The equivalence and the purpose of the Indonesian translation of taboo and swear words in south park bigger, longer

THE EQUIVALENCE AND THE PURPOSE OF THE

INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF TABOO AND SWEAR

WORDS IN SOUTH PARK BIGGER, LONGER & UNCUT (1999)

THE MOVIE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

KAMILUS WILLY WALTERGANDALF Student Number: 114214065

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2017

ii

THE EQUIVALENCE AND THE PURPOSE OF THE

INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF TABOO AND SWEAR

WORDS IN SOUTH PARK BIGGER, LONGER & UNCUT (1999)

THE MOVIE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

KAMILUS WILLY WALTERGANDALF Student Number: 114214065

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2017

vii

Still round the

corner there may

wait,

A new road or a

secret gate.

viii

FOR

MY LORD JESUS CHRIST,

MY LATE FATHER,

MY BELOVED PARENTS,

BROTHERS AND SISTER,

AND MY LOVELY ELVENSTAR

IN THE HOPE OF AN EVERLASTING HAPPINESS

IN THE

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank my holy shepherd Jesus Christ for His blessings during all the process of this undergraduate thesis writing and also during my difficult times, especially, whenever I feel too far from His door.

The second, I would like to thank my humble thesis advisor, Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, M.Hum., for his guidance, patience and advice during every process of this undergraduate thesis writing. I also would like to thank my co-advisor Scolastica Wedhowerti, M.Hum., for her helps and guidance during the final process of this undergraduate thesis. I would like to thank also to all my lectures in Faculty of Letters who are so humble in sharing their knowledge, experience, and moral lessons. I also would like to show my gratitude to my guide lecturer, F.X.Siswadi, M.A. for his guidance and support during my study in English Letters Department.

My special thanks are directed to my beloved parents, who never stop praying and supporting me in my study from my far away hometown in West Borneo. I would like to thank my brothers and my little sister who always give me their unstoppable supports.

I would like to thank my friends who accompany me during my study in English Letters Department, Sanata Dharma University, Tata, Panji, Rian, Gavin, Bobob, Anis, Piwi, Melki, Ceribo, Radityo, Siman and Yudha for their help, support, and laughter. I would like to thank everybody that I cannot mention one by one here.

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ... v

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... vi

MOTTO PAGE ... vii

DEDICATION PAGE ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

ABSTRACT ... xi

ABSTRAK ... xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 5

C. Objectives of the Study ... 5

D. Definition of Terms ... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. Review of Related Study ... 7

B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Translation ... 10

2. Process of Translation ... 10

3. Theory of Equivalence ... 12

4. Film Subtitle ... 13

5. Theory of Taboo and Swear Word ... 15

C. Theoretical Framework ... 18

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Area of Research ... 19

B. Object of the Study ... 19

C. Method of the Study ... 20

D. Research Procedure ... 20

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISSCUSSIONS A. The Equivalence Translation of South Park Movie ... 26

B. The Purposes of Swear Words in South Park Movie ... 47

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 57

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 59

xi ABSTRACT

WALTERGANDALF, KAMILUS WILLY. The Equivalence and the Purpose of the Indonesian Translation of Taboo and Swear Words in South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) the Movie. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2017.

This undergraduate thesis discusses about the equivalence and the purposes that are expressed in the swear words found in the subtitle of South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut the movie. Movie subtitle is one of the most important elements in movie. It helps the audience who does not understand fully what the characters say in the movie without changing the meaning of the original movie. The role of translator is important to translate the swear words from English into Indonesian. Translation has a big role to relate two different cultures through language. In this study, the subtitle will be examined using equivalence theory by Nida.

The researcher analyzes two problems in this study. The first problem is the equivalence of the Indonesian translation of taboo and swear words. The second is the purposes that are expressed in the swear words.

This research is qualitative. The researcher collects the data that is needed for the analysis form the movie subtitles, both the English and the Indonesian subtitle. The data population is examined further to get the sample by using purposive sampling technique. The samples are 25 swear words.

The result shows that there are 23 samples categorized as dynamic equivalence and there is only 2 sample categorized as formal by using Nida‟s theory of equivalence in translation. For the answer of the second problem, there are 5 categories of swear words purpose, in which anger 36%, insult 44%, dissatisfaction 8%, mockery 8% and surprise 4% by using theory of swear words from Anderrson and Trudgill, and also verbal obscenity theory from Liedlich. The findings reveal that the swear words in the movie are dominated by words related to sexual activities and are mostly translated using dynamic equivalence, since it employs or prioritizes the context over the form. The swear words translated dynamically can render the purposes intended by the source language in the target language suite appropriately.

xii ABSTRAK

WALTERGANDALF, KAMILUS WILLY. The Equivalence and the Purpose of the Indonesian Translation of Taboo and Swear Words in South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) the Movie. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2017.

Skripsi ini membahas tentang ekuivalensi dan tujuan-tujuan yang diungkapkan dalam kata- kata umpatan yang ditemukan di dalam teks terjemahan dari film South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut. Teks terjemahan film adalah salah satu elemen terpenting dalam film, teks terjemahan membantu para penikmat film yang tidak mengerti apa yang dikatakan oleh para pemeran di dalam film tanpa perlu mengubah bahasa asli yang digunakan di film tersebut. Peran penerjemah sangat dibutuhkan untuk menerjemahkan kata-kata umpatan berbahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Penerjemahan memiliki peran yang amat penting dalam menghubungkan dua budaya yang berbeda melalui bahasa. Dalam kajian ini, teks terjemahan akan dikaji dengan teori ekuivalensi dari Nida.

Dalam kajian ini, peneliti menganalisis dua permasalahan pokok. Pokok permasalahan pertama adalah ekuivalensi dari terjemahan kata-kata umpatan dan tabu di dalam bahasa Indonesia. Pokok permasalahan kedua adalah tujuan- tujuan yang diungkapkan oleh kata-kata umpatan tersebut.

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Peneliti mengumpulkan data yang dibutuhkan untuk proses analisis dari teks terjemahan film, teks terjemahan tersebut adalah teks berbahasa Inggris dan berbahasa Indonesia. Populasi data dianalisis lebih mendalam menggunakan metode purposive sampling untuk mendapatkan sampel data. Sampel data terdiri dari 25 kata-kata umpatan.

Sebagai hasilnya, untuk jawaban dari permasalahan pertama, ada 23 sampel data yang dikategorikan sebagai dynamic equivalence dan hanya 2 sampel yang dikategorikan sebagai formal equivalence yang didasari oleh teori Nida. Untuk jawaban permasalahan kedua, ada 5 kategori tujuan kata-kata umpatan, yaitu umpatan kemarahan 36%, umpatan hinaan 44%, umpatan ketidakpuasaan 8%, umpatan ejekan 8% dan umpatan keterkejutan 4% yang didasari teori kata-kata umpatan dari Anderrson dan Trudgill serta teori kata-kata umpatan lisan dari Liedlich. Penemuan-penemuan dalam studi ini menjelaskan bahwa kata-kata umpatan dalam film tersebut didominasi oleh kata-kata yang berkaitan dengan aktivitas-aktivitas seksual dan sebagian besar diterjemahkan menggunakan ekuivalensi dinamik karena lebih memprioritaskan konteks dibandingkan bentuk. Kata-kata umpatan yang diterjemahkan secara dinamik dapat membantu menjelaskan tujuan-tujuan yang dimaksudkan oleh bahasa sumber sehingga maksud atau tujuannya dapat tersampaikan dengan baik di dalam bahasa tujuan.

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study

In this globalization and modernization era, it is undeniable that language has an important role in our daily life. As the users of language, human beings use language as their equipment for daily communication needs. As an important aspect in human‟s life, language has a role to communicate a person to another person in order to get information. The person to communicate with is not only a user of the same language but also a user of a foreign language. Therefore, learning a foreign language becomes a way to get new knowledge or to get actual information. Meeting foreigners who use different kinds of language make us not only learn how to use foreign languages but also learn the foreign cultures.

The English language is a language that used and spoken widely in the world. Therefore, the English language is used in so many kinds of field, for example, in the international forums like the United Nations, automotive industries, computers, game industries, internet, movie industries, advertisements, journalistic, and also in educational use. The purpose of translation is to communicate the people from different countries with different kinds of language.

