FIGURES OF SPEECH BY COMPARISON IN CORALINE BY NEIL GAIMAN.

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Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Language and Literature

By:

Andi Aroro Rossy 11211141002

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

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Fairy tales are more than true:

not because they tell us that dragons exist,

but because they tell us that dragons can be beaten.

-

G. K. Chesterton

“

Everyone is fighting a battle

you know nothing about.

Be kind, always.”

-

Anonymous

“Effort is always rewarded.”

-

Minami Takahashi, AKB48

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I dedicated this thesis to

My beloved mom,

Widhyastuti

My tough dad,

Purnianto

My precious

friends

Myself

and

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writing of this thesis, so that this thesis could finally be completed. This thesis would not have been possible to be finished without the help of many people. Therefore, I would like to express my gratitude towards those people.

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Titik Sudartinah, M. A. and Niken Anggraeni M. A. my first and second supervisors who played a big role in this research for their continuous and valuable guidance, advice, and encouragement in completing this thesis. Further, I also thank all lecturers at the English Education Department of the Faculty of Languages and Arts, Yogyakarta State University, who taught and gave guidance to me during my study at this university.

My gratitude is also devoted to my beloved parents, Purnianto and Widhyastuti, who always attempt to provide everything I need. I thank them for their love, patience, and trust so that I can finish my thesis. My gratitude also goes to my sister and my grandmother, who accompanied me while finishing my study in this city.

I am very grateful to have Wildan Bilal Al-Qudsy and Riusly Pratomo as my triangulators. I thank them for their help during the process of accomplishing this thesis and for their encouragement and motivation.

I would like to express my love to members of English Literature A 2011 (Sintha, Dwis, Endah, Fajar, Arik, Dion, Enta‘, Nanda, Fahma, Efa, Farid) for the friendship, togetherness, and support during our study.

My appreciation is also delivered to all of my partners in SAFEL for being my second family in this university. It is very joyful to have them to share laughter. I also thank my companions at the Faculty of Languages and Arts, especially in EDSA and Relung Theatre, for every encouraging experience.

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And all of the people who have sincerely helped me finish my thesis, all of whom I cannot mention one by one, God knows how grateful I am to receive their help.

Hopefully, this thesis will be useful for the readers. Furthermore, I do realize that due to my limited ability, this thesis is far from perfection. Therefore, I welcome any suggestions, comments, and criticisms for the improvement of this thesis.

Yogyakarta, October 17, 2016

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RATIFICATION ... ii

PERNYATAAN ... iii

MOTTO ... iv

DEDICATION ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF TABLE AND FIGURE ... xii

ABSTRACT ... xiii

CHAPTER I A. Background of the Research ... 1

B. The Research Focus ... 4

C. The Formulation of the Problems ... 5

D. Objectives of the Research ... 6

E. Significance of the Research ... 6

CHAPTER II A. Theoretical Description ... 32

1. Stylistics ... 32

2. Figures of Speech ... 34

a. Types of Figures of Speech ... 35

1) Figures of Speech by Comparison ... 35

a) Metaphor ... 36

b) Simile ... 37

c) Personification... 38

d) Apostrophe ... 39

2) Figures of Speech by Association ... 40

a) Metonymy ... 40

b) Synecdoche ... 40

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c) Hyperbole ... 44

d) Litotes ... 44

b. Functions of Figures of Speech ... 45

1) To give imaginative pleasure ... 46

2) To bring an additional imagery ... 46

3) To add emotional intensity ... 47

4) To concrete the meaning in a brief compass ... 48

3. Coraline ... 49

B. Previous Research ... 52

C. Conceptual Framework ... 53

CHAPTER III A. Types of the Research ... 55

B. Form, Context, and Source of Data ... 56

C. Research Instrument ... 56

D. Technique of Data Collection ... 58

E. Technique of Data Analysis ... 59

F. Trustworthiness ... 60

CHAPTER IV A. Findings ... 39

B. Discussion ... 42

1. Types of Figures of Speech by Comparison ... 42

a. Metaphor ... 42

b. Simile ... 47

c. Personification ... 51

d. Apostrophe ... 55

1. Function of Figures of Speech by Comparison ... 56

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A. Conclusions ... 71

B. Suggestions ... 74

REFERENCES ... 75

APPENDIX ... 75

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Table 1. Example Data sheet of Types and Functions of Figures of Speech

by Comparison in Coraline

34 Table 2. Types and Functions of Figures of Speech by

Comparison

in Coraline

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xiii 11211141002

ABSTRACT

This research is under the issue of stylistics approach since it explores the figures of speech applied in Coraline novel. It is aimed at identifying the types and functions of figures of speech by comparison in the novel.

This research applied descriptive qualitative method. However, to support the interpretation, the researcher also applied quantitative approach in processing the data. The forms of the data were the dialogues of all characters and expressions of the narration in Neil Gaiman‘s Coraline which contains figures of speech by comparison. In this research, textual analysis was used in the analysis of data. Triangulation was used to establish the reliability of data, and to ensure the findings so that it can enhance trustworthiness.

The researcher found that there are four types of figures of speech by comparison proposed by Perrine which are applied by Neil Gaiman in Coraline novel. Those types are simile (79 data), personification (46 data), metaphor (15 data), and apostrophe (1 datum). The author only applies one apostrophe because of its complexity. The most frequently used type of figures of speech by comparison is simile. The writer used simile often to give a better picture of a certain situation or characteristic of a certain character. Bringing additional imagery and giving imaginative pleasure are the main functions of the use of figures of speech by comparison in Coraline novel because figures of speech often make concrete understanding and pleasure in readers‘ mind. However, there are also other functions. Those are giving imaginative pleasure, adding emotional intensity, and concreting meaning in a brief compass.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Research

In daily life, people share their thought, ideas, and expression through direct communication or, nowadays, through plenty social media. They may share their thought and express their emotion with language in their communication. Without language, people might have difficulties to deliver their message to others. Each person has their own style to use language.

Style refers to the selection of linguistic forms to convey social artistic effects. Etymologically, style comes from the word stilus (Latin) which means a sharp pointed device to write. Keraf (1984: 112) defines language style as a particular way to express an idea or concept through language use. A style is choices made by a particular author in a particular text to bring out a particular genre inside the text (Leech & Short, 2007: 31).

One type of text which becomes people‘s favour because it is interesting and entertaining is novel. Novel is a medium that distributes a long printed story, which mostly tells about imaginary characters and events. Novel is one of important parts of human life. Novel, also, becomes one of sources of entertainment, education, and knowledge. How the writers put their language style inside their novel will help the readers to dissolve in a world of imagination.

Author has two ways to please his/her readers through their novel. The first is through the plot. How the author creates a greater tension of the story is

one reason for readers to keep reading page by page of a single novel. Plot can be looked up from literature point of view. In linguistics, the words chosen by a particular author hold a significant role. This could be the author‘s style in writing his/her novel to give stronger feeling or more vivid imagery in each plot.

The style of a novel can be analyzed from linguistic point of view through stylistics. The analysis is under four general headings: lexical categories, grammatical categories, figures of speech, and cohesion and context (Leech and Short, 2007: 61). They consider figures of speech as one of the categories because exploitation of regularities of formal patterning or language deviation shows the aesthetic values in a novel. Thus, figures of speech become an important element in a novel.

There are three types of figures of speech: comparison, association, and contrast. Comparison is assessed by comparing features of a certain thing with another thing‘s features. Association is understood from how two matters have a relation. Contrast used to compare how some things may differ between them.

An interesting language style with figures of speech is presented in Coraline by British author Neil Gaiman, published in 2002. It is a children's novel with gothic genre. It has been compared to Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and was adapted into a 2009 stop-motion film. Gaiman himself stated in ―Why I Wrote Caroline‖ section in Coraline that he wanted this novel to have a girl as a heroine, and he wanted it to be refreshingly creepy.

