The effect of friendship in Sam Oliver McQueen's character in Sally Nicholl's 'Ways to Live Forever'.

Submitted As Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for The Sarjana Degree at English Department Faculty of Art and Humanities State Islamic University

of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Dinar Rosia Fitri Reg. Number : A73213087

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATES ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2017

ABSTRACT

Fitri, Dinar Rosia. 2017. The Effect of Friendship on Sam Oliver McQueen’s

Character in Sally Nicholls’s Ways to Live Forever. Thesis. English Department. Faculty of Letters and Humanities. States Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The Advisor: Sufi Ikrima Sa’adah, M. Hum

Sally Nicholls’s Ways to Live Forevertells about a unique friendship between two

boys who got cancer. They are Sam Oliver McQueen dan Felix Stranger. In the beggining of the story, Sam is told as an eleven years old who has different personality from Felix who is thirteen years older.They decided to be friends after meeting at a hospital. This study study is aimed to answer the two problems formulated, namely (1)How is the characterization of Sam Oliver McQueen

before he meets with Felix in novel Ways to Live Forever? (2) How is the

friendship between Sam Oliver McQueen and Felix described in novel Ways to

Live Forever ? (3) What are the effects of friendship between Sam Oliver

McQueen and Felix toward Sam’s character in novel Ways to Live Forever ?. The

kind of this research is descriptive qualitative research. This research use a library researchthat collects the books, journals and some articles from internet which have relationship with this research. The result of this research is appropriate with some different theories.The result of this research is appropriate with some

different theories. The researcher uses New Criticism as the main theory and concept of Friendship from Aristotle to describe the friendship between Sam and Felix. In addition, the researcher uses Psychological approach from B.F. Skinner which mainly focuses on the effects of friendship between Sam and Felix toward Sam’s character change.

Key Terms: Psychology of Behavior, Friendship, Children Life.

INTISARI

Fitri, Dinar Rosia. 2017. The Effect of Friendship on Sam Oliver McQueen’s

Character in Sally Nicholls’s Ways to Live Forever. Skripsi. Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Pembimbing: Sufi Ikrima Sa’adah, M. Hum

Novel Ways to Live Forever mencerminkan kisah persahabatan unik antara dua

anak yang sama-sama menderita kanker. Mereka bernama Sam Oliver McQueen dan Felix Stranger. Pada awal cerita, Sam diceritakan sebagai adalah anak berusia sebelas tahun dengan sifat dan kepribadian berbeda dari Felix yang berusia tiga belas tahun lebih tua. Mereka memutuskan untuk bersahabat setelah bertemu di rumah sakit. Tujuan dari Skripsi ini untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan, yaitu (1)Bagaimana Karakterisasi Sam Oliver McQueen sebelum dia bertemu dengan

Felix dalam novel Ways to Live Forever? (2) Bagaimanapersahabatan antara Sam

Oliver McQueen dan Felix digambarkan dalam novel Ways to Live Forever? (3)

Apa efek persahabatan antara Sam Oliver McQueen dan Felix terhadap karakter

Sam dalam novel Ways to Live Forever?. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskripsi

kualitatif. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka, yaitu mengumpulkan buku-buku, jurnal dan beberapa artikel yang diambil dari internet yang memiliki hubungan dengan analisis ini. Hasil dari penelitian ini sesuai dengan beberapa teori berbeda. Peneliti menggunakan New Criticism sebagai teori utama dan konsep Persahabatan dari Aristoteles untuk menggambarkan persahabatan antara Sam dan Felix. Selain itu, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan Psikologis dari B.F. Skinner yang terutama berfokus pada efek persahabatan antara Sam dan Felix terhadap perubahan karakter Sam.

Kata Kunci: Psikologi Tingkah Laku, Persahabatan, Kehidupan anak-anak.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside Cover Page ...i

Declaration page ...ii

Thesis Advisor’s Approval Sheet ...iii

Thesis Examiners Approval Sheet ...iv

Motto ...v

Dedication Page ...vi

Acknowledment ...vii

Table of Contents ...ix

Abstract ...xii

Intisari ...xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study ...1

1.2 Statement of Problems ...5

1.3 Objective of the Study ...5

1.4 Significance of the Study ...6

1.5 Scope and Limitation ...6

1.6 Research Method ...6

17.1Data and Source ...7

1.7.2Data Collection ...8

1.7.3 Data Analysis ...8

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theorical Framework ...10

2.2 New Criticism ...10

2.2.1 Character ...11

2.2.2 Characterization ...13

2.3 Psychological Approach of B.F. Skinner ...15

2.3.1 Concept of Friendship ...17

2.3.2 Peer Group Relationship ...21

2.4 Previous Studies ...26

CHAPTER III: The Effects of Friendship on Sam Oliver McQueen’s Character in Sally Nicholls`s Ways to Live Forever 3.1 The Characterization of Sam Oliver McQueen Before Met Felix Stranger...29

3.2 The Description of Friendship Between Sam McQueen and Felix Stranger...35

3.2.1 Benefit to One Another...36

3.2.2 Pleasant to One Another ...43

3.2.3 Care to Another Unconditionally ...45

3.3 The Effects of Friendship Between Sam and Felix on Sam’s Character...47

3.3.1 Sam Becomes Cheerful ...48

3.3.2 Sam Becomes Brave ...48

3.3.3 Sam Becomes Impolite ...49

3.3.4 Sam Becomes Angry ...50

3.3.5 Sam Becomes Quitter ...51

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION...55

4.1 Conclusion of Analysis ...55

4.2 Suggestion ...57

WORKS CITED ...58

APPENDIX: SINOPSIS OF THE STORY ...61

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Human is created differently from other God’s creatures. They have been

created as the perfect creature by God. Paula J.C. said in her book Human

Developmentthat human is creature who frees to choose meaning in every

situation, taking responsibility for every decision in a sustainable manner, and was

involved in drawing the pattern of relationships with others (50). Therefore, they

have many abilities to choose something appropriate to their life, because they are

given some abilities from God. One of the human’s abilities is described to their

relation with others. The relation to each other is needed in the life of a human

who lives in the real world. The relation itself is divided into the smaller side that

is family and the biggest side that is social community.

In a social relation, we often hear and say about friendship. There is no one

who can live alone in this world. Everyone need friends. Friendship is naturally

built among several people who know and understand each others. In the book of

Love, Friendship, and the Self, Bennet W. Helm said that friendships are

relationships that essentially involve considerably more intimacy than is apparent

just by considering the loving attitudes that ground them (205). In this context,

She also argue more strongly that making sense of friendship requires postulating

rather to both jointly. Consequently, the kind of control over and responsibility for

these joint cares and values must involve the joint exercise of autonomy. All of

this requires that we reject the individualist conception of autonomy, and it leads

to a still richer sense in which we persons are essentially social (214). Basically,

the researcher is excited to discussing about friendship, because in this study will

proof that friendship gives more effects toward the character of a child suffering

from leukemia than the effects of his proximity to the family.

Commonly, a literary work is the best place to reveal the readers about

meaning of friendship. In Knickerbocker and Reninger’s book, the literary works

is stated as composed of words, not of objects or feelings, and it is a mistake to

see it as the expression of an author's mind (4). Moreover, Knickerborker and

Reninger also agreed that in the literary works, the human’s feeling and thoughts

will be seen by the readers only from reading. In modern theories, the literary

works are divided into three parts; the first is fiction; epic, short story, and novel,

the second is drama and the third is poem (277). Furthermore, in this research, the

researcher has decided to choose the novel as primary source.It is because the

novel has a complex storyline than with other literary works.

As one of the literary works,novel is only fictional narrative created by the

author to inspired by the people’s life. In A Glossary of Literary Term, Abrams

said that novel is one of literary product that is applied to great variety in writing.