Unfortunately, the Indonesian people still find many difficulties to use English. Automatically, those difficulties make them hard to communicate with people from other countries. Translation can be a solution of the cross-cultural interaction which involves two different languages, especially the English language and the Indonesian language.

Basically, in this era, cross-cultural interactions can be found easily in our society. It happens because of the influences of human developments in line with the developments of technology. It is easy to find some products like imported movies or literatures from the English speaking countries which use English as its language. In order to understand the contents and meanings inside those products we need to have translation skills, at least to translate English into Indonesia in an appropriate way. Therefore, it is essential to know what translation is, because the English language and the Indonesian language have differences in the language systems, such as grammar, sounds, and also the meaning of words which sometimes cannot be translated or applied to each other.

The most important aspects in translation are the form, the content, the context and the message. A translator may have an authority to make changes in a sentence structure of a target language, as long as it still represents the true meaning of the sentence as in the source language without ignoring the context. The meaning and the message which are expressed by the source language sentence should be unchanged.

According to Nida and Taber, “Translating consists of the activity of reproducing in the receptor language to the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, firstly, in term of meaning and secondly, in term of style” (1982: 12). A translator needs to have ability in mastering the language systems of SL and TL. After knowing the systems of source language, a translator needs to comprehend the systems of target language which will be useful to lead him/her to the accuracy of translation.

The English language, as the Indonesian language, has many kinds of expressive words which often appear in daily conversations, for example, taboo words, toilet humor and swear words, or even dirty words. If a person lacks of knowledge about the goals of using those kinds of words he/she will find some misunderstandings in communication, or even some difficulties to get information, more importantly, if the words are in English. According to Andersson and Trudgill, swear word can be defined as:

A type of language use in which the expression; (a) refers to something that is taboo and/or stigmatized in the culture; (b) should not be interpreted literally; (c) can be used to express strong emotions and attitudes (1992: 53).

The definition above concludes that swear words are taboo or not supposed to be spoken when involved in a formal conversation. On the other hand, swear words might be useful in some groups of people who often use it as their style in daily communications like in the USA, especially the group of youths and teenagers. Some others consider that they are freer to express their feelings by using swearing words in their daily communications with other people.

Nowadays, we are quite familiar with some imported movies from English speaking countries like the USA, which often use swear words in their products. When translated, it raises some problems because of the cultural differences between Americans and Indonesians. It causes some misinterpretations especially for the Indonesians to find the right equivalences for each swear words.

The researcher of this thesis intends to analyze the subtitle of the movie South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). This movie is actually a cartoon and is really famous in the era of 1999 until then, and has been known worldwide. The researcher is interested to analyze the Indonesian translation of swear words of this movie through the subtitle produced by Mabro.

B. Problem Formulation

The research is carried out to answer two research questions as follows: 1. How are the Indonesian translations of taboo and swear words in South Park

Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) the movie seen from their equivalence?

2. What purposes are expressed in the swear words in South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) the movie?

C. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are to find out the answers of the research questions as stated in the problem formulation above. The first objective is to find out the equivalence of Indonesian translation of taboo and swear words in South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) the movie. The second objective is to identify the purposes that are expressed in the swear words in South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) the movie.

D. Definition of Terms

The first is swear words. According to Andersson and Trudgill, swear word is a type of language used in which the expression; (a) refers to something that is taboo and/or stigmatized in the culture; (b) should not be interpreted literally; (c) can be used to express strong emotions and attitude. (1992: 53).

The second is South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999).It is an American movie produced in 1999. It is an animation movie for adults and also musical comedy directed by Trey Parker, a series co-creator. The film raises the issues of television censorships and the issue of bad parenting. The dialogues in the movie mostly use swear words which are spoken by the characters. According to Weinstock, South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) movie is, “A story about the dangerous consequences of censorship and the importance of free speech (even if it is only profanity), dramatically and hilariously heightening the stakes by intersecting the cautionary tale with a parody of the Apocalypse” (2011: 61).

The third is equivalence. Equivalence means a condition of being equivalent in terms of value and function. Nida divides equivalence into two, which are, Formal Equivalence and Dynamic Equivalence. Formal Equivalence focuses on the messages, in terms of form and content while Dynamic Equivalence focuses on the effect, means the message in SL should be transferred equally into the TL related to the context, and the context should be the same (1964:159).

7 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

First, the research conducted by Winda Rahayu (2014) who analyzes the swearing words that used through the characters in The Gray movie by collecting the data from the movie transcripts. In her research, there are two main problems. There first is the classification of swear words in The Gray movie and the second is the purpose of using swearing words by the characters in The Gray movie. This research analyses the classifications of swear word appears in The Gray movie transcript and tries to find the influences why swear words are used by the characters. Rahayu‟s thesis does not discuss about the meanings of swear words in the Indonesian translations text while this thesis discusses the equivalence of Indonesian translation of swear words and purpose of using swear words.

Second, the research conducted by Budiwanto Cipto (2006) as an undergraduate thesis in Petra Christian University entitled “An Analysis of Swear Words in Jackass the Movie". The object of this research is the dialogues and the objectives are only to investigate the characteristics and reasons of using swear words. Cipto investigates the use of swear words in the dialogues of Jackass, but it does not focus on the target language, while this study identifies the equivalence of swear words.

Third, the research conducted by Marya Mujayani entitled “An Analysis of Swearing Words Translation in Sidney Sheldon’s a Stranger in the Mirror into Indonesian Sosok Asing dalam Cermin by Hidayat Saleh” (2006). This research discusses about two problems. First is, the strategies of translation which applied in translating swearing words in Sidney Sheldon‟s “A Stranger in the Mirror” into Indonesian “Sosok Asing dalam Cermin” by Hidayat Saleh. The second point is about the accuracy of English translation of swearing words in the “A Stranger in the Mirror”. In this research, the writer uses questionnaires as the instrument of her study and the data are the sentences which containing swearing words. The differences between Mujayani‟s research with this research are, first, the object of the study, Mujayani uses a novel A Stranger in the Mirror as the object, while this research uses movie subtitles as the object of the study. Second, the previous research only analyzing the accuracy of the swearing words translation, while this study discusses about the equivalence of Indonesian translation and the classifications of the swear words based on their purposes in subtitles of South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999).

Fourth, the research conducted by Rikardus Hendy Harsanto entitled “The Indonesian Translation of Swearing Words in The Wolf of Wall Street: a Study of Purpose and Effect “(2015). In this research the writer discusses about the use of swearing word in the movie by finding the purposes of using swearing words that are used by the characters in the movie. He also analyzes the effect of using swearing words. The techniques of collecting the data is by multimedia translation and uses questionnaires to answer the problem to find out whether the translation

is functional or not. The differences between Hendy‟s research and this research are on the problems. This research focuses on the movie subtitle, both English and Indonesian as the objects to collect the data and the aim are to find out the equivalence whether it is formal or dynamic and purposes of swear words.

Fifth, the research conducted by Desi Rahmawati (2013) entitled “The Use of Swear Words by Junior High School Students 1 at Kota Baru Karawang West Java”. The thesis analyzes the swear words used by students of junior high school. The writer observes about purposes and categories of Javanese swear words in Javanese Facebook users posted. In this thesis the writer analyze kinds of Javanese swear word in Facebook and the writer also analyze the purpose. The data of this research is collected by only observing the use of each swear words by high school teenagers while this research collected the data by analyzing the subtitles of the movie by classifying the swear words according to their equivalence and their purpose.

B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Translation

There are many language experts and linguists who give several definitions about translation. According to Newmark, “Translation is a craft that consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language” (1988: 7). It is clear that, translation is about transferring the written messages from one language into another language without changing the meaning of the message.

Another definition is given by Nida and Taber, who explain that, “Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first, in terms of meaning and second, in terms of style” (1982: 12-13). Here, the messages must be equivalent and the equivalence must be natural in terms of style and meanings.

2. Process of Translation

Nida and Taber say there are two kinds of translation process. The first one,

Consists of setting up a series of rule which are intended to be applied strictly in order and are designed to specify exactly what should be done with each item or combination of items in the source language so as to select the appropriate corresponding form in the receptor language”.(1982: 33).

In figure 1 the A is the source language and B is target language. The (X) in the middle represents or stands for any kind of intermediate structure or universal structure. The second one,

Consists of a more elaborate process comprising three stages: (1) analysis, in which the surface structure (i.e. the messages as given in A) is analyzed in terms of (a) the grammatical relationship and (b) the meaning of the words and combination of words, (2) transfer, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to language B, and (3) restructuring, in which the transferred material is restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language (1982: 33).

