The accuracy and readability of domesticated and foreignized translation of specific words in Stephenie Meyer`S Twilight into Indonesian translation twilight by Devita Sari - USD Repository

  

THE ACCURACY AND READABILITY OF DOMESTICATED AND

FOREIGNIZED TRANSLATION OF SPECIFIC WORDS IN STEPHENIE

MEYER’S TWILIGHT INTO INDONESIAN TRANSLATION TWILIGHT

BY DEVITA SARI

  

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

  

By

MARIA AGATHA RINA WIDIASTUTI

054214050

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

  

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2011

  

THE ACCURACY AND READABILITY OF DOMESTICATED AND

FOREIGNIZED TRANSLATION OF SPECIFIC WORDS IN STEPHENIE

MEYER’S TWILIGHT INTO INDONESIAN TRANSLATION TWILIGHT

BY DEVITA SARI

  

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

  

By

MARIA AGATHA RINA WIDIASTUTI

054214050

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

  

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2011 A Undergr raduate Thes sis

  Sarjana Sas stra

THE AC CCURACY AND READ DABILITY Y OF DOME ESTICATED D AND

FOREIGN NIZED TRA ANSLATION N OF SPEC CIFIC WOR RDS IN STE EPHENIE

  

MEYER’S S TWILIGH HT INTO IN NDONESIAN N TRANSL LATION TW WILIGHT

BY D DEVITA SA ARI

  By

  

MAR RIA AGAT THA RINA W WIDIASTU UTI

  Student N Number : 054 4214050 A Approved by y

  Harris Herm H mansyah Seti ajid, S.S., M M.Hum. June, 13, 2011 Advisor A A Adventina P Putranti, S.S. ., M.Hum. June, 13, 2 2011 Co-Advisor C

  A S Undergra aduate Thesi is

  Sarjana Sast tra

THE AC CCURACY AND READ DABILITY Y OF DOME ESTICATED D AND

FOREIGN NIZED TRA ANSLATION N OF SPEC CIFIC WOR RDS IN STE EPHENIE

  

MEYER’S S TWILIGH HT INTO IN NDONESIAN N TRANSL LATION TW WILIGHT

BY D DEVITA SA ARI

  By

  

MAR RIA AGAT THA RINA W WIDIASTU UTI

  Student N Number : 054 4214050 De efined before e the Board o of Examiner rs

  On J June 23th, 20 011 and De clared Accep ptable

  

BOARD OF EXAM MINERS

Name N

  C Chairman : Dr. Fran ncis Borgias Alip, M.Pd .,M.A. S Secretary :Drs. Hirm mawan Wija anarka, M.H Hum. M Member :Dr. Fran ncis Borgias Alip, M.Pd. ,M.A. M Member :J. Harris s Hermansya ah S., S.S., M M.Hum. M Member :Adventin na Putranti, S.S., M.Hum m.

  Yogya akarta, June 30th, 2011 ro Scientia et Sapientia P On behalf of knowledge and wisdom

• Ole miss-

For my beloved parents with all the love and admiration

  

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

  Yang bertanda tangan d bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma Nama : Maria Agatha Rina Widiastuti Nomor mahasiswa : 054214050 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul: THE ACCURACY

  

AND READABILITY OF DOMESTICATED AND FOREIGNIZED

TRANSLATION OF SPECIFIC WORDS IN STEPHENIE MEYER’S

TWILIGHT INTO INDONESIAN TRANSLATION TWILIGHT BY DEVITA

SARI

  Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya daam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mepublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan saya ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal : 20 Juli 2011 Yang menyatakan, Maria Agatha Rina Widiastuti

  

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  It is always amazing how many people are willing to give their time and open their doors to help the writing process of my undergraduate thesis. I wish to extend my sincere thanks for the great kindness shown to me during this process.

  So, to start at the beginning, an ocean thanks to my beloved parents for the incomparable love and support.