It is common being extended writing of fiction written in prose (190). The novel

there, the character’s behavior, thought, feeling and speech can be identified and understood as behavior, thought, feeling and speech people have. Therefore,

characters in a novel represent the people in real life. Especially on the relation of friendship in children’s area.

There are many novels which are discussing about friendship in children’s

area. In this research, a novel entitled Ways to Live Forever is taken by the

researcher. This novel is published in United Kingdom at 7 January 2008 by Sally Nicholls. Sally Nicholls is a prize-winning British children’s book author.

Nicholls was born and grew up in Stockton-on-Tees. She attended Great Ayton

Friends School until its closure and subsequently Egglescliffe School until

2001.On finishing school, Nicholls chose to travel around the world. The author

reached Australia and New Zealand, following a period of working in Japan at a Red Cross hospital. She returned to the UK to begin a bachelor’s degree at the University of Warwick, covering philosophy and literature. As of 2012, Nicholls

lives in Oxford. In first, Nicholls wrote three novels all have death as a central

theme. Her first novel, Ways to Live Forever was written during her time at Bath

Spa (Water stones Brimigham news).

(https://www.waterstones.com/bookshops/birmingham/read/). Accessed on

2th May 8:00 AM.

Briefly, Ways to Live Forevernovel is telling about eleven years old boy

with leukemia cancer. His name is Sam Oliver McQueen. Sam has a closer friend

Felix dies, he doesnot know what to do because he always looked up to style

ofFelix’s life. Sam is puzzled by the sadness and writes in his book that everyone

should have been happy and making jokes and Felix should have worn his

favorite top. Having said, that he told in his book he wanted to make sure no one

would do that at his funeral.

There are some reasons, why the researcher is interested to analyze Sally

Nichols’s Ways to Live Forever novel. They are; First, although the author talked

about death in Ways to Live Forever as the central theme, she also talked about

psychology of character in children’s area. Especially in main character’s behavior, Sam McQueen. There is the indication of psychology behavior in this

novel. It can found in the friendship condition between Sam with Felix. In this

story, Felix is described as stimulation to change Sam’s character. It also refers to

the theory for analysis later. The second, the researcher taken this novel because

the whole of story contained is hilarious, imaginative, poignant and inspiring. The

third is the words and the sentences in this novel are easier to understand,

lightweight and worth reading, but remains contained of moral values. Based on

those reasons, the researcher becomes curious and interested to apply the

appropriate theories with the topic analysis.

Through the discussion above, Then, the researcher also uses New Criticism

as main theory and concept of friendship from Aristotle to describes the friendship

psychological effects of friendship between Sam and Felix toward Sam’s character changing by using Psychology approach from B.F. Skinner.

1.2 Statement of the Problems

Based on the background of the research, this study is conducted to answer

the problems formulated in the following questions :

1. How is the characterization of Sam Oliver McQueen Before Meets

Felix in novel Ways to Live Forever ?

2. How is the friendship between Sam Oliver McQueen and Felix

described in novel Ways to Live Forever ?

3. What are the effects of friendship between Sam Oliver McQueen and

Felix toward Sam’s character in novel Ways to Live Forever?

1.3 Objective of the Study

Based on the problems above, the objectives of study are aimed :

1. To describe the characterization of Sam Oliver McQueen Before

Meets Felix in novel Ways to Live Forever.

2. To describe thefriendship between Sam Oliver McQueen and Felix in

novel Ways to Live Forever.

3. To explain the effects offriendship between Sam Oliver McQueen and

1.4 Significance of the Study

Through this research, the researcher istrying to enrich the theoretical bases

of literary studies, especially inNew Criticism theory. It is expected to be a source

of information in understanding literature in field of knowledge. Then, the

researcher will divides the significance of study into two categories. They are

theoreticallyand practically categories.

Theoretically, the results of the research are expected to give contribution to

develop the study and analysis on literary study related to New Criticism theory

represented in Sally Nichols’s novel entitledWays to Live Forever. The researcher

expects that it can give knowledge about the problems from the children’s lives and the effects to their lives. Particularly, the effects to children’s characters which illustrated by SamOliver McQueen as main character.

Practically, the researcher hopes by analyzing this novel, it will be useful to

give other views and inspirations about meaning of friendship for every person

and moral values to the readers about how to choose the better things and avoid

the bad things in the real life, in order to get happiness in next top. Then, It hopes

can be a helpful reference for other writer who are interested in conducting other

research on analyzing novel Ways to Live Forever by Sally Nicholls. Especially to

the students in English Department ofUIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

As the limitation, the research will be limited to the main character, Sam

prevent non-relevant problems. Here, the researcher uses New Criticism as the

main theory. Then, the researcher describes the relation between Sam with his

best friend, Felix and the effects from their relation. Here, the researcher uses

Psychological approach from B.F. Skinner and concept of friendshipas the

approach. Based on those scope and limitation, the researcher can focus on the

research problems and objectives.

1.6 Research Method

This chapter discusses about the methodology of the research. It consist of

research data and source, data collection, and data analysis. This research is

library based. The researcher applies descriptive qualitative research method.The

analysis was conducted by descriptive qualitative. Descriptive qualitative research

is an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions

of inquiry that explore a social or human problem. The researcher builds a

complex, holistic picture, analyzes words, report detailed views of information,

and conducts the study in a natural setting (Creswell 8). It means the researcher

describes and analyzes the data which are not numeral data but the data are from

words and sentences.

1.7.1 Data and Source

The researcher has the primary and secondary data in this study. The

in 2008. The primary data are in form of the secondary data are from journals,

essays, and other relevant sources to this research.

1.7.2 Data Collection

In collecting the data, the research followssome steps, They are:

1. Reading the novel Ways to Live Forever by Sally Nicholls as the

primary source, to get the complete and well understanding on the

whole story.

2. Reading some references like; journals, essays, and other relevant

sources as secondary sources, to complete the analysis.

3. Marking the text which related to description of Sam’s

characterization and the friendship between Sam and Felix and the effect of their friendship towards Sam’s character.

4. Selecting and collecting the data in narration form and some

conversations from the novel related to the problem of behavioral psychology toward Sam’s character.

1.7.3 Data Analysis

In the presenting of the analysis, the researcher follows some steps. They

are:

1. Analyzing the data collected by categorizing them into two points,

friendship between Sam and Felix, then explain the effects oftheir

friendship toward Sam’s characterin novel Ways to Live Forever.

2. Those points above are analyzed using New Criticism theory, the

concept of friendship from Aristotle, and Psychology approach from

B.F. Skinner, which refers to the objective of the study .

3. Then, the researcher will be giving the best conclusion and suggestion

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Theorical Framework

In this chapter, the researcher will discuss about some literary theories to

support the description in the next chapter. There are some quotations, values, and

judgment taken related to the topic in this research for supporting the analysis. In

making description, the researcher will uses New Criticism theory to analyze it.

The researcher focuses on character, characterization and the friendship

condition between Sam and Felix in this novel by concept of friendship from

Aristotle. Then, to reveal the effects of friendship between Sam and Felix toward to Sam’s character, the researcher will uses psychology approach from B.F. Skinner theory. These theories are used to answer all of the statement of

problems. In this research, researcher will only focuses on Sam Oliver McQueen

as the main character in this novel.

2.2 New Criticism

New Criticism was active from the late 1930s to late 1950s, also took on

most of the ideas of Elliot and Richards, as well as those Empson (Carter 26).

According to the book of Literary Criticism, New Criticism consist of some

elements formal in the text which will work together to build the organic unity of

the text (136). In this point, some formal elements are including of character,

However, in this research, the researcher will take the character, characterization,

and plot related to the research problems.Tyson also said in the book of Critical

Theory Today that the most important concepts in New Criticism are concerning

the nature and importance of textual evidence – the use of concrete, specific

examples from the text it self to validate our interpretation (135). In other

statement, Selden said that New Criticism wants to explore what is specially

literary in texts, and rejects the limp spirituality of late Romantic poetics in favor

of detailed and empirical approach to reading (Selden 29). Based on those points,

the researcher decided to analyze the whole of text to finding the data without

taking outside the story.

