ABRIDGING SENTENCES OF PRÉCIS WRITING IN AESOP FABLES.
ABRIDGING SENTENCES OF PRÉCIS WRITING
IN AESOP FABLES
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts,
State University of Medan, In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for
the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
MUHAMMAD LUTHFI SHANDY
Registration Number 209220030
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
Declaration
Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work, has been expressed in
my own words and has not previously been submitted for assessment.
I understand that this thesis may be screened electronically or otherwise for plagiarism.
Medan,
March 2013
Muhammad Luthfi Shandy
NIM. 209220030
ABSTRACT
Shandy, Muhammad Luthfi. 2013. Abridging Sentences of Précis Writing in
Aesop Fables. A Thesis. English and Literature Department. Faculty of
Languages and Arts. State University of Medan.
This study is concerned with writing, focusing on the abridging sentences
of précis writing used in Aesop Fables. This study was conducted by using
descriptive qualitative design. There are ten fables of Aesop in this study taken
from The Book of Aesop (Townsend: 1869). There were 103 forms. The result of
data analysis showed the total number in types of abridging were: by reducing a
clause to a phrase 55.34 %, by reducing a phrase to a word 10.68 %, change the
direct speech to indirect speech 16.5 %, and by reducing a clause to a word 17.48
%. It means that by reducing a clause to a phrase is the dominant types of abridging
sentences used in Aesop fables. It is 52.7 %. The reason why abridging sentences
by reducing a clause to a phrase is dominant because in all ten of the fables use
many long clauses that can be reducing to phrases. There are many clauses which
can be reducing to a simpler term of phrases. And the result based on the context
of the form were: human 9.2 %, animal 73.55 %, thing 5.75 %, and situation 11.5
%. It means that the context of animal is the most dominant context. Then it is
found that the ten fables are dominantly use the type of abridging by reducing a
clause to a phrase in the context of animal.
Keywords: Writing, Précis writing, Abridging Sentences
i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.
In the grateful of Allah SWT given Rahmat and Ridha, the writer can complete
this thesis entitled Abridging Sentences of Précis Writing in Aesop Fables. The
writer would like to deliver his thanks to people who doesn’t let him alone.
Therefore, he gracefully thanks to:
1. Prof. Dr. IbnuHajarDamanik, M.Si., as the Rector of State University of
Medan
2. Dr. IsdaPramuniati, M.Hum., as the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts and to all her staffs
3. Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd., as the Head of English and Literature
Department and Dra. Meisuri, M.A., as the Head of Non-Educational
English Program
4. Drs. Muhammad Natsir, M.Hum., as his thesis adviser, for the thoughts,
incredible attention, and fascinating opportunity to be his upbringing student,
Dra. Sortha Silitonga, as his academic adviser, and all his beloved lecturers
in English and Literature Department
5. EndaRahayu, SS., as the academic administrator of English and Literature
Department
6. His beloved parents, Missiyadi and Rosmahanum
7. And everyone he knows for letting him live around them.
ii
Even an extremely great human cannot live by himself. Every human
being cannot live without a thing accompanies. The writer’s good hope for every
single them always being deliver to Allah SWT. Thank them.
Medan, February 2013
Muhammad LuthfiShandy
The writer
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................. vi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1
A. The Background of the Study ................................................ 1
B. The Problem of the Study ...................................................... 3
C. The Objectives of the Study................................................... 3
D. The Scope of the Study .......................................................... 4
E. The Significances of the Study .............................................. 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...................... 5
A. Principles of a Good Précis .................................................... 5
1. How to Write a Précis ...................................................... 5
a. Read carefully ............................................................ 5
b. Consider the passage in detail .................................... 6
c. Select the important point .......................................... 6
d. Make Into a concise and lucid narrative .................... 7
e. Follow the logical sequence ....................................... 7
f. Length of précis ......................................................... 8
g. Tense and Person ....................................................... 8
h. Clearness, Coherence, Brevity ................................... 8
iv
1) Clearness .............................................................. 8
2) Coherence............................................................. 9
3) Brevity .................................................................. 9
2.
Some mistakes that should be avoided in Précis .................. 10
3.
