The accuracy, acceptability, and translation strategies of Indonesian metaphors translation in Twilight.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

THE ACCURACY, ACCEPTABILITY, AND TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES OF INDONESIAN METAPHORS
TRANSLATION IN TWILIGHT
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters

By
YOANA GITA PRADNYA LENGARI
Student Number: 084214014

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

THE ACCURACY, ACCEPTABILITY, AND TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES OF INDONESIAN METAPHORS
TRANSLATION IN TWILIGHT
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters

By
YOANA GITA PRADNYA LENGARI
Student Number: 084214014

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswi Universitas Sanata Dharma :
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa

: YOANA GITA PRADNYA LENGARI
: 084214014

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya berjudul :
T HE
ACCURACY,
ACCEPTABILITY,
AND
TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES OF INDONESIAN METAPHORS TRANSLATION IN
TWILIGHT
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya di internet atau media lain
untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun
memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai
penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal : 5 November 2012
Yang menyatakan

Yoana Gita Pradnya Lengari

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated,
are the ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands
the full consequences including degree cancellation if she took somebody else’s
ideas, phrases, or sentences without proper references.

Yogyakarta, November 5, 2012

Yoana Gita Pradnya Lengari

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I’m starting with the man in the mirror. I’m
asking him to change his ways, and no
message could have been any clearer. If
you wanna make the world a better place,
take a look at yourself, and then make a
change.
(Man in the Mirror – Michael Jackson)

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For Papa
The man who makes everything possible

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, I would like to thank God, especially Jesus Christ. This thesis
would never be done without His blessing. I know that He always bless me and
always listen my prayers although I often forget Him. I know I will never walk
alone. I also would to thank to my father Drs. Fransiskus H. Lengari for trusting,
understanding, and caring of me.
I am very grateful to my advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip M.Pd., M.A., for his
patience and his willingness in helping me doing my undergraduate thesis.
Without his help, I would not be able to finish this thesis. I am grateful to my coadvisor J. Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M. Hum. for his criticism and opinion. I
can improve my knowledge, especially in translation studies.
I also would like to say many thanks to my beloved friends: Momon,
Pucat, Rani, Acen, Lando, Putri, Rinrin, Gisa, Yoga, Evi, Saverin, Diana, Deni,
Topan for our four years of great time together. My thanks to Mbak Pipi, Bryan,
and all Beauty and the Beast crew for giving me a lot of experiences and fun in
my last year in Jogja. I also would like to thank Nanda and Pritha for their great
support to me. I would also want to express my gratitude to all my lecturers in
English Letters Department, especially Miss Dewi for her willingness in helping
me with my confused mind, and also all of the lecturers who taught me so many
things these years.

Yoana Gita Pradnya Lengari

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………
APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………..
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ………………………………………………
MOTTO PAGE ……………………………………………………….
DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………..
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………….
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………….
LIST OF TABLES, CHARTS, AND ABBREVIATIONS ………...
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………..
ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………….

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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ………………………………….
A. Background of the Study ………………………………………
B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………….
C. Objectives of the Study ……………………………………….
D. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………

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4

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CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW……………………......
A. Review of Related Studies …………………………………….
B. Review of Related Theories ……………………………………
C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………

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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY …………………………………
A. Object of the Study ……………………………………………..
B. Method of the Study ……………………………………………
C. Research Procedure ……………………………………………..
1. Kinds of Data ………………………………………………
a. Objective Data …………………………………………
b. Affective Data …………………………………………
2. Data Collection ……………………………………………..

3. Population and Sample ……………………………………..
4. Data Triangulation ………………………………………….
5. Data Analysis ……………………………………………….
6. Research Framework ………………………………………..

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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS …………………………………………..
A. The Accuracy of Metaphor Translation …………..…………….

1. Metaphor/Simile to Metaphor/Simile with the Same
Image ………………………………………………...…….
2. Metaphor to Simile …………………………………………
3. Source Language Metaphors to Metaphor in the
Receptor Language ………………………..……………..…
4. Metaphor and the Explanation of the Meaning …………….

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5. Metaphor to Non-Figurative Language …………………….
B. The Acceptability of Metaphor Translation ……..………………
1. Metaphor/Simile to Metaphor/Simile with the Same
Image ……………………………………………………….
2. Metaphor to Simile …………………………………………
3. Source Language Metaphors to Metaphor in the
Receptor Language ………………….…………………….
4. Metaphor and the Explanation of the Meaning …………...
5. Metaphor to Non-Figurative Language ……………………
C. The Strategies to Translate Metaphors ….………………………
1. Translation Strategies ………………………………………
2. The Application of Translation Strategies Related to the
Accuracy and Acceptability in Translating Metaphors……..
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………….
Conclusion ……………………………………………………...
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………..