2.2.1 Character

a. Definition of Character

According to the book of Writing Themes About Literature, Edgar V. Robert

said that character in literature is an extended verbal representation of a human

being, the inner self that determines thought, speech, and behavior (65). Thus, through to the dialogue, action, commentary and suggests details of character’s traits. It will help the researcher to analyze and make conclusion about the

character in this novel.

In the book of Mastering English Literature, explained that understanding

character is more difficult than understanding any other elements of story such as

plot or setting. Character is much complex. There are two ways in how characters

character is when the author describes the character by its physical appearance

such as the dress, age, how the character looks like, while showing a character is more complex than telling because the author tries to get the reader’s response to

judge the character’s trait, it is good or bad, or maybe the character has other traits

by showing the character’s way of behave and think in some condition (134). Then, understanding the character is very important to this research, because the

characters give description as the real actions in human life.

b. Types of Character

Robert Di Yanni said in his book that character can be categorized as major

and minor character. A major character is usually called as the protagonist. In a

story, a protagonist usually has a conflict with the antagonist which sometimes

also called as a static character because they are not changing from the beginning

until the end of the story while major character called as dynamic character

because they are changing (55). Without the role of character, a literary work will

be nonsense because the element which makes the literary work alive is character.

Further, there are two kinds of characters, namely flat character and round

character. A flat character also called as a type of dimensional character. It means

that the character is built on a single idea or quality. Therefore, he/she is presented

in outline and without much individualizing detail, only in a short phrase or

sentence in the novel. Whereas, a round character is called as a dynamic character

which is complex in temperament and motivation (Abrams 24). Characters from

author use the describes the character like a human being in real life. That is make

the novel becomes interesting. Therefore, the researcher excited to observesthe characters in Sally Nichols’s novel, because observing characters is similar to observing a real human.

2.2.2 Characterization

a. Definition of Characterization

According to the statement of Rohrberger and Woods Jr. that, define

characterization as the process by which an author creates character (20). Thus, In

literature the characterization refers from step by step process where is an author

introduces and then describes a character. The creation of the imaginary person

presented to the readers as lifelike is called characterization ( Holman and

Harmon 81).Characterization is very important since the reader can explore the

novel by paying attention on the character’s speeches, actions and comments of

the other character in order to understand about the idea of the story (Holman and

Harmon 2). Therefore, the story will not alive and real without any

characterization. An author must has a good ability to make characters because the

great story must has characters with good characterizations.

b. Ways of Characterization

Commonly, there are two methods to characterizing the characters. First,

the author uses direct manner. It means that, the character can be described

directly by the author. Second, the author uses indirect manner. It means that, the

but showing the characters through how the character looks, what the character

does, what the character says, what the character thinks, and how the character

affects other characters (Baldick 37).

To make the readers can understand and get clear the character’s personality. an author can follow nine ways of characterization which are

described by Murphy (161-171). It is include to the character’s appearance,

thought, speech, attitude, his/her life and so on. There are nine ways of

characterization :

1) Personal Description

It explains the psychal appearance of characters to introduce the

characters to the readers. An author may describe personal appearance of the

character, such as hair, skin, eyes and height.

2) Character as seen by another

To understand characterization of the characters, the author uses other character’s opinion to describe a character in the story. In the novel the character may give the opinion from their dialogues .

3) Speech

The personality of the characters can be notified through their speech.

The reader can learn the characters by understanding speeches which are

produced deeply.

The experience of the characters can be a point of characterization. It

is happen by giving information about the character’s past life. In this part

the author will give some clues about the characterization of the characters.

5) Conversation of each others

In the novel, there are many conversations. The conversation among

characters may refers to the characterization in whole of story.

6) Reactions

The character’s reaction in facing a certain event or problem may refer to the personality of the characters and can be hint as the characterization.

7) Direct Comment

Sometimes the author gives comments directly to describe the

characterization. However, it will be not disturb the story.

8) Thoughts

The author describes the character’s thought in order to get the point

out of the characterization.

9) Mannerism

The author may tell the character’s mannerism to the readers in order to give information about characterization of the characters.

2.3 Psychological Approach of B.F. Skinner

This research will use the psychological approach from B. F. Skinner’s psychology behavior which is appropriate to the research problems. B.F.

process of "operating" on the environment, which in ordinary terms means it is

bouncing around its world, doing what it does. During this "operating," the

organism encounters a special kind of stimulus, called a reinforcing stimulus, or

simply a reinforcer. This special stimulus has the effect of increasing the operant–

that is, the behavior occurring just before the reinforcer. This is operant

conditioning: "the behavior is followed by a consequence, and the nature of the

consequence modifies the organisms tendency to repeat the behavior in the

future." (Boeree 4).

Behavior is a primary characteristic of living things. We almost identify it

with life itself. Anything which moves is likely to be called alive, especially when

the movement has direction or acts to alter the environment. (Skinner 45). Human’s behavior is controlled by external factor. It can be environment and social-culture. Skinner also states that many theories of human behavior,

nevertheless, neglect or ignore the action of the environment. The contact between

the organism and the surrounding world is wholly disregarded or at best casually

described. This is almost always true in clinical psychology, for example. The

clinician often speaks of people, places, and things as "facts" entering into the

interpretation of his patient's behavior, without further specifying their action

(129).

Human comes from the environment. He/she was born by having some

talents which can be developed in every way. By passing shaping process, human

can be the certain character who has certain behavior (Farozin 74). It can be

his/her environment. He/she is known as an active object. So that is way, the environment has the important role to build human’s character and behavior.

The environment which can build human’s character can be the world around his/her. It can be from people lives around his/her. Those can be explained

in the following point.

2.3.1 Concept of Friendship

In this section presents the description of friendship and also the kinds of friendship.

a. The meaning of Friendship

Friendship is a relationship in which friends spend a great deal of time

together, interact in variety of situations, exclude other from the relationships, and

provide emotional support to one another (Baron and Byrne 278). People need

friends because no one can live alone in the world. Friendship becomes the bridge

of two or more people to share something eachother through to the action and

feeling.

There are three reasons of having friends. The first is people need friend

friends to be included in some activities of others or of our own; the second is to

control and to be uncontrolled, dealing with stability and comfort in our

interactions with others; thenthird is to give and receive love, support, warmth and

with stress and uncertainty, taking care of physical needs, and even to helping us

in the development of our personality Beebe (413).

According to Blum statement that, a moral value of friendshipinvolves a

high level of development and expression of the unselfish emotions of sympathy, care – a deep caring for others and identification with the good of another from whom one clearly knows oneself to be clearly other (71). In social relation, people

who tried to get a friendship, they will be easier to socialize with another people.

It because they have a good emotion in order to keep their relation with others.

They will not be selfish because friendship need understanding and caring to each

other. Therefore, the human being called as a social creature.

b. Kind of Friendship

Aristotle as translated by Ostwald (218) divides friendship into three kinds.

They are; friendship based on utility, friendship based on pleasure, friendship based on goodness. Then, in this section the researcher explains them refers to

Ostwald’s statement :

1) Friendship based on utility

This kind of friendship occurs most frequently between the elderly because at their age what they want is not pleasure but utility. It also occurs in people who are in their middle or early life and are also pursuing their own advantages.

2) Friendship based on pleasure

Basically, the purpose of this friendship is talk about pleasure and fun each other person. This friendship can easily end because the affection

changes just as the things that please them and the sort of pleasure can changes rapidly.

