Compost Oil Palm and Indigenous Endophytic Fungi Effect on Basal Stem Rot in Oil Palm Seedling | Lisnawati | Proceedings of The Annual International Conference, Syiah Kuala University - Life Sciences & Engineering Chapter 5807 11815 1 PB
Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Ch em ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Com post Oil Pa lm a nd I ndige n ous Endophyt ic Fungi Effe ct
on Ba sa l St e m Rot in Oil Pa lm Se e dling
1*
Lisnawit a, 2Ham idah Hanum , and 3Ahm ad Rafiqi Tant awi
1,2
Program St udy of Agroecot echnology, Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Sum at era
Ut ara, Padang Bulan, Medan 20155, I ndonesia;
3
Program St udy of Agrot echnology, Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Medan Area, Medan
20223, I ndonesia
* Corresponding Aut hor: it am [email protected]
Abst ra ct
Basal st em rot ( BSR) caused by Ganoderm a is an im port ant disease of oil palm in Nort h Sum at ra,
I ndonesia. Cont rol of BSR is com plex , because t he disease occur s in t he dy nam ic env ironm ent at t he
int erface of t he root s wit h soil. Com post wit h endophy t ic fungi as a biological fert ilizer offer possible
adv ant ages and event ually suppressed ganoderm a growt h. A st udy using t wo com post oil palm
( em pt y fruit bunch and palm oil m idrib- leaf com post ) cont aining indigenous endophy t ic fungi
( Trich oderm a koningii, T. v iride, and Aspergillus sp.) singly and in a m ix t ure was conduct ed t o
det erm ine pot ent ial of t hem t o cont r ol Ganoderm a. The result showed t hat 16 week s aft er art ificial
inoculat ion, all t reat m ent s aren't significant difference reduced BSR incidence but com post cont aining
endophy t ic fungi hav e pot ent ial t o inhibit t he pat hogen showed BSR incidence in a m ix t ure t reat ed
lower t han singly t reat ed seedlings.
Ke y w ords: Aspergillu s sp., com post , Ganoderm a, oil palm , Trichoder m a koningii, T. v iride
I nt r oduct ion
Oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis) is one of t he largest plantat ion com m odit y indust ries in I ndonesia.
Current ly, I ndonesia is one of t he world’s largest producer and exporter of oil palm . Areas of oil palm
have increased from 135.000 hectares in 1970 t o 8.91 m illion in 2011 ( Pusat Data dan Sistem
I nform asi Pertanian, 2013) , which producing an average palm oil yield approxim at ely 31 t onnes in
2014 ( ht tp: / / www.indonesia- invest m ents.com , 2015) . One of province wit h the second largest oil
palm plant ed area in I ndonesia is Nort h Sum at ra wit h oil palm planted area is 1.2 m illion hectares
( Direkt orat Jenderal Perkebunan, 2012) .
One m aj or problem in oil palm is basal stem rot ( BSR) disease, caused by Ganoderm a spp., which is a
serious t hreat t o t he oil palm indust ry in Sout h East Asian count ries, especially Malaysia and
I ndonesia. The disease is let hal and in t he past few decades has been spreading rapidly. The disease
spreads t hrough root t o root cont act. During plant ing any lit t le piece of rot t ing t runk is rem oved as
t his could be a pot ent ial source of Ganoderm a in t he current stand (Hasan and Turner, 1998) . The
disease progresses slowly, but event ually all infect ed plants becom e dead. This is because t he disease
cannot be detect ed at t he early st ages.
Field cont rol of BSR by cont act chem icals have not been very successful ( Soepena et al., 2000) even
wit h t hose in vit ro screened effect ive against t he fungus ( Khairudin, 1990; Teh, 1996) . The current
int erest in reducing t he applicat ion of chem ical fert ilizer and increasing dem and for com bined effect s
of beneficial fungi and organic com post can have great im pact on crop product ion and sust ainable
agricult ure. Com post wit h endophyt ic fungi as a biological fert ilizer offer possible advantages and
event ually suppressed ganoderm a growt h. A st udy using t wo com post oil palm ( em pt y fruit bunch and
palm oil m idrib- leaf com post ) cont aining indigenous endophyt ic fungi ( Trichoderm a koningii, T. viride,
and Aspergillus sp.) singly and in a m ixt ure was conduct ed t o determ ine potent ial of t hem t o cont rol
Ganoderm a.