A (SL) B (TL)

(Analysis) (Restructuring)

X--- (Transfer) ---Y

There are four steps in this translation process, which are, analysis, transfer, restructuring and testing the translation (evaluating). Before translating a source text language, a translator should analyze the grammatical meaning, word meaning and also contextual meaning. After that, he/she should process the meanings inside his/her mind, and then transfer the materials from SL into TL. In order to make it well-structured, a translator needs to restructure the grammar of SL into TL. By doing it, the message will be fully transferred into the Target Language. The last step is, evaluating the result, especially checking the equivalence between SL and TL and if there is a mistake, a translator needs to make a revision on his /her work in order to get the accurate translation results.

3. Theory of Equivalence

The researcher of this thesis decided to use theory of equivalence to answer the first problem formulation which applied in the previous chapters. The theory of equivalence is taken from Nida who divides theory of equivalence into two categories, the first is formal equivalence and the second is dynamic equivalence.

a. Formal Equivalence He says that,

Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. In such a translation one is concerned with such correspondence as poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence and concept to concept. Viewed from this formal orientation, one is concerned that the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language. This means, for example, that the message in the source culture is to determine standards of accuracy and correctness (1964: 159)

The focus of formal equivalence is on the messages, both in form and the content. Then, he adds that the message in the source culture is used to determine the standards of accuracy and correctness. The point of this equivalence category is on the translation of the word in the SL to the TL. The messages in TL should be matched as possible to the different elements in the SL.

b. Dynamic Equivalence He says that,

A translation of dynamic equivalence aims at naturalness of expression and tries to relate the receptor to modes of behaviors relevant within the context of his own culture, it does not insist that he understand the cultural patterns of the source language context in order to comprehend the message … in such a translation the focus of attention is directed, not so much toward the source message as toward the receptor response (1964: 159-166)

The translator uses natural expression to express the message in the SL. It should be done by relating it to the context of SL into TL. The grammatical structure can be ignored because the point is on the meaning of message which is spoken through the language that expressed by the speakers. The message from SL should be transferred equally to TL. The context in TL should be relevant with the context in SL.

4. Film Subtitle

According to Schwarz, subtitle must be clear and ease of reading and it is made for the audience who does not understand the film (2002: 2-5). She explains further that, there are at least eight requirements needed in making the subtitle in film to make it clear and ease of reading, as follows:

a. Subtitle is placed at the bottom of the screen either left aligned or centered. It must not across the screen because it disturbs the visual or pictures of a film. b. Subtitle also consists of only one or two line with no more than 35 characters

including spaces.

c. To unsure the good legibility of any type of background, subtitle uses a sample font in white or yellow with a dark drop shadow and placed in transparent bar.

d. Subtitle must use font style, for example Italics, to mark foreign words or to emphasize particular words in the dialogue.

e. Capitals are used in subtitle indicate important information which is not part of the dialogues, such as voices from radio, television, or loudspeaker. Capitals are also used for written words as for example, on posters, letters, or newspaper when the content is important to the story line.

f. To unsure synchronization with the spoken word and the image, conversations in the subtitle have to be condensed in a layout which helps audience to identify different speakers.

g. Punctuation in subtitle used to convey interpersonal dynamic that reflect those of the film dialogue. Hesitation or insecurity can be visualized by inserting an ellipsis (…) or loudness with an exclamation mark (!).

h. Subtitle duration, which appears on the screen, is limited. It is because subtitle follows the pace of the film and delivery of the dialogue. The duration of subtitle ranges from one to six seconds.

Those subtitle features show how to make a good and clear subtitle for movie, because the existence of subtitle will support the messages that are delivered by the characters in the movie through their conversations. It helps the audience to comprehend the meanings and morals that the movie wants to deliver. In translation study, a movie subtitle helps the translator in translating the language into the target language without many difficulties if the source language subtitle is made by applying those subtitle requirements.

5. Taboo and Swear Word

According to Wardaugh, Taboo words can consist of sex, death, excretion, bodily function, prohibited by certain religion and also politics. (2010: 249). He adds further that,

Taboo is prohibition avoidance in any society of behavior believed to be harmful to its members in that it would cause them anxiety, embarrassment or shame. (2010: 249).

Related to swear word, there are some definitions given by the experts. According to Anderrson and Trudgill,

Swear word can be defined as a type of language use in which the expression; a) refers to something that is taboo and/or stigmatized in the culture; b) should not be interpreted literally; c) can be used to express strong emotions and attitudes (1992: 53)

Furthermore, on the page 36-37, they discuss and classify the swearing word into four types, which are;

a. Expletive swearing, which expresses personal emotions and it is not directed to other people. Example: God damn it!

b. Abusive swearing, which is usually derogatory and directed to others, like name –calling and other kinds of cursing. Example: You asshole, you bastard, etc.

c. Humorous swearing, which does not have to be emotional. It can be found in humorous scenes in which it is directed to others but it is not derogatory. It takes mostly the form of abusive swearing but has the opposite functions where the playfulness is the key and not the offensiveness. Example: Get your ass in here!

d. Auxiliary Swearing, which can be used as an auxiliary, directed towards a person or a situation. Sometimes it is called lazy swearing and often or always non-emphatic. Example: This fucking…bloody.

Pinker divides swearing into five types, which are, dysphemistic swearing, abusive swearing, idiomatic swearing, empathic swearing and cathartic swearing (2007: 66-91). Dysphemistic swearing is a type of swearing that is the opposite of euphemism. Abusive swearing is a type of swearing that is used to abuse, intimidate or to insult others. Idiomatic swearing is a type of swearing that is used in swearing without referring exactly to the problems. Empathic swearing is a type of swearing that has a function to emphasize something by swearing. Cathartic swearing, that is a type of swearing used when something unexpected or unwanted condition happens. Another definition of swear word is given by Liedlich. AccordingtoLiedlich,

Swear word is the way someone uses obscene words orally to insult or to curse, or even to offend something (someone or action), and also for emphasizing, when the person has strong emotion. (1973: 100).

Furthermore, Liedlich discusses about the principal purposes of verbal obscenity as follows:

a. Creating Attention

Using swear words in the society to create public attention. Swear words provide the most jolting and evocative stimulus to the society and it draws attention to itself as well as those who were using it. Although this may be a unique function of verbal obscenity, it is nevertheless its initial purpose (Liedlich, 1973: 110).

b. Discrediting

Verbal obscenity expresses “Aprofound contempt for society‟s standards, a revolt against authority, and irreverence for things sacred” (Liedlich, 1973: 110). Discredit can happen when people who use swear words to express their disbelief about many things in reality which they assumed were not suitable with public opinion.

c. Provoking Violent Confrontation

One of the function of verbal obscenity is provoking violent confrontation. Even though physical acts of violence, such as throwing bricks and bottles in the window can provoke violent acts, verbal obscenity is “ The most effective rhetorical method available to agitators for inciting a violent response” (Liedlich, 1973: 111). Some of the swear words contains this purpose when the speakers or the writers expects a certain response (violent confrontations) from the hearer or the reader.

d. Term of Endearment

This terms is a condition when somebody calls their friends‟ names or nicknames with swear word without causing anger, so they use the swear words not to insult, to curse, to mock, or to offend their friends, However, the swear words are used to make him/her and his/her friend closer in relationship (Liedlich, 1973: 111)

At this point, the researcher concludes that, there are some purposes in using swear words in conversations, especially in South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) movie. The purposes of using swear words such as, to express emotions, like anger, dissatisfaction, to insult, to mock and to show surprise. C. Theoretical Framework

This research aims to analyze South Park Bigger, Longer and Uncut (1999) concerning two main problems, first is the equivalence of Indonesian translation of swear words and the second is the Indonesian translation of swear words based on their purposes in South Park Bigger, Longer and Uncut (1999) subtitles. This research studies about the swear words which are used in the movie including the types of each swear words and the purpose of using swear words.

The first step, the researcher discusses about the equivalence of Indonesian translation of swear words, whether the translation is formal or dynamic equivalence by using Nida‟s theory of equivalence. The second step, in order to answer the second problem, the researcher refers to the classifications of swear words by Andersson and Trudgill, which are expletive, abusive, humorous and auxiliary swearing. And also by using Liedlich‟s purposes of verbal obscenity to find out the purposes expressed in the swear words in the movie South Park Bigger, Longer and Uncut (1999).

