonalization ... 65
4.2. Overall Remark of Representation ... 67
4.3. Ideologies of BBC and CNN behind Representation of the Egyptian and Syrian Governments ... 69
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 72
5.1 Conclusions ... 72
5.2 Suggestions ... 73
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Appendices
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2. 1. List of Verbal Process ... 24 Table 4. 1. Distribution of Inclusion and Exclusion in BBC and CNN that Represent the Egyptian Government ... 31 Table 4. 2. Distribution of Inclusion and Exclusion in BBC and CNN that Represent the Egyptian Government ... 32
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Table 4. 3. The Distribution of Types of Exclusion of the Syrian Government in BBC and CNN ... 33 Table 4. 4. Distribution of Included Egypt Government in BBC and CNN ... 36 Table 4. 5. Distribution of Included Syrian Government in BBC and CNN ... 38 Table 4. 6. Distribution of Category of Included Egyptian Government in BBC
... 50 Table 4. 7. Distribution of Category of Included Egyptian Government in CNN
... 50 Table 4. 8. Distribution of Category of Included Syrian Government in BBC .. 51 Table 4. 9. Distribution of Category of Included Syrian Government in CNN .. 51 Table 4. 10. The Distribution of Personalization and Impersonalization in BBC and
CNN which represent the Egyptian Government ... 52 Table 4. 11. The Distribution of Personalization and Impersonalization in BBC and
CNN which represent the Syrian Government ... 53 Table 4. 12. Distribution of Personalization-Determination of the Egyptian
Government in BBC and CNN ... 54 Table 4. 13. Distribution of Personalization-Determination of the Syrian Government
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Table 4. 14. Distribution of Personalization-Genericization/ Specification of the Egyptian Government in BBC and CNN ... 62 Table 4. 15. Distribution of Personalization-Genericization/ Specification of the Syrian Government in BBC and CNN
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides general information about the research. This chapter gives the information about the background of the research problems, research questions, aims of the research, scope of the research, significance of the research, clarifications of terms, and the research structure.
1.1. Introduction
The rise of Arab Spring started to spread to major countries in the region of Islamic Middle East and North African (MENA) countries following the occurrence of Green and Jasmine movements in Iran and Tunisia. The movements were to dethrone the long-standing dictator and elites from their chairs for the establishment of democracy. They happened because the citizens did not have their voices heard. The Green and Jasmine movements were the milestones for the continuation of effort to establish democracy in MENA countries, where they were presided by the long-standing dictator and elites. Although they happened in different lands and cultures, what these countries have in common was the movement goal that was to have the democracy upheld where it was indicated by society’s defiance, massive demonstration to streets, and movement calling for democracy (Shirazi, 2012). Most of the movements evoked the violence where the civil wars rage in these countries,
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
not to mention the civil wars in Egypt and Syria had become the major attention for the world citizens.
The civil wars in MENA regions have become the attention for the world citizens because of the humanity’s infringement. Western mass media vie for reporting the situations which happen there to disseminate information about the occurrence of the events to the world citizens. It means the mass media represent the events and the actors participated in their own manner. Such representation may contain ideologies which are hidden in the text. Critical Discourse Analysis is a handy study to delve and unmask mass media representation and its ideologies. Van Dijk (2001, in Machin and Mayr, 2012) describes CDA to be a study used to unravel implicit and hidden messages in a text. Western mass media produce news articles containing information about the occurrence of civil wars in MENA countries which are disseminated to the world citizens. Henceforth, Western mass media have indirectly shaped the world citizens’mindset about civil wars in MENA countries through the news articles produced. News articles are the communication tools to create the particular discourse. Van Leeuwen (2001, in Wodak and Meyer, 2001) defines discourse as manners of acknowledging some reality aspects which are socially constructed.
Western mass media play a significant role in shaping the world citizens’ mindset about civil wars in MENA countries, thus they make them have leverage over the world citizens.Western mass media disseminate their ideology, such as democracy, to the news articles of civil wars in MENA countries. The problem is that they might have certain intentions in the manner they produce news articles, and such manner sometimes causes problems of objectivity. Entman (1989) explains that the
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
occurrence of bias in the political press is the result of failure in acknowledging the interdependence of media, elites, and audiences.
