THE MORAL VALUES REFLECTED IN DOC’S CHARACTERISTICS IN JOHN STEINBECK’S CANNERY ROW AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  

THE MORAL VALUES REFLECTED IN DOC’S CHARACTERISTICS IN

JOHN STEINBECK’S CANNERY ROW

  

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

  

B Y

N AOMI E LIZABETH S.

S TUDENT N UMBER : 044214135

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2010

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  

THE MORAL VALUES REFLECTED IN DOC’S CHARACTERISTICS IN

JOHN STEINBECK’S CANNERY ROW

  

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

  

B Y

N AOMI E LIZABETH S.

S TUDENT N UMBER : 044214135

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2010

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

  THE MORAL VALUES REFLECTED IN DOC’S CHARACTERISTICS IN JOHN STEINBECK’S CANNERY ROW By

NAOMI ELIZABETH SEMBIRING

  Student number: 044214135 Approved by Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. Advisor

  November 15, 2010 Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum.

  

Co-Advisor November 15, 2010

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

  THE MORAL VALUES REFLECTED IN DOC’S CHARACTERISTICS IN JOHN STEINBECK’S CANNERY ROW By NAOMI ELIZABETH SEMBIRING Student Number: 044214135 Defended before the Board of Examiners

  

On

And Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

  

Name Signature Chairman : Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd,MA Secretary : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum Member : Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum Member : Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum Member : Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Be Anxious for Nothing, but in Everything by Prayer and

Supplication, with Thanks giving, Let

your Requests be made Known to GOD ~Philippians 4:6~

  Especially dedicate my thesis to: * My beloved superhero father and mother * My dearest brother and sisters * All my lovely friends

iv PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI STATEMENT OF ORIGINALTY

I declare that the thesis I have written does not contain any works or parts of the

works of other people, except those cited in the quotations as any academic paper

should.

  Yogyakarta, November 16, 2010 Naomi Elizabeth Sembiring

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma :

Nama : Naomi Elizabeth Sembiring Nomor Mahasiswa : 044214135 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma Karya Ilmiah yang berjudul:

  

THE MORAL VALUES REFLECTED IN DOC’S CHARACTERISTICS IN

JOHN STEINBECK’S CANNERY ROW

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan ( bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam

bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan

secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

  Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal : 16 November 2010 Yang menyatakan, (Naomi Elizabeth Sembiring)

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my savior, my father

and my best friend, Jesus Christ, for this life and every little thing He blessed me.

  

Thanks to The Heavenly Father for always being at my side and restoring my

heart with love and kindness, through all the people who have helped me through

my sweet and bitter times.

  To Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. I owe a special debt of thanks for all

the valuable ideas, advice, arguments and discussions, solutions to problems,

comments, criticism, and for all the time she has devoted to my thesis. She is

indeed a critical, kind and very smart mentor. I am very grateful to have her as my

advisor. Next appreciation goes to all lecturers of English Letters Department for

the knowledge, time and guidance they have shared me for the years of my study.

  To my co-advisor, Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S, M.Hum. thank for her

guidance and correction in helping me to complete this thesis. From the very

bottom of my heart, I give my deepest gratitude to my beloved parents for always

pouring me the endless love since the day I was born. Thanks for guiding me to

grow up and showing me the strength to face this life. My deepest thanks also go

to my angels on earth, dearest brother and sisters, for their understanding and

remarkable support when I was on the way to finish my thesis. They are the best

partners I have grown up with. I am so proud of them and I could not find the right word in the dictionary to express my deep love for them. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI The following grattitude I refer to all my friends. Our togetherness and craziness, all the laugh and tears have engraved magnificent experiences in my life. Meeting them all is such a great blessing. My special thanks go to my lovely buddies: Ella, Paulina, Laras, Cei, Dyah for their caring and sharing. They are special companion, thanks for the things their have given to me. To my big boss, kak Pipit, thanks for your understanding and caring to me. To Iin, Nisa, Ninda, Nanda and Bella thanks for being my good listeners and the cooperation in Mimooi Boutique. To my church mate Ratih, Arya, mbak Nining, mas Mixon, mbak Vevi, mas Jembri, mbak Yani, pak Anez, Elizabeth, Rachel, ibu Ruth, pak Markus dan ibu thanks for the support and advice. I have special thanks to Pak Freddy dan Ibu Melly for their kindness and support in finishing my study. Thanks for being with me and caring me. To all my friends who unfortunately cannot be mentioned one by one, I thank them all for the times we shared.