19 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Areas of Research

The area of research is multimedia translation. The researcher collects the data by analyzing the movie subtitles, both the SL (English subtitle) and TL (Indonesian subtitle). The focus is on the Indonesian translation of taboo and swear words in South Park Bigger, Longer and Uncut (1999) the movie. This translation research is based on the taboo and swear words that spoken by the characters in the movie which are taken from the English subtitle and the Indonesian subtitle. According to William and Chestermen, “Audiovisual text is primarily spoken texts- Radio/TV programs, films, DVDs, videos opera, theater-which are translated either by re-voicing of sur-/subtitling” (2002: 13). It means, the data are collected by watching the movie in many times, paying attention on the swear words appears in the movie, and based on the analysis of the subtitle texts.

B. Object of the Study

The object of the study is the translations of the swear words used in the movie South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) taken from the subtitles of the movie. The subtitles are English original subtitle from Paramount Picture and Warner Bros, and the Indonesian subtitle which is produced by Mabro. The data were not taken from the whole dialogues but only the dialogues that contain swear words. The translatable units are words and phrases that contain swear words, and have been chosen carefully by the researcher from the movie subtitles.

C. Method of the Study

This research is qualitative. According to Fraenkel and Wallen, qualitative is, “a research study that investigates the quality of relationships, activities, situations, and materials” (2009: 422). It means, the data of this research was collected from the texts and based on texts analysis, which are, the swear words and their situations found in movie subtitles. After that, the researcher took the samples as the representative of data population and used the theories by the experts to analyze the sample of swear word. The use of Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2005) and The Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language 2007 (KBBI) were applied to help the researcher analyzing the data. D. Research Procedure

1. Types of Data

The data of this research are 75 data taken from two objectives, which are, first is the English subtitle of South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). South Park Bigger, Longer and Uncut (1999), which is an American movie produced in 1999, it is an adult cartoon and also musical comedy movie directed by Trey Parker, a series co-creator. The film tells a story about the issues of television censorships and the issue of bad parenting. The English subtitle scripts were taken from a website (www.southparkwillie.com/Spmedia?scanned/blu.pdf&ved). The English subtitle script is supplied as the source language text. The second is the

Indonesian subtitle of South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999), which was taken from a website (www.mampirbro.blogspot.com/south-park/Indonesian).The Indonesian subtitle is supplied as the target text for the analysis of this research.

2. Data Collection

In order to collect the data of South Park Bigger Longer & Uncut (1999), the first is the researcher has to understand the definition of taboo and swear word. After understanding it, the second is the researcher watches the movie in many times and collects the swear words from the English subtitle (SL). The third is the researcher finds and collects the Indonesian translation of the taboo and the swear words in TL (Indonesian subtitle). The fourth is the researcher supplies the data into the table which has been numbered. The example of data will be displayed as follows:

Example 1:

Uncle fucker! = Paman keparat! No/SL/SP /Time SL (English) No/SL/SP /Time TL (Indonesian) 7/ST/SP/ 00:05:54 Uncle fucker! 7/ST/SP/ 00:05:54 Paman keparat! In which:

SL = Source Language (English subtitle) TL = Target Language (Indonesian subtitle) SP = South Park

7 = Number of Data 00.05:54 = Subtitle time

The researcher concludes that, the expression in the table above is an example of swear word because it is expressed by Terrance (one of the characters in the South Park movie) who sings a song to make a joke. The translator translates SL uncle fucker! into Indonesian as paman keparat! (TL) The TL uncle

fucker! is used by Terrance to express his strong emotion though the word he uses refer to something taboo in culture.

3. Population and Sample

The total population in this research was 75 data taken from the subtitles of South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) that contain taboo and swear words. This researcher used purposive sampling. According to Tashakkori and Teddlie, purposive sampling techniques involve certain unit or cases, based on specific purposes rather than randomly (2003: 713). The use of purposive sampling is to draw conclusion more clearly about population of data, and the samples as the representatives of whole data population. This technique takes all the data focusing on swear words and phrases containing swear words. The researcher determined certain data as the samples purposively. The samples that were taken from data population are 25 as the samples. The all the sample contains swear words for further analyses to get the results, which are, the equivalences of Indonesian translation of swear words, swear word purposes, and the percentage of swear word purposes.

4. Data Analysis

The analyses in this research are done by several processes. The first process is the researcher classifies the samples using Nida‟s theory of equivalence, and discusses further why the sample is categorized as dynamic and formal equivalence by relating the swear words with the context and the situations in the movie. The use of the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary and The Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language 2007 (KBBI) are applied in this process. The second process is the researcher analyzes the swear words which the equivalences are classified. In this part, the researcher discusses the purposes of using swear words by analyzing the samples which taken from the subtitles of the movie by using Anderrson and Trudgill‟s swear word categories and Liedlich‟s purposes of verbal obscenity. The researcher concludes that there are five purposes of swear words in the samples, which are, anger, insult, dissatisfaction, mockery and surprise. The third process is the researcher discusses one by one the 25 samples related to their contexts in the movie to find out why the sample is categorized into certain purposes. The use of dictionaries is also applied in this process. The final step is to determine the percentage of each purpose to gain the results by calculating the samples using formula [P (%) = NP/N x 100]. In which, P is the percentage of swear word purpose, NP is number of purpose, and N is number of the whole sample.

Example 2:

Table of Swear Word Equivalence: Dynamic Uncle fucker! = Paman keparat!

7/ST/SP/00:05:54 Uncle fucker! 7/ST/SP/00:05:54 Paman keparat!

Equivalence Dynamic

The situation is Terrance sings a mock-song to make funny on America and he is followed by his partner Phillip and they sing the song together. In the movie, Phillip and Terrance are comedian artists from Canada and their movie is being aired in the USA movie theaters. In Nida‟s theory of equivalence, the equivalence of sample above is dynamically equivalent.

Example 3:

Swear Word Purpose: Insult

7/SP/00:05:54 Uncle fucker! Paman keparat!

The sample in the table appears in 00:05:54, when Terrence sings a song to insult US by calling it Uncle fucker! which is basically called as Uncle Sam, another name for US. The translator decides to use Paman keparat! as the translation for Uncle fucker! The words keparat in Indonesia is a word that commonly used to insult someone that we hate. The causes can be varied, basically to call someone who has really bad attitude and quite annoying.

25

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

As mentioned before on the previous pages, this research focuses on the Indonesian translation of swear words, found in the movie South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). To find out the answer for the first problem as applied, it is essential to categorize Indonesian translation of swear words equivalences. Equivalence is related to the message and context of the swear words which are used by the characters in the movie, whether the swear words they use are categorized as formal equivalent or dynamic equivalent.

After knowing the equivalences, it comes to the further discussions, which is about the purpose of the Indonesian swear words seen through the context in the movie. The purposes that should be examined further are related to the expressive emotions or feelings by the characters, for instance, to show anger, to show surprise, to mock, to insult, and to show dissatisfaction. All the swear words expressions will be classified according to their purposes, and also through the situations that are experienced by characters in the movie. The discussions are divided into two points, first is point A, which discusses about equivalence of Indonesian translation of swear words, and the second is point B, which discusses about the Indonesian translation of swear words based of their purposes. In point B, the percentage of the swear word purposes will be applied in the diagram.

A. The Equivalence Translation of Swear Words in South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999)

In this part, the researcher classifies the samples into two classifications of equivalence. Based on Nida‟s theory of equivalence, it is divided into two. First, formal equivalence which focuses on the how the message is delivered both in form and content. The messages in the Target Language should be matched as possible with the elements which are used in the Source Language. Second, dynamic equivalence which focuses on the equivalent effect, the message and context in Target Language should be the same within the message and context in Source Language.

