ENGLISH AND EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE (STAIN) SALATIGA
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VERBAL
POLITENESS STYLE BETWEEN
JAVANESE AND ENGLISH
THESIS
Submitted to the Board o f Exam iners in Partial Fulfillment o f the Requirement for the Degree o f Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) in the English and Educational Departm ent
113 02 008
ENGLISH AND EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE (STAIN)
SALATIGA
2006
JL Stadion 03 Phone. 0298 323706 Salatiga 50721 Website :
Hammam, M.Pd Salatiga, August 1st 2006 The Lecturer o f Educational Faculty
State Islamic Studies Institute of Salatiga
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES
Case : Anies Faisal’s Thesis Dear The Head of State Islamic
Studies Institute of Salatiga Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.
"COMPARATIVE
After reading and correcting Anies Faisal’s thesis entitled ANALYSIS OF VERBAL POLITENESS STYLE BETWEEN JAVANESE AND ENGLISH".
I have decided and would like to propose that if could be accepted by educational faculty I hope it would be examined as soon as possible.
Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.
Attentive Counselor,
Hammam, M.Pd NIP. 150 301 298
(STAIN) SALATIGA JL Stadion 03 Phone. 0298 323706 Salatiga 50721
STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VERBAL POLITENESS
STYLE BETWEEN JAVANESE AND ENGLISH
ANIES FAISAL
NIM : 1 1 3 0 2 0 0 8
Has been brought to the board of examiners in September 06th,
2006/ Sya'ban 13 1427 H, and hereby considered to completely
fullfill the requirement of Saijana degree in the English
Department of Educational Faculty.
September 06th, 2006 M Salatiga, -------------------------------- Sya'ban 13th, 1427 H
Board of examiners
Secretary xammer Dr. M u h . SaerozL T M .A g NIP. 150 247 014 2 nd examiner H a n u n g T r iy o k o , SS., M.Hum NIP. 150 295 146 N o r w a n to , S .P d ., M .H u m NIP. 150 321 407A tte n tiv e C o u n s e lo r
Hammam, M.Pd
NIP. 150 301 298
DEDICATION
I truly dedicate this thesis to .- My dearest father and mother (Djamil and Siti Robiyatun), no greater words could express my deepest gratitude for both o f you who have been giving all your supports and guidance.
- My wonderful brothers and their wives (Mas Arif and Mbak Yani, Mas L atif and Mbak Osy) thanks for your spirit.
- My beloved sister (Nduk Nita-Gupolo), now you are not a chlild.
- My litle cousin and nephews (Arya, Indah, and Linda) may Lord always be with you all.
- My grandfather, grandmother, my uncle-aunt (both in Ketanggi and Suruh) who always remind all my mistakes.
- My pshyciatrics (Pakde Toyik, Pak Santo, and Pak Chozin) thanks for you all who teach me to be a man.
- My special friend “Toing” . It is hard to be a true friend,
- Mr. Hammam, M.Pd as my consultant, without your great help in writing this thesis, I surely would not to be able to finish the research. I really do appreciate you pushing me and be there where I needed especially when I came to you without making any appointment first, many thanks for you, sir! • All my lectures in English Department (Mr. Ari Setiawan, Mr. Norwanto, Mr.
Sa’adi, Mr. Ruwandi, Mrs. Woro, Mr. Dyah, Mr. Hanung, etc) thanks for your patience when teaching me.
- Mas Ali and his crew (dot.comp) thanks for the computer.
- My gang in TBI-A ’02 (Memet, Beti, D a’i, Shabby, Culun, Oneng, Nyunyung, Ida) thanks for your crazy.
- My former friends in KKN (Tari, Hanif, Roihan, Udin, Muyasiroh, Icha, Nelys, and Dyah) could we make a good relationship?.
- My big family in SD Muhammadiyah Suruh.
