IV. MEDIA GEOGRAFI PERTANIAN TIPE PERTANIAN

Geografi Pertanian
Tipe Pertanian

Perkembangan Pertanian
• Hunter-Gatherers
• Neolithic Revolution
– Domestication of Plants and Animals
– Diffusion of Agriculture

• Agricultural Industrialization
• The “Green Revolution”
– Hybrids, scientific application of fertilizer,
pesticide, and water

• Modern Agribusiness
• Genetic Engineering of Crops

Neolithic Revolution
Primary effects:
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Urbanization
Social stratification
Occupational specialization
Increased population densities

Secondary effects:
 Endemic diseases
 Famine
 Expansionism

Origins of Agriculture

Which of these areas are considered cultural
hearths?

Contemporary Food Consumption

Is there a spatial relationship to the original

Contemporary Food Production

Agriculture is a global economy.

Developed Countries Undercut Free
Markets in Agriculture
•

Farmers in the developed
world are paid an average
of 2/3 more than the free
market would provide.

•

These subsidies to the
world’s richest farmers
directly damage the

agricultural economies of
the poorest nations.

Agricultural Revolutions

Technology allows much greater production
(surplus) with less human labor, but often
has high social and environmental costs.
 Metal plows, Reapers, Cotton Gin
 Tractors (Internal Combustion
Engine)
 Combines
 Chemical Pesticides/Fertilizers
 Hybrid Crops
 Genetically-modified Crops

Agribusiness:
The industrialization of agriculture
 Modern commercial farming is very
dependent on inputs of chemical fertilizer,

pesticides, herbicides.
 Oil is required to make fertilizer and
pesticides.
 It takes 10 calories of energy to create 1
calorie of food in modern agriculture.
 Small farmer can’t buy needed equipment
and supplies.
 Fewer than 2% of U.S. population works in
agriculture

Classifying Agricultural Regions
Subsistence
Agriculture

Commercial
Agriculture

• Shifting Cultivation
• Pastoral Nomadism
• Intensive

Subsistence
Agriculture

• Mixed Crop and
Livestock Farming
• Dairy Farming
• Grain Farming
• Livestock Ranching
• Mediterranean
Agriculture
• Truck Farming

Subsistence Agriculture Regions

Shifting Cultivation
Vegetation “slashed” and
then burned. Soil remains
fertile for 2-3 years. Then
people move on.
 where: tropical rainforests.

Amazon, Central and West
Africa, Southeast Asia
 Crops: upland rice (S.E.
Asia), maize and manioc
(S. America), millet and
sorghum (Africa)

Declining at hands of
ranching and logging.

Perladangan Berpindah
 Lahan ditanami berpindah secara berkala, sehingga lahan yang

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

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telah dipanen sebelumnya dibiarkan bera dan menjadi hutan
kembali kemudian akan ditanami lagi setelah siklus waktu
tertentu
Dijumpai di wilayah hutan tropik basah (di Indonesia: di sebagian
daerah Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Irian dan sebagian kecil Sumatra)
Lahan adalah milik bersama dan dikuasai oleh kelompok sosial
( suku). Kepala suku/adat umumnya menentukan lahan yang
boleh dimanfaatkan oleh setiap keluarga/anggota sukunya.
Masa regenerasi perpindahan akan mempertahankan kesuburan
lahan, kalau hal itu berlangsung cukup lama dan jumlah
penduduk sedikit.
Pekerjaan dilakukan keluarga, pembagian kerja menurut adat
istiadat. Pria membuka lahan, wanita bertanggung jawab
menanami, mengolah dan yang lebih maju lagi menangani
pemasaran hasil pertanian.

Pastoral Nomadism

The breeding and herding
of domesticated animals

for subsistence.

Bedouin Shepherd

Somali Nomad and Tent

 where: arid and semi-arid
areas of N. Africa, Middle East,
Central Asia
 animals: Camel, Goats, Sheep,
Cattle
 transhumance: seasonal
migrations from highlands to
lowlands
Most nomads are being
pressured into sedentary life
as land is used for agriculture
or mining.