  Nothing compares to them all! I keep the best thanks to my beloved man, Markus Roberto, part of my days and heart. Thanks for your never-ending understanding, patience, grumbling, support, faith, fight, and love. Your sincere heart has brightened up my life.

  The last but not least, I would like to thank to all priests in Successful Bethany Families for helping me to be what i am now.

  

Naomi Elizabeth Sembiring

  TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE …..…….………………………………………………. i

  APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………….……………. ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE

  ……………………………………………… iii

DEDICATION PAGE

  ……………………………………………….. iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

  ……………………………………….….... ix ABSTRACT

  19 C. Theoretical Framework …..…….…………………………………….

  ………………………………… v SURAT PENGESAHAN PERPUSTAKAAN

  ……………………… vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  53 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  50 BIBLIOGRAPHY …..…….……………………………………………

  25 B. The Moral Values reflected trough Doc’ characteristics and

his character development …..…….………………………………… 38

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …..…….…………………………….

  23 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A. The Character and Characterization of Doc …..…….……………….

  23 C. Method of the Study …..…….……………………………………….

  22 B. Approach of the Study …..…….…………………………………….

  20 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study …..…….……………………………………….

  12

4. The Relation of Literature and Moral Values ………………….

  …………………...……………………………………… x ABSTRAK

  11

3. Theory of Moral Values ……………………………………….

  8 2. Theory of Morals and Morality ……………………………….

  7

1. Theory of Character and Characterization …………………….

  …………………………………………. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS

  3 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies ..………………………………………..

  3 D. Definition of Terms …………………………………….…………..

  2 C. Objective of the Study …..…….…………………………………….

  1 B. Problems Formulation …………………………………..…….……

  CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ……….…………………….……………

  ……………………….………………………..…..……. xi

  5 B. Review of Related Theories ..……………………………………… PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRACT

Naomi Elizabeth Sembiring. 2004. The Moral Values Reflected Through Doc’s

Characteristics in John Steinbeck’s Cannery Row. Yogyakarta: Department of

English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

  Cannery Row is John Steinbeck’s novel which conveys social issues of a

society living in a cannery district of Monterey, California; the district known as

Cannery Row. Since the style of Cannery Row is easy to read, The writer was

interested in analyzing the novel. The characters are mostly lower class citizens,

heavily made-up women, and the main character is Doc, a scientist. He is a source

of philosophies, art, and science for the inhabitants of Cannery Row.

  This thesis proposes two problems to be answered, namely how is Doc as

the main character in the novel Cannery Row described and what are the moral

values reflected through Doc’s characteristics.

  The approach used in answering the problems is moral-philosophical

approach. This approach leads the writer to analyze the previous problems

formulation. Some theories are also needed to support the analysis namely theory

of character and characterization, theory of moral and morality, theory of moral

values and the relation of literature and moral values. Library research is used as

the method of the study. The primary source is the novel Cannery Row, which

written by John Steinbeck. The secondary source is some books that can support

the thesis.