Methods for abridging sentences .......................................... 11
B. Fable....................................................................................... 14
1. Types of Fables ................................................................ 15
C. Biography of Aesop ............................................................... 19
1. Examples of Aesop fables ............................................... 22
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD................................................... 24
A. Research Design..................................................................... 24
B. Sources of Data ...................................................................... 24
C. Technique of Collecting Data ................................................ 25
D. Technique of Analyzing Data ................................................ 26
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 27
A. Data ......................................................................................... 27
B. Analysis Data .......................................................................... 27
C. Discussion ............................................................................... 50
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................... 53
A. Conclusion .............................................................................. 53
B. Suggestion ............................................................................... 53
REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 54
APPENDIX ................................................................................................... 56
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table
4.1. Table analysis The Frog and The Fox ...................................................... 28
4.2. Table analysis The Wolf and The Lamb .................................................. 30
4.3. Table analysis The Wolves and The Sheep .............................................. 33
4.4. Table analysis The Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing .......................................... 35
4.5. Table analysis The Swallow and Other Birds.......................................... 37
4.6. Table analysis The Cat and The Mice ...................................................... 40
4.7. Table analysis The Lion and The Mouse ................................................. 42
4.8. Table analysis The Wind and The Sun..................................................... 44
4.9. Table analysis The Ant and The Fly ......................................................... 46
4.10. Table analysis The Dog and The Shadow ................................................ 49
4.11. Table Total of Abridging Sentences in Fables ......................................... 50
4.12. Table Total of Context ............................................................................... 51
vi
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the types of abridging sentences in the ten of the Fables, this
study comes to the conclusion. These are the conclusions as follow:
1. The types of abridging sentences used in the fables are sentences by reducing a
clause to a phrase, by reducing a phrase to a word, change the direct speech to
indirect speech, and by reducing a clause to a word.
2. The dominant types of abridging sentences is by reducing a clause to a phrases
(57 pieces, 55.34%)
3. The abridging sentences found dominantly in the context of Animal. The reason
why abridging sentences by reducing a clause to a phrase is dominant because
in the whole fables use many long clauses that can be reducing to phrases. There
are many clauses which can be reducing to a simpler term of phrases.
B. Suggestion
Based on the conclusions above, there are some suggestions needed to be
considered. They are:
1. It is suggested to other students to make a deeper analyzing about this study
2. It is suggested to teacher who wants to teach students how to make a good way
to make a summary especially by the abridging sentences of précis writing.
53
REFERENCES
Chaturvedi, P.D. and Chaturvedi, Mukesh. 2011. Business Communication:
Concepts, Cases, and Applications. India: Dorling Kindersley (India)
Pvt.Evans.
E. Derry. 1957. A Handbook of Précis-Writing. United Kingdom: Cambridge
university press.
Genung, John. 1886. Practical Elements. United States of America: BiblioLife.
Harwell. 1969. Technical Communication. United States of America: Macmilan.
Koneru, Aruna. 2008. Professional Communication. New Delhi: SaiPrinto Pack.
.
Lannon, John. 1994. Technical Writing. United States of America: Longman.
Longo, Bernadette. 2000. Spurious Coin: A History of Science, Management, and
Technical Writing. United States of America: State University of New York.
Lyons, John. 2002. Language and Linguistics: An Introduction, fifteenth printing.
Cambridge UK: Cambridge Universit.
Mardalis. 2009. MetodePenelitian., Jakarta: BumiAksara.
Murison, W. 1914. Précis-Writing. United States of America: The University
press.
Nazir, Muhammad.1998. MetodePenelitian. Jakarta: Galia Indonesia.
Rodgers, Johannah. 2012. What is writing? A Brief Introduction to Writing as an
act of Communication. United States of America: Mimeograph.
Seidlhofer, Barbara and Widdowson, Hendry. 1999. The Context of Appropriate
Discourse: Coherence in Spoken and Written Discourse: Edited by Wolfram
Bublitz, UtaLenk, adEijaVentola. Germany: John Benjamins.
Singh, Sheila. 2008. English Composition. New Delhi: S.P. Printech
Townsend, Rev. Geo. Fyler. 1869. The Aesop Fables: translated into English by
Samuel Croxall, D.D: Second Edition. London: Frederick Warne and CO.
54
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop (accessed on November 17, 2012 at 07.59
p.m.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fable (accessed on November 17, 2012 at 07.53 p.m.)
http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Aesop.html(accessed on November 18,
2012 at 010.59 p.m.)