  As always, I have relied on the advice of my advisor Harris H. Setiajid S.S, M.Hum., without whose guidance this undergraduate thesis might still be unfinished. I was deeply grateful to my co-advisor Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. and my examiner Dr. Francis Borgias Alip M.Pd., M.A., for suggestion, correction, and kindness. Without their help, this undergraduate thesis would never come into being.

  I owe the world to Rm. Kuncoro Adi. PhD whose incredible patience gave me great support and motivation when I need it.

  For my beloved one Dalmi Abdi whose love and affection to me are larger than life, I can never thank him enough for that.

  My biggest thanks goes to, my best friend for the past twelve years Sanjay Kusuma for all the happy and sad moments we have been through. My long distance besties Nila Sukma Ayu and my long lost friend Cita Wijaya for understanding everything.

  Lastly a million thanks for those whose names I cannot mention here, but I inscribe them on my heart.

  Maria Agatha Rina Widiastuti

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  TITLE PAGE............................................................................................................i APPROVAL PAGE.................................................................................................ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE...........................................................................................iii MOTTO PAGE.......................................................................................................iv DEDICATION PAGE.............................................................................................v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKSI………….…………...vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.....................................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................viii ABSTRACT............................................................................................................x ABSTRAK..............................................................................................................xi

  CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study............................................................................. 1 B. Problem Formulation.................................................................................. 3 C. Objectives of the Study............................................................................... 3 D. Definition of Terms..................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies.......................................................................... 6 B. Review of Related Theories........................................................................ 8

  1. Theories on Translation ………...………………………………......... 8

  2. Foreignizing and Domesticating Strategy............................................. 9

  3. Theory of Translation Accuracy ....................................................... 10

  4. Theory of Translation Readability ..................................................... 12

  C. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………........ 13

  CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study................................................................................... 15 B. Method of the Study.................................................................................. 17 C. Research Procedure................................................................................... 18

  1. Kinds of Data...................................................................................... 18

  a. Objective....................................................................................... 18

  b. Affective........................................................................................ 18

  2. Data Collection.................................................................................... 19

  a. Document analysis........................................................................ 19

  b. Questionnaire................................................................................ 20

  3. Data Analysis...................................................................................... 20

  CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A. The Accuracy of the Foreignized and Domesticated Translation of Twilight ...................................................................................................... 22

  1. The Accuracy of the Foreignized Translation..................................... 23

  2. The Accuracy of the Domesticated Translation.................................. 45

  B. The Readability of the Foreignized and Domesticated Translation of Twilight..................................................................................................... .

  63

  1. The Readability of the Foreignized Translation.................................. 64

  2. The Readibility of the Domesticated Translation................................ 67

  

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION.......................................................................... 71

BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................... 73 APPENDICES

Appendix 1 The Accuracy of the Foreignized Translation in Twilight ............... 75

Appendix 2 The Accuracy of the Domesticated Translation in Twilight ............ 79

Appendix 3 The Readability of the Foreignized Translation in Twilight .............84

Appendix 4 The Readability of the Domesticated Translation in Twilight ......... 86

  

ABSTRAK

  MARIA AGATHA RINA WIDIASTUTI The Accuracy and Readability of

  

Domesticated and Foreignized Translation of Specific Words in Stephenie

Meyer’s Twilight into Indonesian Translation Twilight by Devita Sari

  Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta, 2011.

  Skripsi ini membahas keakuratan dan keterbacaan penerjemahan specific

  

words (kata - kata khusus) yang ditemukan dalam novel Twilight karya Stephenie

  Meyer dan versi terjemahannya Twilight yang diterjemahkan oleh Lily Devita Sari, kata – kata khusus tersebut dibagi menjadi beberapa kategori antara lain: jarak, pakaian, panggilan, teknologi, warna, tanaman, makanan dan minuman, dan ekspresi sehari-hari. Kata – kata khusus tersebut dipiloh berdasarkan rerata jumlah kata yang didomestikasi dan forenisasi. Berdasarkan teori invisibility penerjemah oleh Venuti terdapat dua pilihan untuk menerjemahkan istilah asing. Pilihan pertama adalah mendomestikasi istilah tersebut, artinya penerjemah mengganti istilah asing dengan padanan kata dalam bahasa sasaran (Bsa). Pilihan kedua, memforenisasi, penerjemah membiarkan istilah asing tidak diterjemahkan.