  The results of the analysis show that the characters of Doc are friendly,

communicative, smart, patient, caring, helpful,humble and kind person. Doc was a

good character whom everyone in Cannery Row liked and relied on. Doc was

influenced by his friends. They were Lee Chong, Dora, Mack and the boys. Doc’s

character changed when Mack and his friends finally threw a successful party for

him and for the first time in the novel, he relaxed and let himself go while in the

presence of other people. The writer also found there are seven moral values in

this novel that devided into two parts; friendship and love. The moral values in

Doc’s friendship are caring, loyalty, patience and sharing. Then, the moral values

of love are respect, forgive and responsibility. From the main character, it is

revealed that this novel contains moral values about life and living; life is not

about what one gets, not what one becomes, but life is about what one does and what gives for their life. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK

Naomi Elizabeth Sembiring. 2004. The Moral Values Reflected Through Doc’s

Characteristics in John Steinbeck’s Cannery Row. Yogyakarta: Department of

English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

  Cannery Row adalah sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh John Steinbeck yang

mengemukakan permasalahan-permasalahan sosial dalam kehidupan masyarakat

di wilayah pabrik pengalengan, Cannery Row. Berhubung gaya bahasa dalam

Cannery Row adalah mudah diikuti, saya tertarik untuk menganalisa novel

tersebut. Hampir seluruh tokohnya merupakan warga negara kelas bawah, para

wanita bergincu tebal, dan tokoh utamanya, Doc, seorang ilmuwan. Dia sumber

filosofi, seni, dan ilmu penegtahuan bagi penduduk Cannery Row.

  Ada dua permasalahan utama yang akan di bahas. Permasalahan yang

pertama adalah bagaimana Steinbeck menggambarkan karakter tokoh utama di

dalam cerita. Permasalah yang kedua adalah nilai-nilai moral apa sajakah yang

dicerminkan oleh karakter Doc.

  Pendekatan yang digunakan untuk menganalisa masalah-masalah ini

adalah pendekatan filsafat moral. Beberapa teori di butuhkan untuk mendukung

analisa di studi ini. Teori-teori tersebut adalah teori karakter, teori moral dan

moralitas, teori nilai-nilai moral, dan hubungan antara sastra dengan nilai-nilai

moral. Penelitian pustaka merupakan bagian dari metode pembelajaran yang

digunakan dalam studi ini. Ada dua macam sumber. Sumber utama yaitu novel itu

sendiri, Cannery Row yang di tulis oleh John Steinbeck. Sumber yang kedua

adalah beberapa buku yang mendukung menganalisa studi ini.

  Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa karakter Doc adalah ramah,

komunikatif, pintar, sabar, perduli, penolong, rendah hati dan baik. Doc adalah

seorang yang disukai dan dipercayai setiap orang di Cannery Row. Doc di

pengaruhi oleh teman-temannya. Mereka adalah Lee Chong, Dora, Mack dan

anak-anak. Karakter Doc berubah ketika akhirnya Mack dan teman-temannya

berhasil membuat suatu pesta untuknya dan untuk pertama kalinya dalam novel

tersebut, dia bersantai dan membiarkan dirinya keluar di antara orang banyak

yang hadir. Penulis juga menemukan tujuh nilai-nilai moral yang terdapat di novel

ini yang terbagi menjadi dua bagian; pertemanan dan cinta. Nilai-nilai moral

dalam pertemanan Doc adalah kepedulian, kesetiaan, kesabaran dan berbagi.

Kemudian, nilai-nilai moral cinta adalah menghargai, memaafkan dan tanggung

jawab. Melalui tokoh utama, nilai-nilai moral yang disampaikan dalam novel ini

adalah mengenai hidup dan kehidupan bahwa hidup bukanlah mengenai apa yang

seseorang dapatkan maupun menjadi apa dia nanti, namun hidup adalah tentang apa yang seseorang lakukan dan apa yang ia berikan untuk hidupnya. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study Literature is an art which expresses ideas and feelings in any written forms. It has the power to move the reader’s heart or to stir the reader’s emotions. The most important aim of a literary work is to serve as media for the writer to

  

move the senses and feelings about facts, help them to make a decision and if

necessary, an action when they face a problem. A good writer will try to get closer

to the meaning of life to make his works meaningfully and to give benefits to

people.

  John Steinbeck was one of American novelists who has been considered as

a writer who concerns with a social message in his novels. During his life, he

worked as a manual laborer while writing. Therefore, his depiction of the lives of

the workers in his stories is authentic. He has produced many works and one of

his immediate postwar books is Cannery Row (1945). It contained the familiar

elements of his social criticism though it was sentimental in tone and more relaxed

in approach.