3) Friendship based on goodness

The characteristic of this friendship is permanent, reasonably enough, because it is united all of the attributes that friends tough to possess. This friendship is based on goodness, people are good to each other without qualification. Without qualification means that a friend will do a good thing for his or her friend without asking qualifications. They are also beneficial to one another whatever he or she is. The kind of this friendship will last for a long time. Moreover time and familiarity are required. It means one cannot be a friend of another person until each partner has impressed the other that he or she is worthy to affection, and until each person has won the

other’s confidence. Friendship based on goodness needs a long process

because it cannot built instantly.

c. The Functions of Friendship

According to Gottman and Parker (130-131), there are six important functions to friendships. In their research, they state that when a child lacks a function in a friendship they will experience confusion and conflict and without comprehending the source of their frustration will lash out in a variety of ways. This, according to Gottman and Parker, often avoids the true issue considering friendships are the foundation of adolescent life. Gottman and Parker listed the following six functions of friendship:

Friendship will give a chance to every person to operate their

functions to another as a friend. They will do it, when both of them do an

activity. As a friend, means someone should give and sacrifice their life in

aspect of time, energy, and even the voluntary cost to common good.

2) Stimulation

Basically, the friendship will provide a stimulus person to develop

his/her potential because of the opportunity in social situations. It means

that through friendship, a person gets interesting information, important, and

spur the potential, talent or interest to develop properly.

3) Physical support

With the physical presence of a person or a few friends, it will nurture

meaningful feelings for someone who is facing a problem. Physical

presence shows the willingness to provide time, energy or rescue that can

inspire life. That is why the sick person needs the care and compassion of a

friend or friend even if he has been attended or visited by his family.

4) Ego Support

Sometimes someone will feel stressed, down, or not excited when

faced with a problem that is quite heavy. It is as if his expertise does not

mean anything when facing the problem. Therefore, friendship provides ego’s attention and support to a person. What a person faces is also felt, thought, and borene by others (his best friend). With that attention, finally

and usually a person has the moral strenght and spirit of life to be able to

5) Social comparison

Friendships provide an open opportunity to express the expression of

one's capacity, competence, interests, talents, and skills. In the context of a

social interaction of friendship, a person wants to be accepted, valued,

recognized, and trusted as someone who is competent. However, in that

friendship, neither will they condemn the weaknesses of others. Thus, one

will compare himself with others. That is, others as a mirror for a person,

whether he has more ability 20 or less when compared with others. When a

person is aware of the shortcomings, he or she will be able to learn and

improve to match or be superior to others. Thus, friendship provides a

positive stimulation for one's personal development.

6) Intimacy or affection

The true sign of friendship is the sincerity, warmth, and intimacy of

one another. Individuals, there is no intention or intention to betray others

because they trust each other, respect, and respect the where abouts of

others. Both when together and when alone, each friendly individual feels

affinity, trust, and acceptance in a social group. Although there are

differences of thought, attitude or behavior, the differences are the basis for

feeling the need for emotional support and social support in order to

maintain intimacy, warmth, and intimacy.

2.3.2 Peer Group Relationship a. Age Limitation Children

According to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia; Number 23 Year 2002

on Children Protection, Article 1 and Paragraph 1, children is a person not yet 18

(eighteen) years of age, including a child who is still inContent. Meanwhile,

according to WHO the age limit of children is from child in the womb until Age

19 years. Under the Convention on the Rights of the Childrenadopted by the

General Assembly of the United Nations On November 20, 1989 and ratified by

Indonesia in 1990, Section 1 of article 1, referred to by the child is any person

under the age of 18, except under the law applicable to the child determined that

adulthood is achieved early.(http://www.depkes.go.id/download

/infodatin-anak.pdf). Accessed on 25th May 7:54 PM.

According to the standard of WHO (World Health Organization),the researcher tries to applying this standard to clarify the children age of Sam McQueen and his peer, Felix Stranger. Where Sam who told as an eleven years

old boy, he still included to the children area. Also Felix who told as a thirteen

years old boy, he also stayed in children age.

b. Definition and Characteristic of Peer Group Relationship

Peer group relationship is a form of mutual relations where peer are

expected to maintain a balance (reciprocal) from the relationship. Some of the

clear manifestation of the relationship is the acceptance or rejection. Acceptance

by peers refer to the a level popularity among children, while the peer group

rejection by the peers refer to the lack of popularity among the peer group (Reitz

to give more new information outside the world of family (220). Children's

friendships have inevitable ups and downs. Yet the feelings of satisfaction and

security that most children derive from interacting with peers outweigh periodic

problems. For a number of children, however, peer relations are persistently

problematic. Some children are actively rejected by peers. Others are simply

ignored, or neglected. It even appears that some popular children have many

friends but nevertheless feel alone and unhappy. Children who are unable to form

close or satisfying relationships with peers should be of concern to parents and

teachers alike. For one thing, these children miss out on opportunities to learn

social skills that will be important throughout their lives. Especially critical are

the skills needed to initiate and maintain social relationships and to resolve social

conflicts, including communication, compromise, and tact (Asher 1982).

Furthermore, the children’s peer group relationship is very important among the

children’s area.

These children may develop little faith in their own abilities to achieve

interpersonal goals. Thus, are easily overwhelmed by the normal ups and downs

of social interaction. Implications for the children's future social and professional

adjustments are obvious. According to Asher said that children without satisfying

friendships may suffer from painful feelings of isolation (1984). School may be an

unpleasant place for the children. They may ultimately become truant or drop out

altogether (Kupersmidt 1983). Or, in their search for a sense of group belonging,

the children may become vulnerable to the influence of delinquent or

adolescence times. One of the most obvious changes in adolescence is that the

relation around the that this decreased frequency of contact with family does not

mean that family closeness has assumed less importance for the adolescent (O’Koon 32).

In fact, family closeness and attachment has recently been confirmed as the

most important factor associated with not smoking, less use of alcohol and other

drugs, later initiation of sexual intercourse, and fewer suicide attempts among

adolescents (Resnick, Bearman, &Blum et al., 1997). In youth, they are together

to form their own culture; social pressures within the peer group increase,

gradually eclipsing that exerted by adults. Similar claims of declining parental

influence accompany theories of parent de idealization (Blos 23). According to

this view, identity development and individuation require youth to separate from

their parents.

As adolescents recognize that parents arenot infallible, they increasingly

question andresist parent influence attempts. This creates an influence vacuum,

which tends to be filled by peers. But other scholars have noted that influence is

not necessarily a zero-sum proposition. According to this view, parent influence is

not necessarily tied to peer influence (Brittain 28). If absolute levels of influence

are unrelated across relationships, change in influence accorded to one

relationship does not necessarily prompt change in influence accorded to another.

It follows that when peers become more influential, parents do not necessarily

become less influential. In other words, the influence of parents may not decline

relative to that of peers. A more nuanced version of this model holds that

developmental changes in influence are domain specific (Kandel & Lesser, 1972).

Different developmental patterns of influence may arise for different out comes.

For instance, Peer influence may increase over matters such as attire but not over

matters such as future career aspirations.

c. The Role of Peer Groups and Peer Relationships in

PersonalityDevelopment

Group socialization theory (Harris, 1995) is one of the few approaches that

explicitly consider the role of peers in personality development. As outlined

before, it posits that with children’s advancing age, socialization in peer groups

becomes an increasingly important determinant of personality development that

accounts, for example, in large parts for personality differences between siblings.

Even though siblings may as well experience environmental differences within the

family (called unique niches or microenvironments; Dunn & Plomin, 1990),

birth-order studies and studies that included children with and without siblings suggest

that intrafamiliar influences cannot fully account for the observed non-genetic

differences that make siblings different (Bleske-Rechek & Kelley, 2014; Harris,

2000). Group socialization theory proposes that siblings who grow up in the same

family become different from each other not only because 50% of their genes

differ, but also because they belong to different peer groups (Harris, 1995).