1. Formal Equivalence Found in Data Samples

Sandy little butthole = Anus kecil berpasir 21/64/SP/00:55:40 Sandy little butthole 21/64/SP/00:55:40 Anus kecil berpasir Equivalence Formal

It is used by Saddam Hussein in which he continues to sing that he can change to be a reliable man for Mr. Satan by telling that he had become so evil which caused by the society and the abusiveness of his parents. During the singing of Saddam, the Satan says it is batter if Saddam remain as an evil man. The translator uses the words anus kecil berpasir (TL) as the translation of the words sandy little butthole (SL). According to Nida‟s theory of formal equivalence they are equivalent for having the same form and content because formal equivalence

focuses on the message in both form and content or in other words formal equivalence is a word for word translation. The word butthole means anus which means dubur (Anatomy: the opening at the end of the alimentary canal through which solid waste matter leaves the body), while the word little means kecil which means tidak besar or tidak penting (small in size, amount and degree or not important) and the word sandy means berpasir which means mengandung pasir (covered in sand or containing sand).

Fat stupid bitch = Gembrot jalang bodoh 13/49/SP/00:31:10 A fat stupid bitch

13/49/SP/00:31:10 Si gembrot jalang bodoh Equivalence Formal

The words in bold in the table above are spoken by Cartman to the kids in the playground. He says angrily that the mess and the planning of war against Canada is all the fault of Kyle‟s mother because she is bad person. The translator uses TL gembrot jalang bodoh as the translation of SL fat stupid bitch. Based on Nida‟s theory of equivalence, it is translated formally, because the message words in TL is transferred based on form and content in SL. The translator derives the message based on the content and the form of SL. The sample above is descriptive. The TL gembrot jalang bodoh has similar meaning with the SL stupid fat bitch which is to describe someone who is fat and stupid. The word gembrot (TL) means gemuk, tetapi tidak sintal (fat, but not chubby) while the word jalang (TL) means nakal or perbuatan yang melangar susila (someone mischievous or

immoral). The word bodoh (TL) means tidak memiliki pengetahunan/pendidikan (someone uneducated or idiot).

2. Dynamic Equivalence Found in Samples

Dirty bastard = Bajingan kotor 20/63/SP/00:55:19 Dirty bastard 20/63/SP/00:55:19 Bajingan kotor Equivalence Dynamic

The swear words above is said by Saddam Husein while singing in hell to entertain the Satan. He tells that he can change although he confesses that he has been a bad person and dishonest when he was alive on earth. Saddam tries to make the Satan believe in him. The table above shows that the translator uses bajingan kotor (TL) as the translation of dirty bastard (SL), based on the theory of equivalence from Nida, the SL and the TL are dynamically equivalent for having the same message related to the context in the movie. The word Bastard in Indonesia means anak haram but the translator uses the word bajingan instead of anak haram. Actually, both words have the same message. Nida‟s dynamic equivalence focuses on the naturalness of expression to express the message in the SL into the TL in which the message refers to evil person or someone that has a very bad attitude in life. The word bajingan means kurang ajar (informal: despicable person), while the word kotor means tidak bersih or tidak jujur (unclean or dishonest person).

Fat fuck = Gembrot sialan 6/30/SP/00:12:16 You fat fuck!

6/30/SP/00:12:16 Kau gembrot sialan! Equivalence Dynamic

The situation is Cartman, Stanley, Kenny and Kyle is in the school canteen. Cartman and Kyle involve in a verbal fight because Cartman talks really bad about Kyle‟s mother, Kyle fights back by saying fat fuck to Cartman. In here, the translator uses gembrot sialan (TL) as the translation of fat fuck (SL). Based on Nida‟s theory of equivalence, the SL and the TL are dynamically equivalent for having the same message, and the message in TL is transferred equally from SL related to the same context in the movie. Dynamic equivalence focuses on the naturalness of expression to express the message in SL in the TL. The word Gembrot means gemuk (having a large amount of excess flesh), while the word sialan means (yang) mendatangkan kesialan or sebagai kata makian (someone/something bringing misfortune or as a word used to curse). The message refers to annoying person.

Bastard! = Bajingan! 9/38/SP/00:18:23 You bastard! 9/38/SP/00:18:23 Kau bajingan! Equivalence Dynamic

The situation in the movie is when Kenny is being surged because he is fired himself to follow an act in the Terrance and Phillip‟s movie that he and his

friends watched in the movie theater. The word bastard (SL) is said by Cartman because Kenny is dead and killed by a horrible surger. Then, Cartman curse at the surgeons. The doctors who surge Kenny replace his heart with a potato and he only has 5 seconds to live. The translator uses the word bajingan (TL) as the translation for bastard (SL). Based on Nida‟s theory, the SL and TL are dynamically equivalent, because the message is the same and transferred equally from SL into TL related to the context and situation in the movie, though the word bastard is translated into the different Indonesian word as bajingan, but the message is the same. In which, the word bajingan (TL) means kurang ajar (despicable person).

Asshole = Jancok

1/41/SP/00:08:05 Asshole, I‟m talking to you 1/41/SP/00:08:05 Jancok, aku bicara padamu Equivalence Dynamic

The situation is Cartman talks to another character named Stan but Stan does not pay attention, that‟s why Cartman uses a word asshole because he is ignored by Stan. The translator uses Jancok for translation of Asshole (SL). Based on Nida‟s theory, the words (Asshole and Jancok) above are dynamically equivalent, because the message SL are transferred equally in the TL based on the context in the movie in which Jancok means bodoh (idiot or contemptible person). Jancuk is a very vulgar word derives from the Javanese language.

Fucking fat ass = Pantat berlemak sialan 2/23/SP/00:09:43 You fucking fat ass

2/23/SP/00:09:43 Kau pantat berlemak sialan Equivalence Dynamic

The situation in the movie is when Kyle gets angry at Cartman for he mocks at him, by calling him as a stupid Jew. Actually they are in the classroom while Mr. Garrison is teaching math in front of class. In the table above, the translator use pantat berlemak sialan (TL) as the translation of fucking fat ass (SL), they are equivalent dynamic. Based on Nida‟s theory of dynamic equivalence, they have the same message although it is translated into different words in Indonesia, but the message is the same related to the same context in the movie, the message is to call someone that is fat and annoying. In which, Pantat means bokong (butt), berlemak means gemuk (having a large amount of excess flesh) and sialan means sebagai makian or (yang) mendatangkan kesialan (a word to curse or someone/something bringing misfortune).

Bastards! = Bajingan! 24/68/SP/01:06:14 Goodbye bastards!

24/68/SP/01:06:14 Selamat tinggal bajingan! Equivalence Dynamic

The word bastard in goodbye bastard above is said by Sheila (Kyle‟s mother) in the execution of Terrance and Phillip because they have made bad influence for USA kids through their toilet humor movie in the theater. They are

tied on an electric chair and ready to be executed. The translator uses TL bajingan as the translation for the word SL bastards. Based on Nida‟s theory of dynamic equivalence, they are dynamically equivalent, because the message in SL is transferred equally in TL. The message is to call someone that has bad attitudes or despicable person, related to the context in the movie. The word bajingan means kurang ajar (despicable person).

Fuck, fuckitty, fuck = Brengsek, sialan, persetan 3/24/SP/00:09:51 Fuck, fuckitty, fuck

3/24/SP/00:09:51 Brengsek, sialan, persetan Equivalence Dynamic

It is spoken by Cartman in the classroom when Mr.Garrison is reacting because he and his friends are arguing using F-words during class. Cartman says that it is not a big deal to use F-words because it does not hurt anybody and then he jibs about that. The translator uses brengsek, sialan, persetan as the translation of SL fuck, fuckkity, fuck. Based on Nida‟s theory of equivalence, they are dynamically equivalent, because the message in SL is transferred equally in TL and used natural expression to express the message of SL in the TL. Dynamic equivalence focuses on the complete naturalness of expressions and the relationship between receptor with the behaviors of his/her own culture. The message of fuck, fuckitty, fuck is used when someone complains about something by mumbling It has similar message with the TL brengsek sialan persetan based on the context in the movie. In which, the word brengsek (TL) means kata

umpatan tidak setuju or ketidakpuasan (as exclamation of disapproval of dissatisfaction), while the word sialan (TL) means orang yang sial/ (yang) mendatangkan kesialan/untuk memaki (someone bringing misfortune/to curse), while the word persetan (TL) means jahanam or masa bodoh (dickens or not to mind).