This short novel tells about the amazing and creepy tale of what happens when a girl named Coraline and her parents move into an apartment on the second

floor of a very old house. Two elderly retired actresses live on the ground floor. Then an old and quite strange man, who says he is training a mouse circus, lives in the flat above Coraline's family.

In this novel, the researcher is interested in finding the figures of speech by comparison which creates a sublime effect while she was reading it. The comparison also provides detail information so the readers might have a vivid imagery on how certain things happened in the story.

Here is an example of figures of speech by Comparison from Emily Dickinson‘s poem entitled ―There is no Frigate like a Book‖.

―There is no Frigate like a Book To take us Lands away‖

- Emily Dickinson

That is one of a metaphor example in a poem There is no Frigate like a Book by Emily Dickinsion. That line compares a frigate to a book. It brings additional imagery that reading a book has the same function like the readers cruise on a frigate, that readers might travel anywhere they want to go with it.

Concerning on the research, the researcher wants to know more about the use of figures of speech by comparison and their functions using stylistic approach in the novel Coraline. What makes it interesting to be analyzed is how Gaiman presented the story of gothic genre with his style. He narrated the story through the arrangement of the chosen words to create a gloomy nuance. It could be said that the literariness of this novel is the language style that Gaiman applied to. The language style makes the story more thrilling to be read.

B. The Research Focus

There are some problems that can be identified as the problem of stylistic study; they are lexical categories, grammatical categories, figures of speech, and cohesion and context (Leech and Short, 2007: 61).

The first category is lexical category. It is deals with how the vocabulary in a prose delivered: simple or complex, formal or informal, descriptive or evaluative, general or specific (Leech and Short, 2007: 61). Those can be seen through the noun, verb, adjective, and adverb used by a particular writer in their prose.

The second category is grammatical categories. A prose may use any grammatical construction as a special effect in it (Leech and Short, 2007: 62-63). Sentence type counted as one point to analyze grammatical categories in a prose. Clause type and clause structure are favoured in clause criteria. Noun phrase, verb phrase, and word classes are also considered as in grammatical matter.

The third category is figures of speech. Leech and Short consider figures of speech as useful category in conducting analysis on literary works (2007: 64). There are some classifications of figures of speech. Those are comparison, association, and contrast.

Then, the fourth category is context and cohesion. How one part of a text is linked to another are considered under cohesion. Context deals with external relations of a part or whole text which is shared by the characters or readers (Leech and Short, 2007: 64).

This research is concerned with the analysis of the use of figures of speech in Coraline, especially figures of speech by comparison. The researcher found out that the readers might have problems with extent figures of speech by comparison used by the writer. The readers cannot determine to what type of figures of speech by comparison written in the novel. The function and meaning of using figures of speech by comparison aroused curiosity. Whereas a writer must be have certain meaning and function of using their style in their work. Therefore, the researcher found it necessary to find the answer of what kind of style used by Gaiman to captivate his readers‘ attention.

Many classifications can be analyzed under this category; thus, the researcher decides to make some limitations of boundaries to make it easier for her to collect data and analyze the data findings. The focus of this research is the use of comparison in Coraline by Neil Gaiman. The meaning of using comparison and the function of using it are also taken as research focus.

This research upon a novel with gothic genre is an interesting topic because there are not many researchers conducting a study on the novel Coraline. This novel is best chosen to be the object of the research because it is a novel about mystery and adventure, and the researcher also finds it perfect to be analyzed by using stylistic approach.

C. The Formulation of the Problems

Based on the background of the study, the focuses of this research are formulated as follows.

1. What types of figures of speech by comparison are used in Coraline novel by Neil Gaiman?

2. What is the function of using figures of speech by comparison in Coraline novel by Neil Gaiman?

D. Objectives of the Research

According to research focus, this research has two objectives, and they are:

1. to find out type of figures of speech by comparison are used in Coraline novel by Neil Gaiman, and

2. to describe the function of using figures of speech by comparison in Coraline novel by Neil Gaiman.

E. Significance of the Research

By conducting this research, the researcher expects that the results of this study can be beneficial in the following ways.

1. Theoretically, the research finding will enrich the research in linguistic field, especially in stylistics. It is expected that this research may give additional information to linguistics researchers dealing with the study of figures of speech and stylistics.

2. Practically, the findings will be useful for:

Students have an example of stylistic analysis of the use of comparison because they have limited explanation in their study program and can be their source in conducting similar research.

b. Lecturers of English Language and Literature study program

The research findings can be used as the example of analysis of comparison in figures of speech using stylistic approach. It will help lecturers as an information input in teaching stylistics.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter attempts to discuss all literature related to the research. The discussion covers stylistics, figures of speech, function of figures of speech, and Coraline. Some related previous studies are also discussed as references for this research. Conceptual framework is given to show the system of ideas of this research.

A. Theoretical Description 1. Stylistics

According to Leech and Short (2007: 9) style refers to the way in which language is used in a given context, by a given person, for a given purpose. Style in a literary work such as a novel may show the writer‘s ‗thumbprint‘, a mark of the writer‘s habit in writing his work. For literary works, style can be used to reflect the genres, individuals, period, or language (Lehman, 1996: 303).A linguistic study upon style is called stylistics. Stylistics can also be a method of interpreting a text in which the most important thing for the study is assigned to language (Simpson, 2004: 2)

Every analysis of style is an attempt to find the artistic principles underlying a writer‘s choice of language (Leech and Short, 2007: 69). All writers have their own individual qualities. One text may have certain features which made it special to gather its reader. That special feature may not be quite important or necessary on other text. Therefore, it needs different techniques to

analyze different texts. Researcher has to have consciousness towards analyzing the artistic effect using linguistic details that fit into the text.

Then, it is useful to have a list of features which may or may not be significant in a given text to be analyzed. Leech and Short (2007: 61) states that the list of categories are placed under four general headings: lexical categories, figures of speech, grammatical categories, and cohesion and context.

In general matter, lexical category deals with vocabulary, morpheme, and semantics (Leech and Short, 2007: 61). It wants to find out how far the writer might inspire his readers‘ feeling through his vocabulary choices, formality, and text type. A lexical category may be used to find out how choice of words carries various types of meaning in a text.

Leech and Short (2007: 63) wrote that features of figures of speech are foregrounded by virtue of departing in some way from general norms of communication by means of the language code, for example the exploitation of regularities of formal or grammatical patterning and deviations from the linguistic code.

Grammatical patterning means obeying the rules of grammar about how words change their form and combines with other words to make sentences. Therefore to make sure that the thought inside a sentence is delivered well, writer must show grammatical features.

According to Leech and Short (2007: 64), cohesion deals with how one part of text is linked with another, like how every sentence is connected in a paragraph. Cohesive devices include pronouns, repetition, ellipsis, coordination,

and subordination (Wright and Hope, 2005: 127). Those devices make a link between clauses to produce a meaning. Meanwhile, the external relations of a text or part of it are considered by context. Context sees a text as a discourse that presupposes a social relation among the author, reader, and character, and as a shared medium of knowledge and assumptions between the participants. Those can be seen through the words or thought of the characters.

2. Figures of Speech

Perrine (1965: 65) says that figures of speech should not be taken literally only. It is because figures of speech make the speaker express something in a non-ordinary way. The purpose of figures of speech is to give another meaning into one thing being said.

Meanwhile, Znamenskaya (2004: 193) writes in her book that figures of speech are stylistic devices which include schemes, tropes, and other syntactical expressive means like foreign words and neologisms. For identifying features in figures of speech, tropes and schemes are often useful categories. A linguistic reinterpretation of the traditional distinction between schemes and tropes is given by Leech (1969: 74-76). He defines schemes as ‗foregrounded repetitions of expression‘ and tropes as ‗foregrounded irregularities of content‘. Further information is presented as follows.