M a t e r ia ls a nd M e t hods
Pr epa r a t ion of Ga node r m a inoculum on rubber w ood block s
Fresh rubber wood blocks (12 cm x 6 cm x 6 cm , weighing approxim at ely 450 g) were washed wit h
o
water and autoclaved for 20 m in at 121 C. One block each was put in heat - resist ant polypropylene
bags ( 15 cm x 33 cm x 0.05 m m t hick m at erial) and 100 m L of potat o dext rose agar ( PDA) added as
supplem entary nut rient for Ganoderm a. Since inoculat ion of the blocks with Ganoderm a plugs can
int roduce cont am inat ion, t he bags were closed by drawing its open end t hrough a 4 cm diam eter
polyvinyl chloride ( PVC) t ubing 2 cm long and t he rem aining hole plugged wit h cot ton. The bags wit h
o
rubber wood blocks and PDA were aut oclaved at 121 C for 30 m in. After sterilizat ion and cooling, t he
199
Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Ch em ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
rubber wood block in t he bag was rot ated t o ensure t hat it was well covered wit h t he agar before t he
lat t er solidified. When the agar had solidified, five pieces five day- old Ganoderm a cult ure t aken wit h
cork borer and inoculat ed on each rubber wood block. The inoculated blocks in t he bags were t hen
o
incubated in a dark cabinet at 28 ± 2 C for t hree weeks unt il fully colonized by Ganoderm a m ycelium
Pr epa r a t ion of e ndophy t ic fungi
Trichoderm a koningii, Trichoderm a viride, and Aspergillus sp. were isolated from t he oil palm roots in
Gunung Melayu, Asahan, Nort h Sum at ra and cultured on PDA m edium . All of endophyt fungi were
prepared using rice m edium , t hen form ulated wit h zeolit e powder (1: 9 / v: v) .
Applica t ion of com post oil pa lm cont a ining indige nous e ndophy t ic fungi
Experim ent s carried out in t he glasshouse at Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Sum at ra Utara,
Medan, I ndonesia, using a fact orial random ized block design. A tot al of 72 healt hy oil palm seedlings
t hree m ont hs old were used in t his experim ent. 300 g of com post single or com binat ion wit h 30 g of
endophyt ic fungi inoculat ed before or after art ificial inoculat ion of Ganoderm a on oil palm seedlings.
Effe ct of com post oil palm a nd indige nous e ndophy t ic fungi on BSR incide nce
At t he end of t he experim ent ( 4 m ont hs/ 16 weeks) , t he oil palm seedlings were split longit udinally t o
observe for root and st em decay and t o visually assess t he severit y of t he internal sym pt om s based on
t he proport ion of root and bole t issues dam aged by Ganoderm a. The est im at ion was based on t he
following m odified scale ( Abdullah et al., 2003; I lias 2000) . 0 = Healt hy plants, 1 = Appearance of
whit e fungal m ass on any part of plants, wit h or wit hout chlorot ic leaves, 2 = Appearance of
basidiom a on any part of plant s wit h chlorot ic leaves ( 1–3 leaves) , 3 = Form at ion of basidiom a on any
part of plant s with chlorot ic leaves ( > 3 leaves) , 4 = Form at ion of well- developed basidiom a and t he
plants dried. Disease severit y ( DS) for t he int ernal sym pt om s was calculated by t he form ula of Liu et
al. ( 1995) as under. DS
= ( num ber of seedlings in t he rat ing x rat ing num ber) / ( tot al num ber of
( int er nal)
seedlings assessed x highest rat ing) x 100.The disease incidence and disease severit y percent ages
were t ransform ed by arcsine and analyzed using ANOVA wit h t he m eans com pared by the LSD ( P ≤
0.05) .