55
IN AESOP FABLES
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts,
State University of Medan, In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for
the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
MUHAMMAD LUTHFI SHANDY
Registration Number 209220030
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
Declaration
Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work, has been expressed in
my own words and has not previously been submitted for assessment.
I understand that this thesis may be screened electronically or otherwise for plagiarism.
Medan,
March 2013
Muhammad Luthfi Shandy
NIM. 209220030
ABSTRACT
Shandy, Muhammad Luthfi. 2013. Abridging Sentences of Précis Writing in
Aesop Fables. A Thesis. English and Literature Department. Faculty of
Languages and Arts. State University of Medan.
This study is concerned with writing, focusing on the abridging sentences
of précis writing used in Aesop Fables. This study was conducted by using
descriptive qualitative design. There are ten fables of Aesop in this study taken
from The Book of Aesop (Townsend: 1869). There were 103 forms. The result of
data analysis showed the total number in types of abridging were: by reducing a
clause to a phrase 55.34 %, by reducing a phrase to a word 10.68 %, change the
direct speech to indirect speech 16.5 %, and by reducing a clause to a word 17.48
%. It means that by reducing a clause to a phrase is the dominant types of abridging
sentences used in Aesop fables. It is 52.7 %. The reason why abridging sentences
by reducing a clause to a phrase is dominant because in all ten of the fables use
many long clauses that can be reducing to phrases. There are many clauses which
can be reducing to a simpler term of phrases. And the result based on the context
of the form were: human 9.2 %, animal 73.55 %, thing 5.75 %, and situation 11.5
%. It means that the context of animal is the most dominant context. Then it is
found that the ten fables are dominantly use the type of abridging by reducing a
clause to a phrase in the context of animal.
Keywords: Writing, Précis writing, Abridging Sentences
i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.
In the grateful of Allah SWT given Rahmat and Ridha, the writer can complete
this thesis entitled Abridging Sentences of Précis Writing in Aesop Fables. The
writer would like to deliver his thanks to people who doesn’t let him alone.
Therefore, he gracefully thanks to:
1. Prof. Dr. IbnuHajarDamanik, M.Si., as the Rector of State University of
Medan
2. Dr. IsdaPramuniati, M.Hum., as the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts and to all her staffs
3. Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd., as the Head of English and Literature
Department and Dra. Meisuri, M.A., as the Head of Non-Educational
English Program
4. Drs. Muhammad Natsir, M.Hum., as his thesis adviser, for the thoughts,
incredible attention, and fascinating opportunity to be his upbringing student,
Dra. Sortha Silitonga, as his academic adviser, and all his beloved lecturers
in English and Literature Department
5. EndaRahayu, SS., as the academic administrator of English and Literature
Department
6. His beloved parents, Missiyadi and Rosmahanum
7. And everyone he knows for letting him live around them.
ii
Even an extremely great human cannot live by himself. Every human
being cannot live without a thing accompanies. The writer’s good hope for every
single them always being deliver to Allah SWT. Thank them.
Medan, February 2013
Muhammad LuthfiShandy
The writer
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................. vi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1
A. The Background of the Study ................................................ 1
B. The Problem of the Study ...................................................... 3
C. The Objectives of the Study................................................... 3
D. The Scope of the Study .......................................................... 4
E. The Significances of the Study .............................................. 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...................... 5
A. Principles of a Good Précis .................................................... 5
1. How to Write a Précis ...................................................... 5
a. Read carefully ............................................................ 5
b. Consider the passage in detail .................................... 6
c. Select the important point .......................................... 6
d. Make Into a concise and lucid narrative .................... 7
e. Follow the logical sequence ....................................... 7
f. Length of précis ......................................................... 8
g. Tense and Person ....................................................... 8
h. Clearness, Coherence, Brevity ................................... 8
iv
1) Clearness .............................................................. 8
2) Coherence............................................................. 9
3) Brevity .................................................................. 9
2.
Some mistakes that should be avoided in Précis .................. 10
3.