Schemes deal with order, syntax, letter, sounds, and the style forming features such as anaphora and antithesis (Znamenskaya, 2004: 22). There are two types of schemes which are grammatical: lexical schemes and phonological schemes. Grammatical and lexical schemes deal with formal and structural

repetition, like anaphora, and rhetorical effect of antithesis. Besides, phonological schemes consider phonological patterns of rhyme, alliteration, and assonance. These also presuppose the interaction of phonological features with meaning. The example can be found in many advertisements such as in Colgate toothpaste advertisement: The Flavor's Fresher than ever. This statement has alliteration, repetition of the same consonant.

Tropes alter the meaning of a word or phrase to create a particular mental image such as metaphors and similes (Simpson, 2004: 41). This alteration, also, might make a neologism which violates a linguistic code and invents a new word. Linguistic deviation can be a valuable clue to interpret the meaning of figures of speech.

a. Types of Figures of Speech

According to Perrine (1969: 65), figures of speech are any way of saying something other than the ordinary way, and he has classified it into three categories. The first one is figures of speech by comparison, which are metaphor, simile, apostrophe, and personification. Second, there are figures of speech by association which consist of metonymy, synecdoche, symbol, and allegory. The last classification is figures of speech by contrast which include paradox, irony, hyperbole, and litotes.

1) Figures of Speech by Comparison

Figures of speech by comparison are comparing words to other words which are considered as having similarity. This type of figure of speech can be applied to concrete and abstract things which share the same quality to make the

readers easily understand the feeling described in the text. The figures of speech by comparison are presented as follows.

a) Metaphor

Metaphor comes from Greek which means carrying from one place to another. Glucksberg (2001: 4) states that metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is substituted to an object or action different from its literally applicable meaning. Also, it may be considered as a representative of abstract concept which cannot be easily described. To make this comparison, there must be some similarities between the two objects compared. Metaphor puts characteristics of a concrete object into a more abstract thing. It helps reader have a new perspective of one object by comparing it to another object.

The comparison between two objects in metaphor is implied or indirect (Perrine, 1969: 65).That means that the metaphorical word is closely connected with the literal term. It does not use any connector to compare the two objects. The researcher finds this in Sylvia Plath‘s poem entitled Metaphors (Perrine, 1969: 187):

I‘m a riddle in nine syllables, An elephant, a ponderous house, A melon strolling on two tendrils.

In the poem above, Plath tries to define metaphors. She gives an unusual meaning for that term, unlike what is written in the dictionary. She wrote on the very first line that metaphors are a riddle in nine syllables. From this line, researcher observes that the word ―metaphors‖ is something confusing or difficult to solve

just like a riddle. A researcher can see metaphor of the word ―metaphors‖ which substituted into a riddle.

b) Simile

Metaphor and simile are both used as a means of comparing things that are essentially unlike (Perrine, 1969: 65). In simile, the comparison is expressed directly by the use of a connector word. Ortony via Glucksberg (2001: 29) says that metaphor is an indirect comparison, while a simile is a direct comparison. Simile is a type of figures of speech which compares two things with the use of connector words so the readers can easily understand the comparison (Gill, 2004: 25). Connector words that are usually used in simile are ‗like‘, ‗as‘, ‗than‘, ‗similar to‘, ‗resembles‘, and ‗seems‘.

Simile is easily found in daily speeches such as ―Jane is as slow as a snail.‖ Snails are notorious for their slow move and here the slowness of Jane is compared to that of a snail. The use of ―as‖ in the example helps connecting the similarity. The use of simile in literature can be seen, for instance, in Robert Burns‘ A Red, Red Rose poem (Literary Devices Editors, 2013):

O my Luve‘s like a red, red rose That‘s newly sprung in June; O my Luve‘s like the melodie That‘s sweetly played in tune.

The speaker says that his love is alike to a fresh red rose that blossoms in spring. Also, his love is similar to a pleasant and sweet melody that is well-played to be enjoyed.

Using similes attracts the attention directly to the senses of readers. Simile allows readers to relate the feelings of the author to their personal experiences.

Therefore, the use of similes makes it easier for the readers to understand the subject matter in a text. Like metaphors, similes also offer variety in people‘s ways of thinking and offers new perspectives of viewing the world.

c) Personification

Personification gives the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or a concept (Perrine, 1969: 67). In accordance with Perrine, Kovecses (2002: 35) says personification occurs when human qualities are put into a word or phrase to non-human entities. It gives more sense of imagination to non-human entities in a text because they are lack of human traits. An animal, an object, or a concept can be described like having human‘s actions or emotions.

Kennedy (1979: 495) adds some description that personification delivers a dramatic effect when non-human entities are given the human qualities. Author hoped that the readers can feel the excitement when they notice a comparison of human characteristics into non-human object or abstract concept. The readers can imagine the non-human object becoming alive with human characteristics.

Perrine (1969: 187) puts an example of Personification in his book Sound and Sense. It is a poem entitled Meeting at Night by Robert Browning:

The gray sea and the long black land; And the yellow half-moon large and low: And the startled little waves that leap In fiery ringlets from their sleep, As I gain the cove with pushing prow, And quench its speech i‘ the slushy sand.

On the third line of the poem, the speaker feels the emotion of ―the startled little waves‖. Waves mean a raised line of water which moves across the surface of a sea. It means that waves are something non-human which cannot have an

emotion, such as being surprised and worried, because emotion is possessed by human.

Personification adds vividness to an expression as readers can look at their world from a human perspective. A writer relies on personification to bring inanimate things to life, so that their nature is understood in a better way, because it is easier for readers to relate to something that is human or that possesses human traits.

d) Apostrophe

Closely related to personification is apostrophe. Johnson (1986: 185) states that apostrophe is when a speaker puts voice, life, and human ability into the addressee. It is a figure of speech which addresses someone absent, dead, or something non-human as if that person or thing were present and could reply (Perrine, 1969: 67). Through apostrophe readers may feel the presence of the absent and dead, also imagine that non-human things can react to the summons.

Personification and apostrophe are both ways of giving feeling and immediacy to the speaker‘s language. However, apostrophe does not need more imaginative power to describe it. It is used to make clear of a speaker‘s thought to someone absent, dead, non-human, or abstract thing.

By apostrophe, a speaker in a text has a power to call someone who is absent or dead. It can be seen from James Joyce‘s poem entitled I hear an Army in Perrine‘s Sound and Sense (1969: 188) like:

My heart, have you no wisdom thus to despair? My love, my love, my love, why you left me alone?

In this poem, the speaker repeatedly calls his beloved who has departed this life. He mentioned her by saying my heart and my love for couple of times. He does it as his beloved one may hear it and make a response to his complaint though his beloved is not present. Apostrophe allows calling someone in their absence as he or she may hear and reply to it.

2) Figures of Speech by Association

This figure of speech gives references to words used out of literal meaning by relating it to words which has a close meaning to it by context. There are four types of figures of speech by association described as follows.

a) Metonymy

Gibbs via Glucksberg (2001: 6) states that a metonymic expression can function as metaphors when it involves transference by bridging or mapping between the abstract and the concrete. As examples from Glucksberg (2001: 6) are the substitution of bench for the law, car bomb for terrorism, pen for a writer, and oval office for the presidency. When a referring expression functions solely to identify an entity and nothing more, then it is not considered metaphoric. Leech (1969: 69) argued that metonymy associates the name of one thing into something else. It is functioned to connect a name of thing in people‘s mind with something else.

b) Synecdoche

Kovecses (2001: 152) says that it is kind of figures of speech in which a part acts for the whole or the whole represent a part. Synecdoche and metonymy are so much alike that it is hard to distinguish between them. According to Leech,

both synecdoche and metonymy have a common characteristic which is replacing something refers to one of its parts or replacing something that is a part (1968: 150). For instance is wheels for automobile as in she’s really proud of her new wheels. Here the word wheels is representing an automobile because wheels are part of automobile. Perrine (1969: 70) showed other examples such as hands for the manual workers, highbrow for a sophisticate, tongues for languages, and a boiling kettle for the water in the kettle.

c) Symbol

Symbol is a word that points to or stands for more meaning than its literal meaning (Gill, 2004: 30). There are two kinds of symbol, i.e. traditional and new symbol. Traditional symbol has been existed since a long time ago and has been recognized by most people. Meanwhile, new symbol is originally created by a literary man.