Holy shit, dude! = Sialan, bung! 4/26/SP/00:10:08 Holy shit! 4/26/SP/00:10:08 Sialan! Equivalence Dynamic

It is spoken by Stanley when he responds to the situation. Cartman mocks at Mr. Garrison by using dirty words. He says this because he knows that they will be called by Mr. Garrison to go to the school counselor for massing up in the class by using dirty language. The translator uses TL sialan as the translation of SL holy shit, based on Nida‟s theory, they are dynamically equivalent, because the message in SL is equally transferred in the TL related to the same context and the situation in the movie. Dynamic equivalence tries to relate the receptor to the context in SL. The meaning of holy shit is God’s poop or when someone yells at something bad or surprising. It is quite similar with the TL sialan which also expressing surprised about something bad happened so sudden. The word sialan (TL) means (yang) mendatangkan kesialan or sebagai makian (something/someone bringing misfortune or a word to curse).

Bitch! = Menyebalkan! 5/9/SP/00:12:15 Bitch!

5/9/SP/00:12:15 Menyebalkan! Equivalence Dynamic

It is used by Cartman to Kyle when they are in the playground as to make fun on Kyle‟s mother who is so mean to forbid the kids to watch the movie of Terrance and Phillip in the theater. She said that it is a very bad movie for children. The translator uses TL menyebalkan as the translation of SL bitch. Based on Nida‟s theory of equivalence, they are dynamically equivalent, because the message in SL is transferred equally in the TL based on the same context in the movie, and the translator uses natural expression to express the message. Dynamic equivalence focuses on how the TL has the same message with SL related to the same context. The meaning of bitch means when someone calling someone/ a woman as spiteful or unpleasant woman, it has quite similar meaning with the TL menyebalkan which also can be expressed when someone feels so irritated about someone spiteful or unpleasant. In which, the word menyealkan (TL) means mengesalkan hati (causing resentment).

Fucking son of a bitch! = Menyebalkan! 7/31/SP/00:12:18 Fucking son of a bitch! 7/31/SP/00:12:18 Menyebalkan!

Equivalence Dynamic

It is spoken by Cartman when he and his friend are in the school canteen at lunchtime, he curses angrily at Kyle because Kayle‟s mother said that Terrance and Phillip movie is a bad movie for children and it is forbidden to be watched. Cartman says that it was because his mother‟s fault that they are grounded. He gets angry because Kyle calls him as fat fuck. The translator uses TL anak sialan menyebalkan! as the translation of SL fucking son of a bitch. Based on Nida‟s theory of dynamic equivalence, they are dynamically equivalent because the message in SL is equally transferred in the TL related the same context in the movie. Dynamic equivalence focuses on the equality of message in the SL with the TL within the same context. The message of Fucking son of a bitch (SL) is a situation when someone blaspheming angrily at someone else to abuse or to contempt. It has similar message with the TL anak sialan menyebalkan related to the context in the movie, in which, the word anak (TL) means generasi kedua atau keturunan pertama (second generation or the first offspring), the word sialan (TL) means (yang) mendatangkan sial/untuk memaki (someone/something bringing bad luck or as a word to curse), the word menyebalkan (TL) means menimbulkan rasa sebal;mengesalkan hati (resent something or cause resentment). The exclamation mark (!) shows that the word is used to show a strong emotion.

Fucking faggot! = Pengecut sialan! 8/35/SP/00:15:05 Fucking faggot! 8/35/SP/00:15:05 Pengecut sialan! Equivalence Dynamic

The swear word in the table is used by Cartman in the classroom when the kids are having rehabilitation from MR. Mackey because of using dirty language. Cartman says it to Gregory, because Gregory mentions that he does not need rehab class, he says that he attended Yardale and had 4.0 grades. Cartman does not really happy hearing it and makes fun on what Gregory said. The translator uses TL pengecut sialan as the translation of SL fucking faggot. Based on Nida‟s theory, they are dynamically equivalent, because the message is equally transferred and the translator uses natural expression to express the SL in the TL within the same context in the movie. Dynamic equivalence focuses on naturalness of the expression and relates it to the context within the movie. The TL pengecut sialan has similar messsage with the SL fucking faggot which is to insult or to call someone as coward. The word pengecut means penakut (fainthearted person). The word sialan means (yang) mendatangkan sial/sebagai makian (someone/something bringing misfortune or as a word to curse).

Fuck-face = Keparat 10/41/SP/00:24:24 Fuck-face 10/41/SP/00:24:24 Keparat Equivalence Dynamic

The swear word in the table is said by Phillip when he and Terrance is invited to Conan O‟brien Show as guest stars. In that show, Terrence and Phillip show an immature joke which is asked by Conan. It happens when Phillip farts at the face of Terrence and they laugh happily about their action. Then, after they show the action, Phillip asks Terrence to make a friendly toss. The translator uses TL keparat as the translation of SL fuck-face. Based on Nida‟s theory of equivalence, the SL and TL are dynamically equivalent, because the message of the SL is transferred equally in the TL related to the context in the movie. Dynamic equivalence aims at the context and situation where the word is used and the message should be same within the same context. The TL keparat has quite similar message with SL fuck-face which is also used to insult someone. The word keparat (TL) means bangsat/jahanam (sebagai kata makian) (scoundrel/dickens or a word used to curse at someone/something).

Chicken shit = Pengecut 11/47/SP/00:30:09 Chicken shit 11/47/SP/00:30:09 Pengecut Equivalence Dynamic

The swear word above is said by Cartman when the kids (Cartman, Kyle and Stanley) are in the school playground. When they are there, the US air force planes are passing by, and Stanley says that he does not want to be at war with Canada because of the execution of the Canadian artist, Terrence and Philip. Kyle continues, he wonders that Terrence and Philip will be killed by the US

government because of the demonstration by US Mother Union which is led by Kyle‟s mother. Cartman gives a reaction to Kyle by telling that he must receive all this mess caused by his mother and stop being a coward to face the truths. The translator uses TL pengecut as the translation of SL chicken shit. According to the Nida‟s theory of equivalence, the message in SL is translated dynamically in the TL, because the message in SL is transferred equally to TL related to the same context in the movie. The translator uses natural expression to express the SL message. Cartman says the words because he thinks all the mess is caused Kyle‟s mother and Kyle seems does not want to face that truth. It makes Cartman angry at him. The TL pengecut has similar message with SL chicken shit which is to call someone as a coward. The words pengecut (TL) means penakut (fainthearted).

You bitch! = Jalang! 12/48/SP/00:30:12 You bitch! 12/48/SP/00:30:12 Jalang! Equivalence Dynamic

The word is spoken by Cartman in the playground when he, Kyle and Stanley are talking about the execution of Terrence and Philip by the Mothers Union which is led by Kyle‟s mother. Cartman asks Kyle to face the truth that his mother is the cause of all the mess that happened, and he must fight her mother by confessing that she is a liar and a bad person. The translator uses the words TL jalang! as the translation of SL you bitch!. Based on Nida‟s theory of equivalence, they are dynamically equivalent, because the message in SL and TL is the same

for it is transferred equally from SL into TL related it to the same context in the movie. Dynamic equivalence focuses on the naturalness of expression and tries to relate it to the context in which the words are used. The TL, jalang! has similar message with the SL you bitch, which is to call someone when we feel irritated or angry at someone else. It also describes what is meant by Cartman in the movie. The word jalang (TL) means nakal (tentang perbuatan yang melanggar susila) (mischievous or immoral deeds).

Bitch = Penyihir jalang 14/50/SP/00:31:24 Bitch

14/50/SP/00:31:24 Penyihir jalang Equivalence Dynamic

The swear word above is spoken by Cartman in the school playground. He sings a song to mock at Kyle by singing with dirty words that Kyle‟s mother is a very bad woman. The translator uses TL penyihir jalang as the translation of SL bitch. Based on Nida‟s theory of dynamic equivalence, they are dynamically equivalent, because the translator uses natural expression to express the SL and the message itself is transferred equally in TL. The word penyihir (TL) means penjahat (a felon). The word jalang (TL) means nakal or (tentang) perbuatan yang melanggar susila (mischievous or immoral person). The TL Penyihir jalang is not familiar in use even in the informal conversation in Indonesia, but the message in SL is still can be rendered equally in TL, and the message that is expressed in it is someone that has a vary bad attitude or just an annoying person.