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APPENDICES ………………………………………………………….
Appendix 1……………………………………………………………...
Appendix 2 ….……………………………………………………........
Appendix 3 ……………………………………………………………..
Appendix 4 ……………………………………………………………..

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List of Tables and Charts
Table 1.1.

Table of Accuracy Indicator ……..…………………………….

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Table 1.2.

Accuracy’s Score Category ……………………………………

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Table 2.1.

Table of Acceptability Indicator ………...…………………….

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Table 2.2.

Acceptability’s Score Category ……..………………………….

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Table 3.1.

Example of Data …………………………………………..…….

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Table 3.2.

Example of Accuracy Assessment …………………………….

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Table 3.3.

Example of Acceptability Assessment …………………………

32

Table 4.1.

The Summary of the Strategies Used in Translating
Metaphors ……………………………………………………….

Table 4.2

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Translation Strategies Related to Accuracy and
Acceptability …………………………………………………….

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Chart 1.1.

Assessment on Accuracy of the Metaphors in Twilight …………

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Chart 1.2.

Percentage of Accurate Metaphor Translations in Twilight …….. 50

Chart 2.1

Assessment on Acceptability of the Metaphors in Twilight ……... 63

Chart 2.2

Percentage of Acceptable Metaphor Translation in Twilight ……. 64

Chart 3.1.

Percentage of Translation Strategies …………………………….. 76

List of Abbreviations
X’

: Total Average

R 2.1 : Respondent Acceptability 1

ST

: Source Text

AV

: Average

TT

: Target Text

CAT

: Category

A

: Accurate

SI

: Metaphor with the Same Image

QA

: Quite Accurate

SM

: Metaphor to Simile

Ac

: Acceptable

RL

: ST Metaphor to TT Metaphor

QAc

: Quite Acceptable

EXP

: Metaphor with Explanation of Meaning

RES

: Researcher

NF

: Metaphor to Non-Figurative Language

R 1.1 : Respondent Accuracy 1

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ABSTRACT
YOANA GITA PRADNYA LENGARI. The Accuracy, Acceptability, and
Translation Strategies of Indonesian Metaphors Translation in Twilight.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma
University, 2012.
This undergraduate thesis discuss the accuracy, the acceptability, and the
translation strategies that are used by the translator in Twilight (2005) novel which
is translated by Lily Devita Sari. There are many metaphors that are found in the
novel. The metaphors in the ST may be difficult to be translated into Indonesian
because of some cultural concepts that are different between the ST and the TT,
and it is interesting to be analyzed.
There are three questions that are analyzed in this study. First is the
accuracy of metaphor translation in the novel, second is the acceptability of
metaphor translation in the novel, and the third is the application of the translation
strategies related to the accuracy and the acceptability of metaphor translation in
the novel.
The method used in this study is the library and field research. The field
research was used to find out the accuracy and the acceptability of metaphor
translations in Twilight (2005). The indicator that is used in the questionnaire is
Nababan’s accuracy and acceptability category. The library research was used to
obtain more information about theories and other concepts to support this study.
The first result of the analysis is the average score in the accuracy
questionnaire for the translated novel Twilight (2005) is 1.9 out of 4, which
according to Nababan’s accuracy category, means quite accurate. The score based
on the acceptability assessment is 1.7 out of 4 which means quite acceptable. The
last analysis found that, there are five strategies used by the translator to translate
metaphor. They are (1) Metaphor/simile to metaphor/simile with the same image,
(2) Metaphor to simile, (3) SL metaphor to metaphor in the receptor language, (4)
Metaphor with explanation of the meaning, and (5) Metaphor to non-figurative
language. There are 264 metaphors found in the ST and TT, and 150 metaphors
are translated using the first strategy. The accuracy rate for the translation which
used the pattern is 13.3% and the acceptability rate is 33.3%. The researcher
concludes that the use of appropriate strategy affects the accuracy and the
acceptability of the translation. The correct use of the diction also has a sharp
influence to the accuracy and acceptability of a translation.