An example is taken from Robert Frost‘s poem entitled The Road Not Taken (Perrine, 1969: 83) here:

Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveller, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth;

This poem concerns about a person out walking himself in the woods and finds two roads of which he has to choose one. ―Roads‖ here is a symbol for choices in life that look attractive but through years it will have a large difference on experience. The meaning of ―roads‖ can be perceived after reading and understanding the poem. Due to any permissible interpretation of symbol, readers

may put their personal experience while interpreting. Whatever readers‘ interpretation of a symbol, it must be tied up firmly to the facts of the poem.

d) Allegory

Allegory (Perrine, 1969: 91) is less popular in modern literature than it was in medieval writing. Allegory is a narrative or description that has a second meaning beneath the surface. The forms of allegory can be seen in a story, a play, a poem, a picture or other works in which the characters and events represent particular qualities or ideas such as morality, religion or politics.

One of the famous literary works on allegory is Animal Farm by George Orwell (Literary Devices Editors, 2013). It is an allegory that uses animals on a farm to describe the overthrow of the Communist Revolution of Russia before WW I. The actions of the animals on the farm are used to expose the greed and corruption of the revolution. It also describes how powerful people can change the ideology of a society.

3) Figures of Speech by Contrast

This figure of speech is used to emphasize the meaning or sense of words by contrasting it to other words. Paradox, irony, hyperbole, and litotes are types of figures of speech by contrast.

a) Paradox

On the first time readers understand the condition or circumstances in a paradox, they feel it is impossible to happen. However, the readers then may find it as actually entirely able to be happened and nothing is strange. McArthur (1996: 348) says that paradox is a term in rhetoric for a situation that seems

self-contradictory and even absurd, but may contain an insight into life. The value of paradox is its shock value. At a glance it drags the reader‘s attention by its absurdity which underlies a truth of what is being said. For example is the words in Gormenghast ―there are days when the living have no substance and the dead are active‖ (Leech and Short, 2007:114). This is paradox because it two directly opposed concepts, life and death. It changes meaning with each other.

b) Irony

Irony is often confused with satire and sarcasm, but it can be used with either a satirical or sarcastic intent (McArthur, 1996: 523). It is because irony is often used as a device for sarcasm and satire. Sarcasm, which in Greek means ‗to tear a flesh‘, has an intention to wound feelings. It is simply a bitter or cutting speech. Satire is a way of criticizing people or idea in a humorous way. Katz (1998: 3) shares an example of irony. When one says ―what a fine friend‖ it intends to convey that the friend is no good.

Perrine (1969: 115) states that there are three types of irony which are verbal irony, dramatic irony, and situational irony. Verbal irony is saying the opposite of what means. Dramatic irony describes a speech or action in a story that has much greater significance to the audience or reader than to the character, because the audience possesses knowledge that the character does not have. Situational irony occurs when actual circumstances and those that would seem appropriate differ from what one anticipates and what actually comes to pass.

c) Hyperbole

The function of hyperbole in a text is to emphasize a certain point in an exaggerating way (Kovecses, 2002: 22). It is used to magnify a fact or emotion to make an emphasis of its importance. For instance is when one just meets a friend after a long time and says ―it has been ages since we met‖, the speakers may just not see his friend for days or weeks. However ―ages‖ is used to exaggerate the long wait.

Hyperbole is concerned with personal values and emotions that make a subjective exaggeration (Leech, 1968: 168). A writer over-states the truth for showing a certain interest. By using hyperbole, the writer makes common human feelings remarkable that they do not remain ordinary. This technique is employed to catch the reader‘s attention.

d) Litotes

It is paradoxical that one can emphasize truth either by overstating it or by understating it. Litotes or understatement is different from hyperbole. It does not exaggerate a point, it is instead saying less than what a speaker means (Perrine, 1969: 111).For instance, when one stops by a friend‘s neat house then one says ―your house is not unclean‖; he is actually stating something that is less than the truth.

In litotes, a positive statement is expressed by negating its opposite expressions. Leech & Short (2007: 169) state that litotes uses a negative expression where a positive one would have been more forceful and direct. Here

is an example from Robert Frost‘s poem entitled Fire and Ice from Literary Devices Editor (2013):

To say that for destruction ice Is also great

And would suffice.

Frost first states that the destruction caused by the ice is a ―great‖ destruction. On the next line he wrote an understatement that it ―would suffice‖, which is opposing the first. ―Great‖ means something big in amount, size, or degree. However, Frost said it is enough or not that much.

b. Functions of Figures of Speech

Figures of speech often provide more effective means of saying what a writer means than a direct statement. The functions of using figures of speech in a text are to create a fresh work, to emphasize certain part of the work, and to be an alternative from the usual denotation words. It means that the purpose of figures of speech is to make a sentence clearer and more colourful. Stanley (2007: 8) shares the same opinion upon the aim of figures of speech in a text. He mentions that it is to add force, to add a more vivid imagery, to add a stronger feeling, and to give an additional detail that makes a sentence more beautiful.

Another idea is given by Perrine in his book Sound and Sense. He (1969: 71-72) states that figures of speech are used to give imaginative pleasure, to bring an additional imagery, to add emotional intensity, and to concrete the meaning in a brief compass. Here is the brief description of the functions mentioned.

1) To give imaginative pleasure

Figures of speech give readers an ability to form pictures in their mind (Perrine, 1969: 71). Readers imagine the situation and action given in a text. Imagination forms in the mind through sudden leaps from one point to another. The sensation of these sudden leaps brings delight in seeing likenesses between unlike things.

Figures of speech afford the readers to make up their own imagination. People find pleasure when they read sentences in a literary work which describe how the character stares into the bright night sky full of stars and finds constellations, looks into the clouds and shapes it into animals, or dances in a royal ball in a splendid palace. People may put names into things after fancied resemblances like Queen Anne's lace which is a common name for a flowering plant Daucuscarota in America. It is because the flower resembles lace and the red flower in the center is thought to represent a blood droplet where Queen Anne pricked herself with a needle when she was making the lace. Therefore figures of speech are satisfying by providing itself with a source of pleasure in the exercise of the imagination of the readers.

2) To bring an additional imagery

Imagery is the use of words or pictures in a literary work to describe ideas or situations. Figures of speech are a way of bringing an additional imagery of making the abstract concrete and of making poetry more pleasurable (Perrine, 1969: 71). The reader enhances a wider picture or idea upon the story with it. It also creates a new perception other than its literal meaning.

For instance, Tennyson writes how his eagle falls in his poem The Eagle(Perrine, 1969: 71) here:

The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls.

These lines show how the eagle targets on his prey. It swoops down for his prey in charged with full energy, speed, and power. Tennyson objectifies imaginative eeagle by presenting it in visual terms. Thus, it can be seen that figures of speech may multiply the appeal of a literary work.

3) To add emotional intensity

Figures of speech are a way of adding emotional intensity to otherwise merely informative statement (Perrine, 1969: 71). They also convey attitudes along with the information. It is often that figures of speech are used to express an abstract matter into a concrete sense. These not only give creative expressions, but also provide beauty and emotional intensity.

When one says ―my stomach is killing me‖, the meaning is as much emotive as informative. It does not literally mean he is killed by his stomach. However he feels so much pain that the same compare it to the hurt of being killed. It is an example of emotional intensity of pain which is commonly found in daily speeches.

In poetry, Perrine (1969: 71) shares emotional intensity can be seen in Wilfred Owen‘s Dulceet Decorum Est which compares a soldier who is caught in a gas attack to a man drowning under a green sea.

Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time,

but someone still was yelling out and stumbling as under a green sea,

I saw him drowning

Owen gives a picture of how a soldier is being collapsed while breathing a poisonous gas. In another place, there is a man yelling out while he is drowning under a green sea. Both of them are hardly to stand up and eager to fall soon right away. Owen conveys a feeling of despair and suffocation as well as how the reader may see it. This is enough to bring the feeling of misery from both persons.