Old bitch = Pelacur tua 15/53/SP/00:31:45 Old bitch 15/53/SP/00:31:45 Pelacur tua Equivalence Dynamic

The words in bold in the table above are spoken by Cartman when he sing a song about Kyle‟s mother to make fun on Kyle in the school playground. In the song that he sings, he wants to show how terrible person Kyle‟s mother is and he invites the other kids to sing together with him. The translator uses TL pelacur tua as the translation of SL old bitch, based on Nida‟s theory of equivalence, the equivalence is dynamic, because the translator uses natural expression to express message the SL in TL. The message from SL is transferred equally related to the TL related context and the situation in the movie. According to Nida, dynamic translation focuses on the naturalness of expression and tries to relate TL to the modes of behaviors relevant within the context. The TL pelacur tua has quite similar message with the SL old bitch, which also describes what is meant by Cartman about Kyle‟s mother, who is so mean and unpleasant woman to him. The word pelacur (TL) means perempuan yang melacur or wamita tunasusila (a woman doing prostitution or a prostitute). The word tua (TL) means lanjut usia or tidak muda lagi (jelek) (old in age or not young anymore (ugly)). The message expressed in it is related to someone that has really bad personality, ugly in appearance, or a very mean person.

Stupid bitch = Jalang bodoh 16/54/SP/00:32:17 Stupid bitch 16/54/SP/00:32:17 Jalang bodoh Equivalence Dynamic

The swear word in the table above is used by Cartman when he sings about Kyle‟s mother in the playground in front of Kyle. He says that Kyle”s mother is a very bad person and she is stupid. Cartman thinks that the war and the arrest of Terrence and Philip are Kyle‟s mother‟s faults. The translator uses TL jalang bodoh as the translation of SL stupid bitch, based on NIda‟s theory, the SL and TL are dynamically equivalent, because the translator uses natural expression to express the SL and the message is transferred equally to the TL. Dynamic equivalence focuses on the naturalness of expression and tries to relate TL in the same context. The words TL jalang bodoh has similar message with the SL stupid bitch because it describes what Cartman thinks about Kyle‟s mother. For him, Kyle‟s mother is a meanie and a terrible woman. The word jalang (TL) means nakal/asusila (mischievous or immoral), while the word bodoh (TL) means tidak memiliki pengetahuan (uneducated person/idiot).

Dirty bitch = Jalang kotor

1755/SP/00:32:19 She‟s just a dirty bitch 1755/SP/00:32:19 Dia jalang kotor Equivalence Dynamic

The words in bold in the table above are spoken by Cartman in his song when he sings about Kyle‟s mother in playground. He makes fun on Kyle‟s mother in front of Kyle himself and the other kids there by saying that Kyle‟s mother is a prostitute and a bad woman. The translator uses the TL jalang kotor as the translation of SL dirty bitch, based on Nida‟s theory of equivalence they are dynamically equivalent, because the translator uses natural expression to express the SL and transferred the message equally to the TL related to the same context in the movie. Dynamic equivalence focuses on the naturalness of the expression to express the message in SL to TL, based on the same context. The TL jalang kotor has quite similar meaning with the SL dirty bitch. It describes what is meant by Cartman about Kyle‟s mother. For him, kyle‟s mother is a prostitute and a bad woman. The word jalang (TL) means nakal/melanggar susila (mischievous or immoral) while the word kotor (TL) means tidak bersih or tidak jujur (unclean or dishonest).

Fucking bitch = Sialan 18/56/SP/00:32:25 Fucking bitch 18/56/SP/00:32:25 Sialan

Equivalence Dynamic

The word in bold are spoken by Cartman in his song when he makes fun on Kyle‟s mother in the playground. He describes how awful Kyle‟s mother is by singing it with dirty words. He thinks that all the mess is caused by Kyle „mother who led the mother party to protest and arrest Terrence and Philip, the Canadian

artists and makes them going to be executed in public. The translator uses TL sialan as the translation of SL fucking bitch. Based on Nida‟s theory of equivalence, they are dynamically equivalent, because the translator uses natural expression to express the message in SL and the message is transferred equally to the TL related to the same context in the movie. Dynamic equivalence tries to relate the receptor language to the context of when the expression is expressed. The word fucking is an intensifier and it is not translated by the translator, because it is implicitly attached in the TL sialan (TL) means (yang) mendatangkan sial/ untuk memaki (something/someone bringing misfortune or as a word used to curse).

Cock-sucking asshole = Bajingan 19/60/SP/00:54:00 Cock-sucking asshole 19/60/SP/00:54:00 Bajingan

Equivalence Dynamic

It is used by The Mole when he is asked by Stanley about why he is grounded. He tells that he is grounded because God hates him, God has made his life miserable, and then he called God as a cock sucking asshole and he got grounded because of that. The translator uses the TL bajingan as the translation of SL cock-sucking asshole. Based on Nida‟s theory of equivalence, they are dynamically equivalent, because the translator uses natural expression to express the message of SL into TL and the message in SL is transferred equally into the TL related to the same context in the movie. The TL bajingan has quite similar

meaning with SL cock-sucking asshole related to the context in the movie, which is to blaspheme or to insult someone or something when showing dissatisfaction about the situation. It also describes what is meant by The Mole who says the words. The word bajingan (TL) means kurang ajar/kata makian (despicable/ a word used to curse)

Piece of shit! = Sialan!

22/66/SP/00:59:51 You British piece of shit! 22/66/SP/00:59:51 Dasar kau Inggris sialan! Equivalence Dynamic

The words in bold in the table above are spoken by Cartman when the kids infiltrate the execution of Terrence and Philip. The execution show is guarded by the military forces. Cartman gets an order from The Mole to shut down the alarm, so the guard dogs will not hear the alarm. The Mole repeats his order to Cartman because he afraid of the dogs. Cartman gets a little bit angry about that then says that he understand enough by cursing angrily at The Mole. The translator uses TL sialan! as the translation of SL piece of shit!. Based on Nida‟s theory of equivalence, they are dynamically equivalent, because the translator uses natural expression to express the message in the SL and the message in SL is transferred equally in the TL related to the same context in the movie. Dynamic equivalence according to Nida, focuses on the naturalness of expression and tries to relate it to the behaviors within the context of receptor‟s own culture. The TL sialan! has similar message with SL piece of shit!, based on the context in the movie, because

it is said when someone feels angry at someone else by swearing. The word sialan (TL) means orang yang sial/untuk memaki or (yang) mendatangkan kesialan(someone unlucky/to curse/ something or someone bringing misfortune)

Beautiful, merciful faggot = Tuhan 23/67/SP/01:04:34 Beautiful, merciful faggot 23/67/SP/01:04:34 Tuhan

Equivalence Dynamic

It is spoken by The Mole when he is dying bloodily because of the guard dogs. Kyle says they won‟t leave without him because they do not know where they are, and then The Mole complains by saying “where is God when you need him” to Kyle, after that he says “here I come, God” and then he dies. The translator uses TL Tuhan as the translation of SL beautiful, merciful faggot. According to Nida‟s theory of equivalence, they are dynamically equivalent, because the translator uses natural expression to express the message of SL beautiful, merciful faggot into the TL within the same context in the movie. The message in SL is transferred equally in TL because the meaning of TL is similar with the SL. The word Tuhan (TL) means something that is beautiful and merciful according to what the Mole says in the movie. The word Tuhan (TL) means sesuatu yang diyakini, dipuja dan disembah oleh manusia sebagai yang mahakuasa, mahaperkasa dan sebagainya (something that is believed, worshiped and respected highly by humans as the almighty, the most powerful, etc.)

Cum-bucket! = Bodoh!

25/75/SP/01:12:18 You are weak, cum-bucket! 25/75/SP/01:12:18 Kau payah, bodoh!

Equivalence Dynamic

The word in bold in the table above is spoken by Saddam Husein to the Mr. Satan when he is attacked by Cartman using electric wave from his own body. Saddam asked angrily Mr. Satan to repay the attack by calling him with a very impolite name but Mr. Satan refuses to help him because Saddam addresses him like that. The translator uses TL bodoh as the of the SL cum-bucket! Based on NIda‟s theory of equivalence, they are dynamically equivalent, because the translator uses natural expression to express the message in SL into TL within the same context in the movie. The TL bodoh has similar message with the SL cum- bucket related to the context and situation in the movie. SL cum-bucket is used to call someone else impolitely as a mockery. The word bodoh (TL) means tidak memiliki pengetahuan (idiot or uneducated person).