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ABSTRAK
YOANA GITA PRADNYA LENGARI. The Accuracy, Acceptability, and
Translation Strategies of Indonesian Metaphors Translation in Twilight.
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma,
2012.
Skripsi ini membahas keakuratan, keberterimaan, dan strategi
penerjemahan yang digunakan dalam novel Twilight (2005) diterjemahkan oleh
Lily Devita Sari. Banyak metafora yang ditemukan dalam novel. Metafora dalam
Teks Sumber terkadang sulit diterjemahkan dikarenakan perbedaan konsep
kebudayaan dalam Teks Sumber dan Teks Target, dan hal itu sangat menarik
untuk dianalisis.
Studi ini membahas metafora yang ditemukan dalam novel Twilight
beserta versi terjemahannya. Ada tiga masalah yang akan dianalisis dalam studi
ini. Pertama adalah keakuratan terjemahan metafora, kedua adalah keberteimaan
terjemahan metafora, dan yang ketiga adalah penerapan strategi penerjemahan
sehubungan dengan keakuratan dan keberterimaan terjemahan metafora.
Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah studi pustaka dan studi
lapangan. Studi lapangan digunakan untuk menilai keakuratan dan keberterimaan
terjemahan metafora di novel Twilight. Indikator yang digunakan dalam kuesioner
adalah indikator keakuratan dan keberterimaan milik Nababan. Studi pustaka
dibutuhkan untuk mendapatkan informasi lebih lanjut tentang teori dan konsep
yang dapat mendukung skripsi ini.
Hasil pertama dari analisis adalah skor rata-rata kuesioner keakuratan
untuk terjemahan novel Twilight adalah 1.9 dari total skor 4, yang dikategorikan
sebagai kurang akurat. Skor dari penilaian keberterimaan adalah 1.7 yang
dikategorikan sebagai kurang berterima. Analisis terakhir menemukan bahwa,
menurut Larson, ada lima strategi dalam menerjemahkan metafora yaitu (1)
Metafora/simile manjadi metafora/simile dalam imej yang sama, (2) Metafora
menjadi simile, (3) Metafora bahasa sumber menjadi metafora dalam bahasa
target, (4) Metafora dengan penjelasan dari arti metafora tersebut, dan (5)
Metafora menjadi kalimat non-figuratif. Ada 264 metafora yang ditemukan dalam
Teks Sumber dan Teks Target, 150 metafora diterjemahkan menggunakan strategi
yang pertama. Tingkat keakuratan dari terjemahan yang menggunakan strategi ini
adalah 13.3% dan tingkat keberterimaan 33.3%. Peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa
penggunaan strategi yang tepat serta pemilihan kata/ diksi yang tepat dapat
mempengaruhi keakuratan dan keberterimaan dari sebuah terjemahan.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
It is interesting that from the translated books, people can easily learn
about the differences of cultures, politics, habits, and even the unusual different
culture that comes from other countries. We can also find many figurative
language expressions in a book. An author usually uses figurative language in
his/her book to express or emphasize something in their work of art.
Metaphor is one type of figurative languages. Metaphor can easily be
found in different forms of linguistic communication. We can find it in the
magazines, newspapers, articles, daily conversations, and in the novels.
Metaphor is one of the elements that can show the beauty and aesthetic side of
a book. In case of translating metaphors in a novel, if the translator of a book
does not translate the metaphor correctly and accurately it can be a problem for
the readers of a Target Language (TL) book. The bad translation will make the
readers unable to catch the message that an author wanted to say through a
metaphor.
There are some problems that a translator has to face when translating
metaphors in a novel for example, the difficulty in finding the meaning of
metaphors in the Source Language (SL). The differences of the culture of the
Source Text (ST) and the Target Text (TT) can also be a problem, so the
translator must give careful consideration whenever a metaphor is found in the
ST.
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According to Larson, metaphors and similes are common figures of
speech found in many languages. Metaphors and similes are grammatical
forms which represent two propositions in the semantic structure (1984: 246).
In dealing with the accuracy and the acceptability in the TL, a translator should
be very careful in choosing the most appropriate words in order to make the
readers understand the translation in the TL. When the text is related to the
figurative language, it can be difficult for the readers to get the meaning of a
term in a work of art because of the differences of the culture and the meaning
of figurative language in that particular country. In translating a work of art,
the translators have to consider the translation strategies in translating
metaphors to make their translation accurate and acceptable for the reader of
Target Language book.
The writer analyzes the accuracy, the acceptability and the translation
strategies that are used in translating the metaphors and similes that are found
in Twilight novel. Since translating metaphors in a work of art is not an easy
thing to do, it is interesting to analyze the translation of metaphors in a novel to
know the ability of the translator in translating metaphors and the
understanding of the metaphors translation for the TT readers. Due to that
problem, this thesis will analyze the metaphors that are found in Stephenie
Meyer’s Twilight translated by Lily Devita Sari. The example of the metaphor
taken from Twilight is “When he touched me, it stung my hand as if an electric
current had passed through us.” (2005:45) translated into Indonesian “Ketika
ia menyentuhku, jarinya menyengatku bagai aliran listrik.” (2008:57).