  Dalam skripsi ini terdapat dua perumusan masalah. Masalah yang pertama adalah seberapa akurat penerjemahan kata - kata asing dalam novel asli Twilight yang diforenisasi dan didomestikasi. Masalah yang kedua adalah seberapa terbaca kata - kata yang diforenisasi dan didomestikasi oleh pembaca sasaran. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh 94 data. Data tersebut terdiri atas 51 data terjemahan yang diforenisasi dan 43 data terjemahan yang didomestikasi.

  Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah metode kualitatif yang merupakan gabungan dari penelitian lapangan dan studi pustaka. Penelitian lapangan dilakukan untuk mengetahui tingkat keakuratan dan keterbacaan terjemahan dengan cara membagikan kuesioner. Sedangkan studi pustaka dilakukan untuk mengetahui strategi penerjemahan yang diterapkan dengan mengumpulkan teori dan artikel-artikel lain untuk mendukung penelitian.

  Ditemukan dua kesimpulan dari dua rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini. Hasil pertama menunjukkan bahwa dari 51 data kata - kata asing yang diforenisasi hasil terjemahannya cukup akurat, berdasarkan angka keakuratan yang mencapai 2.08. Berdasarkan instrumen penilaian kualitas terjemahan versi Nababan hasil tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa hasil terjemahan secara umum akurat. Tidak terdapat beda nyata antara hasil forenisasi dan domestikasi karena hasil akhir dari perhitungan data tidak jauh berbeda. Untuk hasil keakuratan kata - kata asing yang didomestikasi dari 43 data hasilnya cukup akurat juga, berdasarkan angka keakuratan yang mencapai 2.22. Sedangkan keterbacaan untuk kata - kata asing yang diforenisasi mencapai angka 2.06 yang berarti lumayan terbaca sedangkan hasil keterbacaan kata - kata asing yang didomestikasi 1.41 artinya terjemahan kata - kata khusus tersebut terbaca.

  

ABSTRACT

  MARIA AGATHA RINA WIDIASTUTI The Accuracy and Readability of

  

Domesticated and Foreignized Translation of Specific Words in Stephenie

Meyer’s Twilight into Indonesian Translation Twilight by Devita Sari.

  Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta, 2011.

  This undergraduate thesis discusses the accuracy and readability of domesticated and foreignized translation of specific words in Meyer’s Twilight. What I meant by specific words are : measurement, clothes, words of address, technological words, colors, plants, food and drinks, and everyday expression. Those specific words are chosen based on the balance of the number of domesticated and foregnized words. According to Venuti’s Translator Invisibility

  

Theory there are two strategies to translate cultural words. The first strategy is

  domestification meaning to say the translator replace the cultural terms with equivalent meaning into target text. Second is foreignzation, translator leaves the cultural terms untranslated.

  There are two problem formulations in this undergraduate thesis. The first problem is the accuracy of the translation of the domesticated adn foreignized of specific words in Twilight. The second problem is how readable domesticated and foreignized translation of those specific words by target reader. From the research it is obtained 94 data. The data consists of 51 foreignized translations and 43 domesticated translations.

  The method used in this study is qualitative with combination of field and library research. The field reserach is applied to find out the accuracy and readability of the translation by distributing questionnaires to the respondents. Meanwhile library research is used to find out the applied translation strategies by collecting theories and articles to support this research