B. The Purposes Expressed in Swear Words in South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999)

This part discusses about the purposes of swear words used by the characters in the movie South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). Based on the theory from Andersson and Trudgill, and also the theory from Liedlich, the researcher found there are several purposes of using swear words in the South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) movie, such as to show anger, to insult, to mock, to show dissatisfaction, and to show surprise. The percentage of swear word purposes from data sample using formula P (%) =NP/Nx100 will be shown as follows:

The diagram above shows the percentage of swear word purposes in South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999). After calculating the purpose, the results are 44% of insult, 36% of anger, 8% of dissatisfaction, 8% of mockery and only 4% of

surprise. Based on the percentage, South Park Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) uses mostly insulting swear words in its language.

1. Anger

It is something usual when someone shows his/her anger feelings by using swear word, especially in communication with others. Swear words are felt more expressive than the other words to show anger. Anger is a strong feeling you have when something bad and unfair to you has happened (Wehmeier, 2005: 40). There are 9 samples that show anger as follows:

1/21/SP/00:08:05 Asshole Jancok

2/23/SP/00:09:43 Fucking fat ass! Pantat berlemak sialan! 6/30/SP/00:12:16 Fat fuck! Gembrot sialan!

7/31/SP/00:12:18 Fucking son of a bitch! Menyebalkan!

9/38/SP/00:18:23 Bastard! Bajingan!

11/47/SP/00:30:09 Chicken shit Pengecut 12/48/SP/00:30:12 You bitch! Jalang! 22/66/SP/00:59:51 Piece of shit! Sialan! 24/68/SP/01:06:14 Bastards! Bajingan!

Sample 1/21/SP appears in 00:09. In the school playground, Cartman talks to Stanley, but he is ignored by Stanley because Stanley‟s attention is focused on a girl that he likes. It makes Cartman angry, and then curses at Stanley by using Asshole to express his anger. In Indonesia or especially in Java, it is usual to swear Jancok when we are being ignored by someone else that we are talking to seriously. Sample 2/23/SP appears in 00:12. It happens in the classroom when Mr.

59

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Andersson L.G and P Trudgill. Bad Language. London: Penguin, 1992.

Alwi, Hasan. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI). Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 2007.

Cipto, Budiwanto. An Analysis of Swear Word in Jackass: The Movie. Surabaya: Petra Christian University, 2006.

Crowther, Jonathan. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Fifth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

English Subtitle (www.southparkwillie.com/Spmedia?scanned/blu.pdf&ved) August 8, 2016.

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Harsanto, Rikardus Hendy. The Indonesian Translation of Swearing Words in the Wolf of Wall Street: A Study of Purpose and Effect. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.

Indonesian Subtitle (www.mampirbro.blogspot.com/south-park/Indonesian) August 8, 2016.

Leonardi, Vanessa. “Equivalence in Translation: Between Myth and Reality.” Translation Journal. Vol.4, No. 4, May 2014.

(http//:translationjournal.net/journal/14equiv.htm) 14, January 2017. Liedlich, Raymond D. Coming to Terms with Language: An Anthology. Portland:

Wiley, 1973.

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Nida Eugene A. Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1964. Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1988.

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Rahmawari, Desi. The Use of Swear Word by Junior High School students 1 at Kota Baru, Karawang, West Java. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro, 2013.

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(http://translationjournal.net/journal/22subtitles. htm). 11, September 2016.

Setiawan, Ebta, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan bahasa, Kemendikbud (kbbi.web.id) 19-23, September 2016. Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C. Handbook of Mixed Method in Social &

Behavioral Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003.

Wardaugh, Ronald, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Sixth Edition. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2010.

Wehmeier, Sally. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

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APPENDICES APPENDIX 1:

TABLE OF EQUIVALENCE TRANSLATION FROM 25 SAMPLES {D = Dynamic, F = Formal}

Number of Data Samples

English Swear Words (ST)

Indonesian Translation of Swear Words

(TT)

Equivalence

1/21/SP/00:08:05 Asshole, I‟m talking to you

Jancok, aku bicara padamu D

2/23/SP/00:09:43 You fucking fat ass!

Pantat berlemak sialan! D

3/24/SP/00:09:51 Fuck, fuckitty, fuck

Brengsek, sialan, persetan D

4/26/SP/00:10:08 Holy shit, dude!

Sialan bung! D

5/9/SP/00:12:15 Your mom is a bitch!

Ibumu menyebalkan! D

6/30/SP/00:12:16 You fat fuck!

Kau gembrot sialan! D

7/31/SP/00:12:18 You fucking son of a bitch!

Kau menyebalkan! D

8/35/SP/00:15:05 You are fucking faggot!

kau pengecut sialan! D

9/38/SP/00:18:23 You bastard! Kau bajingan! D

10/41/SP/00:24:24 Cheers, fuck-face

11/47/SP/00:30:09 Kyle, stop being a chicken shit

Kyle, berhentilah menjadi seorang pengecut

D

12/48/SP/00:30:12 That‟s enough, you bitch!

Sudah cukup, Jalang! D

13/49/SP/00:31:10 She‟s a fat stupid bitch

Dia si gembrot jalang bodoh

F

14/50/SP/00:31:24 Biggest bitch Penyihir jalang D

15/53/SP/00:31:45 She‟s an old bitch

Dia pelacur tua D

16/54/SP/00:32:17 She‟s a stupid bitch

Dia jalang bodoh D

1755/SP/00:32:19 She‟s just a dirty bitch

Dia jalang kotor D

18/56/SP/00:32:25 Fucking bitch

Sialan D

19/60/SP/00:54:00 cock-sucking asshole

bajingan D

20/63/SP/00:55:19 A dirty little bastard

Seorang bajingan kecil kotor

D

21/64/SP/00:55:40 A sandy little butthole

Anus kecil berpasir F

22/66/SP/00:59:51 You British piece of shit!

Kau inggris sialan! D

23/67/SP/01:04:34 Where‟s your beautiful, merciful faggot now?

APPENDIX 2:

TABLE OF INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF TABOO AND SWEAR WORD PURPOSES FROM 25 SAMPLES

Sample Numbers English Swear Word (SL)

Indonesian Translation of Swear Word (TL)

Purpose

1/21/SP/00:08:05 Asshole Jancok Anger

2/23/SP/00:09:43 Fucking fat ass! Pantat berlemak sialan!

Anger

3/24/SP/00:09:51 Fuck, fuckitty, fuck Brengsek, sialan, persetan

Dissatisfaction

4/26/SP/00:10:08 Holy shit Sialan Surprise

5/9/SP/00:12:15 Bitch! Menyebalkan! Insult 6/30/SP/00:12:16 Fat fuck! Gembrot sialan! Anger 7/31/SP/00:12:18 Fucking son of a

bitch!

Anak sialan menyebalkan!

Anger

8/35/SP/00:15:05 Fucking faggot Pengecut sialan Insult

9/38/SP/00:18:23 Bastard! Bajingan! Anger

10/41/SP/00:24:24 Fuck-face Keparat Insult 11/47/SP/00:30:09 Chicken shit Pengecut Anger 12/48/SP/00:30:12 Your shit, you bitch! Omong

kosongmu, jalang!

Anger 24/68/SP/01:06:14 Goodbye

bastard!

Selamat tinggal bajingan! D

25/75/SP/01:12:18 You are weak, cum bucket!

13/49/SP/00:31:10 Fat stupid bitch Gembrot jalang bodoh

Insult

14/50/SP/00:31:24 Biggest bitch Penyihir jalang Insult 15/53/SP/00:31:45 Mean old bitch Pelacur tua yang

kejam

Insult

16/54/SP/00:32:17 Stupid bitch Jalang bodoh Insult 1755/SP/00:32:19 Dirty bitch Jalang yang kotor Insult 18/56/SP/00:32:25 Old fat fucking bitch Gemuk tua sialan Insult 19/60/SP/00:54:00 Cock-sucking

asshole

Bajingan Insult

20/63/SP/00:55:19 Dirty little bastard Bajingan kecil yang kotor

Mockery

21/64/SP/00:55:40 Sandy little butthole Anus kecil berpasir

Mockery

22/66/SP/00:59:51 Piece of shit! Sialan! Anger 23/67/SP/01:04:34 Beautiful, merciful

faggot

Tuhan Dissatisfaction

24/68/SP/01:06:14 Bastard! Bajingan! Anger 25/75/SP/01:12:18 Cum bucket! Bodoh! Insult