Results a nd D iscussion
Art ificial infect ion of plants by contact wit h the inoculum block carrying Ganoderm a is an effect ive
st rategy for inducing the infect ion. The assessm ent of disease severit y was based on t he sequent ial
progression of disease using index values 0- 4. Lower disease severit y indicates t he effect iveness of
t he t reatm ent s in suppressing Ganoderm a BSR in oil palm t hrough in vivo assessm ent . I n general, 16
weeks after art ificial inoculat ion, all t reat m ent s aren't significant difference reduced BSR incidence but
com post containing endophyt ic fungi have potent ial to inhibit t he pathogen showed BSR incidence in a
m ixt ure t reat ed lower than singly t reated seedlings ( Table 1) . This st udy showed t hat com post
containing endophyt ic fungus ( T. koningii, T. viride, and Aspergillus sp.) have a good potent ial as
biological agent s t o inhibit Ganoderm a.
Table.1. Disease severit y of oil palm plant s at BSR 16 weeks after art ificial inoculat ion
Tr e a t m e nts
K0W1E0
K0W1E1
K0W1E2
K0W1E3
K0W2E0
K0W2E1
K0W2E2
K0W2E3
K1W1E0
K1W1E1
K1W1E2
K1W1E3
K1W2E0
K1W2E1
K1W2E2
D ise ase se ve r ity ( % )
33.3
33.3
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
8.3
16.7
16.7
25.0
16.7
16.7
200
Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Ch em ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
K1W2E3
K2W1E0
K2W1E1
K2W1E2
K2W1E3
K2W2E0
K2W2E1
K2W2E2
K2W2E3
8.3
25.0
16.7
16.7
8.3
25.0
16.7
8.3
16.7
Not e : K0 : wit hout com post ,
K1 : em pt y fruit bunch com post ,
K2 : palm oil m idrib- leaf com post ,
W1 : inoculat ion Ganoderm a before endophyt ic fungi
W2 : inoculat ion Ganoderm a aft er endophyt ic fungi
E0 : wit hoout endpohyt ic fungi
E1 : T. viride
E2 : T. koningii
E3 : Aspergillus sp.
The com posit ion of t he m icroorganism s in com posts is affect ed by t he chem ist ry of t he m aterials from
which t he com post is prepared ( Cast año et al., 2011) . Com post s wit h high lignocellulosic substances
( t ree barks) are m ost ly colonized by Trichoderm a spp. I n cont rast , grape pom ace, wit h low cellulosic
substances and high sugars, becom es colonized by Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. ( Kut t er et al.
1983; Gorodecki and Hadar 1990) . I n com posts, in addit ion t o t he well- docum ented effect s of
m icrobial populat ions against several soil- borne diseases, induct ion of resistance has also been
report ed as an addit ional biocont rol m echanism against both foliar and root diseases ( Zhang et al.
1996, 1998; Kavroulakis et al. 2005; Nt ougias et al., 2008) . Reduct ion in disease severit y was
dem onst rat ed against Sept oria lycopersici in t om at o ( Kavroulakis et al., 2005) , bact erial leaf spot in
radish caused by Xant hom onas cam perst ris pv. Arm oraciae ( Krause et al., 2003) , ant hracnose in
cucum ber caused by Collet ot richum orbiculare (Zhang et al., 1996) and Bot ryt is cinerea in cucum ber
and m elon ( Segarra et al. 2007; Yogev et al., 2010) . Moreover com post water ext ract root t reat m ent
induce system ic resist ance t o ant hracnose caused by C. orbiculare in cucum ber and C. coccodes in
pepper ( Sang and Kim 2011) .