  Once Steinbeck wrote in the internet about the situational background

before and after he made Cannery Row. He wrote Cannery Row as his act in

response to the soldier’s request who needed a book for pleasure instead of a book

for raising their spirit of war. On the one hand, he got some warlike criticism, on

the other hand there was not any complaint from the troops.

  2 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  After reading Steinbeck’s Cannery row, the writer is interested in examining Doc, the main character.

  Doc in this novel takes an important role in Cannery Row seen through the

way he deals with others and vice versa. He is a public figure who becomes the

center of the story by being the recipient of two parties conducted by Mack and

the boys with all residents of Cannery Row. Seeing the fact above, the writer

would like to focus this study on the characteristics of Doc. Moreover, the writer

also tries to find out the moral values reflected through his characteristics.

B. Problem Formulation

  To guide the discussion, there are two questions formulated as follows:

  

1. How is Doc as the main character in the novel Cannery Row described?

  2. What are the moral values reflected through Doc’s characteristics?

  C. Objectives of the Study As the problem above has been formulated, there are some objectives to be

achieved. Firstly, the writer finds out and describes the main character

characteristics, which are observed from the action, attitude and behavior of Doc

to know what kind or character he is. Secondly, the analysis tries to explain the

moral values through Doc’s characteristics in Cannery Row.

  D. Definition of Terms

  3 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  There are several key terms in this study. They are necessary to be defined

and explained in order that the readers have the same interpretation on several

terms, as well as to avoid the readers’ confusion in the further study. Those terms

are:

  1. Character and Characterization According to Abrams, Characters are the person presented in dramatic or

narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral,

dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the

dialogue-and by what they do-the action. The grounds in characters’ temperament,

desire, and moral nature for their speech and action are called their motivation. A

character may undergo a radical change, either through the gradual process of

motivation and development or as the result crisis (Abrams, 1981:20).

  According to Roger B. Henkle, characterization is central to the fictional

experience. And the principle objective of the creation of characters in novels is to

enable us to understand, and to experience, people (Henkle, 1977:86).

  2. Moral Values Garnet says that the term “moral” may be defined as reffering to

traditional views of right and wrong (Garnett, 1952:114). Moral is clue how to act

in the society in the right way, Moral is to differ what is good and what is not

good.

  Gallagher stated that moral value is a standard by reference to which a

particular action can be judged morally good or bad (Gallagher, 1985:1). Moral

  4 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

values are the important things that can be learnt from human’s actions. It helps us to differentiate what is good and what is not. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter contains three significant parts. The first part contains certain

  criticism about the novel of Cannery Row. The second part is the theories used by the writer to analyze the novel. These theories are the basic guidance in answering the problem.

  The writer is going to discuss about the main character, in this case is Doc and his character development that reflected to the moral values. The last part of the

  chapter is going to present the theoretical ground to give some clues to the readers to get description of what will be discussed deeply in the analysis. A. Review of Related Studies Criticism could be as the appreciation, comment, judgment, analysis and suggestion. As Warren and Wellek say in Theory of Literature, criticisms of literary works are born along with the birth of literary works (1956:336).

  In his thesis entitled The Life of American Society in the Post-World War I as

  

Depicted in John Steinbeck’ Cannery Row, Subagyo analyzed about the social

  issues found in the life of the society of Cannery Row as seen from sociological perspective. The results of the analysis show that setting plays a major role in the novel. The author describes the setting of place, and social background vividly whereas the setting of time is not described explicitly.

  5

  6

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  Subagyo also stated that the setting of the narrative is presented in two ways, general and specific. The narrative takes place in Cannery Row, Monterey.