Penggembalaan Berpindah

 Merupakan tipe penggembalaan dimana ternak

digiring secara periodik ke padang rumput
 Dua sistim utama penggembalaan berpindah : (1)
Sistim tranchumance - imigrasi secara periodik
kawanan hewan milik orang yang hidup menetap, (2)
Sistim pastoral nomadism---penggembalaan oleh
kelompok sosial (suku atau keluarga besar) dengan
hewan gembalanya melewati wilayah suku berupa
padang rumput yang umumnya dimiliki atas dasar
tradisi dan kekuasaan
 Ternak--cadangan pemenuhan kebutuhan sendiri dan
saat nomadik serta sebagai simbol martabat
 Penggembalaan berpindah nampaknya masih bisa
dilacak di wilayah Indonesia bagian timur terutama
untuk daerah-daerah padang rumput di Nusa
Tenggara Timur

Intensive Subsistence
Agriculture

•

Wet Rice Dominant

The Fields of Bali

Thai Rice

 where: S.E. Asia, E. India,
S.E. China
 very labor intensive
production of rice,
including transfer to
sawah, or paddies
 most important source of
food in Asia
 grown on flat, or
terraced land
Double cropping is
used in warm winter

areas of S. China and
Taiwan

Pertanian Keluarga
 Hak milik dan hak pakai ada di tangan masing-masing

keluarga. Pengelolaan dan pekerjaan dilakukan oleh
keluarga yang memiliki lahan pertanian, dan dengan
demikian tidak terikat kepada kelompok sosial yang lebih
besar
 Lahan adalah faktor pemersatu dalam sistim sosial
pedesaan sekaligus sebagai landasan kehidupan, faktor
produksi, kemakmuran dan tempat tinggal.
 Sesuai dengan tradisi, lahan tidak dijual, melainkan
dimanfaatkan dan kemudian diwariskan kepada generasi
berikutnya (keberlanjutan generasi)---- keep in mind of
family farming in Japan case !!!!
 Jika luas cukup--memenuhi kebutuhan kel. tani-pertanian keluarga merip sistim yang stabil dengan
perbedaan sosial kecil, sehingga cocok bagi kegiatan
koperasi----dapat dikelola secara komersial

Pertanian Feodalistik
• Feodalisme--stratifikasi sosial-kepemilikan aset: Dua tipe

•

•

•

•

pertanian feodalistik yaitu (1) feodalisme persewaan dan (2)
latufundia (hacienda)
Feodalisme Persewaan-- kekuasaan ekonomi sbg dasar tuan
tanah untuk menguasai petani kecil dan landless. Petani kecilterpaksa membayar sewa tinggi, tergantung secara pribadi
pada pemilik aset besar-terjadi konsentrasi pemilikan modal
Bagi tuan tanah-lahan sbg. kekayaan untuk disewakan dan
juga martabat dan kekuasaan -baca buku James Scott (Moral
Economy).
Latufundia -pemilikan lahan yang luar biasa luasnya (exp.
Amerika Latin). Bentuk hacienda (facenda)- UU kolonial yang
memperbolehkan kerja paksa/ pemberian hadiah lahan bagi
jasa kemiliteran
Lahan merupakan sumber kehormatan, kekuasaan, dan
spekulasi ekonomi.

Commercial Agriculture
Value-Added
 Very little of the
value of most
commercial products
comes from the raw
materials
 “adding value” is
the key to high profit
margins

Roughly 6% of the price of cereal is the cost of the grain.

Mixed Crop and Livestock
Farming
Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
Where: Ohio to Dakotas, centered on
Iowa; much of Europe from France to
Russia
 crops: corn (most common), soybeans
 In U.S. 80% of grain production is fed to pigs
and cattle!

 Highly inefficient use of natural resourc
es
 Pounds of grain to make 1 lb. beef: 10
 Gallons of water to make 1 1b wheat: 25

Pertanian Kapitalistik
• Tipe pertanian kapitalistik yang paling penting di

negara yang sedang berkembang adalah
plantation /esatate /“perkebunan”.
• Sebuah perkebunan ialah sebuah pertanian yang
berskala besar yang mengutamakan tanaman
tahunan misalnya pohon, semak atau perdu,
seringkali sistim penanamannya satu jenis
(monokultur)--- sawit, karet, cengkeh, kopi, dll
• Hasilnya biasanya diolah secara industri di pabrik
pengolahan perkebunan itu sendiri dan diarahkan
untuk ekspor---- mendahulukan kepentingan asing
dan merupakan suatu gugus yang tertutup –ada
persepsi-- only has small economic impact to the
peasant/villagers.