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In this paper, the accuracy and the acceptability in translating
metaphor becomes the main focus. It is because those aspects are important
considering the fact that translating metaphors to TL needs creativity, strategy,
and special attention from the translator.
The researcher chooses Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight because this novel
has so many metaphors that are very interesting to analyze. The metaphors in
this novel may be difficult to be translated into Indonesian because of the
cultural concepts that can only be accepted by Western society. This problem
should be considered by the translator in order to make the readers of Target
Language, in this case Indonesian readers, do not get confused by the terms
even though the terms are translated into Indonesian.
The reasons why the researcher chooses Twilight novel are because
Twilight is a famous novel that have an interesting story and there are many
metaphors that can be found in the novel. Due to the facts above, the researcher
wants to analyze the metaphors found in Twilight in both English and
Indonesian. The researcher wants to find the translation strategies of the
translator to translate metaphors in the novel. The researcher also analyzes how
the translation strategies of the translator affect the accuracy and the
acceptability of the metaphor in Twilight novel.

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B. Problem Formulation
The problems of this analysis from the background of the study are
stated as follows.
1. How accurate are the metaphors found in Twilight translated in its
Indonesian?
2. How acceptable are the translations of metaphors found in Twilight
translation for Indonesian readers?
3. What strategies are applied in translating the metaphors in order to be
accurate and acceptable?

C. Objectives of the Study
The first objective is to find out the translation accuracy of the
metaphors in Twilight. The second objective is to find out the translation
acceptability of metaphor for Indonesian readers. The third objective is to find
out the translation strategies that are used to translate the metaphors related to
the accuracy and the acceptability of the text.

D. Definitions of Terms
Figurative Language
According to Perrine, figurative language is a language using figure of
speech or language that cannot be taken literally, broadly defined a figure of
speech is any way of saying something other than the ordinary way (1974:
610).

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Metaphors
According to Ungerer and Schmid, metaphor has been based on the
notion ‘similarity’ or ‘comparison’ between the literal and figurative meaning
of an expression (1996: 115).

Accuracy
Jeremy Munday in his book, Introducing Translation Strategies
defines accuracy as
Accuracy: the correct transfer of information and evidence of
complete comprehension, the appropriate choice of vocabulary, idiom,
terminology, and register; cohesion, coherence, and organization;
accuracy in technical aspect of punctuation, etc. (2001:30)
So, it can be said that accuracy is the correctness of the transfer of
information from SL to TL.
Acceptability
According to Bell in his book Translation and Translating: Theory
and Practice, even if a text is cohesive and coherent, it must be intended to be
a text and accepted as such in order to be utilized in communicative interaction.
That is the producer of the text must intend it to contribute towards some goal
(giving/ demanding information/ goods-and-services) and the receiver of it
must accept that it is, indeed, fulfilling some such purpose (1991: 167).

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Translation Strategies
Suryawinata and Haryanto in their book Translation: Bahasan Teori
dan Penuntun Praktis Menerjemahkan defines translation strategies as the
translator’s tactics to translate a word or group or words, or a complete
sentence if the sentence could not be divided into smaller units (2003:67).

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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies
The problems of translating a work of art are usually related to the
differences of culture of the readers. In translating metaphors, the translator should
consider the cultural background of the TL readers. Since this thesis deals with the
translation of metaphors in a novel, there are two related studies that are connected
with those problems.
The first one is a post-graduate thesis written by Albertus Suwardi (2005)
entitled An Analysis of the Translation of the Metaphor in Danielle Steel’s The
Wedding into Indonesian in Ade Dina Sigarlaki’s Pernikahan. In his thesis,
Suwardi analyzed the translation of metaphor in Danielle Steel’s The Wedding into
Indonesian Pernikahan by Ade Dina Sigarlaki. His first objectives were to find out
the ST metaphors, similes, or non-figures of speech. The second objective was to
know whether the metaphor translations are equivalent or not to the ST metaphors.
The last objective was to find out what factors make the translator achieve or not
achieve the equivalence in translating ST metaphors into Indonesian. This study
was a non-hypothetical descriptive qualitative research. The conclusion has been
drawn not from a certain statistical analysis. This study is descriptive as it has been
aimed at describing the Indonesian translation in Ade Sigarlaki’s Pernikahan of
the metaphors in Danielle Steel’s The Wedding.
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There are some differences between Suwardi’s thesis and this one. In his
thesis, Suwardi analyzed whether the translation are equivalent or not to the ST
and to find out what factors make the translator achieve or not achieve the
equivalence in translating ST metaphor into Indonesian. Whereas, in this thesis the
researcher wants to analyze the acceptability of the metaphors in Stephenie
Meyer’s Twilight (translated by Lily Devita Sari) and how the translation
strategies affected the acceptability of metaphors translation in Twilight.
The second one is an undergraduate thesis written by Cylas Desidarius
Rianantang (2010) entitled Classification of Translation Strategies of Pure Idioms
in the Translation of Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca into House of Glass by Max Lane.
Rianantang in his thesis analyzed Classification of Translation Strategies of Pure
Idioms in the Translation of Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca into House of Glass by
Max Lane. His objectives were to find out the strategies which were applied in
translating pure idioms in House of Glass and to find how the translation strategies
are classified in terms of figurative and nonfigurative equivalents. In his research,
Rianantang used comparative method which was comparing the data from one
language to another language. This method was used to probe how the pure idioms
in ST were translated and to classify the translation strategies.
There is a difference between Rianantang’s thesis and this one. One of his
objectives was to find out how the translation strategies are classified in terms of
figurative and nonfigurative equivalents. In this thesis, the researcher’s objectives

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were to find out the acceptability of the translation of Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight
from English to Bahasa Indonesia.

