victimological theory gerd kirchoff
Theoretical Victimology
by
Prof. Dr. Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff
Victimology as a Science
Victimology as word:
– Victima
– Logos
06/11/17
Latin, the victim
body of theoretical knowledge,
teaching
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
2
Victimology
A theoretical body of knowledge
This is not
– practical victim assistance
– a political movement
– creation of social programs
– victim related legislation
– Practical application of victimologiocal
knowledge
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
3
Basic Structure of Victimology
Dealing with
– Victims
– Victimizations
– Reactions to both,
» To victims
» To victimizations
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
4
Who is theVICTIM?
Answer 1:
– Victims of crime
» Hans von Hentig
» Stephen Schafer
» Ezzat Fattah
– Result:
» special victimology
» penal victimology
06/11/17
superfluous endeavor!
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
5
Who is the VICTIM
Answer 2:
– Victims of everything
– Benjamin Mendelsohn
Result: General Victimology
To overcrowded
and therefore empty
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
6
Who is the VICTIM
Answer 3:
–
–
–
–
–
06/11/17
Menmade victims
Zvonimir Paul Separovic
Elias Neumann
Robert Elias
Gerd F. Kirchhoff
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
7
victimologia - Victimologia
victimologia = science of the crime victims
Victimologia – toda victima social
–
–
–
–
–
06/11/17
Poverty
Marginalization
Creation of masses excluded from decent living
Excluded from hospitals, schools, labor market
Victims of globalization
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
8
Elias Neuman I
Victimologia – el rol de la victima en los delitos
convencionales y no convencionales
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
06/11/17
2nd ed. 1994
The poor, the marginalized,
The socially submerged
Victims of political systems and ideologies
Victims of religions
Victims of the justice system
Victims of slavery and inhuman labor conditions
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
9
Elias Neuman II 1994
Victimology is an autonomous science if it looks
at all the
– victims of abuse of power,
» national or supranational,
– Victims of all oppression and terrorism in a society,
» as individuals,
» groups or
» All people in a country.
Answer 4:
Victims of Human Rights Violations
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
10
Robert Elias
Criminal victimization
Social sources of victimization
Governmental sources of victimization
Framework of Human Rights
–
–
–
–
06/11/17
Critical of traditional victimology:
Law and order lobby has coopted victim assistance
Victims have gained far less than promised
Consumer frauds, poluution, unnecessarý drugs and
surgery, food additives, discrimination, poverty,
exploitation and war
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
11
Answer 5: Victims of disaster and climate change
Victimology includes victims of disaster and
natural catastrophes including climate
change
–
–
–
–
Newest Development since 10 years, mainly
Dussich Fachry, Mundy, Susetyo
Local: geographic situation in danger zone
Relationship to the newest UN discussions that
look at global sources of Human (In-) Security
» Social Consequences of Human Omissions to
Secure Safe Life” - more publications needed
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
12
Towards „Interim“ Consensus
1985 Declaration of Basic Principles of
Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of
Power
One of the most important achievements of
„victimology“
Deals with crime victims and with victims
of „Abuse of Power“
Attempts to create a Victim Convention
Self Awareness of WSV „You are not alone“
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
13
Victimology defines
Who is the victim?
– Important if you have special legislation which
gives victims some benefits
Schneider: When threatened by a criminal
act, the victim may be
–
–
–
–
06/11/17
A person
An organization
The moral order
The legal system
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
14
Victims
Only humans? No (Wolfgangs first order victims)
Organizations (Wolfgang´s second order victims)
–
–
–
Private companies, unicorporated associations,
Trade unions
Government bodies
State (Wolfgang´s third order victims)
– Tax fraud, espionage
International order
– Crimes against humanity – The Tribunal in the Hague
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
15
Victimology measures
Entrance gate for the Methods of Empirical
Research
Problems of measuring victimization
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
16
Victimology measures
Victimizations: the experience of being a victim
Three dimensions of damage
Victim Surveys
Who, what, when, which consequences
How many victims are out there....
Is the risk of victimization evenly distributed
»
»
»
»
Over time
Over area
Over sex
Over age
What goes together with victimization?
– Social correlates of victimization
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
17
Victimology measures
Victimizations
the experience of being a victim
Victim Surveys
» See special presentation in this course
Who, what, when, which consequences
How many viuctims are out there....
Is the risk of victimization evenly distributed
»
»
»
»
Over time
Over area
Over sex
Over age
What goes together with victimization?
– Social correlates of victimization
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
18
Victimology
scientific definition,
description,
measurement,
anylyses of patterns, of regularities,
of associative and maybe causal
relationships
and probabilities
and their interpretation.
Reactions
Victimology looks at reactions towards
victimization
-central topic in this fieldSocial sciences work on different levels of analysis
– Situational level
– Institutional level
– Macro-level
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
20
Reactions
Reactions of the victim
– Primary victimization
Reactions of the social auditorium
– Secondary victimization
Reactions permanently patterned
– Social structures: structural victimization
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
21
Reactions
It is proven that worldwide women especially are
victimized by those men who have control over
them and that authorities either cause or tolerate
these abuses
–
–
–
Domestic violence
Women in custody
Systematic rapes in wars and in civil unrest
Quoted from ai: Broken Bodies, Shattered Minds-Torture and Ill Treatment of Women,
2March 2001
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
22
Victim´s Informal Reactions
Crisis
Crisis Reactions
Crisis Intervention
– Entrance door for the whole system of victim
treatment:
» Counseling
» Crisis Intervention
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
23
Formal Reactions
Victim Assistance Services
Criminal Justice System
Restorative Justice
Transitional Justice
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
24
by
Prof. Dr. Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff
Victimology as a Science
Victimology as word:
– Victima
– Logos
06/11/17
Latin, the victim
body of theoretical knowledge,
teaching
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
2
Victimology
A theoretical body of knowledge
This is not
– practical victim assistance
– a political movement
– creation of social programs
– victim related legislation
– Practical application of victimologiocal
knowledge
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
3
Basic Structure of Victimology
Dealing with
– Victims
– Victimizations
– Reactions to both,
» To victims
» To victimizations
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
4
Who is theVICTIM?