This research investigates how the social actors in civil wars in Egypt and Syria (the samples of MENA countries) were represented in the online news from United Kingdom and United States. The representation was probed to unveil the ideologies behind such representation. The tools exerted in the analysis of representation are CDA (van Leeuwen, 2008) and Transitivity (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004). Van Leeuwen’s theories were used because the theories provided the classification of social actors in details. Meanwhile Transitivity was used because Transitivity was a supportive tool to conduct the analysis of social actors. Transitivity concerns the representation within clauses (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004).
There are series of relevant research to this research, those are the political representation (Wenden2005; Dobson, 2007), and media discourse study (Shirazy, 2012). In political representation research, Wenden (2005) investigated the representational strategies Al Aqsaa Intifida in Al Jazeera’s special reports. The research examined the recurring themes appearing in the reports by the use of theme and rheme analysis. Dobson (2007) examined the representational strategies of British political leaders’ election manifestos in 1990s. The research analyzed the language use in British political leaders’ manifestos which reflected political standing of theirs in each election. The research examined such manifestos by the use of textual analysis approach, intertextuality, metadiscourse, discourse representation (Fairclough, 1992), and presupposition. In a media discourse study, Shirazi (2012) examined the discourse which was created through the use of social media in Middle East and North Africa countries. The research investigated the role of social media in
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
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provoking the movements which happened in Middle East and North Africa countries. The research analyzed the arguments posted in various social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, blogs, and Youtube which provoked social action, social movements to oppose the dictatorship regime in Middle East and North Africa countries. The arguments posted were examined from its validation, namely comprehensibility, truth, legitimacy, sincerity.
Different from those research mentioned above, this research focuses on how the Egyptian and Syrian governments are represented in news online published by CNN and BBC. The research seeks to discover the ideologies behind the representation of social actors in civil wars in Egypt and Syria. To achieve such purposes, van Leeuwen’s (2008) social actor classification and Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2004) Transitivity were used in doing this research.
1.2. Research Questions
The problems of the research are formulated in the following questions:
1. How are the Egyptian and Syrian governments represented in BBC and CNN online news?
2. What are the ideologies behind the representation?
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
The research aims to investigate how BBC and CNN represent the Egyptian and Syrian governments in the occurrence of civil wars in Egypt and Syria and unmask ideologies behind the representation.The research is addressed to those who are interested in representation studies of social actors.
1.4. Scope of The Study
The research focuses on the analysis of BBC and CNN’s representation of the Egyptian and Syrian governments in civil wars in Egypt and Syria by using both CDA and Transitivity, therefore the intertextuality is exerted in the research. The analysis was conducted in two BBC and CNN text published in Internet on the year of 2013. News articles produced by them were analyzed to seek the ideologies behind the representation by using CDA proposed by van Leeuwen (2008) and Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2004) Transitivity.
1.5. Significance of The Study
The research is designed to probe the representation of the Egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN. The research is expected to make contribution to the representation studies of social actor included in CDA research.
1.6. Clarification of Terms
To avoid the misconception and misunderstanding that might occur, there are some significant terms to be clarified:
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
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Representation
Fairclough (1992, as cited in Dobson, 2007) believes that representation refers to the construction of a discourse within particular text. People can examine a text from the way they characterize people, events, and actions.
CDA
Wodak and Mayr (2001) define CDA as a study delving the social phenomenon which is necessarily complex and therefore it needs a multi-disciplinary and multi-methodical approach.
Mass media
Mass media is a tool to spread the information to the people. Luhmann (2000) elaborates the notion of mass media. He suggests that mass media are the organizations which take advantages of technologies to establish communication.
1.7. Organization of Paper
The research is divided into five chapters. The chapter one gives the information about background of the research, research questions, aimsof the study,
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
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clarification of terms, and organization of the paper. While, the chapter two provides the information about literature review exerted in doing the research, including the theory of representation proposed by van Leeuwen (2008), and Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2004)Transitivity. Chapter three is about the research methodology. It provides the general framework, data collection, instruments, and steps to conduct analysis. Chapter four includes the analysis of research, findings, and discussion. The last chapter is about the conclusion of the research and suggestion for the impending research.
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodology which describes the mechanism or steps in doing this research. This chapter includes research design, data collection, and data analysis. This research purposes are to discover how the representation of social actors in civil wars in Egypt and Syria are constructed and to discover the ideologies behind the representation.