Pertanian Kolektif
 Didalam pertanian kolektif , produksi

telah diserahkan kepada rakyat dan
produksi direncanakan oleh negara.
 Pertanian kolektif umumnya bukan
hanya merupakan sistim ekonomi tetapi
lebih merupakan pandangan hidup
secara keseluruhan, berdasarkan politik,
etika

Pertanian Komunistik
• Sindrom politik atau etika keagamaan. Contoh—China

komune/masyarakat memunyai satu bentuk kolektif yang
meliputi semua sektor kehidupan dan ekonomi tidak hanya
terbatas peda sektor pert. saja.
• Kesatuan ini dapat mencapai luas sebuah desa mancakup
produksi pertanian dan industri, jasa, pendidikan, pelayanan
kesehatan, kebudayaan, administrasi dan masalah-masalah
politik maupun aspek-aspek konsumsi dan kehidupan
pribadi.
• Tata kerja diatur ketat menyerupai militer. Kebutuhan dasar
diatur atas persamaan hak dan dipenuhi oleh upah dasar
dalam bentuk uang kontan dan natura berupa makanan
pokok maupun pembebanan biaya pendidikan, pelayanan
kesehatan dan sebagainya.
• Perbedaan pendapatan --- antar komune --Penggunaan
paksaan --menjamin peran serta masyarakat- tekanan politik
maupun keadaan darurat

Pertanian Sosialistik
 Ideologi sosialistik--- pemikiran pribadi atas

lahan mengarah pada “pemerataan”.
 Pertanian sosialistik memiliki konsepsi bahwa
pertanian kecil telah ketinggalan oleh kemajuan
teknik dan oleh karena itu harus digabungkan
dengan unit-unit ekonomi yang besar -perencanaan produksi yang ketat oleh
pemerintah Contoh: Rusia - kolkhoz,
pengendalian produksi dibawah pengaruh negara
namun negara tidak diharuskan menanggung
resiko ekonomi – membawa perbaikan pada
sebagian kelompok rumah tangga yang
berpenghasilan rendah -- Kelemahan: terjadi
penumpukan unskilled workers, pengawasan dan
birokrasi komplek dan tingkat produksi rendah

Dairy Farming
Where: near urban
areas in N.E.
United States,
Southeast Canada,
N.W. Europe
- Over 90% of cow’s milk
is produced in developed
countries. Value is added
as cheese, yogurt, etc.

Dairy Farm,
Wisconsin

Von Thunen’s theories are the beginning of
location economics and analysis (1826)
Locational Theory : butter and cheese more
common than milk with increasing distance
from cities and in West.
Milkshed : historically defined by spoilage
threat; refrigerated trucks changed this.

Prairie Cereal Farming
Where: worldwide in semi-arid
midlatitudes, but U.S. and Russia
predominant
Crops: wheat
 winter wheat: Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma
 spring wheat: Dakotas, Montana, southern
Canada
Highly mechanized: combines, worth hundreds of
thousands of dollars, migrate northward in U.S.,
following the harvest.

Livestock Ranching
Where: arid or semi-arid areas of western
U.S., Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Spain
and Portugal.
History: initially open range, now sedentary
with transportation changes.
Environmental effects:
1) overgrazing has
damaged much of the
world’s arid grasslands
(< 1% of U.S. remain!)
2) destruction of the
rainforest is motivated
by Brazilian desires for
fashionable cattle
ranches

Pertanian Mediterania

Where: areas surrounding the
Mediterranean, California, Oregon, Chile,
South Africa, Australia
Climate has summer dry season. Landscape is
mountainous.
• Highly valuable crops: olives, grapes, nuts, fruits and
vegetables; winter wheat
• California: high quality land is being lost to
suburbanization; initially offset by irrigation

Commercial
Gardening and Fruit
Where: U.S. Southeast,
New
Farming
England, near cities around
the world
• crops: high profit vegetables
and fruits demanded by
wealthy urban populations:
apples, asparagus, cherries,
lettuce, tomatoes, etc.
• mechanization: such truck
farming is highly
mechanized and labor costs
are further reduced by the
use of cheap immigrant
(and illegal) labor.
• distribution: situated near
urban markets.