A
B
C
( a)
( b)
Figure 1. Signs and sym pt om s of BSR, caused by Ganoderm a; A, B. necrot ic lesion on infected plant
( arrow) , C. The leaves of infected plant s were chlorot ic ( a) , and healt hy leaves (b)
The ideal of biocont rol st rat egy at t em pt s t o int roduce or prom ote the act ivit y of biocont rol agents only
when and where t hey are needed or are m ost effect ive, and m inim ises wasteful applicat ion of
inoculum on non- t arget habitat s. Different m echanism s have been suggest ed as being responsible for
t he effect s of biocont rol agents; t hey include com pet it ion for space and nut rient s, secret ion of
chit inolyt ic enzym es, m ycoparasit ism and product ion of an inhibit ory com pound (Haram et al., 1996;
Zim and et al., 1996). Thus, the t im ing of when t o apply t he t reatm ent s is im port ant due t o t he
201
Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Ch em ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
probabilit y of changes brought about by t he biocont rol agent , e.g. by t he lat t er’s dom inat ing
requirem ent s for space and nut rients.
Art ificial inoculat ion and following very close cont act wit h t he root surface, penet rat ion of t he root
epiderm is and exoderm is occurred. Heavily infect ed t issue wit hin t he root was evident on sect ioning
by brown discolorat ion prim arily in t he cortex, but in som e inst ances Ganoderm a m ycelium reem erged t hrough rupt ures in t he epiderm is of infected root s. The cross- sect ion of an infect ed plant
st em showed a necrot ic lesion at the vascular region ( Figure 1A and B). I m m ediat ely in advance of
infect ion was often a sm all area of yellow t issue which has been observed by ot her aut hors including
Darm ono ( 1998) . The leaves of infected plant s were chlorot ic and had a white fungal m ass on any
part of the plants, then form ed basidiom a before t he plants dried (Figure 1C) .
Conclusion
Am ount of 16 weeks after art ificial inoculat ion, all t reat m ents aren't significant difference reduced BSR
incidence but com post (em pt y fruit bunch and palm oil m idrib- leaf com post ) containing indigenous
endophyt ic fungi ( Trichoderm a koningii, T. viride, and Aspergillus sp.) have pot ent ial t o inhibit the
pathogen showed BSR incidence in a m ixt ure t reat ed lower t han singly t reated seedlings.
Ack now ledgem e nt
This research was supported by KEMENRI STEK DI KTI t hrough The Nat ional Com pet it ive Grant s
Schem e MP3EI ( 2014- 2015). Many t hanks for t he financial support.
Re fe re n ce s
Abdullah F., I lias G.N.M., Nelson M., Nur Ain I zzat i M.Z., Um i Kalsom Y. ( 20 03) : Disease assessm ent and t he
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Put ra, 11: 31–3 3.
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inv olv ed in t he suppression of Fusa- rium w ilt in organic growt h m edia. Biological Cont rol 58, 2 86- 293
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det ect ion of infect ion. I n: ( J. Flood, P. Bridge & M. Holder ness, eds) Ganoder m a Diseases of Perennial
Crops: Wallingford: CABI Publishing. 24 9- 66.
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cont aining com post ed separat ed cat t le m anu re and com post d grape m arc. Crop Prot ect ion 9, 2 71- 274
ht t p: / / www. indonesia- inv est m ent s.com , 2015. Food a n d Agricu lt u r e Orga n iz a t ion of t h e Un it e d N a t ion s,
I n don e sia n Pa lm Oil Produ ce rs Associa t ion ( Ga pk i) a n d I n don e sia n M in ist ry of Ag ricu lt u re .
( Diunduh 20 Agust us 2 015) .
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basal st em rot in replant ing. The Plan t er. 74: 11 9- 135.
I lias G.N.M. ( 2000) . Tr ichoderm a and it s efficacy as a bio- cont r ol agent of basal st em rot of oil palm ( Elaeis
guineensis Jacq.) . [ Ph. D. Thesis.] Univ ersit i Put ra Malay sia, Selangor, Malay sia.
Khairudin H. ( 1990 ) . Basal st em rot of oil palm : in cidence, et iology and cont rol. MSc t hesis. Un iv ersit i Pert an ian
Malay sia, Selam gor, Malay sia.
Kut er G.A., Nelson E.B., Hoit ink H.A.J., Madden L.V. ( 19 83) . Fungal populat ions in cont ainer m edia am ended wit h
com post ed hardwood bark suppressiv e and conduciv e t o Rhizoct onia dam ping- off. Phy t opat hology 73,
1450- 145 6.