MOTTO > The brave man is not only the man who can figh t with his enemies
, but also can fight with his desire
y A fruitless life is a useless life A CK N O W LED G M EN T The prime thing, the writer wants to say thank God for all wonderful things
He gives to me. He also thanks to Mr. Hammam, the consultant o f this thesis and Mr. Imam Sutomo who accepts this thesis to be condition o f his graduation.
This thesis is comparation about verbal politeness style between Javanese and English. The writer hopes that it will be useful for the linguistic science and the next researcher. He hopes that what he has explained can help the society to see the different style o f politeness between Javanese and English.
The writer thinks style o f politeness between two languages is very interesting to be researched. Therefore, he decides this phenomenon to be investigated and to be formulated in the thesis. The writer always hopes to be criticized, so he can improve to write better.
TA BLE O F C O NTEN T
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Bibliography Appendixs
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study The language is closely related with a country. Every country
has a language which also becomes the part o f its culture. Language is a system o f sounds, words and so forth used by human to express their thought and feelings1. In Indonesia, most people speak Javanese although the official language is Indonesian. Javanese is also used as literally language which can be regarded as one o f the classical language o f the world with a literature spanning more than 12 centuries2 3 .
Many scholars divide the development in Javanese language in its stage. Each of stage will affect the politeness. In Javanese the styles o f speech are called ngoko, madya and krom o\ It indicates the politeness which is uttered by people in their conversation. Thus different from people in the country who speaks English. An American
1 As, Horby.1980.Oxford Learners Pocket Dictionary New Edition. O x ford: Ox ford University Press. P.233 2 .
3 Ibid
1 chooses not to be overly with a person o f higher status. He thinks that they have equal position at all levels4.
People cannot assume that their way o f communication is universal. It is necessary to know everything about the way a cultural group communicates to anticipate differences in communication style. It makes people’s judgment to be more accurate and will have fewer cross cultural misunderstanding.
From the above phenomena, the writer is interested in conducting a research o f politeness in Javanese language and English.
The research entitled” COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VERBAL
POLITENESS STYLE BETWEEN JA VANESE AND ENGLISH ”.
B. Identification of the Problem
In order to understand the topic easier, the writer will identify the problem as follows:
1. There are some explanations o f politeness related to the sociolinguistic.
2. There are some explanations o f politeness style in Javanese and English.
4 Gillespie, Sheena & Adema, Robert. 1991. A cross Culture-A Reader For Writers, Allyn &Bacon. Massachused: Usa. P.65.
3. There are some explanations o f the specific characteristic of Javanese and English style.
C. Limitation of the Problem
The writer will convey the paper more clearly to be read, these are the limitation o f the study as follows:
1. The politeness that writer means is researched from the attitude in daily communication. Clearly rules for polite behavior differ from one speech community to another.
2. The politeness that will be explained is in verbal communication. It will not concern with the prosody o f language. It also does not discuss about the intonation of speech.
D. Statement of the Problem
The writer will present a study to a specific aspect of problem that are :
1. What kinds o f verbal politeness style in Javanese and English style?
2. What are the influences o f different verbal politeness style in Javanese and English?
3. What are the politeness characteristics o f Javanese and English style?
E. Objective of the Study
In writing this paper, the writer has objectives as follows:
1. To give general definition about politeness based on sociolinguistic angle.
2. To describe and find out the politeness style both in Javanese and English.
3. To describe the application o f politeness style both in Javanese and English.
F. Benefit of the Study
The benefits that the writer would like to achieve are:
1. Theoretically
a. To develop and enrich the knowledge o f sociolinguistic, especially verbal politeness style in cultural perspective.
b. To distinguish the wrong perception from different verbal politeness style.
2. Practically
a. To give a clear explanation about the verbal politeness in Javanese language and English style.
b. To show the important o f understanding verbal politeness style in Javanese language and English. G. Review of the Previous Researches To make sure that this research is original both in collecting the data and writing the data, the writer in this part wants to present the researches that also have close relation with the politeness.
The first researcher is Khotmawati Fajriyah. She was the English Department Student o f State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN) Salatiga. The title Of her research was “LANGUAGE USE IN SEX
PERSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON FEMALES AND MALES LANGUAGE”. In her thesis, she analyzed the different
politeness between male and female language. She compared the language which is uttered by them.