4) To concrete the meaning in a brief compass

Figures of speech are an effective means of concentration, a way of saying much in a brief compass (Perrine, 1969: 72).Through figures of speech, a writer expresses his thought without a complex explanation. Instead, he may communicate it in a brief compass. Moreover, to share the idea of an abstract thing or show a non-literal meaning, it is valuable to apply figures of speech in a text.

For instance, the merit of comparing life to a candle as Shakespeare does in a passage from Macbeth (Perrine: 1969: 72).

Out, out, brief candle!

Life‘s but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signify nothing.

This poem describes how life is like a candle in that it begins and ends in darkness. While it burns, it gives an active light of energy. It gradually consumes itself and can be snuffed out of any moment. It is a brief at best, burning only for a

short duration. The metaphorical description of life as ―a brief candle‖ suggests certain truths about life that would require dozens of words to express in literal language. At the same time it makes the abstract concrete, provides imaginative pleasure, and adds a degree of emotional intensity.

3. Coraline

A British author, Neil Gaiman, actually wrote Coraline for his daughters. He wanted to give his daughters a fun and scary story about a cool female heroine. The story might not be very long, but it took Gaiman over ten years to finish because he wanted a perfect horror story. Coraline hit the bookshelves in 2002 and won various awards, getting a School Library Journal Best Book Award and a place on the ALA list of Notable Children's Books(Shmoop Editorial Team, 2008).Coraline's popularity doesn't show any signs of letting up. Since published in 2002, it has become an audio book, a musical drama, a graphic novel, and an award-winning movie.

Figure 1. Coraline novel

The idea behind Coraline can be found in the quotation by G. K. Chesterton that proceeds in the beginning of the story: "Fairy tales are more than true: not because they tell us that dragons exist, but because they tell us dragons can be beaten" (Gaiman, 2002: 3).Gaiman considers Coraline the "strangest" book he has ever written. He is also very proud of it, and for good reason: Coraline appeals to a huge range of people. The author noticed in ―Why I Wrote Coraline‖ that kids tend to read it as a cool adventure while adults read it as a kind of a horror story.

The story starts out when a young girl named Coraline Jones moves into an old apartment with her parents. Her neighbours include two elderly retired actresses and a strange man who trains mice for a circus act. Despite the weirdness, Coraline is very bored. Her parents work a lot and they tend to ignore her.

One day Coraline and her mom discover a door with a brick wall behind it. Later, when she has to be alone at home she opens the door and there is a hallway back there. When Coraline goes through the door, she ends up in an entirely different world which is kind of like her own. In the other world, Coraline meets her other mother, other father, and other neighbours who are better on treating her. As a bonus, Coraline finds a cat which talks here.

Coraline decides this other world is weird and so she heads back home. However, when she arrives, her parents are missing. Later she finds out that her

other mother has kidnapped her parents. So she has to go back into the creepy other world to rescue them.

When she comes back, she meets three ghosts of kidnapped children who have been stuck in the other world for a long time. This makes her decide to have a game, of finding her parents and the tree souls, with her other mother so all of them may get free.

In this sense, the idea of Coraline is similar to stories such as The Wizard of Oz, Alice in Wonderland and Labyrinth (Vigilant Citizen Team, 2014). All of these stories, including Coraline, follow the same basic outline: 1) the protagonist is a young girl that is curious, fearless, resourceful, and not afraid to speak her mind; 2) she is bored with her life and wishes for fun and adventure; 3) she magically enters a world that is strange, but wonderful; and 4) she gets ―hooked‖ into the alternate world and does not want to go back to reality.

Coraline is a story of bravery, and according to Coraline, being brave is "when you're scared but you still do it anyway" (chapter 5). Coraline's bravery might be an epic fairy tale kind and she teaches that bravery comes in all forms. Bravery can be going back to get your glasses near a wasps nest. It can even be just going to school. If one is scared and he does it anyway, he is brave. Bravery can be a much more everyday occurrence. No matter what it is, if one does it, he will gain confidence and feel better about himself after. That is not to say it is easy, but that is what makes it worth it.

B. Previous Related Research

In order to get comparison and authenticity, the researcher looks in two previous research findings which have a similar correlation to the topic of discussion. The similar analysis on figures of speech has ever been done by Sarah (2011) in her research entitled An Analysis of Figures of Speech in Shakespeare’s Work: Romeo and Juliet from Yogyakarta State University. In her research, she explained the style of language used by the characters in Romeo and Juliet. Her objectives are to find out the types of figures of speech used, the denotative and connotative meaning of figures of speech used, and the functions of figures of speech used.

Puspita (2014) from Yogyakarta State University also has done the same research on figures of speech. Her thesis is entitled A Stylistic Analysis of Figures of Speech in Les Miserables Movie. She focuses on types of figures of speech and their functions in Les Miserables movie. Analyzing the types and functions, she explains the meaning of the figures of speech applied.

Compared to Sarah and Puspita, the researcher has a different object. The difference of the research lies on the focus and the object of the research. Sarah focuses on three points, which are the types, meaning, and functions of figures of speech. The researcher here does not analyze on the meaning because she believes that analyzing the types and functions will also reveal the meaning. Unlike Puspita who focuses on three classifications of figures of speech, the researcher focuses the analysis on figures of speech by comparison. Meanwhile, Sarah and

Puspita focus is to describe how figures of speech are applied in a movie, while the researcher uses a novel as her object of study.

C. Conceptual Framework

This research aims to investigate figures of speech by comparison covering two important objectives, i.e. the types of figures of speech by comparison used in Coraline and the functions of using figures of speech by comparison in Coraline. This research is conducted using stylistic approach, considering that stylistics is the study of language style in literary works.

To answer the questions, the researcher uses Perrine‘s theory on figures of speech to find out the types of figures of speech by comparison used by Gaiman in Coraline. The types of figures of speech by comparison are metaphor, simile, personification, and apostrophe.

The researcher also uses Perrine‘s theory on functions of figures of speech as a reference to describe the functions of figures of speech in Coraline. Perrine states that the functions of figures of speech are to give imaginative pleasure, to bring additional imagery, to add emotional intensity, and to concrete the meaning in a brief compass.

To give brief pictures of this research, the researcher applies an analytical construct which is presented as follows.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

A. Types of the Research

This research used descriptive qualitative in which the researcher described the phenomenon by interpreting the data collected. According to Bogdan and Biklen (1997: 10), the data collected in qualitative research is in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. The main goal of descriptive research is to have in depth understanding upon the subject or the object of the research (Vanderstoep& Johnston, 2009: 166). Qualitative research is more descriptive which made it a representation of the subject or object being researched. Then, qualitative research use inductive approach. The analysis proceeded into an interpretation by the researcher which then concluded at the end of the observation. The adoption is the way on using theory as an important role to analyze data. In this study, the phenomena described are language style in terms of figures of speech by comparison. Thus, this approach provided more comprehensive understanding in explaining the phenomena of the use of language particularly the use of figures of speech by comparison.

In addition, quantitative method was also used to measure the frequency of data occurrence. As stated by Vanderstop and Johnson (2009: 7), quantitative method used to specifies numerical assignment of certain phenomenon in the research study. Moreover, stylistics was used as the approach to analyze the data in this research.

B. Form, Context, and Source of Data

The object of this research is a novel entitled Coraline. Data in the qualitative research was not presented in the numerical form, but in the form of words. The data were in the form of phrases, clauses, and sentences of the narration and utterances of all characters in Coraline novel. The context of the data was in dialogues of the characters and paragraphs of the narration. Meanwhile, the data source is where the data are taken from. The novel of Neil Gaiman, Coraline was the data source in this research.