Kav roulak is N., Ehaliot is C., Nt ougias S., Zerv ak is G.I ., Papadopoulou K.K. ( 200 5) . Local and sy st em ic resist ance
against fungal pat hogens of t om at o plant s elicit ed by a com post deriv ed from agricult ural residues.
Phy siological and Molecu lar Plant Pat hology 66, 163- 174.
Krause M.S., De Ceust er T. J.J., Tiquia S.M., Michel F.C.J. R., Madden L.V., Hoi- t ink H.A.J. ( 2003) . I solat ion and
charact erizat ion of rhizobact eria from com - post s t hat sup press t he sev erit y of bact erial leaf spot of
radish. Phy t opat hol- ogy 93, 111 6- 1123 .
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pat hogens of t om at o by com post s deriv ed from agro- in dust rial wast es abundant in Medit erranean
regions. Biology and Fert ilit y of Soils 44, 1081- 1 090.
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www.dept an.go.id. ( Diunduh 13 Desem ber 2013) .
Soepena, H., R.Y. Purba and S. Pawir osuk art o, 2000 . A cont rol st rat egy for basal st em r ot ( Ganoderm a) on oil
palm . I n: Flood, J. et al. ( eds.) , Ganoderm a Disease of Perennial Crops, p: 83–8. CAB I nt ernat ional, UK.
Sang M.K., Kim K. D. ( 20 11) . Biocont r ol act iv it y and prim ed sy st em ic resist ance by com post wat er ex t ract s against
ant hracnoses of pepper and cucum ber Phy - t opat hology 101, 732- 740.
Segarra G., Casanov a E., Borrero C., Av ilés M., Trillas I . ( 2007) . The suppres- siv e effect s of com post s used as
growt h m edia against Bot ry t is cinerea in cucu m ber plant s. European Journal of Plant Pat hology 117, 39 3402.
202
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Ch em ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
Com post Oil Pa lm a nd I ndige n ous Endophyt ic Fungi Effe ct
on Ba sa l St e m Rot in Oil Pa lm Se e dling
1*
Lisnawit a, 2Ham idah Hanum , and 3Ahm ad Rafiqi Tant awi
1,2
Program St udy of Agroecot echnology, Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Sum at era
Ut ara, Padang Bulan, Medan 20155, I ndonesia;
3
Program St udy of Agrot echnology, Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Medan Area, Medan
20223, I ndonesia
* Corresponding Aut hor: it am [email protected]
Abst ra ct
Basal st em rot ( BSR) caused by Ganoderm a is an im port ant disease of oil palm in Nort h Sum at ra,
I ndonesia. Cont rol of BSR is com plex , because t he disease occur s in t he dy nam ic env ironm ent at t he
int erface of t he root s wit h soil. Com post wit h endophy t ic fungi as a biological fert ilizer offer possible
adv ant ages and event ually suppressed ganoderm a growt h. A st udy using t wo com post oil palm
( em pt y fruit bunch and palm oil m idrib- leaf com post ) cont aining indigenous endophy t ic fungi
( Trich oderm a koningii, T. v iride, and Aspergillus sp.) singly and in a m ix t ure was conduct ed t o
det erm ine pot ent ial of t hem t o cont r ol Ganoderm a. The result showed t hat 16 week s aft er art ificial
inoculat ion, all t reat m ent s aren't significant difference reduced BSR incidence but com post cont aining
endophy t ic fungi hav e pot ent ial t o inhibit t he pat hogen showed BSR incidence in a m ix t ure t reat ed
lower t han singly t reat ed seedlings.
Ke y w ords: Aspergillu s sp., com post , Ganoderm a, oil palm , Trichoder m a koningii, T. v iride
I nt r oduct ion
Oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis) is one of t he largest plantat ion com m odit y indust ries in I ndonesia.