Plantation Farming
• large scale mono-cropping of profitable
products not able to be grown in Europe or
U.S.
• where: tropical lowland Periphery
• crops: cotton, sugar cane, coffee, rubber,
cocoa, bananas, tea, coconuts, palm oil.
What are potential problems with this type of
agriculture? Environmental? Social?

Making
Sense of
the Map of
US
Agricultural
Regions

The

Green Revolution
in Agriculture

The term green revolution refers to the development and
adoption of high yielding cereal grains in the less developed
world during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Very large short
term gains in grain output have allowed food supplies to
grow faster than populations, until very recently.
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Green Revolution History
Acreage and Yield Trends
Technical Problems
Ethical Issues

1943 Rockefeller Foundation begins
work on short stature hybrid corn in
Mexico
1960s Hybrid strains of rice, wheat, and
corn show great success in S.E. Asia,
and Latin America.
1970 Head of Mexican corn program,
Borlaug, wins Nobel Peace Prize
1990s Growth in food supply continues,
but slows to below the rate of
population growth, as the results of
unsustainable farming practices take
effect.

Acreage and Yield Trends
Gains were made by:
• Dwarf varieties: plants are bred to
allocate more of their photosynthetic
output to grain and less to vegetative
parts.
• Planting in closer rows, allowed by
herbicides, increases yields.
• Bred to be less sensitive to day
length, thus double-cropping is more
plausible.
• Very sensitive to inputs of fertilizer
and water.

Acreage and Yield Trends

Acreage and Yield Trends

Acreage and Yield Trends

Acreage and Yield Trends

Notice the trend in recent years is level or down.

Technical and Resource Limitation
Problems

Technical and Resource Limitation
Problems
• Heavy Use of Fresh Water
• High Dependence on Technology and
Machinery Provided/Sold by Core
Countries
• Heavy Use of Pesticides and Fertilizer
(and associated pollution and waste)
• Reduced Genetic Diversity /
Increased Blight Vulnerability
• Questionable Overall Sustainability

Technical and Resource Limitation Problems

Ethical Issues
• Starvation of many prevented, but extra food
may lead to higher birth rates.
• Life expectancy in less developed countries
increased by 10 years in less than two decades
(43 in 1950’s to 53 in 1970’s).
• Dependency on core countries increased; richpoor gap increased.
• Wealthy farmers and multinational companies do
well, small farmers become wage laborers or
unemployed – dependent.
• More at risk? More people malnourished/starving
today than in 1950 (but lower as a percentage).
• U.S. spends $10,000,000,000 year on farm
subsidies, damaging farmers and markets in

Agricultural ‘Success’?
“Our incredible successes as a species are largely derived
from this choice, but the biggest threats to our existence
stem from the same decision.”
Jared Diamond, 1999
 Emergence of new human diseases from animal
diseases (i.e. smallpox, measles)
• Dense urban populations allow spread/persistence of disease

 Lower standard of living for many people.
• Archaeological evidence of serious mal-nourishment among
early farmers.
• Many modern impoverished and malnourished farmers.
• Famine virtually non-existent in hunter-gatherer societies.

 Increased susceptibility to plant blights and increased
dependence on complex economic systems.
 Environmental degradation
• topsoil loss (75% in U.S.), desertification, eutrophication, PCBs in fish,
DDT and other pesticides

Biotechnology in
Agriculture

• Cloning
• Recombinant DNA
BT Corn Debate (transgenic maize)

Biotechnology in
Agriculture

• Potential Benefits of Genetic
Engineering of Crops

– Increased Yields
– Increased Nutritional Value in Some
Staple Crops (e.g., Vitamin A added to
Rice)

• Strong Political Resistance in Europe
and Among Environmentalists
Worldwide
• Concerns about Long Term Safety and
Risks

Future Challenges
• World Population Expected to Increase
to 10-12 Billion Before Stabilizing
• Food Production Already Exerting
Extreme Environmental Pressures
– 25% of All Greenhouse Gas Release in
U.S. is from Agriculture. That’s more than
all transport.
– Much Soil is Already Badly Damaged

• Developed Countries Still Undermining
3rd World Agriculture with Subsidies
and Taxes