Building on Harris (1995) and in view of the previous review that sustained

substantial share of variance in lifespan personality development. In particular, we

suggest that the distinction between social group (i.e., group-level) and dyadic

relationship perspectives (i.e., relationship-level) is essential for understanding

peer effects on personality development. Peer group processes of within-group assimilation lead to peer group members’ personalities becoming more similar over time; at the same time, between-group differences increase. Nevertheless,

peer group members also differ in their personality development, which is driven

by unique dyadic relationship experiences. In the following sections, we will first

address group-level effects and elaborate on how peer group processes account for

betweengroup differences. We will then turn to relationship-level effects and

delineate how specific dyadic relationship experiences determine individual

differences within peer groups. We will conclude with examples that illustrate

future research prospects that capitalize on the integration of both research

perspectives.

2.4 Previous Studies

Actually, the novel Ways to Live Forever include on new category in the

English department. So, still there is no thesis which conducted by this novel.

However, the researcher found only one thesis which has talked about novel Ways

to Live Forever by Sally Nicholls from other major. The researcher put it as

previous study. The researcher also found one thesis using the same theory but

1. The thesis entitled “Perancangan Visual Komik dari Novel “Ways to Live Forever- Setelah Aku Pergi”by Rizky Fergi Pradipta (2011) from Visual Communication Design of Multimedia and Communication department

Binus University Jakarta. He used novel Ways to Live Foreverby Sally

Nichols to explained how the author wrote the plot through to the visual

design.

2. The thesis entitled “The Effect of Family Condition on Krystal Weedon’s

Character Reflected in J.K. Rowling’s The Casual Vacancy” by Fathatun Ni’mah (2016) from English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. This thesis focuses on analyzing Krystal Weedon’s family life and the problem in her family. The

aim of this thesis is to explain some effects of Krystal Weedon’s family

condition toward her character. The writer uses New Criticism as the main theory and B.F. Skinner’s theory as psychology approach to analyze Krystal Weedon’s behavior.

Based on both of thesis above, the researcher has found similar novel will

used to this research from thesis“Perancangan Visual Komik dari Novel “Ways to

Live Forever- Setelah Aku Pergi” by Rizky Fergi Pradipta. The researcher also

found similarity theories will used to this research from thesis“The Effect of

Family Condition on Krystal Weedon’s Character Reflected in J.K. Rowling’s The Casual Vacancy” by Fathatun Ni’mah (2016). However, the researcher will uses these theories in different objects and cases. Those are about;how is the

characterization of Sam Oliver McQueen before he meets with Felix, thenhowis

friendship between Sam and Felix described in this novel. Also what arethe effects of friendship between Sam and Felix toward Sam’s character.

CHAPTER III

The Effect of Friendship on Sam Oliver McQueen’s Character in Sally

Nicholls`s Ways to Live Forever

This chapter analyzes the data which refer to the research problems in

chapter 1. The researcher analyzes the novel Ways to Live Forever in three parts.

The first part, the researcher discusses the characterization of Sam before he met

Felix, then the description of friendship between Sam McQueen and Felix

Stranger. Here, the researcher applies New Criticism and the concept of friendship

from Aristotle to describe a whole of friendship’s condition between Sam and

Felix. The last part is discussion on effect of Sam and Felix friendship toward Sam’s character. The researcher applies psychology approach from B.F Skinner, to reveal the changing character of Sam. The data are from the form of paragraph,

the conversation among the characters, or in direct and indirect quotation from the

utterances of the author.

1.1 The Characterization of Sam Oliver McQueen Before Meets Felix Stranger

To emphazise the readers understand and get clear description on

character’s personality, an author can follow nine ways of characterization which are described by Murphy (161-171), such as; personal descriptions, character as

seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of each others, reaction, direct

characterization of Sam, who becomes the center discussion in the novel. It can be

seen by the domination of Sam’s character in the whole story, because the form of

Ways to Live Forever novel is like a private diary belonging to Sam McQueen. In this part the researcher focused to Sam’s character before he met Felix and got the effects from his friendship, as Robert DiYanni said that, from the beginning until

the end of the story a major character is called dynamic character because they are

changing (55). The characterization of Sam in this novel show by some parts,

such as:

Sam lives with a family who love him very much. They are; Sam’s mum whowas very strong and sensitive toward her son, Sam’s daddy who was very quiet and a little stiff but in fact he was very care toward his son’s condition, a younger sister named Ella, who was an annoying girl which sometimes becomes a

good girl, and Sam’s grandmother who was always warm with Sam. In Ways to

Live Forever Sam was described as an eleven years old boy who got leukemia

since he was six years old. He has got leukemia in three times, including when he

has met Felix. Leukemia is a dangerous disease for a child as old as Sam

McQueen. In this condition, Sam must adapted with his condition and also his

environment. One of the way to adaptation with his condition, Sam tried to find

out what is leukemia exactly. It can be found on the paragraph below;

Leukemia is a type of a cancer. What happens is your body makes too many white blood cells. White blood cells are like your own personal resistance army. They fight injections and stuff. But when you get leukemia they take over and the other blood cells get scrunched up and can’t do all the things they’re supposed to do. So, you might get very pale or get loads of bruises or nosebleeds that won’t stop or you feel tired all the time (Nichols 49).

Based on the paragraph above, the researcher concluded that the people who

get leukemia must keep their lives away from some painful things, as like;

collision, injury of slice and also they can not doing many activities hardly to

avoid worse condition. They should stay with the medicines and have bed rest

during their medicinal treatment like chemotherapy. It was the same with Sam in

his experience about leukemia. He thought that this condition is still mysterious

for him, start from the first time he got leukemia and how he should accept this

bad destiny with chemotherapy and any medicines. He was considered as a strong

child when he thought to face this disease. He must go to the hospital to get a

chemotherapy for a month and had to take many pills in long times.

I’ve had it three times,including now. The first time was when I was

six. I was in hospital having chemotherapy for a month and I had to take pills for ages afterwards. But they thought they’d cured it, for sure.

It came back again when I was ten. That’s when I met Felix. They gave me the chemotherapy drugs then as well and my hair fell out again and everything. And they thought they’d cured it then too. Well, kind of. (49-50)

It becomes obvious that Sam’s leukemia always came back again in his life. He must go to trough this situation with many healing efforts. And because of the

leukemia, Sam becomes a weak boy. Sam had to go to private school a long time

ago. This is because Sam has a very weak physical condition. If he tried do the

severe things, he will got nosebleed suddenly. This also indicated that Sam feeling

quickly.Then, Sam decided that he don’t want to go back school again. It was expressed when Sam talked to his father below;

“If you’re putting that much effort into your homework, don’t you think it’s time you went back to school? That poor woman’s been coming out here long enough.”

“I like Mrs Willis, “I said quickly. I don’t want to go back to school. The kids all stare and ask questions. Like: “How come you get to go

home when you tired?” Or: “How sick are you really?” (Nichols 28).

However, behind his condition, Sam has his own ways to pass his days. One

of them iscreates some fantastic stories about his life. Besides the fact of his

disease, he also tried to learns of how science has the role to his life, and he also

has many wishes to make about death. That is why Sam becomes an imaginative

boy and curious about the fact of death. As the quotation below;

“Do you believe in demons?”

“Demons?” said Granny. “You mean with horns and pitchforks?” “No,” I said.

“Absolute rubbish.” Granny firmly.

“But you believe in ghosts and things,” I said.

“There’s no point in inventing devils to be scared of,” Said Granny very strenly

“We’ve enough real things to worry about without making up more for ourselves.”

“Right,” I said “And I wasn’t scared. I only wondered.” (Nichols 46

-47).

In the situation above, Sam tried to think about the thing which still makes

him imagine about something living in his body and making him do creepy stuff.

It happened after he get inspired by the real story of demons after a person died in

have covered in this situation. In this part, Sam always tried to takes the answers

about his curious feeling to Granny.

He also has the same character with his father. That is a quite person. As

the explanation below.

...Dad’s just quiet, like me. He’s shy.When it’s just our family, he’s no

quiet... He just doesn’t like it when there’re loads of people in the house, like now when they keep coming to visit us.