3.1. Research Design
This research is qualitative in nature. It is qualitative because this research focuses on the description and interpretation. This research is also possible to develop and establish the new concept or theory (Hancock, Ockleford, and Windridge, 2009). Another nature of this research is expanding people’s understanding of particular things in the world. Therefore, this research is expected to make people have more profound understanding about the media’s representational strategies.
This research exerted one of CDA approaches proposed by van Leeuwen (2008) and Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2004) Transitivity. Both of those approaches were combined to make the analysis of social actor representation more detailed. Van Leeuwen’s (2008) social actors classification was the major approach to conduct the
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
analysis of representation. On the other hand, Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2004) Transitivity was also used because Transitivity concerned representation in clauses. The analysis of text was aimed at scrutinizing United Kingdom and United State media representation of social actors in civil wars in Syria and Egypt. It also unmasked the ideologies behind representation.
3.2 Data Collection
The data of research were the four selected news articles taken from two different prominent news agencies in the world, i.e. BBC and CNN. BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) is British public service broadcasting statutory corporation. BBC is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London (BBC, 2014). Meanwhile, CNN (Cable News Network) is American public service broadcasting under the ownership of Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner (CNN, 2014). The sources of material research are best taken from United Kingdom and United States media with great leverage to international public, not to mention the media are the best representatives of Western countries. Therefore, BBC and CNN are taken as the sources of material analysis.
Selected articles taken from BBC and CNN gave the information about the occurrence of civil wars which happened in both of Egypt and Syria. This research exerted four articles because the research did not only aim to explain representation of social actors in civil wars in Egypt and Syria, but also compared such representation. Thus, the research required even number of articles to alleviate the bias of representation.
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
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The first article was taken from the official site of CNN news. The article was published on the Internet on 9th July 2013. The article provided the information of hostility between the Egyptian government and rebel forces which killed more than 50 people. The second article was taken from the official sites of BBC news published on the Internet on 18th August 2013. The article gave the information about the endeavor of Egyptian government to persuade its people to rebuild Egypt together. The third article was also taken from the official BBC news. The article was published on the internet on 21st August 2013. The article gave the information about the using of chemical weapon by the Syrian army which killed hundreds of people. The fourth article was taken from the official site of CNN news. The article was published on the internet on 24th September 2013. The article gave the information about the allegation of Syrian Chemical Weapon use to Syria government.
3.3. Data Analysis
This research was CDA which uses one of its approaches proposed by van Leeuwen (2008). The analysis was aimed to unravel the ideologies behind media representation of social actors in civil wars in Syria and Egypt. The first step of conducting the analysis was the analysis of Transitivity to discover the representation of actions in the text. Then, the social actors in the texts were probed and analyzed to be classified into particular representational strategies based on van Leeuwen’s theory (2008). Such analysis was basic to interpret the representation in texts. It was helpful
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
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to unmask and reveal the ideologies behind representation. The steps of research conduct are listed as follow:
a. Reading the whole text to have profound understanding.
b. Identifying social actors and social actions in the text by dividing the data into clauses or clause complexes. The clauses or clauses complexes were then identified to scrutinize the representation of social actors and actions through Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2004) Transitivity.
c. Grouping the representation of social actors to see how United Kingdom and United State represent them. The social actors were classified into representational strategies based on van Leeuwen’s theory (2008).
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter presents the conclusion of the research and the suggestion for impending research on social actor representation. The first section is the resume of the answers to the research problems and inference regarding to the research. Meanwhile, the second section is the suggestions for upcoming research.
5.1. Conclusions
This research probes the representation of the Egyptian and Syrian governments in accordance with the civil wars transpiring there. This research examines two research problems, i.e.(1) how BBC and CNN represent the Egyptian and Syrian governments in the news articles, and (2) what ideologies lies in the texts. According to van Leeuwen’s social actor classification (2008), it was found that the Egyptian and Syrian governments are more represented in inclusion rather than in exclusion. It is signaled by the gap wide between the occurrence of inclusion and exclusion. Not to mention exclusion is only discovered in the text representing the Syrian government. It means that the text represent the Egyptian and Syrian government explicitly. In inclusion, the Egyptian and Syrian governments are more represented in activation-participation-personalization rather than in passivation-participation-impersonalization.