Current ly, I ndonesia is one of t he world’s largest producer and exporter of oil palm . Areas of oil palm
have increased from 135.000 hectares in 1970 t o 8.91 m illion in 2011 ( Pusat Data dan Sistem
I nform asi Pertanian, 2013) , which producing an average palm oil yield approxim at ely 31 t onnes in
2014 ( ht tp: / / www.indonesia- invest m ents.com , 2015) . One of province wit h the second largest oil
palm plant ed area in I ndonesia is Nort h Sum at ra wit h oil palm planted area is 1.2 m illion hectares
( Direkt orat Jenderal Perkebunan, 2012) .
One m aj or problem in oil palm is basal stem rot ( BSR) disease, caused by Ganoderm a spp., which is a
serious t hreat t o t he oil palm indust ry in Sout h East Asian count ries, especially Malaysia and
I ndonesia. The disease is let hal and in t he past few decades has been spreading rapidly. The disease
spreads t hrough root t o root cont act. During plant ing any lit t le piece of rot t ing t runk is rem oved as
t his could be a pot ent ial source of Ganoderm a in t he current stand (Hasan and Turner, 1998) . The
disease progresses slowly, but event ually all infect ed plants becom e dead. This is because t he disease
cannot be detect ed at t he early st ages.
Field cont rol of BSR by cont act chem icals have not been very successful ( Soepena et al., 2000) even
wit h t hose in vit ro screened effect ive against t he fungus ( Khairudin, 1990; Teh, 1996) . The current
int erest in reducing t he applicat ion of chem ical fert ilizer and increasing dem and for com bined effect s
of beneficial fungi and organic com post can have great im pact on crop product ion and sust ainable
agricult ure. Com post wit h endophyt ic fungi as a biological fert ilizer offer possible advantages and
event ually suppressed ganoderm a growt h. A st udy using t wo com post oil palm ( em pt y fruit bunch and
palm oil m idrib- leaf com post ) cont aining indigenous endophyt ic fungi ( Trichoderm a koningii, T. viride,
and Aspergillus sp.) singly and in a m ixt ure was conduct ed t o determ ine potent ial of t hem t o cont rol
Ganoderm a.
M a t e r ia ls a nd M e t hods
Pr epa r a t ion of Ga node r m a inoculum on rubber w ood block s
Fresh rubber wood blocks (12 cm x 6 cm x 6 cm , weighing approxim at ely 450 g) were washed wit h
o
water and autoclaved for 20 m in at 121 C. One block each was put in heat - resist ant polypropylene
bags ( 15 cm x 33 cm x 0.05 m m t hick m at erial) and 100 m L of potat o dext rose agar ( PDA) added as
supplem entary nut rient for Ganoderm a. Since inoculat ion of the blocks with Ganoderm a plugs can
int roduce cont am inat ion, t he bags were closed by drawing its open end t hrough a 4 cm diam eter
polyvinyl chloride ( PVC) t ubing 2 cm long and t he rem aining hole plugged wit h cot ton. The bags wit h
o
rubber wood blocks and PDA were aut oclaved at 121 C for 30 m in. After sterilizat ion and cooling, t he
199
Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Ch em ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
rubber wood block in t he bag was rot ated t o ensure t hat it was well covered wit h t he agar before t he
lat t er solidified. When the agar had solidified, five pieces five day- old Ganoderm a cult ure t aken wit h
cork borer and inoculat ed on each rubber wood block. The inoculated blocks in t he bags were t hen
o
incubated in a dark cabinet at 28 ± 2 C for t hree weeks unt il fully colonized by Ganoderm a m ycelium
Pr epa r a t ion of e ndophy t ic fungi
Trichoderm a koningii, Trichoderm a viride, and Aspergillus sp. were isolated from t he oil palm roots in
Gunung Melayu, Asahan, Nort h Sum at ra and cultured on PDA m edium . All of endophyt fungi were
prepared using rice m edium , t hen form ulated wit h zeolit e powder (1: 9 / v: v) .
Applica t ion of com post oil pa lm cont a ining indige nous e ndophy t ic fungi
Experim ent s carried out in t he glasshouse at Facult y of Agricult ure, Universit y of Sum at ra Utara,
Medan, I ndonesia, using a fact orial random ized block design. A tot al of 72 healt hy oil palm seedlings
t hree m ont hs old were used in t his experim ent. 300 g of com post single or com binat ion wit h 30 g of
endophyt ic fungi inoculat ed before or after art ificial inoculat ion of Ganoderm a on oil palm seedlings.