I don’t think there’s anything wrong with that. I wish I could go and hide sometimes too. (Nichols 18)

Father is the important figure who is giving affection and love. He becomes

the example for his family, especially to his child. He is the first teacher who

teaches his child in any times and situations since his child was born. Therefore, at

least the character of a child can not stand away from the father’s character. It also

happened to Sam character. It was proved that Sam has the same character like his

father.Sam tends to be a quiet character and always leaves the crowd just like his

father.

In this novel, Sam isalso characterized as a boy who loves to collect the

facts about his life. He made the lists of difficult to answer by older. Almost his

questions include as the critical questions. As like an excerpt below;

I like facts. I like knowing things. Grown-ups never understand this. You ask them something like, “Can I have new bike for Christmas?” and they give you a waffly answer, like, “Why don’t you see how you feel nearer Christmas?” Or you might ask your doctor, “How long do I have to stay in hospital?” and he’ll say something like, “Let’s wait and see how you get on”, which is doctor speak for “I don’t know”. (Nichols 6)

Based on Sam’s speech above, the researcher found the indication that Sam was counted as a critical person. He thought that there is no one can answer his

complex questions. It was expressed trough his curious feeling toward detail of

his death or other questions related to his life.

Even, in eleven years old, a child like Sam Oliver was characterized as a

brilliant dreamer. It was more press of the argument that Sam wants to be a

scientist who does something unusual. It becomes the indication that Sam is really

a smart child. Here's the excerpt in the page of 7.

If I grow up, I’m going to be a scientist. Not the sort that mixes chemicals together, but the sort that investigates UFOs and ghosts and things like that. ... I’m going to find out the answers to all the

questions that nobody answers. (Nichols 7)

In addition, he has other dreams to make various things before he died.

However, in fact Sam cannot make his dreams come true. He only wrote his

dreams into a diary. Those all are very boring for him. It was concluded that Sam

needs an external stimulation to help his dreams comes true. Finally, he met Felix

Stranger at the hospital. Felix was older than Sam. He was thirteen years old

boy.He also got the same cancer like Sam. Whereas his character was contrary to Sam’s character. Felix was a brave boy who has many ideas about the new and absurd things. As following the quotation below;

“Felix had lots of ideas,” I said. “And he made up lots of games. He never thought anything was impossible.” (Nichols 139)

Based on the quotation above, indicated in Sam’s mind Felixcharacterized brave to do anything appropriate to the his mind in real situation. Even he was not

afraid to face the death. It becomes the indications that Felix has a role to influence Sam’s life.

1.2 The Description of Friendship Between Sam McQueen and Felix Stranger

Baron and Byren said that, friendship is a relationship in which friends

spend a great deal of time together, interact in variety of situations, exclude other

from the relationships, and provide emotional support to one another (278). As

one of creation of God, every human needs friends. Therefore, human being is

called social creature because no people can live alone without friends. It is likely

in a friendship. In every life of a person, he or she needs friendship to share

anything. It happens eitherin happy or difficult situations. Those all because

friendship has the role which can make human’s life more colorful and valuable.

In addition, a person with friendship will be feeling useful to another person.

It is similar with Sam and Felix. They were getting along in a friendship

together very intimately. It also made Sam’s life becomes more colorful during

friendship with Felix indirectly. Basically, Felix’s character was very contrary to Sam’s character. In this part the researcher describes the friendship of Sam and Felix focusing to the kind of their friendship and the function of their friendship as

functions to friendships. They state that when a child lacks a function in a friendship they will experience confusion and conflict and without

comprehending the source of their frustration will lash out in a variety of ways.Those functions :Companionship, Stimulation, Physical support, Ego support, Social comparison and Intimacy or affection.Based on the concept of

frienship from Aristotle, the researcher has proved that the friendship between

Sam and Felix is categorized as friendship based on goodness. As the result, it can

be seen from their relationship. Such as; they are benefit to one another, they

please to one another, they also care to one another.

1.2.1 Benefit to One Another

1) Sam to Felix

One of the function of friendship is Companionship. It mean that friendship

will give a chance to every person to operate their functions to another as a friend.

They will do it, when both of them do an activity. As a friend, means someone

should give and sacrifice their life in aspect of time, energy, and even the

voluntary cost to common good (Gottman and Parker 130). This function was

described when the first time Sam met Felix. In this part, Samstarted his function

as a friend who gives and sacrifice his time and energy to help Felix getting the

cigarettes. There are some funny actions when Sam stays in this situations. It

happened last year, when Sam was in a hospital for six whole weeks. There has

been a couple days when he met Felix in the hospital. It was evening and Sam was

bored and also tired and sort of heavy because of his disease. He only looked into

the corridor and was looking at the fuzzy reflections of the lights on hospital floor.

Suddenly, there was a boy who was older than him went past in a wheelchair, precisely in front of Sam’s corridor room.At the first time he met Sam, Felix has taken Sam’s attention with his attitude. As the paragraph below;

He was acting like a spy too. He wheeled himself to the end of the corridor where the nurse’s station was. Then he peered around the corner, just quickly. Then he reserved back into my corridor. Then he did the same thing again...

I reckoned he was putting it out, mostly, because he really didn’t need to do all that forwards-and-backwardsing just to look round a corner. I leaned forward in bed, wondering what he was going to do next. (Nicholls 32).

Based on the paragraph above, Sam described Felix as a silly boy. It could be found from Felix’s attitude and his appearance. He did something childish by playing role as a spy in a hospital. Sam thought that Felix really didn’t need to do it all. Besides, Sam was very curious with what Felix was going to do next. Sam

kept staring at him very seriously. He was bending over his back to Felix and

waiting what the next Felix doing. However, Sam saw Felix was gone from Sam’s

corridor quietly.

He’d only been gone half a minute when he came back, reversing

frantically. Only this time he he came right up to my room and in through the door. He scrabbled for the door-edge with fingers, caught it, and flung it back.

The door shut with a slam. We sat there, me in my bed, he in his chair, staring at each other.

I went shy. Felix didn’t. Felix isn’t ever shy. I would never have barged into some strange kid’s room without asking, but he wasn’t bothered at all. (Nicholls 33)

At Sam’s first impression, Felix was indicated as a boy who has no rules. It was looked from his ways to met Sam in Sam’s room. Without permission he came to the other’s room directly, although Felix was older than Sam. It becomes one of evidences that Felix has different behavior from Sam. Sam still has the

manner on how to met somebody else but Felix does not.

“Why’re you hiding?” I said.

“I am going to the shop,” said the boy. He fumbled in the cloth pocket on the side of his wheelchair and pulled something out,... It was a packet of cigarettes.

“Where did you get those from?” I said, staring.

“The machine in my uncle’s pub,” he said. “Only I’m out and I? Want some more.” He put the empty packet lovingly back into the pocket. “If I can get past them,”-he jerked his head towards the nurses’

station- “then maybe I could get someone downstraits to buy me

some. You know, tell them my last dying wish on earth is for a cigarette.”He grinned at me, daring me to say something. (Nicholls 33-34)

In this situation, Sam saw Felix with a face that still looks like a spy. Felix

claims to be looking for an opportunity for a mission to go to the store but Felix

can not got past the nurses in front of the corridor. At that moment, Felix opened

his hand and it was a pack of cigarettes. With his whiny accent, Felix wishes that

he wants to buy a new pack of cigarettes before he died. Then, from here Sam

After passing through some conversations with Felix, Sam finally helps

Felix to bought the cigarettes for Felix. Then they decided to go outside. They

assume that this situation was like a game. The nurses in the corridor were just

enemies for them, whereas Felix and Sam were resistant forces. In their journey,

they met some people in the corridor of the hospital. Then they asked help to

some people in there. Firstly, Sam and Felix were difficult to get the helping from people in the corridor of hospital. However with Felix’s braveness, Sam and Felix got cigarettes.With such a childish style, Sam is feeling happy so

much to help Felix in this mission. As like the quote,We had great fun trying to

get people to buy Felix cigarettes (Nicholls 35).From there it can be identified

that Sam starts to believe and finds his comfort zone with Felix.Sam thought that

Felix was a boy who brave to get risks, funny and also encourage boy to do

anything which doesn’t make sense. As the reaction from the whole of story

when Sam met Felix in the first time.