B. Review of Related Theories
To answer the problem formulation, the researcher uses some theories.
The theories can be seen in the following part.
1.

Theory of Translation
Larson in Meaning –Based Translation states that basically translation is

a change of form. The forms refer to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences,
paragraphs, etc; which are spoken or written. In translation the form of source
language is replaced by the form of the receptor (target) language (1984: 3).
According to her, translation is the matter of transferring the meaning of the source
language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the
first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure
(1984: 3). Therefore, the meaning which is being transferred must be held
constant, and only the form which changes (1984: 3).
Based on the two definitions of translation above, translation is the
changing or a transfer from one language to another language. Almost similar to
the definitions above about translation, Bell in his book Translation and
Translating: Theory and Practice defines translation as an expression in another
language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another language or
source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences. Furthermore, he

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explains that translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one
language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language (1991: 5).
Bassnett in her book stated that translation involves the transfer of
‘meaning’ contained in one set of language signs into another set of language signs
through competent use of the dictionary and grammar. The process of translation
involves a whole set of extra-linguistic criteria also (1991: 13).
According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation,
translation is the reproduction in a receptor language of the closest natural
equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second
in terms of style (1974: 208). Whereas Mundy in, Introducing Translation Studies,
gives specific meaning of translation in a written text. He explains that the process
of translation between two different written languages involves the translator
changing an original written text (the source text or ST) in the original verbal
language (the source language or SL) into written text (the target text or TT) in a
different verbal language (the target language or TL) (2008: 5).
From all of the explanations above, the researcher concludes the
definition of translation as a changing or a transfer of meaning from one language
or the source text (ST) to other language or the target text (TT). The form of
translation can be words, phrases, clauses, sentence, paragraphs, etc; which are
spoken or written. In a translation work, the translator must consider the closest
natural equivalent of the source language message, in terms of meaning and style.

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2.

Theory of Figurative Expressions
According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation,

figurative expression is an expression which is used in place of another meaning or
expression which is not its synonym but with which it has an association of ideas
often mediated through a supplementary component (1974: 201).
Some types of figure of speech are metonymy, synecdoche, idioms,
euphemism, hyperbole, and symbol. Metonymy is the use of words in a figurative
sense involving association. For example, ”The kettle is boiling.”, however a kettle
cannot boil. That sentence means the water is boiling, kettle is used to associate
water which is usually boiled in a kettle.
Synecdoche is figurative sense which based on part-whole relationships.
For example, “give us this day our daily bread.”, bread associates food, because
bread is a part of food (1984: 113).
Idiom is one class of figurative expressions which occurs in all language,
but which is very language specific. For example, “He has a hard heart.” has the
meaning; he is indifferent to the needs of others.
Euphemism is a figurative expression which is used to avoid an offensive
expression or one that is socially unacceptable, or one that is unpleasant. For
example, The Jews avoided mentioning the name of God by using the word
heaven.

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Hyperbole is a metonymy or synecdoche with more said than the
researcher intended the reader to understand. For example, I’m frozen to death,
this hyperbole has the meaning; very cold (1984:117).

3.

Theory of Metaphor
According to Lakoff in his book, Metaphors We Live By, Metaphor for

some people is a device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish. It is
an extraordinary rather than ordinary language (1980: 3). People think that they
can live without metaphor. In the other hand, we can find metaphor in everyday
life, not only in language, but also in our action and thought (1980: 3).
According to Mooij (1976: 1), we can find metaphor in many different
kinds of linguistic communication:
Metaphors had given rise to diverse and for the greater part still unsolved
problems. This is not because they are rare. They are widespread and
occur in quite different forms of linguistic communication. They are easy
to trace in daily conversation, advertising, newspaper-articles, sermons,
scientific disquisitions, philosophical writings, as well as in novels and
poetry.
According to Larson in Meaning-Based Translation, Metaphors and
similes are common figure of speech found in many languages. These figures of
speech are comparisons. Metaphors and similes are grammatical forms which
represent two proposition in the semantic structure. In English, a simile always has
the word like or as. Whereas metaphors do not have the word like or as, but they
are also comparisons that can often be rewritten as similes. For example, ‘he ran