The second researcher is Hasan Ashari. He was also the English Departement Student of State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN) Salatiga. The title of his research was” A N ANALYSIS OF THE MORAL
VALUES AND LANGUAGE STYLE FOUND IN ED WALLACE’S SHORT STORY'. In his research, he analyzed the language style which
found in short story. He was interested in exploring and analyzing the words and sentences which written on the story.
The third researcher is Mamik Nugraheni. She was the English Department Student o f State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN) Salatiga.
The title of her research was” COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS OF
MEANING OF THE WORD ’M ELIHAT’ IN JAVANESE LANGUAGE
AND ENGLISH”. She analyzed both o f languages which have
similarities in describing the systematic ways in which word are like or unlike. She tried to reduce the words meaning into the smalest contrastive element.
The fourth researcher is Chris Cristie. She was the British researcher who also researched concerning with politeness. Her research entitled ‘‘POLITENESS AND THE LINGUISTIC
CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER IN PARLIAMENT (AN ANALISIS OF
TRANSGRASSION AND APOLOGY BEHAVIOUR)”. In her research,
she wrote the sentences and expression which are uttered by people in parliament. It was assumed as politenes way o f speech in their interaction to others.
The fifth researcher is Karen Granger. She was one of researcher o f United Stated o f America. The title o f her research was”
POLITENESS OR IMPOLITENESS (VERBAL PLAY ON THE
HOSPITAL WARD) ”. She analyzed and described the verbal politeness
which used by the doctors and the patients in the day o f treatment. She wrote the common sentences and expression which uttered by them in that hospital.
Presently, the writer tries to make different research with the title” COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VERBAL POLITENESS STYLE
BETWEEN JA VANESE AND ENG LISH ”.
In this research the writer analysizes the different of verbal politeness style in Javanese and English in the conversation.
H. Thesis Outline
The writer wants to arrange the graduating paper in order to make the reader understand this graduating paper easily. This paper is divided into five chapters:
Chapter I is introduction, which contains the background o f the study, limitation of the study, statement of the study, objective o f the study, benefits o f the study, literature review, methodology o f the research and thesis outline.
Chapter II presents the review o f related literature. The writer takes some definition o f books written by many experts as references. Chapter III deals with research methodology. Chapter IV deals with data presentation and data analysis. Chapter V is closure which contains conclusion and suggestion. The last part is bibliography and appendix.
C H A PTE R II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Verbal - Politeness Definition.In communication people agree to place the word “ Verbal “ as indication to send the message which is sent on the received in the word - form in oral and written. In ethimology, the word verbal was derived from
latin which has a meaning word. Word has been translated from Greek < ‘lrhem a“ which has meaning “thing“ to describe deeds, existency or as
conjunction. Verbal also derived from verbals, verbum (latin) which often means “meaning44 or relates with the “word44 which mostly applied in spoken to represent a fact, opinion or action rather than in written.1
Politeness is very closely related to the culture. When people talk about culture, they are talking about the ability to understand and be understood by others as members o f a given discourse community not as isolated. Politeness is best expressed as the practical application o f good, manners or etiquette. It is a culturally defined as a phenomenon, and what is considered polite in one culture can often be quite rude or simply strange in another.2 1 Alo Liliweri.2003. Makna Budaya dalam Komunikasi Antar Budaya. LKIS.
Yogyakarta. P. 135.
B. Politeness in Sociolinguistic.
Social norms o f language choice vary from situation to situation and from community to community.3 In daily communication people will chose the languages which suit with the regularities in attitudes. In using a language people make use o f the devices that the languages employs to show certain relationship to others and their attitudes. Attitudes to language are strongly influenced by social and practical factor.