Answer 1:
– Victims of crime
» Hans von Hentig
» Stephen Schafer
» Ezzat Fattah
– Result:
» special victimology
» penal victimology
06/11/17
superfluous endeavor!
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
5
Who is the VICTIM
Answer 2:
– Victims of everything
– Benjamin Mendelsohn
Result: General Victimology
To overcrowded
and therefore empty
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
6
Who is the VICTIM
Answer 3:
–
–
–
–
–
06/11/17
Menmade victims
Zvonimir Paul Separovic
Elias Neumann
Robert Elias
Gerd F. Kirchhoff
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
7
victimologia - Victimologia
victimologia = science of the crime victims
Victimologia – toda victima social
–
–
–
–
–
06/11/17
Poverty
Marginalization
Creation of masses excluded from decent living
Excluded from hospitals, schools, labor market
Victims of globalization
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
8
Elias Neuman I
Victimologia – el rol de la victima en los delitos
convencionales y no convencionales
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
06/11/17
2nd ed. 1994
The poor, the marginalized,
The socially submerged
Victims of political systems and ideologies
Victims of religions
Victims of the justice system
Victims of slavery and inhuman labor conditions
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
9
Elias Neuman II 1994
Victimology is an autonomous science if it looks
at all the
– victims of abuse of power,
» national or supranational,
– Victims of all oppression and terrorism in a society,
» as individuals,
» groups or
» All people in a country.
Answer 4:
Victims of Human Rights Violations
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
10
Robert Elias
Criminal victimization
Social sources of victimization
Governmental sources of victimization
Framework of Human Rights
–
–
–
–
06/11/17
Critical of traditional victimology:
Law and order lobby has coopted victim assistance
Victims have gained far less than promised
Consumer frauds, poluution, unnecessarý drugs and
surgery, food additives, discrimination, poverty,
exploitation and war
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
11
Answer 5: Victims of disaster and climate change
Victimology includes victims of disaster and
natural catastrophes including climate
change
–
–
–
–
Newest Development since 10 years, mainly
Dussich Fachry, Mundy, Susetyo
Local: geographic situation in danger zone
Relationship to the newest UN discussions that
look at global sources of Human (In-) Security
» Social Consequences of Human Omissions to
Secure Safe Life” - more publications needed
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
12
Towards „Interim“ Consensus
1985 Declaration of Basic Principles of
Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of
Power
One of the most important achievements of
„victimology“
Deals with crime victims and with victims
of „Abuse of Power“
Attempts to create a Victim Convention
Self Awareness of WSV „You are not alone“
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
13
Victimology defines
Who is the victim?
– Important if you have special legislation which
gives victims some benefits
Schneider: When threatened by a criminal
act, the victim may be
–
–
–
–
06/11/17
A person
An organization
The moral order
The legal system
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
14
Victims
Only humans? No (Wolfgangs first order victims)
Organizations (Wolfgang´s second order victims)
–
–
–
Private companies, unicorporated associations,
Trade unions
Government bodies
State (Wolfgang´s third order victims)
– Tax fraud, espionage
International order
– Crimes against humanity – The Tribunal in the Hague
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
15
Victimology measures
Entrance gate for the Methods of Empirical
Research
Problems of measuring victimization
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
16
Victimology measures
Victimizations: the experience of being a victim
Three dimensions of damage
Victim Surveys
Who, what, when, which consequences
How many victims are out there....
Is the risk of victimization evenly distributed
»
»
»
»
Over time
Over area
Over sex
Over age
What goes together with victimization?
– Social correlates of victimization
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
17
Victimology measures
Victimizations
the experience of being a victim
Victim Surveys
» See special presentation in this course
Who, what, when, which consequences
How many viuctims are out there....
Is the risk of victimization evenly distributed
»
»
»
»
Over time
Over area
Over sex
Over age
What goes together with victimization?
– Social correlates of victimization
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
18
Victimology
scientific definition,
description,
measurement,
anylyses of patterns, of regularities,
of associative and maybe causal
relationships
and probabilities
and their interpretation.
Reactions
Victimology looks at reactions towards
victimization
-central topic in this fieldSocial sciences work on different levels of analysis
– Situational level
– Institutional level
– Macro-level
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
20
Reactions
Reactions of the victim
– Primary victimization
Reactions of the social auditorium
– Secondary victimization
Reactions permanently patterned
– Social structures: structural victimization
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
21
Reactions
It is proven that worldwide women especially are
victimized by those men who have control over
them and that authorities either cause or tolerate
these abuses
–
–
–
Domestic violence
Women in custody
Systematic rapes in wars and in civil unrest
Quoted from ai: Broken Bodies, Shattered Minds-Torture and Ill Treatment of Women,
2March 2001
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
22
Victim´s Informal Reactions
Crisis
Crisis Reactions
Crisis Intervention
– Entrance door for the whole system of victim
treatment:
» Counseling
» Crisis Intervention
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
23
Formal Reactions
Victim Assistance Services
Criminal Justice System
Restorative Justice
Transitional Justice
06/11/17
Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff
24