Then the researchers found the indication of benefit to one another from

Sam and Felix in the situation above. As Aristotle said that one characteristic of

friendship which is based on goodness is benefit to one another (220).In this case is portrayal trough toSam’s efforts and times to help Felix to find a

cigarette. In other way, Sam also got the energy and motivations to do something

new and also he can express his happiness from Felix in one time. Although, it

was seem so childish. So, from there it was indicated that Felix Stranger will be

McQueen. It was because Felix was a boy who more loves with actions than the

imagination.

2) Felix to Sam

The function of Companionship also was described when Felix helped Sam

realized the wish to be a teenager. In this part was started when Sam came to Felix’s house. In this situation, Sam told Felix that he was very confused and hesitated to wrote a list of his wishes. Sam just thought that to be a teenager was

stupid thing to put in his diary. He thought that it was something impossible to do.

However, Felix said that being a teenager is not impossible for Sam. With his style, Felix tried to convince Sam that he will help Sam to make Sam’s list to be real. As in the quotation below;

“What?” said Felix. He was watching me.

“Nothing,” I said. Then, “I was just thinking about my list. ‘Be a teenager’.” I hesitated. “It was a stupid one to put.”

“Cheer up! The most important bit is doing the things, really, isn’t it? Go drinking and smoking and have a girlfriend.” He fumbled in the pocket on his chair and began pulling things out. A mobile phone, a fisful of Starburst wrappers and a map of Newcastle(Nicholls 82).

In this part, it looks that Felix has tried to give the spirit for helping Sam

believe that he can be a normal teenager. Felix showed his position as a friend

who give spirit for his friend. Then, it is indicated that the function of Ego

Support is also applied in their friendship.As like Gottman and Parker (131) said

that Sometimes someone will feel stressed, down, or not excited when faced with a problem that is quite heavy. It is as if his expertise does not mean anything when

person. What a person faces is also felt, thought, and borne by others (his best

friend). With that attention, finally and usually, a person has the moral strength

and spirit of life to be able to solve the problem as well as possible. But, it can be said that Felix’s ways are very naughty to do by children. Those are the things what a teenager usually does like : smoking cigarettes, invited Sam to go pub, and

asked Sam to kiss a girl.

“What are you doing?” I said suspiciously.

“Making all your wishes come true,” said Felix. He found a crumpled and pulled one out.

“Here.”

I took the cigarette from him and held it between my first two fingers , the way smokers. I hesitated, then put it to my mouth and sucked. It tasted of hot and bitter and smoke.

“Like?” he said.

“It’s all right,” I said warkwardly. I was going to say smoking gives you cancer, then I realized what a stupid thing it was to say (Nicholls 82-83).

In the situation above Felix began influence Sam to do things that Sam did

not like. That was smoking. Where in the conversation above, Sam has different

thought with Felix. Felix thought that it was a fun thing to do for children. Instead, Sam thought that smoking was not good for human’s health. But in fact, Sam received the cigarette provided by Felix and smoked a cigarette like a teenager. Felix also invited Sam to go the pub. This pub belongs to Felix’s uncle. When they arrived in there, Felix and Sam meet up with Felix's cousin. she is Kayleigh.

Directly, Felix went to the pub and told Kayleigh to prepare alcohol for himself

“Sam wants to know what it’s like going out drinking. Haven’t you got anything interesting we could have?”

“We’ve got lost of things,” she said. “There are loads of bottles Dad never uses all along the top shelf. D’you want one of them?”

“Depends what it is,” I said cautiously. “Creme de menthe...that’s

mint...creme de cacao..that’s coffee, I think, or chocolate... cherry

brandy...”

“That’s cherry, “ said Felix unhelpfully. “That’s nice –have some of

that one.”

I would never go into someone else’s pub and start serving them drinks, but Kayleigh was as fearless as Felix. “Go on, then,” said Felix, reaching up for his cherry brandy.I took the shot glass and sniffed at it.. then it was gone. “Well?” said Felix.

“Yeah,” I said. (Nicholls 86-87)

Here, Felix and his cousin are described as fearless people.The conversation above indicated that Felix tried to change Sam’s character who was fear with the sensitive thing like drinking alcohol becomes fearless to try it. Felix more shows

his position as a good friend for Sam. In the last, Felix tried to help Sam for

realizing the last wish for being a teenager. That is kissing a girl.

“That’s two teenage things down,” said Felix. He looked up at Keyligh.. “And one to go.”

I knew exactly what he was thinking. “No!” I said.

“What?” “No way!”

“Oh, shut up,” Felix leaned forward in his chair. “Hey, Kayleigh.” “Yes sir.”

“If I dared you to do something, would you do it?” “It depends what is it.”

“You’ve got to kiss Sam. Properly. On the mouth.” “Felix!”

Kayleigh started giggling.

“This is nothing to do with me,” I told her. “ It’s all his idea.” “Shut up. Will you do it, Kayleigh?”

“No! I mean, no! Not with you watching!”

“OK. Kayleigh. Stop laughing. Get on with it.” Said Felix, at last. Kayleigh and I stood there, not looking at each other. I wondered if she was expecting me to do something and, if so, what it was. I moved

forward. She looked up then and smiled. She came right up to me, and kissed me, awkwardly.

On the mouth. (Nicholls 87-88)

In the conversations above, Felix has the role to persuade his cousin to kiss Sam. Because of Felix’s persistence, finally he already persuade Sam and

Kayleigh become together and kissing.For Felix it was the most important part to make Sam’s wishes to become a teenager perfectly. It refers to the Aristotle (220) which said that one characteristic of friendship based on goodness is benefit to

one another, Felix has gave benefit as a good friend. It was proved by his times and energy, he already success to make Sam’s dreams to be teenager becomes real. It also indicated that the friendship of Sam and Felix are described based on

the function of Companionship. As a friend, someone should give and sacrifice

their life in aspect of time, energy, and even the voluntary cost to common good

(Gottman and Parker 130).

1.2.2 Pleasant to One Another

During friendship, Sam and Felix were learning together in home school. Usually, it was conducted in Sam’s house. One day, Sam and Felix got the duty from their teacher, Mrs.Willis. She asked Sam and Felix to make a list what the

things that Sam and Felix want. In this part, the characteristic of pleasant to one

another (Aristotle 220) was described when they tried to do some crazy things from Sam’s list. Sam and Felix please one another by having their togetherness.

potential in social situations. It means that from their friendship, Sam got the

important information to develop his talent and interest (Gottman and Parker 130).

Felix said that many fun things can be realized by Sam. One of them to make the

amazing records in order it can show to the world. as following the paragraph

below;

“Are you going to actually do these ?” he said.

“I dunno, probably not. Why?” I said.

“Well, we could. Couldn’t we?” He looked across at me, daring me to argue.

“They aren’t things to do really,” I explained. “They’re more like ... wishes. No real things.”

Felix leaned forward. He likes an argument. “So? We could do a world record.” he said.

“You don’t just do world records.” (Nicholls 21-22).

In that situation, Sam and Felix looked very enjoy with their togetherness. They do the crazy things from Sam’s list. In the paragraph above, it indicated that Felix has the role to push Sam harder. Felix thought nothing impossible in his life

included this action. As the quotation of;

“He had a lot of ideas,” I said. “And he made up lots of games. He

never thought anything was impossible.” (Nicholls 139).