Language planners must take account o f attitudes when they select a suitable language for the development as an official or national. The intelligibility o f language is affected by attitudes. People attitudes influence the politeness in spoken language. Politeness its self is as cognitive ability. As a cognitive ability, politeness is related to knowledge or customs (social convention o f verbal and non verbal behavior) as well as an understanding o f what constitutes the memory o f a people and its history.4
C. Javanese Politeness
In Javanese people will find three different styles o f formality on politeness. Each style has its own words or language. They are ngoko, madya
and krama. The way to know how to use this different style o f politeness is by
knowing the social status and the age o f the people or the event or situation when people are talking. Social status, social distance or solidarity and degree o f formality o f the interaction are relevant dimentions in all societies in
3 Pier Paolo Giglioly ( ed ). 1989. Language and Social Context. Macmillan. P. 227.
4 http : //. determining ways o f speaking politely.5 So that before one Javanese speaks to another s/he must decide on an appropriate speech style.6 It is necessary to be done because for many words there are three disticnt variants to style.
1 . Ngoko Ngoko style has a sense no distance between the first speaker
(addresse) to second speaker (addresor). Ngoko is informal speech which is used between friend and close relatives. It is also used by person o f higher status to persons o f lower status.7 In other word there is” shy “o f them in their conversation. So that if some one wants to create the intimacy to the second speaker “ngoko“ should be used.8 It is usual in coversation which occurs between two people who have close relationship use ngoko style.
Related with the style o f politeness, the intimacy sense will appear when people using ngoko. For a reason, use this style will create more intimacy than using krama .style. In English, the intimacy sense does not depend on the objective o f the second speaker. The intimacy expression in
English often occurs with the address system o f calling first name. It is different with Javanese second speaker’s name.9
5 Jaret Holmes .1970. An Introduction to Soc linguistic. Longman.p. 274.
6 Ronald Wardhaugh A 992A n Introduction to Sociolinguistic, second edition “ Oxford & Cambridge. USA. p. 275. 7 http // javanese/politeness.
8 Soepomo Poejosoedarmo. 1919.Tingkat Tutur Bahasa Jawa. Pusat Pebinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Jakarta, p. 14.
9Kuncara Rahardi 2000 Sociolinguistik, Kode dan Alih Kode. Pustaka Pelajar.Yogyakarta. p.40.
People o f higher status have authority to be untied by the shy factors to people o f lower status in the conversation. For example : a boss can use ngoko to his subordinates, a teacher can use ngoko to his students in teaching learning process. A husband can also use it to her wife in interaction. On the contrary, a wife has also this authority to her husband. People can speak ngoko when feel upset, annoyed and in a high emotion. Below some examples o f ngoko
6. Dadi Become
(Close that window!)
10 Soepomo, op.cit, p. 67-118.c. Tutupen jendhela kae\
a. Adhiku arep ditukoke wedhus. 11 (My brother wants to be bought) b. Aku wis madhang. (I have eaten).
10. Seneng Like Here are the examples o f ngoko in sentence:
9. Omah House
8. Lungo Go
7. Jeneng Name
5. Bengi Night
word in Javanese:10 1
4. Arep Will
3. Apik Good
I
2. Aku
1. Agama Religion
N g o k o Meaning
1 No.
11 Soepomo. op.cit, p. 9.
d. Panganen roti iki\ (Eat this cake!)
e. Lek aduso kono\ ( Take a bath!)
f. Resikana omahmul ( Clean your house!) Every concept in Javanese absolutely has “ ngoko “ word. Ngoko can be called basic for lexicon in Javanese.12 * Therefore; ngoko form is always used in all aspect, when there is no similar word in krama and madya.
It has various words including “ rude “ form which can be found
in ngoko. Rude form is particular limited and almost o f course, every word in rude form has meaning in ngoko. For example in rude form the word “gerangan” has form “tuwo” in ngoko It is commonly used by people when getting angry on annoyed and only people o f lower status who often use this word. These examples o f rude form:
No. Common (N goko) Rude form Meaning Cangkem Cocot Mouth 1.