Effe ct of com post oil palm a nd indige nous e ndophy t ic fungi on BSR incide nce
At t he end of t he experim ent ( 4 m ont hs/ 16 weeks) , t he oil palm seedlings were split longit udinally t o
observe for root and st em decay and t o visually assess t he severit y of t he internal sym pt om s based on
t he proport ion of root and bole t issues dam aged by Ganoderm a. The est im at ion was based on t he
following m odified scale ( Abdullah et al., 2003; I lias 2000) . 0 = Healt hy plants, 1 = Appearance of
whit e fungal m ass on any part of plants, wit h or wit hout chlorot ic leaves, 2 = Appearance of
basidiom a on any part of plant s wit h chlorot ic leaves ( 1–3 leaves) , 3 = Form at ion of basidiom a on any
part of plant s with chlorot ic leaves ( > 3 leaves) , 4 = Form at ion of well- developed basidiom a and t he
plants dried. Disease severit y ( DS) for t he int ernal sym pt om s was calculated by t he form ula of Liu et
al. ( 1995) as under. DS
= ( num ber of seedlings in t he rat ing x rat ing num ber) / ( tot al num ber of
( int er nal)
seedlings assessed x highest rat ing) x 100.The disease incidence and disease severit y percent ages
were t ransform ed by arcsine and analyzed using ANOVA wit h t he m eans com pared by the LSD ( P ≤
0.05) .
Results a nd D iscussion
Art ificial infect ion of plants by contact wit h the inoculum block carrying Ganoderm a is an effect ive
st rategy for inducing the infect ion. The assessm ent of disease severit y was based on t he sequent ial
progression of disease using index values 0- 4. Lower disease severit y indicates t he effect iveness of
t he t reatm ent s in suppressing Ganoderm a BSR in oil palm t hrough in vivo assessm ent . I n general, 16
weeks after art ificial inoculat ion, all t reat m ent s aren't significant difference reduced BSR incidence but
com post containing endophyt ic fungi have potent ial to inhibit t he pathogen showed BSR incidence in a
m ixt ure t reat ed lower than singly t reated seedlings ( Table 1) . This st udy showed t hat com post
containing endophyt ic fungus ( T. koningii, T. viride, and Aspergillus sp.) have a good potent ial as
biological agent s t o inhibit Ganoderm a.
Table.1. Disease severit y of oil palm plant s at BSR 16 weeks after art ificial inoculat ion
Tr e a t m e nts
K0W1E0
K0W1E1
K0W1E2
K0W1E3
K0W2E0
K0W2E1
K0W2E2
K0W2E3
K1W1E0
K1W1E1
K1W1E2
K1W1E3
K1W2E0
K1W2E1
K1W2E2
D ise ase se ve r ity ( % )
33.3
33.3
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
8.3
16.7
16.7
25.0
16.7
16.7
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Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Ch em ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
K1W2E3
K2W1E0
K2W1E1
K2W1E2
K2W1E3
K2W2E0
K2W2E1
K2W2E2
K2W2E3
8.3
25.0
16.7
16.7
8.3
25.0
16.7
8.3
16.7
Not e : K0 : wit hout com post ,
K1 : em pt y fruit bunch com post ,
K2 : palm oil m idrib- leaf com post ,
W1 : inoculat ion Ganoderm a before endophyt ic fungi
W2 : inoculat ion Ganoderm a aft er endophyt ic fungi
E0 : wit hoout endpohyt ic fungi
E1 : T. viride
E2 : T. koningii
E3 : Aspergillus sp.
The com posit ion of t he m icroorganism s in com posts is affect ed by t he chem ist ry of t he m aterials from
which t he com post is prepared ( Cast año et al., 2011) . Com post s wit h high lignocellulosic substances
( t ree barks) are m ost ly colonized by Trichoderm a spp. I n cont rast , grape pom ace, wit h low cellulosic
substances and high sugars, becom es colonized by Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. ( Kut t er et al.