C. Research Instrument

The main instrument for qualitative research method, typically, is the researcher itself. Burns (1994: 295) states that the role of researcher in the qualitative research is as an instrument. The researcher has the key role in this research. The researcher will take an action as the planner, data collector, data analyser, and data reporter. Meanwhile, the secondary instrument of this research was the data sheet. A data sheet was used to classify the data that it eased the researcher to analyse the data from the novel. The data sheets are as follows.

Table 1. Example Data sheet of Types and Functions of Figures of Speech by Comparison in Coraline

Code Data

Figures of Speech by

Comparison

Function

of Figures

of Speech

Explanation

Met Sim Per Apo 1 2 3 4

01/Sim/ 1

She looked like a thin giant woman

v v This narration describes when Coraline get out her bedroom and see a strange thing in the hall of her house. She compares the shape of that thing to a thin giant woman with simile. The simile is represented by

the connector of ‗like‘.

To Coraline that thing looks skinny yet so big. This narration gives imaginative pleasure of the shape of the strange thing because it shows how Coraline imagine the shape of the thing.

Note :

Met : Metaphor 2 : To bring an additional imagery

Sim : Simile 3 : To add emotional intensity

Per : Personification 4 : To concrete meaning in a brief compass

Apo : Apostrophe

D. Technique of Data Collection

There are many kinds of technique in collecting data in qualitative research, such as interviewing, ethnographic observation, analysis of documents and material culture, and visual analysis(Vanderstoep and Johnston. 2009: 189). Those can be used across a number of different methods which define the focus of the study. As the source of data in this study was a written literary text in the form of novel, the data collection technique used was analysis of documents by note taking. The research used textual analysis in the analysis of data. Textual analysis use inductive analysis to interpret meaning and analyse a text (Vanderstoep and Johnston, 2009: 167). There are number of possible interpretations of the text and each interpretation is similarly accepted to the extent that it reflects the meaning attributed to the text. Thus, the researcher interpretation is only one of many possible valid interpretations of the text.

There were some phases of data analysis done by the researcher. Those phases are listed in the following: (1) obtaining the raw data from the novel by reading and taking notes; (2) classifying those raw data into the data sheet based on their categories; (3) identifying those data in each category into more specific sub-categories; (4) re-examining the data in the data sheet by checking, combining

and comparing them by drawing the relation among them; (5) reporting the data analysis by describing the findings.

E. Technique of Data Analysis

Having finished the procedure of data collection, the researcher finally got the raw data to be analyzed. According to Bungin (2007: 107), the relation between data collection and data analysis is inseparable. This means when researcher collected the data, they actually have started conducting data analysis. The remaining steps of data analysis of data are described in the following steps:

1. After getting the raw data, the researcher will make a categorization system which was drawn to a table which is shown in Table 1. The table is listed to categorize the figures of speech by comparison and its functions.

2. The next step to do after categorizing is done will put the selected words containing figures of speech by comparison as the selected data into table. 3. After the classifying is finished, the researcher will start to analyse the data.

In this research, the data analysis employed Perrine‘s categorization on

figures of speech and its functions.

4. After analysing and getting the data finding, the researcher does not only confirm the findings to some employed theories but the researcher will also explain and elaborate why the findings could so to answer each questions. 5. The last step is reporting the findings and the discussion of the findings.

F. Trustworthiness

A research must be truthful and accurately represented the subject or the object of the research. Due to this, there is validity term which is extent to which it gives the correct answer of the problem brought by the research (Kirk & Miller, 1986: 19). Qualitative research usually has limited knowledge of subject or object of the research. However, it is forced to show accurate result and could represent that small participant. To achieve that point, triangulation is needed in the research method. This research use triangulation of descriptive qualitative approach in analysing figures of speech by comparison.

It means that the researcher tried to be non-judgemental and attempted to report what was found objective. To be more reliable, the data findings were checked by students of English Language and Literature study program whose concentration package is linguistics. They are Wildan Bilal Al-Qudsy and Riusly Pratomo. On the other hand, the researcher also asked some prominent lecturers as reviewers to confirm the data collected. The researcher asked lecturers of English Language and Literature in UNY, Titik Sudartinah, M.A. and Niken Anggraeni,

M.A, as the resercher‘s first and second supervisors who are competent and expert

in this study. They facilitate the researcher to understand the kinds of figures of speech by comparison and how figures of speech by comparison were applied in this study. In this case, the lecturers were suitable for the researcher to criticize the process of the collected data analysis and to hold discussion to emphasize the collected data to be valid.

39

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the findings and discussion of the research. As stated in the background of the research, this research is aimed to find out the types of figures of speech by comparison and to describe the functions of using figures of speech by comparison in Coraline by Neil Gaiman. This chapter focuses on explaining the results of this research in two parts; i.e. the findings and the discussion based on the research objectives. The findings are presented in the table of data finding that consists of the types of figures of speech by comparison and the functions of figures of speech by comparison found in Coraline. Meanwhile, the discussion part defines the objectives of the research which are applied in the Neil Gaiman‘s novel Coraline.

A. Findings

In this section, the answers to the research questions are presented in a table of data findings and followed by its brief description. The table of data findings of the types of figures of speech by comparison and the functions of figures of speech by comparison found in Coraline are presented below.

Table 2. Types and Functions of Figures of Speech by Comparison in Coraline

Types of Figures of

Speech by Comparison Frequency

Functions of Figures of Speech by Comparison

1 2 3 4

Metaphor 15 5 11 6 4

Simile 79 33 61 24 4

Personification 46 41 10 14 8

Apostrophe 1 1 0 0 0

Total 141 80 82 44 16

Note : Function

1 : to give imaginative pleasure 2 : to bring additional imagery 3 : to add emotional intensity

4 : to concrete meaning in a brief compass

Perrine (1969: 65 – 118) proposes twelve types of figures of speech which can be classified into three categories. They are figures of speech by comparison, figures of speech by association, and figures of speech by contrast. In this research, the research focus is limited on analyzing figures of speech by comparison in Coraline novel. Based on Table 2, all four types of figures of speech by comparison are found in Neil Gaiman‘s Coraline. They are metaphor, simile, personification, and apostrophe. From the data above the researcher found a total of 141 data.

Table 2 shows that the writer tends to use direct comparison. It is proven by the finding of simile occurrences in 79 data from a total of 141 data. Simile becomes the most frequent type of figures of speech by comparison found in Coraline novel.

Meanwhile, apostrophe is the rarest figures of speech by comparison found in Coraline. It only shows up one time in the whole story. In apostrophe, a speaker is addressing a person or an object which is not there by the time he is speaking. There is no much events of a character perform such action.

Each type of figures of speech has its functions in the novel. There are four functions of figures of speech by comparison suggested by Perrine (1969: 71-72): to give imaginative pleasure, to bring an additional imagery, to add emotional intensity, and to concrete meaning in a brief compass. The researcher found that one type of figures of speech may have more than one function. Each figures of speech have the equal possibility to possess all of the function of applying figures of speech in literary text. It is because figures of speech often provide a more effective means of saying than does direct statement. Therefore, although figures of speech by comparison occur 141 times, the total number of the functions is 222 data.

In the table above, it shows that function of bringing additional imagery is at the most frequent functions applied in Coraline. Simile is the figures of speech by comparison which has the most function in bringing additional imagery. It has a role to create imagery in readers‘ mind because it creates depiction through comparison and illustration.

To give imaginative pleasure has close frequency of occurrence with function of bringing additional imagery. Based on the table above, personification is the figures of speech by comparison that contributes the most numerous imaginative pleasure due to the nature of personification to illustrate.

The lowest level of frequency in function of figures of speech by comparison is to concrete meaning in a brief compass that contributes around 16 data. In Coraline novel, personification is figures of speech by comparison which has the most function in concreting meaning in a brief compass among others.

B. Discussion

In the discussion section, the answers to the research questions are presented in deeper explanation of the findings. More detailed information is presented to clarify the objectives of the research covering the discussion of types of figures of speech by comparison found in Coraline and also the functions of using those types.