2. Weteng Wadhuk Stomach
3. Mati Modar Die 4. Mangan M badhok Eat.
5. Turu M icek Sleep
Bodho
6. Goblog Stupid
Tuwo Gerangan Old
7.12 Kuncara Rahadi (2001). Sosiolinguistik, Kode dan Alih Kode, Pustaka Pelajar.
Yogyakarta. P.61. lj Soepomo, op.ciL, p. 24. a. Wadhukmu kok ora kebak - kebak ! (Your stomach is still not full ?).
b. Wong kok gobiog ! ngono wae kok ora iso (How a stupid you are ! even in a simple thing).
2. M adya Madya is the intermediary form between ngoko and krama.14 It indicates sense o f politeness in the middle both ngoko and krama. This style begins from krama but in its development is colloquization, decrease form and ruralization.1
4
15 This is a reason for people, in their views, madya is in the middle o f polite or impolite. Madya style often used by common friend, seller with his friend and a wife with her husband. In other word, this style indicates sense o f politeness but its effect between hight and low value. For a people who need to be respected, people is better to use
madya style.16 People in the office often use this style to their friend in
conversation. A chief o f office will speak madya with his subordinates if his subordinates are older than him.
The user o f madya can be devided become two groups. First, people whom is assumed as a villager. This people should speak ngoko to person o f lower status. He speaks to poor people, beggar, labour and children. Generally people who speaks with this style could be claimed as a proudman and unkind people. Second, people whom is assumed madya
14Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo .1979. Tingkat Tutur Bahasa Jawa. Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Jakarta, p. 15.
p. 15.
Here are the examples o f sentences in rude form :
15 Ibid.
as intermediary form. W ith the poor people, beggar, labour and children he speaks madya. He could easily interact with the villager and could be claimed as a kindman who could keep their relationship.
3. Ajeng Will
7. Nggen
Story
6. Cariyos
Speak
5. Canten
4. Caket Near
Along with
The lexicon o f madya is very unique, because o f all the words are in imperative form. In its vocabulary people could find the auxilliary verb
2. Tumut
Ampun Don’t do it
1 .
M adya Meaning
Here are the example o f madya:17 No.
(you), “ piyambake “ (he or she) pronomina o f modifier such as “ niki, niku, niko “ (this, that), and pronomina like “ pripun and nopo “ which has similar function like” how and what”. All the words in madya has high frequency but it has no form in verb, noun adjective and content word.
“ ajeng “ ( will ), “ pun “ ( have + verb III), pronomina personal like “
sampeyan ”Place 17 Soepomo, op.ciL p. 28.
15 Here are the examples o f sentences in madya:
a. Sampeyan nopo pun nukokke klambi adine ward dhek wingi sore?1* .(Have you bought a shirt for W arti’s brother last afternoon?)
b. Kulo ajeng nedho.{\ will eat)
c. Sampeyan nedha roti niki\ (Could you eat this cake?)
d. Sampeyan tutup jendhelapunikal ( Could you shut that window ?)
e. Sampeyan lek siraml ( Could you take a bath?)
f. Griyane sampeyan resikil (Could you clean your house?) 3.
Krama
In Javanese, krama style is the polite and formal style. It will represent the politeness between the speaker and the opposite.1
19 This style will indicate the shy factor do the second speaker which is effected by the status o f unclose people or people o f higher status. Krama style often used by young people to old people, the students with their teachers and people which are not close friend20. At school, the students should use kromo to show their politeness to the teacher. Krama is also used by person o f lower status to people o f higher status such as youngsters to elder people or subordinates to bosses.
8
Before the Indonesia Independence Day, most o f people which viewed as elite family emphasizes to their children to speak krama for them.21 This has a purpose to teach them in order to understand the good 18 Soepomo, op.cit p. 12.
19 http /
20 Suwaji Bastomi, 1992. Seni dan Budaya Jawa.. IKIP Semarang Press, p. 66.
attitude. A teacher thinks the krama teaching will influent the politeness o f his student. Their feeling o f respect will be created which automatically can be brought in obeying the rule o f school. However, almost o f family in “ in daily speaking. this era do not emphazise their children to use “ krama For a reason this way o f speaking will create the intimacy both children and the parent although the children’s politeness will be less.