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13

like the wind.’ and ‘that child is a greedy little pig.’ In addition, we can change it
into simile ‘that child is like a greedy little pig’ (1984: 246).
When a metaphor or simile occurs in the text, it can be very helpful to the
translator to analyze it and find the two propositions which are the semantic
structure behind the figure of speech. The relationship between the two
propositions is one of comparison. (1984:247). Goatly in his book The Language
of Metaphors define that metaphor is unconventional act of reference or
colligation is understood on the basis.
There are two kinds of metaphors according to Larson, they are “dead”
metaphors and “live” metaphors. “Dead” metaphors are those which are a part of
the idiomatic constructions of the lexicon of the language. “Live” metaphors, on
the other hand, are those which are constructed on the spot by the author or
speaker to teach or illustrate (1984:429). The example of “dead” metaphor is “the
leg of the mountain”. “The leg of the mountain” is an idiom. “Dead” metaphor is
also an idiom. The example of “live” metaphor is “He wasn’t afraid any more of
slipping into whirlpool of debt”.
4.

Theory of Translation Strategies of Translating Metaphors
Not all metaphors are easily understood, especially metaphors which are

found in the different language. If they are translated literally, word-for-word, into
a TL, they will often be misunderstood. So, a translator must be careful in
translating a metaphor from ST into TT.

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Larson, states that metaphors are grammatical forms which represent two
propositions in the semantic structure. A proposition consists of a topic and the
comment about the topic. For example, Susan is beautiful consists of the topic
Susan and the comment is beautiful. John ate the apple consists of the topic John
and the comment ate the apple. When a metaphor occurs in the text, it can be very
helpful for the translator to analyze it and find the two propositions which are the
semantic structure behind the figure of speech. The relationship between the two
propositions is one of comparison. The comparison comes in the comment part of
the propositions. The comment is identical to the topic, or there is a point of
similarity between them (1998: 271-274).
Larson in his book Meaning-Based Translation suggests five ways to
translate a metaphor. They are as follows.
a.

The metaphor or simile may be kept if the receptor language permits (that is,
if it sounds natural and is understood correctly by the readers).
Sometimes it is possible to keep the metaphorical imagery from the SL in the
TL. For example, You are the light of my life translated into Indonesian Kau
adalah cahaya hidupku.

b.

A metaphor may be translated as a simile by adding the words like or as.
The translator may also translate a metaphor into a simile by adding the word
as or like to make the translation clearer. For example, the tongue is a fire will
be more natural if it translated into Lidah itu bagaikan api.

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c.

A metaphor of the receptor language which has the same meaning may be
substituted.
A metaphor in the ST may be substitute with a different metaphor which
carries the same meaning as the metaphor in the ST. The example of
translating metaphor in the receptor language can be seen in the sentence She
is the apple of his eyes translated into Indonesian Dia adalah anak emas
bapaknya. The metaphor apple of the eyes translated into anak emas to make
the readers of TT understand the meaning of the metaphor correctly.

d.

The metaphor may be kept and the meaning explained (this is, the topic and/or
point of similarity may be added).
Sometimes the translator can keep the metaphor in the ST, but it will be
necessary to include the meaning so as not to lose the intended force of the
metaphor. For example, the tongue is a fire translated into Lidah adalah api,
api menghancurkan segalanya; dan apa yang kita ucapkan

bisa

menghancurkan orang lain.
e.

The meaning of the metaphor may be translated without keeping the
metaphorical imagery (1984: 254).
The translator can simply ignore the image in the ST. That is, he can simply
translate the meaning directly without using a metaphor. For example, the
metaphor John is a pig might simply translated into John sangat rakus.

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5.

Theory of Equivalence
According to Basil H. amd Jeremy Munday in Translation: An Advanced

Resource Book, equivalent is a TT segment or even full text which functions as an
equivalent of the ST segment, the function in context means the use of language
for particular purpose (2004: 339).
According to Bell in his book Translation and Translating: Theory and
Practice, texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees. It can
be fully or partial equivalent. In respect of different levels of presentation, it can be
equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexis, etc. Equivalent
can also be seen at different ranks like in word-for-word, phrase-to-phrase,
sentence-for-sentence (1991: 6).
The term of equivalence means sameness in meaning. Equivalence, by
dictionary definition, means alike in meaning, equal in value (Webster’s New
Practical Dictionary, 1974: 223).
Larson in his book Meaning-Based Translation states that secondary and
figurative senses will almost never be translated with the equivalent lexical item of
the source language. In finding an adequate lexical equivalent, the translator must
build into the context sufficient collocates to indicate the desired meaning.
Translators who want to make a good idiomatic translation often find
figures of speech especially challenging. … Figures of speech are often
based on stories or historical incidents (Larson, 1884: 21).
Figurative senses and figures of speech will almost always need
adjustment in translation. Sometimes a non-figurative equivalent will be needed in

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17

the TL; sometimes a different figure of speech with the same meaning may be
found. All figurative usage should not be eliminated from the translation.
Sometimes it will be possible to translate a non-figurative word of the ST with a
figurative equivalent (Larson, 1984: 159).
a.