  There are two answers from the two problems formulation in this reserach. The first result finds that 51 data of foreignized specific words are accurate, as it reaches the average score 2.08. According to Nababan’s accuracy rating instrument, the point indicates that most translations are accurate. There are no significant differences between foreignized and domesticated translation of specific words as the final score of the calculation is not much different. For accurary of the domesticated of specific words, it it found out from 43 data are accurate, as it reaches the average score 2.22. Meanwhile, the readability score for foreignized translation is 2.06 which is quite readable and for domesticated tranlsation is 1.41, which means that the level of readability of the specific words is readable.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Translation is different things for different groups of people. For

  certain people who are not translator, translation is merely a text but for people who are, it is primarily an activity. From the translator’s internal perspective, the activity is the most important of all. In resulting translated text, a translator must undergo a complicated process, receiving handling request to do specific translation, doing research, networking, translating words, phrases, and registers, editing the translation, at last delivering the result to the client. Nowadays million texts have been translated and many of them are for educational purpose for instance scientific articles, journals, bible, and fiction. Translation of fiction is more complicated than the translation of other text as it deals not only with grammatical problem but also cultural-socio values. Geographical diversity with cultural- socio experiences and different cultural background will cause severe barriers to translation. The most commonly problems encountered in fiction or novel are the translation of character’s name, setting, cultural terms, electronic devices terms and so like. Based on the above ideas, competent translators should not only master the grammatical structure of the source language, but also comprehend the meaning carried within the expression of the language and the process of translating.

  1 According to Venuti in Translator’s Invisibility, there are two strategic options that can be applied by a translator to translate the source text, in this case is a prose. First is foreignizing, that is a translator chooses to be “visible” to the readers. The translation reads fairly fluently but has a slightly alien feel. One can tell, reading it, that it is a translation, not an original work. The following exemplifies the strategy of foreignizing :

  Source Text:

  "I'm sorry," Langdon said, "but I'm very tired and"

  "Mais, monsieur," the concierge pressed, lowering his voice to an urgent

  whisper. "Your guest is an important man."

  Target Text:

  “Maaf,” ujar Langdon, “Tetapi saya sangat letih dan _”

  "Mais, monsieur,” penerima tamu itu memaksa, seraya merendahkan

  suaranya menjadi bisikan yang mendesak. “Tetapi tamu anda orang penting.”

  

(From Dan Brown’s “Da Vinci Code”, translated into bahasa Indonesia

by Koesalamwandi).

  In the above passage the translator keeps the word “mais, monsieur” untranslated. Unlike foreign readers, Indonesian readers will not get the meaning of the word “mais, monsieur” is, but the translator makes it untranslated in order to keep the original style of the novel. Those peculiar French salutation make the reader imagines that the conversation occurs somewhere in French. This kind of translation method is called foreignizing, the word being foreignized is “mais, monseiur”.

  Meanwhile another strategy is domesticating that means the translator tries to be “invisible” to the readers. According to Venuti the more fluent the translation, the more invisible the translator, and presumably, the more visible the writer or meaning of the foreign text. By this strategy, the translator must translate or even restructure a single word in the translation object.

  It is apparent that a translator has to make a choice among many alternatives. The decision to choose has been elaborate based on Venuti’s the theory of invisibility

  The choice a translator takes in translating certain words, i.e. specific terms, is worth analyzing, since we can explore further the translator’s reason in choosing the strategy.

  It is exactly problems which become the concern of this thesis. It tries to see whether the foreignized and domesticated translation are accurate and readable or not. Eventually, we can know whether the translator’s strategy choice is visible or not in delivering the text to the target readers.

  B. Problem Formulation

  To narrow down my writing, some questions related to the topic have been prepared. The problems are formulated as follows:

  1. How is the accuracy of the foreignized and domesticated Indonesian translation of the specific terms in Meyer’s Twilight?

  2. How is the readibility of the foreignized and domesticated Indonesian translation of the specific terms in Meyer’s Twilight?

  C. Objectives of the Study Based on the problems above, there are three objectives of this study.

  First is to figure out the translation of the specific terms in Meyer’s Twilight into Indonesian translation Twilight by Devita Sari. Second is to find out the accuracy of the translation of the specific terms. And the last is to know the proportion of foreignized and domesticated translation of the specific terms in the translated novel.