The krama vocabulary is more important than ngoko. It has a fewer quantity rather than ngoko. The factor which effect the distinction o f two styles is unfounded ngoko form in krama form which have similar meaning . On the contrary in krama form always has similar meaning in
ngoko?2
2
3
2 Here the examples o f kromo: 2 K rom o N goko Meaning.
No.
Manah Ati Heart 1.
Banjir
2. Beno Flood
Wingking Buri Behind 3.
Cendhek
4. Andhap Short Tamu Dhayoh Guest 5. Mustoko Endhas Head 6.
Enom Young
7. Enem Dora Goroh Lie 8.
22 Kuncara Rahardi. 2001.Sosiolinguistik,kode dan Alih Kode, Pustaka Pelajar, p.62.
23 Soepomo, op.ciu, p. 72. Here the examples o f sentences in krama: a. Kulo badhe nedho. (I will eat).
b. Bukunipun wonten nginggil mejo.24 (The book is on the table)
c. Badhe nyuwun tulung! Jendhela punika panjenengan dipuntutupaken
(I need your help, could you shut the window?)
d. Menawi kersa, rod punika panjenengan dipunkersaakenjlf you do not mind, please eat this cake) e. Mangga panjenengan menawi badhe sir am.{ You could take a bath now) f. Menawi wonten wedhal, cobi griyanepun dipun resiki. (If you have time, try to clean your house)
D. English Politeness
In daily conversation, English adapt their conversation to differ the situation. Among the friend they take liberties or say things that would seem discourteous among strangers and avoid over formality with the friends. In both situation people try to avoid making the hearer embarrased or uncomfortable. There is face as basic model. Face is the public self image that every member (of society) wants to claim for himself.25 Face threatening acts (FTA) are acts that infringe on the hearer’s need to maintain his, herself esstem and be respected. Politeness typologies are developed for the main purpose o f dealing with the FTA. Brown and Levinson sum up politeness
24 Ibid., p.21 www.bsu.edu/ur/researches.
behavior in four typologies. They are bald on record, negative politeness, possitive politeness and off record indirect strategy.
1. Bald On
The bald on record style does nothing to minimize threats o f the hearer’s face. In general, prime reason is the speaker wants to do the face threatening act with maximum effeciency more than he wants to satisfy hearer’s face even to any degree, he will choose the bold on record strategy.26 2
7 Because o f the speaker can have different motives for his want to do the FTA with maximum effeciency it has different kinds o f bald on record usage in different circumtances. One motivation o f using the bald on record is found in cases o f channel noise, or where communication difficulties exert pressure to speak with maximum efficiency.
Here the examples o f bald on record:
a. Shut that window!
b. Pass the salt!
c. Open this window! d. Mop the floor!.
2. Negative Politeness.
Negative politeness is redressive action addressed to addressee’s negative face : his want to have his freedom o f action unhindered and his attention unimpeded. Negative politeness is often used to make a request seem less infringing. David A Morana says that negative politeness is
26 Brown & Levinson 2004.Politeness some universal language usage.Cambridge, p. 95.
often preferable to positive politeness which usually begin with a personal question or compliment and assumes that subordinates and boss share common interest, are part o f the some team and can operate on familiar terms.28
Below are included in negative politeness: a. Be indirect.
In this strategy a speaker is faced with opposing tension’s : the desire to give heaven an “ out “ by being indirect and desire to go on record : for example:
Will you shut the door? - I am looking for a pen.
b. Request Forgiveness.
Request explicity express the speaker’s intention that his partner performs an action; for example: You must forgive me but if you do not mind
- Excuse me but if I do not hurt your feeling c. Minimize Imposition.
It is used to avoid the hearer’s feeling o f disturbance in the conversation; for example: I just want to ask you if I would use your computer. I just stopped by to get that manuscript.
20 d. Pluralize the Person Responsible.