  Monterey is a reputable city in California and Cannery Row is a seaside district of Monterey that has some contradictory characteristics. In the morning, Cannery Row describes itself as a ”noisy” district. Cannery Row will return to its real condition soon after the canneries stop its activities. There are few people living in Cannery Row and these people are kinds of people who live in the old ways of living and revere the sense of solidarity. The description of Monterey depicts the industrial society of American civilization whereas the depiction of the life of Cannery Row describes a slum area and the life of its people in the American Civilization of the 1940s.

  The writer agrees with what was written by Subagyo. There are some social aspects found in the novel that reflect the real life of American Society in the Post World War I. They are urban living pattern, materialism, consumerism, distinguishable social classes, the sense of solidarity among individuals at a slum area, and the characteristics of unemployment group in the society.

  Biographer Jakson Benson said that Cannery Row is Steinbeck’s war novel that is not mentioning the war. The novel certainly reveals that life is both exhilarating-parties, punctuated with good fun, despair-suicides and deaths that occur in some frequency ( http://www2.sjsu.edu/steinbeck/Biography/Steinbeckhomes.htm ).

  The novel is not as successfully as John Steinbeck’s other works. There are only fewer critics given upon Cannery Row, which considered being more

  7

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  likely as the repetition of John Steinbeck’s previous novel, Tortilla Flat ( http://www.ac.wwu.edu~stephan/Steinbeck/row.htm ).

  In Steinbeck and His Critics, Peter Lisca’s wrote that Cannery Row is one of Steinbeck’s writings, which is regarded as a failure since some critics did not take this novel seriously. Readers that are more critical could regard the novel as further evidence that Steinbeck was no longer an author to be taken seriously (1957:37).

  Frederick J,Hoffman as quoted in Steinbeck and His Critics shared the same idea with Peter Lisca. He wrote that Cannery Row is one of Steinbeck’s later fictions besides The Moon is Down and The Wayward Bus which obviously showing “the poverty of conception which had in greater or less degree hurt his earlier work” (1957:39).

  In the writer’s opinion, the writer does not agree with what was written there since it was needed as a humorous novel that can give an intermezzo to the soldiers after the Second World War in 1945. This study will examine about Doc’s characteristics as the main character, his character development and the last is about the moral values through Doc’s characteristics.

   B. Review on Related Theories In this part, the writer will give some theories that are relevant to my thesis. There are theories of characterization, theory of morals and morality and theory of moral values.

A. Character and Characterization

  8

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  One of the important parts in a novel is character. Without them, there will be no story at all. The author can express his or her message through the character in the novel. M.H Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms said that characters presented in a dramatic or narrative work are “persona who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what the say- the dialogue and by what they do- the action” (Abrams, 1981:20). Abrams mentioned about consistency as the key word to understand character in a story that also marked a development in character’s characteristics. He said that a character:

  “may remain essentially ‘stable’, or unchanged in his outlook and his dispositions, from beginning to end of a work, or he may undergo a radical change, either through a gradual development or as the result of an extreme crisis. Whether a character remains stable or changes, the reader of a traditional, realistic work requires ‘consistency’- the character should not suddenly break off and act in a way not plausibly grounded in his temperament as we have already come to know it.” (Abrams, 1981:20)

  The person is described not as an individualized personality but as an example of some vice or virtue or type. In “Understanding Unseens:an Introduction to

  

English Poetry and the English Novel for overseas Students”, Murphy stated there

  are nine ways in which an author can present the characterization of characters in a literary work. Those nine ways are:

a. Personal Description The author can describe a character by using the appearance and clothes.

  The readers will get only a visible look of a character, like parts of the body of the character and the clothes he or she wears (1972:161).

  9

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  b. Characters as seen by another The author can describe a character through the view, opinions, attitudes, and comments of other characters. The readers will get a reflected image of the characters and other means (1972:162).

  c. Speech The author can describe a character by giving readers an insight into the characteristics through the way he or she speaks and the language he or she uses. Here, the reader enables to analyze from the sentences of the character uses (1972:164).

  d. Past life The author can provide a clue to events that help to shape characteristic by giving the readers the character’s past life. This is quite helpful to analyze the motives that a character has when he has a particular characteristic or does something special (1972:166).

  e. Conversation of others The author can also provide a clue about a character through the conversation of other people and what they say about him or her. Readers will learn that what others say about a character may reveal what kind of characters he or she is (1972:167).

  f. Reactions The author can describe characteristic by showing how a character responds to various situations and events. The reaction may give a clue to what characteristics a character has (1972:168).