D. Definition of Terms

  Accuracy means to communicate the same meaning as the source

  language (Larson, 1984: 49). It means to say that the words or phrases or clauses of the target language should convey the best closest meaning in order that target readers are getting the same essence.

  

Readability is how easily written materials can be read and

understood. Richard (1985 : 238) in Nababan (1999:62).

  Translator’s Choice is when translating a text, especially one with culturally loaded terms, a translator is faced with a certain choice, i.e.

  strategic option. He might choose to steer his/her translation clear of the foreign terminologies, thus domesticating, or to keep the terminologies untranslated, thus foreignizing.

  Domesticating means that sometimes when translators translate source text into target text there might be some untranslatable cultural expression.

  Therefore the translators should do what is called domesticating or explaining the cultural terms in long sentences or even change it into domestic term.

  When the translators do domesticating then the translators might choose to be invisible to the reader as well.

  Foregnizing is a translation strategy in which the translators will keep

  the cultural terms be untranslatable. The aim of this strategy is merely to bring the readers abroad or to keep the sense of the literary style.

  Source language (SL) is the standard term describing the language in which the text being translated is written (Shuttleworth & Cowie 1997: 157).

  It is the language in which the text requiring translation. In this study, Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight, which is the source text (ST), is written in English. Therefore, English is the SL.

  Target Language (TL) is the language into which the original text is to be translated (Harvey and Higgins, 1992:15). In this study the target text (TT), Lily Devita Sari’s Twilight,is written in Indonesian therefore the target language (TL) is lndonesian.

  Source text (ST) is the text, which provides the point of departure for a

  translation (Shuttleworth & Cowie, 1997:157). Source text is sometimes referred to as the original version of the text. In this study, the ST is the English text or the original version of Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight.

  

Target Text is one of the standard terms used to describe a text, which

  has been produced, by an act of translation (Shuttleworth & Cowie 1997:164). The target text is referred to as the translated version of a text. In this study the TT is the Indonesian text that is the text of Lily Devita Sari’s

  Twilight Specific Words in this research is words related to measurement,

  clothes, idiomatic expression, everyday expression, color, terms of address, food and drinks, plants, and technological terms.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review on Related Studies There was a thesis done by Kube čková from Masaryk University Czech Republik. Her research focused on the accuracy of the Czech translation and analysis of the

  first chapter of the novel Twilight by Stephenie Meyer. The first chapter of her thesis discussed the contradictory principles on the translation by Jiri Levy. The second chapter concerned basic principles on translation mentioned by Dagmar Knittlova. Then the third and the forth chapters focused on the grammatical and lexical aspects. All discussed features are accompanied by illustrations of the original, practical part and original Czech translation.

  Different from Kube čková, Yulianti has a different interest in discussing the analysis in translation. Her study entitled Translation Analysis of Promising

  

Utterances in the Novel Twilight by Stephenie Meyer Translated into Twilight

(Pragmatic Perspective), focused on pragmatic principles of promising utterances.

  Reynold in her Master of Arts thesis entitled Screams, vampires, Werewolves and

  

Autographs ; An Exploration of the Twilight Phenomenon tries to examine the pop

  culture phenomenon of Meyer’s Twilight. Using a qualitative method of grounded theory, meanings and constructs were develop from the data. She gathered the data from three events centered around the release of the Twilight film adaptation, and the release of the fourth and final book in the Twilight saga.

  A survey was conducted to willing participants. After the surveys were gathered

  7 they were read and then coded. After the coding process a follow up interview was conducted with ten nominated and willing Twilight fans. The results had theoretical roots in uses and gratifications theory as well as parasocial theory (Reynolds, 2009: 5).

  Sapunto‘s research paper (2009) of Sebelas Maret University of Surakarta

entitled The Struggle of Love of Edward Cullen to Save Her Love in Twilight Movie:

Individual Psychological Analysis . His study is qualitative method. He analyzed

about the struggle of Edward to keep his love survives. The struggle of Edward huge

a lot in his striving to protect his love Isabella, his huge love makes him not able to

change Isabella into a vampire and with a strong fictional finalism to keep her always

beside him.