Figurative Equivalent
Figurative equivalents are terms which are used as the translations in

order to find the meaning of ST. The translation will be defined as figurative
equivalent if the translator uses figurative expressions to show the desired meaning
of figurative sense in ST.
b. Non-figurative Equivalent
The translation will be defined as non-figurative equivalent if the
translator uses non-figurative expressions to show the desired meaning of
figurative sense in ST. It means that the usages translations are not categorized as
figurative expressions.

6.

Theory of Accuracy
According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation,

translation is the reproduction in a receptor language of the closest natural
equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second
in terms of style (1974: 208). It means, the meaning of the TT should be the
equivalent with the ST so there will not be any different understanding of the

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content in the TT. It can be conclude that the principle of translation’s accuracy is
the similarity of meaning in the TT and the ST.
According to Nababan, there is a score and indicator of translation
accuracy assessment (2004:54-65). Here is the table of the Nababan’s accuracy
indicator with modification:
Table 1.1. Table of Accuracy Indicator
Score
Accuracy Indicator
1
The content of the ST is conveyed accurately to the TT. The
sentences can be understood clearly. Rewriting is not needed.
2
The content of the ST is conveyed accurately to the TT. The
sentences can be understood clearly, but a little restructuring and
rewriting are needed.
3
The content of the ST is not conveyed to the TT. Some problems
related with diction and meaning of a metaphor in the TT. Some
restructuring and rewriting are needed.
4
Some ST sentences are not translated into TT. Deliberately omitted.

Table 1.2. Accuracy’s Score Category
Score
1 – 1.5
1.6 – 2.5
2.6 – 3.5
3.6 – 4

Accuracy
Category
Accurate
Quite accurate
Inaccurate
Not translated

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7.

Theory of Acceptability
According to Bell in his book Translation and Translating: Theory and

Practice, even if a text is cohesive and coherent, it must be intended to be a text
and accepted as such in order to be utilized in communicative interaction. That is
the producer of the text must intend it to contribute towards some goal (giving/
demanding information/ goods-and-services) and the receiver of it must accept
that it is, indeed, fulfilling some such purposes (1991: 167).
According to Nababan, there is a score and indicator of translation
acceptability assessment. Here is the table of the Nababan’s acceptability
indicator.
Table 2.1. Table of Acceptability Indicator
Score
Acceptability Indicator
1
The content of the ST is conveyed acceptably to the TT. The
sentences can be understood clearly. Rewriting is not needed.
2
The content of the ST is conveyed acceptably to the TT. The
sentences can be understood clearly, but a little restructuring and
rewriting are needed.
3
The content of the ST is not conveyed to the TT. Some problems
related with diction and meaning of a metaphor in the TT. Some
restructuring and rewriting are needed.
4
Some ST sentences are not translated into TT. Deliberately omitted.
Table 2.2. Acceptability’s Score Category
Score
1 – 1.5
1.6 – 2.5
2.6 – 3.5
3.6 – 4

Acceptability
Category
Acceptable
Quite acceptable
Inacceptable
Not translated

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C. Theoretical Framework
The first objective of the thesis are to analyze the accuracy of the
translation of Twilight by Stephenie Meyer translated by Lily Devita Sari. The
second objective is to analyze the acceptability of metaphor translation in Twilight
novel. The third objective is to analyze how the translation strategies affected the
accuracy and acceptability of the translations.
To answer the first question, the researcher uses the theory of translation,
theory of figurative language, and theory of accuracy to measure the accuracy of
the metaphor translations. To answer the second question, the researcher uses
theory of figurative language and theory of acceptability to measure the
acceptability of Target Text translation of Twilight. To answer the third question,
the researcher uses theory of metaphor and theory of translations strategies of
translating metaphors to know the translation strategies that are used to translate
the metaphors in Twilight.
The review of the related studies provides the source to the researcher
about the researches that have been done before, which is related to the topic that
the researcher uses in this study. The reviews of the related studies also use to
avoid plagiarism to the thesis that the researcher makes.