1. The Types of Figures of Speech by Comparison Used in Coraline Novel by Neil Gaiman

The first discussion in this section is about the types of figures of speech by comparison which occur in Coraline novel. There are four types of figures of speech by comparison which are applied in Neil Gaiman‘s Coraline. They are metaphor, simile, personification, and apostrophe. To make it simpler, the researcher put the discussion in some points as follows.

a. Metaphor

Metaphor is the expression of comparing two unlike things which have similar nature. This type of figures of speech by comparison is closely related to simile which also compares some things. However, the comparison in metaphor is implied (Perrine, 1969: 65). It needs no connector word to compare some things.

The researcher found many metaphor used in Coraline. By using this type, the author attempts to indirectly compare two objects in his story. This expression allows readers to imagine the similarities between two objects being compared in the narration or characters‘ utterances. One of the examples of this type is shown below.

―Small world‖, said Coraline.

―It‘s big enough for her,‖ said the cat. ―Spiders’ webs only have to be large enough to catch flies.‖

(059/P.73/Met/2)

The cat uses metaphor to compares the other mother‘s small world with spider‘s webs. It is to describe the situation when Coraline exploring the other mother‘s world. She just walked around the world. She started out walking away from the house and ended up coming back to it; hence, she concludes it as a small world. The cat breaks in with the idea that the world is big enough for the other mother. The cat compares the small world with spiders‘ webs. The metaphor is used to explain how big the other mother built the world with its function. She does not need to build a big world to get her target, children. It is the same as spiders which form small webs to trap little insects like flies. For her, the world has to be attractive to catch children‘s attention and make them willing to stay there. In that way, the other mother did not make an extensive world. The next datum of metaphor found in Coraline novel can be seen below.

It was the size of a broom closet. (067/P.79/Met/4)

This narration takes time when the other mother gets angry to Coraline‘s bad manner towards her. She puts Coraline away to a mysterious room behind a

mirror in the hallway. Curious about the place she got in, Coraline measures the size of the room. She tries to put out her hands to touch the space and every side in where she is imprisoned. She, then, makes a comparison between the room with a broom closet. It is because she could reach the top of the room and sense every side. It gives mental pictures to the readers that the size of the room is not too big or too small for a child like Coraline. The readers could imagine that the room is tall enough to stand in or to sit in, and it is not wide or deep enough to lie down for Coraline. The next example can be seen in the datum below.

―Yes‖, said Coraline. There were. I think you‘re planning to turn me into one of them. A dead shell.‖

(075/P.88/Met/4)

The utterance occurs after the other mother frees Coraline from her prison inside the mirror. The other mother carries sleepy Coraline into the kitchen. Coraline wakes up and tell the other mother about other children inside the mirror. She guesses that the other mother is planning to turn her into one of them, a dead shell. It is a metaphor that comes from animals with shell, like snail and shellfish. Readers could imagine when they open an empty shellfish; it does not have life inside. A dead shell means something that has the external form but lacks of the life inside it. All of the other children whom Coraline met inside the mirror are ghosts. They exist without life or soul. When Coraline met them, she only saw mere three faint and pale shapes with their cold hands. In addition, the three ghosts said that the other mother will take Coraline‘s life too and make her hollow. Coraline compares this condition to being a dead shell.

She was hoping the other mother would say something like ―Nonsense, they’re the size of ripe onions—or suitcase—or

grandfather clocks,‖ but the other mother simply smiled, and the tap-tap-tapping of her fingernail against her eye was as steady and relentless as the drip of water droplets from the faucet into the sink. (078/P.92/Met/2)

This narration happens after Coraline challenges the other mother to find the ghosts‘ souls and her parents. Coraline completely has no idea of how to find a soul. She hopes the other mother would give her any clue to find it. Here, Coraline imagine the other mother may compare the size of a soul to several things for her clue.

First, she imagines the size of a soul as a size of ripe onion. It means a soul is a small object, but not too tiny to be found around the house. Then, she compares a soul to a suitcase which means a soul is larger than a ripe onion. It signifies that it would be easier for Coraline to look it out. Lastly, she imagines that the other mother would compare the size of a soul to grandfather clocks. A grandfather clock is a tall and enormous clock. If a soul is as big as a grandfather clock then it is obviously to be seen by Coraline. Through this comparison, the readers could also make guess of the size of a soul by making mental picture in their mind.

The next example can be seen in the datum below.

Then she walked through an empty bathroom, containing only a cast-iron bath, and, in the bath, a dead spider the size of a small cat.

(099/P.106/Met/2-3)

This situation occurs when Coraline enters the empty flat to find the other ghosts‘ souls. She tries to check the bathroom in the empty flat, but she could only find a cast-iron bath and a dead spider. The dead spider is big because it has the size of a

small cat. Here, the writer compares the size of the dead spider with the size of a small cat. Usually, a common big size for a normal spider in real life is not bigger than a palm of a hand. However, in Coraline the spider is as big as a small cat which, for spider-world, means it is very huge in size. It adds more bizarre things in the other mother‘s world. Such a gigantic spider would really make Coraline afraid if it is alive. Lucky for her, it is already dead.

The last example of metaphor is represented in a narration when Coraline confront the other mother to escape and win her challenge of finding ghosts‘ souls and her parents. In this situation, Coraline tries to trick the other mother by saying that she knew where her real parents are.

The other mother stood very still, giving nothing away, lips tightly closed. She might have been a wax statue.

(121/P.128/Met/1-3)

The other mother surprises to hear Coraline declares that she is able to locate where her real parents are. Certainly Coraline guesses that the other mother did not hide her parents in the house because she has looked for them in every possible place in the house. Her statement makes the other mother shocked and confused. The writer compares the other mother‘s surprise expression with a wax statue. The characteristic of wax statue is a hard, solid, and firm. It is usually made very detail to look like a person who is being represented. It indicates that the other mother is doing nothing due to her shock. She only stands still, making no movement. Moreover, there is no lips movement just like truly a wax statue. It shows how speechless she is to the condition. It bring readers‘ imagination that

the concept of being a wax statue is a person who has a terrible shock and surprise.

b. Simile

Simile is having the same purpose with metaphor, to compare two different things which possess similar characteristics. However, comparison in simile showed directly by the use of connector word. For instance, the connector words used in simile are like, as, similar, resembles, and seems. According to Gill (2004: 25) the use of connector words help the reader to easily understand the comparison. That is why simile is more easily found in daily life than other figures of speech. In Coraline, simile is mostly used by the writer in his story. The researcher found simile in most of the narration and utterance in Coraline. The first example of simile is found is shown below.

She looked like a large, fluffy egg. (010/P.12/Sim/2)

This narration is categorized as simile because the comparison used connector word ―like‖. The comparison is explaining the appearance of Miss Spink. This narration tells when Coraline is going for a walk around her new house when she encounters Miss Spink who walks her dogs. Miss Spink is bundled up in pullover and cardigans, so she looks chubbier. This appearance of Miss Spink makes Coraline compares her to a large and fluffy egg. Her fat body looks larger and round with those clothes on. Moreover, the wool material of the pullover and cardigan makes Miss Spink looks fluffy. By reading this expression, the writer allows the reader to imagine the shape of Miss Spink in the story. The next datum of simile can be seen as follows.

There were all sorts of remarkable things in there she‘d never seen before: windup angels that fluttered around the bedroom like startled sparrows; books with pictures that writhed and crawled and shimmered; little dinosaur skulls that chattered their teeth as she passed.

(017/P.28/Sim/1-2)

In the datum above, the narration occurs when Coraline checking her bedroom in the other mother‘s world. She finds some interesting things there which she has never seen before in the real world. One of it is windup angels that fluttered around the bedroom like startled sparrows. Sparrows are a flock of small grey-brown bird which commonly found in town. Due to the crowded situation in town, they are easily startled or surprised which makes them suddenly fly away. The windup angels have the same characteristic. They make a series of delicate movement up and down from side to side. The windup angels fly like sparrows which avoiding crowd in town. This figure is categorized as a simile because it uses the connective like which the function is to compare two things. This datum compares the movement of windup angels with startled sparrows. The next example could be seen below.