It conveys the desire o f the speaker to render hearer that tribute, while fulfulling the practical needs o f clarity and on record talk; for example: We forget to tell you that you needed to buy your plane ticket by yesterday.
- We decide to choose you that you are suit to be a candidate in chairman selection.
Here are the examples o f negative politeness commonly:
a. Could you shut the door?
b. Could you pass the salt?
c. Could you open the window?
d. Could you mop the floor? 3. Positive Politeness.
Positive politeness is solidarity oriented. It emphazises both shared attitude and values. Positive politeness is redress directed to the addresse’s positive face, his perenial desire that his wants (on the actions/acquisition/values from them) should be thought o f as desirable.29 It means, there some similar respect between some one’s own wants with the addresse wants. In here the sphere o f redress is widened to the appreciation o f alter’s wants in general and the similarity between ego’s and alter’s want in expression.
2 9
21 A ship to a more informal style using slang and swear word will function similarity as an expression o f positive politeness.30 Positive politeness utterance will express solidarity and minimize status differences o f the people. Direct speech and swearing can be considered aspect positive politeness because :31
a. They show an awareness that relationship is strong enought to cope with what would normally be considered impolite.
b. They articulate an awareness o f the other person’s values which fulfills the person’s desire to be accepted.
There are three broad mechanism which involved in positive politeness. Three ways o f making this claim are these : speaker may convey that some want (goal, or desired object) o f hearer’s is admirable or * interesting to speaker too; or he may stress common membership in a group or category, this emphasizing that both speaker and hearer belong to some set o f person who share some wants, finally speaker can claim common perspective with hearer without necessarilly reffering to in group membership.32 Below are included in positive politeness:
a. Attend to the hearer : The speaker should take notice o f aspects o f hearer’s condition; for example:
30 Janet Holmes. 1970^4« Introduction to Sociolinguistic.Longman, p. 268.
” http / 32 Brown & Levinson.2004./\>/i7e«ev.v Some Universal Language t/sage.Cambridge P.
Goodness, you cut your hair, by the way, I can borrow some floor. - You must be hungry, It’s a long time since breakfast. How about - some lunch.
b. Avoid disagreement.
The desire to agree or appear to agree with hearer leads also to mechanism, for pretending to agree; for example : A : “What is she, small ?” B : “Yes, yes, she’s small, smallish, um, not really small but certainly not very big” c. Assume Agreement.
There is an indication that the speaker is drawing a conclusion to a line o f reasoning carried out cooperatively with the address; for example : I will meet you in front o f the theater just before 08.00 pm. -
So when are you coming to see us ? d. Hedge Opinion.
The speaker may choose to be vague about his own opinion, so as not to be seen to disagree; for example : You really should sort o f try harder. You really are sort o f alone, aren’t you ?
Here are the examples o f positive politeness commonly:
a. How about shutting the door?
b. How about passing the salt?
c. How about opening the window? d. How about mopping the floor? 4. O ff Record.
In this style, it will take some o f the pressure o f people. If the speaker wants to do an FT A (face threatening acts), but he wants to avoid the responsibility for doing it, he can do it off record and value it up to the addresse to devide how to interpretate i t / 3 Such off record utterances are essentially indirect user o f language. To construct an off record utterances some one says something that is either mono general ( contain less information in the sense that is rules out fewer possible states o f affairs ) or actually different from what one means instead to be understood.*
34 There are many classic o f record strategy like metaphor irony, understatement, rhetorical questions. They are very often actually or record when use them, because they choose o f their interpretation in context.
Here are the examples o f off record :
a. It’s warm in here b. The meal was not good prepared.
c. It’s hot in this room.
d. The ants can get slippy on this floor
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24 E. Contrastive Analysis Contrastive Analysis is one o f the fields in language teaching where the language experts confess it to have quite great contributions toward composing the grammatical teaching.