  10

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  g. Direct comment The author may give comments and descriptions on the characteristics of the character directly to readers. This becomes the best way for the readers to visualize the characteristics because they know what exactly the author wants to reveal (1972:170).

  h. Thoughts The author gives readers direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. There, he or she can tell readers what different people are thinking of. Such thing cannot be seen but can be presented through the speech and attitudes. The readers then are in a privileged position; they have a secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a character in a novel (1972:171).

i. Mannerism

  The author can characterize a character through the mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies. Those things may tell readers something about the character’s characteristics (1972:172). About characterization, Roger B. Henkle said that, characterization is

  ”central to the fictional experience. And the principle objective of the creation of characters in novels is to enable us to understand, and to experience, people” (Henkle, 1977:86). In their book “A Handbook to Literature “, Hugh and Harmon stated that “In the lyric, the essay, and the autobiography, the author reveals aspects of his or her own character; in the biography and the history, the author presents the character of actual persons; and in fiction (the drama, the novel, the

  11

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  short story, and the narrative poem), the author reveals the characters of imaginary persons. The creation of these imaginary persons so that they exist for the reader as lifelike is called characterization” (1986: 81).

B. Theory of Morals and Morality

  Gallagher in The Basis for Christian Ethics said that the term “Ethics” is explained by reference to the term “Moral”. By “Ethics” it means the study of moral life or the study of actions or person insofar as they are moral. Ethics is therfore defined as a general study of moral life. (Gallagher, 1985:1)

  Moreover, in his book entitled The Moral Nature of Man, Garnett says that the term “moral” is best taken as an exact synonym of ‘Ethical’. “moral” may be defined as reffering to traditional views of right and wrong. (Garnett, 1952:114) Generally, moral is concerned with many forms of belief about right and wrong in human’s life. It means that if we do good or right thing it can be said that our moral is good but if we do evil or wrong things in our life it can be said that our moral is bad. Moral is a clue how to act in the society in the right way, moral is to differ what is good and what is not good.

  Basically, when we discuss moral, it is not simply about what is good or bad. It has a deeper sense. Cochrane, Hamm, and Kazepides, in their book entitled

  

The Domain of Moral Education, state that moral thinking is, also, about the

  fundamental values by which we profess to live (1979: 7). They also add that human actions are never done in a vacuum but in context which directly or

  12

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  indirectly involves other person. It is implied that there is always an influence from one person to another in every actions that human did.

  Morality has a deeper sense than moral. In the moral dimension, we only differ what is bad or good actions happened in the story or society, but in morality context, we should be able to understand what reasons that stand behind the good actions. According to Ervin Staub in his book Positive Social Behavior and

  

Morality says that morality is a set of rules, customs, or principles that regulate

people’s conduct in relation to other people, conduct that affects human welfare.

  (1978: 10) The morality of an act is determined by a person’s perceptions of and beliefs about the right conduct and by that person’s reasons for acting or not acting in a particular way. (1999: 12-13) The goodness or bad of the reason behind the action is what then called as morality.

  In philosophy, morality is often regarded as equivalent to values that carry a sense of obligation. These values usually refer to the effect or consequence of conduct on individuals or the group. (1999: 11)

C. Theory of Moral Values

  He says that moral values and principles or norms of conduct are elements of morality.

  Gallagher explained that a moral value is a standard by reference to which a particular action can be judged morally good or bad. (Gallagher, 1985:1) We can say that moral value is a value that differentiates between goodness and badness. Human being always needs someone else to live side by side in a community or

  13

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  society that is why human being is a social creature. In every society there are always norms and values, which meant for the goodness of those people who live in a society.