  From the review of the studies above, it is seen that previous studies discussed on either the accuracy of translation or the pragmatic principles of promising utterances of the translation. On the contrary

  Sapunto‘s research paper

is very different, instead of discussing the the linguistics aspect on the novel, he

discussed the literature aspects namely the struggle of love in the protagonist

character Edward Cullen. I present a different topic that is the translation accuracy

  and readibility of domesticated and foreignized of the specific terms. Specific terms here mean terms related to measurements, clothes, terms of address, technological terms, colors, plants, foods and drinks, and everyday expression.

  8 B. Review on Related Theories

1. Theories on Translation

  Translation is variedly defined. One might say that translation is translating the source text into target text. Or even one can also say that translation is about transferring message from one culture to other culture. There are many kinds of translation theories that are applied on this study. Those theories can be seen in the following explanation.

  Eugene A. Nida, a famous American translator of the Bible, is well known for his works in semantic structure and translation theory. According to Nida (1974 : 12) translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. The crucial thing pointed out by Nida is the message, therefore translation must aim to reproduce the message. And to reproduce the message one must make grammatical and lexical adjustment.

  Shuttleworth and Cowie (1997) in Dictionary of Translation Studies stated that translation is an incredibly board notion which can be understood in many different ways. For example, one may talk of translation as a process or a product, and identify such sub-types as literary translation, technical translation, subtitling and machine translation; moreover, while more typically it just refers to the transfer of written texts, the term sometimes also includes interpreting. This definition conveys further information about sub-types of translation that is not only including written text but also technical translation that has been developed in recent decades such as audiovisual translation, movie subtitling etc.

  9

2. Foreignizing and Domesticating Strategy

  Discussing translator’s invisibility, we must also include translation foreignizing and domesticating. The theory on foreignizing translation and domesticating translation can help to convey the idea of translator’s invisibility. As stated by Schleimacher in Venuti (1995: 20),

  Translation can never be completely adequate to the foreign text, the translator allowed to choose between a domesticating method, an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bringing the author back home.

  It means that sometimes when translators translate source text into target text there might be some untranslatable cultural expression. Therefore the translators should do what is called domesticating or explaining the cultural terms in a long sentences or even change it into domestic terms. When the translators do domesticating then the translators might choose to be invisible to the reader as well.

  Different from domesticating, foreignizing is a translation strategy in which the translators will leave the cultural terms be untranslated. The aim of this strategy is merely to bring the readers abroad or to keep the sense of the literary style.

  A foreignizing method is an ethnodeviant pressure on those values to register the linguistic and cultural differences of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad (Schleimacher in Venuti 1995: 20).

  10

3. Theory of Translation Accuracy

  Historically, translation was introduced as fidelity (word-for-word translation) referring to how accurately a translation translates the meaning of the source text. (Munday, 2001:24). But the judgment is vague and subjective because it sets standards to translate the text. In process of translating, the original text should be written clearly and communicate the same message as the original text within the linguistic (i.e. context, rules of grammar, idioms). Translation should reach both clear and succinct in order to convey the message correctly in the target language. Thus the translator must have a sufficient knowledge of the field being translated to have a full understanding of the subject matter to produce both accurate and easy translation to read. Nida, in the theory and practice of translation, states that the new focus in translating should be in the form of response of receptor rather than in the form of message. Correctness makes certain that the reader in the target language understand it correctly. Hence, the translators often need to change their view of the languages to produce texts which achieve the equivalent response. There is a shift of attitudes with respect the receptors language:

  1. Each language has its own genius; it has different characteristics which give a special character. Some languages are rich in figurative language, but others are rich in modal particles. For example word-building capacities, unique patterns of phrase orders, techniques for linking clauses into sentences, etc. Rather than force the formal structure of one language, it would be better to reproduce the message in the different structural forms of the receptor language. (Nida, 1974:4)

  11

  2. To preserve the content of the message the form must be changed. All languages differ in forms, and then the forms must be altered to preserve the content. The changes depend on the linguistic and cultural distance between languages, for example, white as snow. The word snow is not familiar to people who do not know snow, so it is translated as egret feather , in another language. (Nida, 1974 :5)

  The following categories will help to elaborate the theory accuracy of translation. This below table that has been proposed by Nababan as cited in Setiajid’s study could be used to find out the accuracy of a translation. In these categories, one thing to note is that the meaning has been focus of the translation.