1. The Nature o f Contrastive Analysis
It also a work o f procedure which compares the structures o f LI and L2 and the identity o f their differences from the two languages. The goal o f the comparison is to describe those languages may be for the sake o f the languages themselves, or may be to the sake of foreign language teaching.35 3
6
2. The Rationale o f Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive Analysis was first proposed by "Charles C. Fries as an integral component o f the methodology o f foreign language teaching. In Fauziati’s book, he strongly declared that the most effective materials are those that are based upon a scientific description o f the language to be learnt, carefully compared with a parallel description o f the native language o f the learner.
The challenge o f this was the taken up by Lado with his work
Linguistics A cross Cultures. His book became a classic field for practical
contrastive studies. The planning o f this book based on the assumption that
35 Endang Fauziati, 2004, Reading on Applied Linguistics, Muhammadiyah University Press, Surakarta, p. 63.
the prediction o f structures which are difficult or easy can be analyzed by comparing the system o f language and culture LI and L2.
From this study the differences and the similarities will appear. Lado added that the comparison o f LI and L2 as the key o f second language learning easy or not.3
7 Actually, the history o f CA is based on three assumptions:39
38
a. Teaching experience o f foreign language teacher that always finds the errors which are made by the learners can be detected through mother language. b Interference o f LI into L2.
c. Learning theory especially transfer theory which is considered as positive facility beside there is negative interference.
3. Contrastive Analysis Methodology
The first rule o f contrastive analysis is one o f good descriptive analysis and deepens about contrasted language. In this material deals about the theoretical analysis for two or more languages. They will be compared and contrasted and it must be comparable as well.
Contrasting tw o languages are impossible to be feasible for the whole integrity. Therefore, it is necessary to select them. The linguist take that the language is one subsystem from the system. In addition, a language which constitutes a system has some subsystem. Each subsystem
37 Sri Utari Subyakto-Nababan. Metodologi Pengajaran Bahasa, Gnimedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta. 1993.p. 125.
38 Ibid . p. 125.
'Pranowo. 1996. Analisis Pengajaran Bahasa. Gajah Mada University Press, has some categories. One of the methods is choosing and determining elements from subsystem and categories is compared to one other.
The second criterion from a contrastive analysis is descriptive identifying feature, not prediction. A contrastive analysis must compare with component of language that contrasted on experience, the components are element which bestowing and appearing difficulties for those other language students. By propelling growth of contrastive analysis forms the border of certain parts only from the language that will be compared with.
There are probably three ever obtained to compare or contrast: a. The similarity of structure and forms.
b. The similarity in translation.
c. The similarity in structure and translation.
According to the writer contrastive analysis is produced in the class or teaching language and practically needs experienced two languages teachers. Those are the source of the utterance of language.40
4. Contrastive Hypothesis
Contrastive hypothesis is stated in a well known as analytical activities with contrastive analysis term. When learning language, someone makes mistakes frequently in expressing a sentence due to an effect of sentence construction to his or her language. Errors are made by 4 0 some diverges between the language and the other language. It is caused p. 66.
Ibid., by similarities between the element of the first language and the second one.
The Construction Analysis hypothesis can be stated in two versions: a strong version and a weak version.41 A strong version is a view which assumed can give some much contribution to second language learning. The implication of these versions:42 a. The writer o f second language material can take the result o f LI and
L2 from contrastive analysis to determine the pattern and the structure which emphasized and make the exercise to be practiced by the learner.
b. The material which made must have a certain feature from the second language which be learnt because of the language in the world are different.
A weak version suggests that conducting a contrastive study linguist or language practice can use the knowledge available in order to explain the difficulties in second language learning 43
This version start with the evidence provide by linguist interference and uses such evidence to explain the similarities and differences between the system of the student’s native language and the target language.44 The phenomena such as faulty translation, learning
41 Endang Fauziati, op.cit., p. 66.
42Sri Utari Subyakto-Nababan,1993. Methodology Penajaran Bahasa. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, p.126.
43 Endang Fauziati, op.cit, p. 68.
44 Ibid., p. 68. difficulties, residual foreign accents became the starting point in the contact.
The techniques which are used in Contrastive Analysis in both strong and weak language version are:45 a. Contrasting in phonology