1983; Gorodecki and Hadar 1990) . I n com posts, in addit ion t o t he well- docum ented effect s of
m icrobial populat ions against several soil- borne diseases, induct ion of resistance has also been
report ed as an addit ional biocont rol m echanism against both foliar and root diseases ( Zhang et al.
1996, 1998; Kavroulakis et al. 2005; Nt ougias et al., 2008) . Reduct ion in disease severit y was
dem onst rat ed against Sept oria lycopersici in t om at o ( Kavroulakis et al., 2005) , bact erial leaf spot in
radish caused by Xant hom onas cam perst ris pv. Arm oraciae ( Krause et al., 2003) , ant hracnose in
cucum ber caused by Collet ot richum orbiculare (Zhang et al., 1996) and Bot ryt is cinerea in cucum ber
and m elon ( Segarra et al. 2007; Yogev et al., 2010) . Moreover com post water ext ract root t reat m ent
induce system ic resist ance t o ant hracnose caused by C. orbiculare in cucum ber and C. coccodes in
pepper ( Sang and Kim 2011) .
A
B
C
( a)
( b)
Figure 1. Signs and sym pt om s of BSR, caused by Ganoderm a; A, B. necrot ic lesion on infected plant
( arrow) , C. The leaves of infected plant s were chlorot ic ( a) , and healt hy leaves (b)
The ideal of biocont rol st rat egy at t em pt s t o int roduce or prom ote the act ivit y of biocont rol agents only
when and where t hey are needed or are m ost effect ive, and m inim ises wasteful applicat ion of
inoculum on non- t arget habitat s. Different m echanism s have been suggest ed as being responsible for
t he effect s of biocont rol agents; t hey include com pet it ion for space and nut rient s, secret ion of
chit inolyt ic enzym es, m ycoparasit ism and product ion of an inhibit ory com pound (Haram et al., 1996;
Zim and et al., 1996). Thus, the t im ing of when t o apply t he t reatm ent s is im port ant due t o t he
201
Proceedings of The 5 th Annual I nt er nat ional Conf er ence Syiah Kuala Universit y ( AI C Unsyiah) 2015
I n conj unct ion w it h The 8 th I nt ernat ional Conference of Ch em ical Engineering on Science and Applicat ions ( ChESA) 2015
Sept em ber 9- 11, 2015, Banda Aceh, I ndonesia
probabilit y of changes brought about by t he biocont rol agent , e.g. by t he lat t er’s dom inat ing
requirem ent s for space and nut rients.
Art ificial inoculat ion and following very close cont act wit h t he root surface, penet rat ion of t he root
epiderm is and exoderm is occurred. Heavily infect ed t issue wit hin t he root was evident on sect ioning
by brown discolorat ion prim arily in t he cortex, but in som e inst ances Ganoderm a m ycelium reem erged t hrough rupt ures in t he epiderm is of infected root s. The cross- sect ion of an infect ed plant
st em showed a necrot ic lesion at the vascular region ( Figure 1A and B). I m m ediat ely in advance of
infect ion was often a sm all area of yellow t issue which has been observed by ot her aut hors including
Darm ono ( 1998) . The leaves of infected plant s were chlorot ic and had a white fungal m ass on any
part of the plants, then form ed basidiom a before t he plants dried (Figure 1C) .
Conclusion
Am ount of 16 weeks after art ificial inoculat ion, all t reat m ents aren't significant difference reduced BSR
incidence but com post (em pt y fruit bunch and palm oil m idrib- leaf com post ) containing indigenous
endophyt ic fungi ( Trichoderm a koningii, T. viride, and Aspergillus sp.) have pot ent ial t o inhibit the
pathogen showed BSR incidence in a m ixt ure t reat ed lower t han singly t reated seedlings.
Ack now ledgem e nt
This research was supported by KEMENRI STEK DI KTI t hrough The Nat ional Com pet it ive Grant s
Schem e MP3EI ( 2014- 2015). Many t hanks for t he financial support.
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