  Table 1. Accuracy Rating Instrument (Nababan, in Setiajid, 2007: 10) Scale Indicator

  1 The content of the Sl sentence is accurately conveyed in the TL sentence. The sentence as the result of translation is felt clear by assessor and there is no need of rewriting.

  2 The content of the Sl sentence is accurately conveyed in the TL sentence. The sentence as the result of translation is felt clear by assessor but there are needs of rewriting and word rearranging.

  3 The content of the SL sentence is not accurately conveyed in the TL sentence. There are some problems in choosing words and its relation with phrase, clause, and sentence elements.

  4 The SL sentence is not completely translated in the TL sentence, omitted in purpose.

  12

4. Theory of Translation Readability

  A transferred material text has to fulfill the clarity so that what is written can be easily comprehended by the readers. A translation product which is highly readable makes the readers feel that it is the original one, not a translation.

  Many theorists suggest how a translation can be regarded as a ‘good translation’. One of them is A. F. Lord Woodhouselee Tytler who is quoted by Roger T. Bell in Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice to write

  I would therefore describe a good translation to be, That in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. (Tytler in Bell, 1991: 11) Tytler suggests that a ‘good translation’ has to deliver the ST message completely and that the TT should gain the similar response of the TT reader as it does for the ST reader. In a simple word, the first requirement refers to the accuracy or equivalence of the TT and the second requirement refers to the readability of the TT.

  Furthermore, he introduces three laws of translation as follows: i. That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. ii. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original iii. That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition. (Tytler in Bell, 1991: 11)

  13 These three translation laws strengthen the previous ideas that a ‘good translation’ should, first, deliver the message to the TT just as equivalent as the ST message; second, maintain the originality of the ST writing style; and third that the translation should deliver the original message in the acceptable form and easy expression for the target readers.

  In testing the readability, the study uses the ‘readability-rating instrument’ that is a modification of Nababan’s ‘accuracy-rating instrument’. The instrument is as follows.

  Table 2. Nababan’s Readability Rating Instrument (in Setiajid, 2007: 10, translated) Scale Indicator

  1 The TT term is easy to read. The whole terms of the translation products can be fully understood by the TL readers.

  2 The TT term is somewhateasy to read. However, there are some terms that cannot be fully understood by the TL readers.

  3 The TT term is hard to read. Most of the terms cannot be understood by the TL readers.

  4 The TT adverbial clause is completely hard to read. All terms cannot be understood or are not translated at all.

C. Theoretical Framework

  General principles of translating proposed by Nida provides a clear point about what principles a translator should follow in order to make a good translation. The theory of translating by Cowie gives obvious understanding on what difficulties will a translation face in the process of translating, notably culture influence and moral message implied in the text. Furthermore, Venuti

  14 notes that translators have two choices, they are domesticating and foreignizing.

  The theory of translation accuracy by Nababan cited in Setiajid (2007) is needed to help the study answer the first problem formulation. The study also presents the theory of readability and the readability-rating instrument by Nababan with modification in the purpose of answering the second problem formulation.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study The objects of this study are the novel Twilight by Stephenie Meyer and its Indonesian translation Twilight by Lily Devita Sari. This study aims to examine

  the accuracy and readibility of domesticated and foreignzed translation of specific terms from Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight as the source language (SL) text to Lily Devita Sari’s Indonesian translation as the target language (TL) text.

  Twilight , which tells about the relationship between a human being and a

  vampire, can be classified under the genre of romance, with the target audience comprised mostly of young-adult readers. It became an instant bestseller when published originally in hardcover in 2005, debuting at number 5 on the New York

Times Best Seller list within a month of its release and later peaking at number 1.