Meanwhile, in accordance with Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2004) Transitivity analysis, it was found that material process and verbal process are mostly
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
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used in representing the Egyptian and Syrian governments. It is indicated as actor, goal, and sayer are types of participant with the most appearances in inclusion. Second, in accordance with the analysis, it is found that (im)partiality, democracy, and consumerism are the ideologies appearing in the text.
Based on the findings above, it can be deduced that representation of social actor is a crucial aspect to probe how media construct the image of particular social actors through the choice of language. This lexicogrammatical choices causes different effects. Representation itself is the ramification of social construction of reality in linguistic form. The construction of reality must be influenced by the ideologies harbored. Therefore, representation and ideologies are inseparable. Ideology has become one of major component in CDA because ideology has become the life value for particular society.
5.2. Suggestions
There are several suggestions which are expected to expand the scope of the upcoming related research. The first, this research probes the representation of social actor by using the approach of van Leeuwen (2008). For the upcoming research, it is suggested that further research would examine the representation by using other approaches or to probe another representation such as social event representation.
Second, this research is also used Systemic Functional Linguistics in which Transitivity analysis to attain better results. For the impending research, it is advised to use other tools of Systemic Functional Linguistic such as Thematization and
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
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Nominalization. Therefore, the representation can be probed from the other perspectives.
Third, the research solely chooses four texts from two sources as the material of analysis. It would be much better for the upcoming research to choose more texts from a myriad of sources to make the result more accurate. Moreover, the research is expected to compare the representation of two social actors from two different resources. Although the sources are different, yet they are still on the same page. Therefore, it is worth trying to take the data of analysis from the sources with very different backgrounds.
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The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
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Subarmaniam, G; Pillai, S; Burhanudeen, H. (2007). Reconstructing Realities: Occident-orient Engagement. Malaysia: Pearson Longman.
Thomas, L., Wareing, S., Singh, I., et al. (2004). Language, Society, and Power: an Introduction. New York: Routledge.
Van Leeuwen, T. (2008). Discourse and Practice: New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis. New York: Oxford.
Wenden, A.L. (2005). The Politics of Representation: a Critical Discourse Analysis of an Al Jazeera Special Report. International Journal of Peace Studies vol. 10 89-112. Available at: [http://www.gmu.edu. Retrieved July 17th, 2013] Wodak, R. (2002). Aspects of Critical Discourse Analysis. Zfal vol 36: 5-31
Available at:
[http://userpages.uni-koblenz.de/~diekmann/zfal/zfalarchiv/zfal36_1.pdf. Retrieved August 26th, 2013]
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Wodak, R. and Meyer, M. (2001). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. California: SAGE.
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
used in representing the Egyptian and Syrian governments. It is indicated as actor, goal, and sayer are types of participant with the most appearances in inclusion. Second, in accordance with the analysis, it is found that (im)partiality, democracy, and consumerism are the ideologies appearing in the text.
Based on the findings above, it can be deduced that representation of social actor is a crucial aspect to probe how media construct the image of particular social actors through the choice of language. This lexicogrammatical choices causes different effects. Representation itself is the ramification of social construction of reality in linguistic form. The construction of reality must be influenced by the ideologies harbored. Therefore, representation and ideologies are inseparable. Ideology has become one of major component in CDA because ideology has become the life value for particular society.
5.2. Suggestions
There are several suggestions which are expected to expand the scope of the upcoming related research. The first, this research probes the representation of social actor by using the approach of van Leeuwen (2008). For the upcoming research, it is suggested that further research would examine the representation by using other approaches or to probe another representation such as social event representation.
Second, this research is also used Systemic Functional Linguistics in which Transitivity analysis to attain better results. For the impending research, it is advised to use other tools of Systemic Functional Linguistic such as Thematization and
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Nominalization. Therefore, the representation can be probed from the other perspectives.
Third, the research solely chooses four texts from two sources as the material of analysis. It would be much better for the upcoming research to choose more texts from a myriad of sources to make the result more accurate. Moreover, the research is expected to compare the representation of two social actors from two different resources. Although the sources are different, yet they are still on the same page. Therefore, it is worth trying to take the data of analysis from the sources with very different backgrounds.
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
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Khaerul Ma’ruf, 2014
The representation of egyptian and Syrian governments in BBC and CNN texts regarding the civil wars in egypt and Syria
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
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