Methods for abridging sentences .......................................... 11
B. Fable....................................................................................... 14
1. Types of Fables ................................................................ 15
C. Biography of Aesop ............................................................... 19
1. Examples of Aesop fables ............................................... 22
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD................................................... 24
A. Research Design..................................................................... 24
B. Sources of Data ...................................................................... 24
C. Technique of Collecting Data ................................................ 25
D. Technique of Analyzing Data ................................................ 26
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 27
A. Data ......................................................................................... 27
B. Analysis Data .......................................................................... 27
C. Discussion ............................................................................... 50
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................... 53
A. Conclusion .............................................................................. 53
B. Suggestion ............................................................................... 53
REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 54
APPENDIX ................................................................................................... 56
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table
4.1. Table analysis The Frog and The Fox ...................................................... 28
4.2. Table analysis The Wolf and The Lamb .................................................. 30
4.3. Table analysis The Wolves and The Sheep .............................................. 33
4.4. Table analysis The Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing .......................................... 35
4.5. Table analysis The Swallow and Other Birds.......................................... 37
4.6. Table analysis The Cat and The Mice ...................................................... 40
4.7. Table analysis The Lion and The Mouse ................................................. 42
4.8. Table analysis The Wind and The Sun..................................................... 44
4.9. Table analysis The Ant and The Fly ......................................................... 46
4.10. Table analysis The Dog and The Shadow ................................................ 49
4.11. Table Total of Abridging Sentences in Fables ......................................... 50
4.12. Table Total of Context ............................................................................... 51
vi
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the types of abridging sentences in the ten of the Fables, this
study comes to the conclusion. These are the conclusions as follow:
1. The types of abridging sentences used in the fables are sentences by reducing a
clause to a phrase, by reducing a phrase to a word, change the direct speech to
indirect speech, and by reducing a clause to a word.
2. The dominant types of abridging sentences is by reducing a clause to a phrases
(57 pieces, 55.34%)
3. The abridging sentences found dominantly in the context of Animal. The reason
why abridging sentences by reducing a clause to a phrase is dominant because
in the whole fables use many long clauses that can be reducing to phrases. There
are many clauses which can be reducing to a simpler term of phrases.
B. Suggestion
Based on the conclusions above, there are some suggestions needed to be
considered. They are:
1. It is suggested to other students to make a deeper analyzing about this study
2. It is suggested to teacher who wants to teach students how to make a good way
to make a summary especially by the abridging sentences of précis writing.
53
REFERENCES
Chaturvedi, P.D. and Chaturvedi, Mukesh. 2011. Business Communication:
Concepts, Cases, and Applications. India: Dorling Kindersley (India)
Pvt.Evans.
E. Derry. 1957. A Handbook of Précis-Writing. United Kingdom: Cambridge
university press.
Genung, John. 1886. Practical Elements. United States of America: BiblioLife.
Harwell. 1969. Technical Communication. United States of America: Macmilan.
Koneru, Aruna. 2008. Professional Communication. New Delhi: SaiPrinto Pack.
.
Lannon, John. 1994. Technical Writing. United States of America: Longman.
Longo, Bernadette. 2000. Spurious Coin: A History of Science, Management, and
Technical Writing. United States of America: State University of New York.
Lyons, John. 2002. Language and Linguistics: An Introduction, fifteenth printing.
Cambridge UK: Cambridge Universit.
Mardalis. 2009. MetodePenelitian., Jakarta: BumiAksara.
Murison, W. 1914. Précis-Writing. United States of America: The University
press.
Nazir, Muhammad.1998. MetodePenelitian. Jakarta: Galia Indonesia.
Rodgers, Johannah. 2012. What is writing? A Brief Introduction to Writing as an
act of Communication. United States of America: Mimeograph.
Seidlhofer, Barbara and Widdowson, Hendry. 1999. The Context of Appropriate
Discourse: Coherence in Spoken and Written Discourse: Edited by Wolfram
Bublitz, UtaLenk, adEijaVentola. Germany: John Benjamins.
Singh, Sheila. 2008. English Composition. New Delhi: S.P. Printech
Townsend, Rev. Geo. Fyler. 1869. The Aesop Fables: translated into English by
Samuel Croxall, D.D: Second Edition. London: Frederick Warne and CO.
54
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop (accessed on November 17, 2012 at 07.59
p.m.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fable (accessed on November 17, 2012 at 07.53 p.m.)
http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Aesop.html(accessed on November 18,
2012 at 010.59 p.m.)
55