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The main object in this thesis are the metaphors and similes in the novel
Twilight as the source text and the Indonesian translation novel of Twilight novel
as the target text. The metaphors and similes that are found in the novel are 264
metaphors and similes.
Twilight was written by Stephenie Meyer. It is first published in 2008 by
Little, Brown and Company. This novel consisted of 25 chapters and 498 pages.
The Indonesian edition of Twilight novel was translated by Lily Devita
Sari. It was first published in Indonesia in 2011 by Gramedia Pustaka Utama. The
novel contained of 25 chapters and 520 pages.
This thesis is about the accuracy, acceptability, and the translation
strategies in translating metaphors and similes in the novel. This thesis measures
how accurate and acceptable the translation of metaphors and similes translation
from English novel as the ST to the Indonesian novel as the TT are. There are two
sources analyzed in this thesis. First is the English version of Twilight by
Stephenie Meyer. This novel is first published in 2008 in New York. It is a novel
for teenage readers. The story is about Bella Swan, a teenage girl who falls in love
with a vampire named Edward Cullen. The story takes place in Forks,
21

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22

Washington. The story starts when Bella moves to Forks to live with her father. In
her new school, she meets a very handsome boy named Edward Cullen and she
falls in love with him. Bella and Edward start dating, and one day, Bella finds out
that Edward is a vampire. It doesn’t change Bella’s love to him. At the end, after
they face many problems in their relationship, Edward makes a promise to Bella
that they will always be together forever.
This novel is a very popular teenage book and it reaches number one
bestseller in New York Times and USA Today bestseller. Twilight is a teenage love
story between a girl named Bella Swan with a vampire named Edward Cullen. The
story starts out in the perspective of seventeen-year-old Isabella Swan, "Bella"
who has a normal boring life, until she moves to Forks, Washington with her
father Charlie. When she met Edward Cullen, her life changed completely. He and
his brothers and sisters were so beautiful, and she could not help staring. At first,
she tries to avoid Edward, and acts as if he is annoying, but she is burning inside to
get to know him. She later finds out that Edward is a vampire. Even though
Edward tells her to stay away, she still tries to talk to him at school, and finds any
excuse she can to be near him. Their relationship strengthens, and she begins to
realize that her life is in danger because of her hanging out with the Cullens. One
day, they encounter a tracker named James. James is also a vampire, he is
obsessed with Bella, and decides to track her. The Cullens try to keep her safe, but
since Bella is so stubborn, she decides she will go after him herself. She finally
meets James in a ballet studio where he attacks her. The Cullens help Bella fight

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23

against James. In the end Edward and his family save her. The story ends with a
promise from Edward to Bella that they will always be together forever.
The second is Stephenie Meyer’s Indonesian version of Twilight which
was translated by Lily Devita Sari. It is published in 2011 by Gramedia Pustaka
Utama. The translation that will be used in this thesis is the translation of
metaphors and similes that are found from the first until the last chapter of the
novel.

B. Method of the Study
There were two kinds of methodology that the researcher used in this
research. First is library research, it was used because some parts of this analysis
used written texts as references such as novels, articles, dictionaries, journal,
theses, books, written texts, and online references. The library research helped the
researcher to support the data and collect the data as the references to analyze the
data.
The second research methodology was the field research. In the field
research, the researcher collected the data for the analysis. The researcher used
questionnaire method done by the respondents. The objects that would be analyzed
in this thesis are the accuracy and the acceptability of Twilight translation.

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24

C. Research Procedure
1.

Kinds of Data

a.

Objective Data
This thesis has two data as its objects. First is the novel Twilight as a

source text especially the metaphor in the novel. This text is an original novel in
English. This novel was written by Stephenie Meyer. It first published in 2008 by
Little, Brown, and Company. This novel consisted of 25 chapters and 489 pages.
The second object is the translation is the translated version of Twilight
in Indonesian. It was first published in Indonesia in 2011 by Gramedia Pustaka
Utama. The novel contained of 25 chapters and 520 pages. The researcher also
analyzes the metaphors in the Indonesian version of Twilight.
There are 264 metaphors found in Twilight novel both in English and
Indonesian version. The researcher separates the data into five strategies of
translating metaphor suggested by Larson (1948:254). From those five strategies,
the researcher takes every 10% of each strategy that is used by the translator as the
samples of the questionnaire. From the calculation, there are 29 metaphors to be
the samples for the accuracy and acceptability questionnaire.

b.

Affective Data
The affective data were be taken from the respondents through

questionnaire that consisted of ST and TT to check the accuracy and the
acceptability of Twilight. The respondents accessed the sample of ST and TT

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25

from the novel. The respondents are asked to answer the questionnaire. The
accuracy questionnaire consists of the samples of metaphors and similes from the
ST and TT. The respondents were expected to give their assessment based on the
score 1-4 according to the correctness of the translation. The respondents were
also expected to give comments, corrections, or suggestions if they had any. The
respondents of acceptability questionnaire also did the same activity as the
accuracy respondents, the difference was the respondents of acceptability were
only asses the TT of the metaphors a