It was my dad, charging like a rhino. (038/P.55/Sim/2)

This utterance above is uttered by Coraline when she tells the black cat about her story. She tells the cat a story when she was a little girl. Her dad took her for a walk on a wasteland. They have walked for minutes there when suddenly Coraline‘s dad asked her to run away. After a while, little Coraline stopped running and looked back. She saw her dad charging like a rhino. Rhino is well-known to have an ability to run fast with its large body. Usually when a rhino

charges, it makes a blast and strike everything in front of it. It is quite horrific to see a rhino runs. The comparison describes how Coraline‘s father strongly runs in a rush towards Coraline just like a rhino. It is called as simile because Coraline makes comparison by using conjunction like. The use of simile is also shown by the datum below.

One of them wailed and whispered, the other buzzed like a fat and angry bluebottle at a window pane, but the voices said, as one person, ―Thief! Give it back! Stop! Thief!‖

(096/P.101/Sim/3)

It occurs when Coraline tries to take the glowing soul inside the hands of strange creatures in Miss Spink and Miss Forcible‘s flat. It seems they guard the souls for the other mother. They become furious because Coraline take the soul. One of them makes a long and high cry and the other creature buzzes. The buzz sound resembles a sound produce by an angry bluebottle at a window pane. A bluebottle is a kind of big fly and louder noise than the common fly. When a bluebottle traps inside a house and try to escape from a window, it is used to hit repeatedly at a window pane. Its sound when it hit a window pane is usually a noisy buzz. If the creature in Coraline makes a sound like an angry bluebottle, this means the creature produce a continuous disturbing and noisy low sound.

The next example is one of simile using conjunction as.

This place smelled as if all the exotic foods in the world had been left out to go rotten.

(106/P.115/Sim/2)

In the datum above, the narration occurs when Coraline enters the crazy old man‘s flat upstairs to find the other ghosts‘ souls. The place has very bad smell which depicted in a simile. It is compared to the smell of all exotic foods in the world

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Code Data

Figures of Speech by Comparison

Functions of Figures of Speech by

Comparison Explanation

Met Sim Per Apo 1 2 3 4

word like. This utterance let readers to imagine a rain cloud appear on their mind and about to drop rains but keep holding it. Then the readers compare the situation to what Coraline‘s feel, worried.

134/P.145/Si m/3

Coraline‘s mouth dropped open in horror and she stepped out of the way as the thing clicked and scuttled past her and out of the house, running crablike on its too-many tapping, clicking, scurrying feet.

V V To check what kind of thing had scuttling down, Coraline search

it by opening the front door of the house. Suddenly, something rushes past her. How the thing run is compared by simile with running crab which has too-many tapping, clicking, and scurrying feet. The indication of using simile can be seen from the use of the word like as the indicator. This narration could evoke feeling of horror by reading the narration. Feeling horror and frightened could add emotional intensity in the story.

135/P.147/Si m/1-2

The fragments of the glass marbles that she saw looked like the remains of eggshells one finds beneath trees in springtime: like empty, broken robin’s eggs, or even more delicate—wren’s eggs, perhaps.

V V V As she goes back to bed after finding Beldam‘s right hand, something scrunched under her pillow. It is the fragments of the soul glass-marbles. Using simile, the fragments are compared to the remains eggshells one finds beneath trees in springtime. The writer give more detail on the comparison, the eggshells are broken robin‘s or wren‘s egg.The use of word like is the indicator of using simile in this example. This comparison gives imaginary pleasure to the readers‘ to picture on their mind the delicate shape of the fragments. In addition, this comparison also triggers readers‘ sense of sight to form the fragments.

136/P.156/Si It stood there for a moment, like a crab tasting the air,

V V The other mother‘s right hand follows Coraline to the well. When it gets near her, it is up on a tree stump and stand there. How it

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Code Data

Figures of Speech by Comparison

Functions of Figures of Speech by

Comparison Explanation

Met Sim Per Apo 1 2 3 4

m/1 and then it made one

triumphant, nail-clacking leap onto the center of the paper tableclotch.

stand is compared to a crab tasting the air by simile, because the look of the right hand is like a crab. As the indicator word like is used in this example, it categorized as using simile. The readers will get a pleasure by imagining how an open up right hand looks like a crab tasting the air.

137/P.158/Per /1

―The mice tell me that all is good,‖ he said. ―They say that you are a saviour, Caroline‖

V V Mr. Bobo is waiting for Coraline to pass her what the mice had told him. Here, the author gives human quality (talking) to animal (mice) thus it is considered as a personification example. This comparison provides a pleasure to the readers by imagining how the mice talk.

138/P.158/Per /1-2

―Very good, Coraline. The mice say that I must tell you that as soon as they are ready to perform in public, you will come up and watch them as the first audience of all. They will play tumpty umpty and toodle oodle, and they will dance, and do a thousand tricks. That is what is they say.‖

V V V Mr. Bobo delivers message from the mice for Coraline that they are expecting her to come to their mice circus performance. In this utterance, Mr. Bobo assumes that the mice, which are animal, are supposed as human that can talk and play songs. Thus, this example is considered as a personification example. The comparison provides a pleasure to the readers by imagining how the mice talk and play songs. Moreover, the comparison gives visualization to the reader in which it can be obtained through the imagination of the readers about how mice talk and play songs. The readers will imagine the mice that can talk to Mr. Bobo and play songs for their circus. This personification bring additional imagery on how mice might play songs.

139/P.159/Si She gave them both tight hugs, although her arms barely

V V Coralineexpresses her gratitude to Miss Spink and Miss

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Code Data

Figures of Speech by Comparison

Functions of Figures of Speech by

Comparison Explanation

Met Sim Per Apo 1 2 3 4

m/2 stretched around Miss Spink, and Miss Forcible smelled like the raw garlic she had been cutting.

Forcible is like the raw garlic she had been cutting. Miss Forcible has a bad and quite strong aroma based on the comparison. The comparison is simile because it has indicator word like. Sense of smell of the readers, here, has a role in picturing of the smell of Miss Forcible. Then, the readers will get a set of image about her smell.

140/P.160/Me t/1-2-3

She fancied she could hear sweet music on the night air: the kind of music that can only be played on the tiniest sliver trombones and trumpets and 121assoons, on piccolos and tubas so delicate and small that their keys could only be pressed by the tiny pink fingers of white mice.

V V V V Coraline takes a rest in her bedroom and hear sweet music that night. This example of metaphor is used to give attribute to a music which can be sweet that it means it is pleasant and easy to be listened. This comparison could provide pleasure for the readers‘ hearing by imagining the sweet music as a pleasant thing. In addition, sense of hearing of the readers‘ has a role to imaging the sound produces by sweet music. Readers‘ sense of hearing has a role in hearing the sweet music heard by Coraline. Through this comparison, also, emotion of joy of the readers will appear.

141/P.160/Per /1-2-3

She fancied she could hear sweet music on the night air: the kind of music that can only be played on the tiniest sliver trombones and trumpets and bassoons, on piccolos and tubas so delicate and small that their keys could only be pressed by the tiny pink

V V V V Coraline fancied hearing the mice performances from her bedroom. She assumes that the mice are playing music. She compares the mice to human being as if the mice could play music. Instruments played by the tiny pink fingers of white mice are not a common expression in daily life. It gives a new atmosphere for readers. They can imagine freely how the mice play music with instruments. This expression, also, makes the readers imagine how the expression performs. Then, they get the mental picture of that expression. Readers can get imagery on

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Code Data

Figures of Speech by Comparison

Functions of Figures of Speech by

Comparison Explanation

Met Sim Per Apo 1 2 3 4

fingers of white mice. how the mice play songs with their tiny pink fingers. Moreover,

the expression makes the readers fancy as if they might be able to hear the music from the mice.

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