  In the same year, Twilight was named one of Publishers Weekly's Best Children's Books of 2005. The novel was also the biggest selling book of 2008 and has sold 17 million copies worldwide, spent over 91 weeks on the New York Times Best Seller list, and been translated into 37 different languages. In October 2008,

  

Twilight was ranked #26 in USA Today's list of "Bestselling Books of Last 15

Years”. Later, the book went on to become the best-selling book of 2008.

  Twilight was adapted into a film by Summit Entertainment in 2008. The

  film was directed by Catherine Hardwicke and starred Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson. The film version of Twilight won the 2009 MTV Movie Award for the

  16 categories of Best Movie Best Female Performance, Breakthrough Performance Male, and Best Fight.

  Apart from the significant amount of positive responses achieved by

  

Twilight , this novel was also selected as the object of this study for several other

reasons.

  1. First, the novel was written in 2005. Therefore, the English version could be categorized as the current English, and the meaning of words and expressions are still relevant to the current English words and expressions.

  2. Secondly, as stated by the publisher, the novel is one of the best selling novels of Stephenie Meyer. It means that the novel presents a good quality text and is sufficiently interesting for people to read.

  3. Thirdly, the novel was translated into Indonesian in 2008. Therefore, the meaning of words and expressions in the Indonesian version are also up to date and still relevant to the Indonesian words and expressions used at the moment.

  4. Fourth, the SL version of Twilight contains a lot of foreignized terms, so it becomes a good material for this study, which discusses the topic of foreignization. With many instances of foreignization in the novel, I can have sufficient examples to analyze.

  5. Lastly, the period between the original English version’s publication (2005) and the Indonesian translation’s publication (2008) is only three years apart. Therefore, the languages used in the original novel and the

  17 translated version are still in the same era; there is no potential misunderstanding because of differences in era.

B. Method of the Study

  This study employs the combination of two methods, namely library research and empirical research. Library research is a method of collecting data in the form of books, articles, study reports and academic papers which are relevant to the topic or the object of this study. In this study, the method of library research is conducted to collect relevant literary translation theories, particularly the theories of domestication and foreignization. As part of the library research, I do not only read both the SL and TL versions of the novel Twilight, but also a number of related studies and theories. The knowledge gained from this process forms a strong foundation to construct the questionnaires as the research instrument for further survey and to support the results of the study.

  Meanwhile, empirical research is a method that prioritizes collecting primary data rather than relying on published materials. It normally involves face- to-face interview or direct observation by distributing questionnaires (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/field-research.html). In this study, the method of field research is employed to find out the accuracy of the translation of specific terms in Meyer’s Twilight. The field research, which was conducted after the library research, aimed to discover the qualified readers’ response regarding the accuracy and readibility of the Indonesian translation of Twilight through the use of questionnaires as the instruments.

  18 C. Research Procedure

1. Kinds of Data

  a. Objective

  Since this research is a qualitative one, the data that emerged are descriptive, that is, the data are reported in words (Creswell, 1994:162). In this paper I use objective data, the source text is Meyer’s Twilight and the target text is the Indonesian version. The analysis unit in this paper is the accuracy of translation domesticated and foreignized specific terms. Therefore the data which are collected in this paper are the foreign or cultural terms and their translation.

  Twilight was written by Stephenie Meyer and published by Little, Brown

  th

  and Company in October 5 2005. It consists of 544 pages. Twilight tells the story of Bella Swan and the vampire she falls in love with, Edward Cullen. Bella moves to the small and rainy town of Forks, Washington, to live with her father after her mother remarries.

  Twilight was translated into Bahasa Indonesia by Lily Devita Sari and

  edited by Rossi Simamora. The translation was entitled Twilight and published by PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. This Indonesian version consist of 750 pages.

  b. Affective

  As the foundation for this study is based on observation of the translation accuracy and readibility of specific terms, it qualifies for a qualitative approach.

  For this reason then a survey research to collect the affective data from the respondents is conducted.