  Moral values are the important things that can be learnt from human’s actions. We can learn moral from a story or events in this world by knowing which is wrong action and right action based on the principles of good and evil.

  1. Friendship One of human’s needs in the world is having relationship with other people. The relationship becomes part in the process of human beings. In the relationship with other people, there is mutual relationship within them.

  Friendship is one kind of the relationship among human beings. Friendship is very useful activity to make life interesting, full of fun and meaningful. Having friend in life does not only keep the feeling of lonely away, but also finds partner to support life. So, to have someone to talk about problems, to share experiences and to express feelings, is also become one of human needs. The support of friends make days perfect.

  Duck in Friends, For Life: The psychology of Personal Relationship states that the support of friends, neighbors and relatives is a social support that acts as an important safeguard against occupational stress, psychological illness, unhappy life events and the like. The support of our friends are also found out from their caring, support, loyalty and putting high priority on the other person’s interest.

  Having friends is important in our lives because people are parted from friends become anxious, disoriented, unhappy, and even severely destabilized

  14

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  emotionally. Therefore, friendship is also important for us to have communication

• – communication about anything, not just important events but also trivial stuff as well as personal, intimate details about oneself (Duck, 1991: 16).

  Beebe, in his book entitled Interpersonal Communication in Relationships states that Friendship is a relationship of choice that exists over time between people who share a coomon history. A friend is someone we like and who likes us. We trust our friends. We share good and bad times with them. (Beebe, 2005:312)

  Besides helping us enjoy a healthy life, friends help us cope with stress and take care of physical needs, and even contribute to the development of our personality. Friends significantly contribute to our social support networks, providing assistance in times of crisis. Friends also help shape our attitudes and beliefs. Especially during periods of change in our lives, such as adolescence and retirement, friends help us cope with uncertainty and have a profound influence on our behavior. (Beebe, 2005:313)

  Muriel and Louis in their book entitled The Heart of Friendship mention five requirements to build a true friendship. The first requirement is patience. A friendship is described as “a palnt of slow growth”. So patience is needed to develop a deeper relation, to know and to understand our friendship deeper better is by a process, and to get through the process, we need to be patient. Muriel and Louis also state “patience is also a requirement to build a successful friendship” (1975: 153)

  15

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  The second requirement is being faithful. It is impossible to build a friendship if we have no faith to our friends. Friends need to be faithful to themselves and to each other. In friendship, there is no insurance against failure, pain or disappointment (1975: 165). The third requirement is understanding. The most used part of best friend is the shoulder you cry on and the shoulder you are willing to lend. At this point, friends usually will listen to each other, sharing feeling, ideas, and suggestion. Muriel and Louis state that, “the only one who truly understand is a true friend” (1975: 165)

  The fourth requirement is loyalty. When our best friend is facing troubles, we have to encourage him and help him to solve his problem. We should not leave him alone when he has troubles or in difficulties. In other words, our friend and we should stick together when one is facing troubles (1975: 172). The last requirement is honesty. Muriel and Louis state, “Pretense is a sign that a friendship is losing its vitality, perhaps dying. Pretense leads to bigger pretenses.

  The overall effect is destructive of true friendship” (1975: 173). Toward our friend, we should be honest in everyway, though it will bw hurt him.

  No friends means living alone in the world. Because no one will help us when we need it. Having friend moreover best friend mean happiness. Because there are friends who will be ready top help us when we are in trouble. Having friends by our side make live complete.

2. Love

  Love is the most wonderful thing in human being’s life. Love is a feeling from the depth of the heart. In the book entitled About Love, Pieper says that love

  16

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  is both something that we practise and do as conscious actors, and also something that comes over us and happens to us like an enchantment. (Piper, 1974: 18) Hauck (1983: 16) defines love is that powerful feeling one has for persons, animals, or things that has satisfied, is satisfying, or will satisfy our depest desires and needs. So here, love is a kind of relationship between one people towards onject love. The object it self is not limited only in a person but it is wider, the cope is also everything in the world.