In their imagination, they will get to be famous in the world. Sam also

looked very enthusiasticto realized it becomes real together with Felix. There are

some various things which they will do. One of them is making smallest nightclub

in the world. Then they prepared some tools that they need for making nightclub

such as; CD player and lighting. They thought that they will use Sam’s wardrobe

they were acting like the people who often go to the club. they were very happy

with their craziness.It can be seen in the conversation below;

I dumped the CD player in the wardrobe and turnedit on. Don’t Stop

Me Now started playing. Felix groaned. I laughed. “No wonder we don’t have any customers!”

“Who cares ?” said Felix. “Look we’ve got music. We’ve got

lighting.” He turned on the torch and swirled it vaguely into the

wardrobe. “Hey –we’ve even got a moving dance floor.” He

spotlighted my old skateboard., propped up against the back of the wardrobe. “World record. What more do you want?”

I laughed. Felix always make me laugh.(Nicholls 24)

In their conversation above, Sam and Felix looked very happy. It also

indicated that their friendship always colorful with the actions of Felix Stranger.

Felix always has many ways to make Sam laugh. Felix also make all of the things

that Sam wish becomes special.Sam can expresshimself without doubt. At least, some little jokes from Felix can remove Sam’s bad feelings of many situations. Here, it indicated that the friendship between Sam and Felix has the role to give stimulus for Sam’s character.

1.2.3 Care to One Another Unconditionally

One characteristic of the friendship which is based on Goodness is the

person care to another unconditionally (Aristotle 220). Sam and Felix care to one

another without any qualification. This characteristic has been described when Sam feels so worried with Felix’s bad condition and had to be rushed to the hospital. At the time Sam was studying with Mrs.Willis as usual. However, Felix did not attendhome school at that time in Sam’s house. Suddenly, Sam saw his

Mum was calling Felix’s mother to talked about Felix in anxious tone. Then, Sam follows his mother and asks about his friend’s condition curiously. As quoted in the conversation below;

“Why?” I said.

“An infection, Gillian said. She’s up there now.” Gillian is Felix’s mum.

“He’ll be all right,” I said. Mum didn’t say anything. “He’ll be fine,” I said.

I will staring. I didn’t expect this to happen, it was like a small pit had opened in my stomach. I mean, I knew Felix was pretty ill, like me, but I didn’t expect him to actually get ill.

(Nicholls 95-96)

This bad news really made Sam very surprised. Because Felix wasthe only

one who is able tomade Sam feeling happy, despite the fact that Sam lives with leukemia. Felixbecomes a meaningful friend for Sam’s life. Sam’s care feeling toward Felix was visible when Sam was very hopeful that his best friend will

recover soon. Sam only thought about how he can go to the hospital to met Felix

soon. He wants to know how the condition of his best friend. It indicated that

Felix was very fond of Felix Stranger. It was evidenced by the reaction of Sam to

force himself go to the hospital, whereas his condition also not good. In that time, his family also wouldn’t want Sam to catch the virus which can make his

I said, “What about me?I’mworried. At least he’s there. Can’t we go see him?”

Mum said, “No.” She said, “He ‘s very poorly, Sam. He wouldn’t

want you there. And we wouldn’t want you catching anything, would

we?” (Nicholls 99-100)

Based on the situation above, it also indicated that the friendship between

Sam and Felix has the function for Intimacy or affection. Where this function talk

about the true sign of friendship is the sincerity, warmth, and intimacy of one

another as like as Sam did (Gottman and Parker 130).

1.3 The Effects of Friendship Between Sam and Felix on Sam’s Character Sam’s character was developed by his friendship relation. By passing shaping process, human can be the certain character who has certain behavior. As

Skinner said that behavior is a primary characteristic of living things. We almost

identify it with life itself. Anything which moves is likely to be called alive,

especially when the movement has direction or acts to alter the environment (45).

From the description of friendship between Sam McQueen and Felix Stranger, the

researcher found some effects from their friendship toward the character of Sam.

In this story, Sam always spends his time with Felix. So, Felix is considered as a

dominant stimulus for Sam’s life. Here, Felix gave some positives and negatives

1.3.1 Sam Becomes Cheerful

Based on the characteristic of benefit to one another, the researcher has

found the indication that Felix has made Sam become a cheerful boy. Precisely, It

happened on 1st January, when they went home from the pub and said goodbye to

Kayleigh. They bought refresher bars then they eat them and sat in the park. Here,

Sam and Felix talked about to be a teenager in the pub. Sam felt very happy and he can laugh freely. Felix has succeeded to fulfill Sam’s dream to be a common teenager.Moreover, Felix has promised that he will fulfill the other list of Sam’s dreams. This situation can be found on the conversation below;

“Well?” said Felix,“Was it gross?” But I wouldn’t tell him.

“We’re getting there, you know,” said Felix. “Airships, being famous and space – that’s it, right?”

“Yes,” I said. “Is thatwhat we’re doing next, building a rocket?”

“Why not? We can do anything!” he shouted. “Anything!”.

I started swinging, as high as I could. I was tired, but I hadn’t felt as happy as this in ages. “We’re going to the Moon!” I shouted. (Nicholls 91-92)

Based on that conversation above, the researcher has concluded that by changing Sam’s silent character, Felix has made Sam becomes a cheerful boy and full of happiness successfully.

1.3.2 Sam Becomes Brave

As long as getting a friendship, Felix gave the stimulus for Sam to face of

his limited life. It can be seen when Felix gave the spirit that Sam can make all of

Sam’s wishes comes true. One of them is going up down up-escalators. It also

character. Felix is a brave boy who has many ideas about the new and absurd

things.He thinks that there is nothing impossible in his life, if he wants to try it.

Because of Felix’s personality, Sam decided to get friendship with Felix Stranger.

As a result, in this story Felix gives theinfluences toward Sam’s character in the

next.

The secondpoint is about the description of friendship between Sam

McQueen and Felix Stranger. Based on concept of friendship from Aristotle, the

researcher concluded that the friendship between Sam and Felix is a friendship

based on goodness.The characteristic of their friendship is clasiffied into the

characteristic based on goodness as follows:

1)

They have benefit to one another, which can be seen from their

actions to help each other in every problem and situation. Sam helps

Felix to get cigarettes the first time they met at hospital, then Felix

help Sam to be a common teenager just like

Sam’s dream list.

2)

Their friendship is pleasant to one another. This is described when

they tried to do some crazy things from Sam’s list. Here, Sam and

Felix please one another by having their togetherness.

3)

Care to one another unconditionally. It can be found when Sam is very

care with Felix’s condition in the hospital without care with his

condition. He faces of himselfto still go to the hospital to meet his best

friend, Felix.

Indirectly, based on those points, their frienship has revealed some functions

F i t r i |

57

Stimulation, Physical support, Ego support, Social comparison and Intimacy or

affection.

In the third point, the researcher found some effects from their friendship

toward the character of Sam. In this story, Sam always spends his time with Felix.

So, the researcher concluded that Felix is a dominant stimulus for Sam’s life. In

the story, Felix gave five effects. They are divided into two positives effects and

three negatives effects to Sam.The positive effects are : Sam becomes a cheerful

and brave person, then the negative effects are : Sam becomes an impolite, angry,

and quitter person.

4.2 Suggestion

There are many aspects which can be discussed in the Sally Nicholls’s

Ways

to Live Forever

is very interesting. In this novel the researcher found the unique

friendship looked from children’s area. The researcher discusses the friendship

between two characters, Sam Oliver McQueen and Felix Stranger. However, their

personalities are told opposite each other. From their friendship, Felix give some

effects toward Sam’s character.

The researcher suggest the other issues which can be discuss by the future

researchers who want to take Sally Nicholls’s

Ways to Live Forever

as the object

of the study. The first isthe discussion of psychological aspectby Sam and Felix’s

perspective toward their death, since the theme of this novel is talk about

death.The second is the discussion of aspect social reflected on Sam and his

environment, since in this novel also talk about the family and the role of his

parents

on Sam’s development character.

F i t r i |

58

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