week 13 interdsplnary studies pragmatics

Introduction to
Linguistics
Week 11

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Linguistics &
Interdisciplinary
Studies
Pragmatics
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Interdisciplinary studies in linguistics

• Neurolinguistics: Neurolinguistics is the study of the brain and
how it functions in the production, preception and acquistion of
language.
• Historical Linguistics: Historical linguistics is the study of
language change and the relationships of languages to each other.
• Anthropological Linguistics: Anthropological linguistics is the
study of language and culture and how they interact.
• Psycholinguistics: Studies language as a process.
Psycholinguistics is a relatively new branch of linguistics, an
outcome of two-field convergence -- philology and psychology.
• Pragmatics: Pragmatics studies meaning in context.

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PRAGMATICS
Studies meaning in context

the study of the use of

language in communication
particularly,

the relationships between sentences
and contexts and situations in
which they are used
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Review…

• Semantics → things are true by the
DEFINITIONS and RULES
• Pragmatics → things are true by
virtue of the REAL WORLD

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Pragmatics includes..
• How the interpretation and use of
utterances depends on knowledge
of the real world
• How speakers use and understand
speech acts
• How the structure of sentences is
influenced by the relationship
between the speaker and the
hearer
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Sentences vs. utterances
• Sentences 
time+place
• Utterances 

do not depend on
depend on time+place

• E.g: ‘Aku’ by Chairil Anwar (1945)

Aku bila sudah tiba waktuku
Tak Seorangpun yang merayu
Tidak juga kamu
………………….
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Utterances
Utterances have two menings:
- Propositional meaning (locutionary
meaning)
the basic literal meaning of the
utterance which is conveyed by a
particular words and structures which the
utterance contains
- Illocutionary meaning ( illocutionary force)
the effect of the utterance or written
text has on the reader or listener
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Speech Acts

An utterance as a functional
unit in communiction
(Austin)
– Locutionary act  the saying of
something which is meaningful and can
be understood
– Illocutionary act using a sentence to
perform a function
– Perlocutionary act  the effects that are
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5, 2017
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produced
by
means of saying 9something

Speech acts
e.g:

“Can you close the door?”

Locutionary act :..
Illocutionary act :..
Perlocutioary act:..
Perlocutionary act  verbal and nonverbal
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The Cooperative Principle of
Grice
• Maxim
• Maxim
• Maxim
• Maxim

of
of
of

of

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Quantity
Quality
Relation
Manner

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Maxims of quantity
Give the right amount of information
• Make your information as informative as is
required
• Do not make your contribution more informative
than is required
• E.g:

A: Are you Susan?
B: Yes, I’m Susana Widyastuti. I live in Jogja and I
like cooking. I am a lecturer
anyway. …….

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Maxim of quality
Try to make your contribution one that is
true
• Do not say what you believe to be false
• Do not say that for which you lack
adequate evidence
• E.g:
A: You are Susan, aren’t you?
B: No, I am not, sorry

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Maxim of manner
Be perspicuous
• Avoid obscurity of expressions
• Avoid ambiguity
• Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity)
• Be orderly
• E.g: Javanese conversation??
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Maxim of relation

Be relevant
• E.g:
A : Do you have some sugar?
B : Last year

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Maxim of Relation
The hinting strategy and anticipatory illocutions

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