GENDER IDENTITY AND SUBJECTIVITY IN YOUNG ADULT FICTION “IF YOU BELIEVE IN MERMAIDS… DON’T TELL” BY A. A. PHILIPS.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Approval Sheet ... i

Statement of Authorization ... ii

Preface ... iii

Acknowledgement ... iv

Abstract ... vi

Table of Contents ... vii

List of Tables ... x

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1Background ... 1

1.2Reason for Choosing Topic ... 4

1.3Statement of the Problem ... 5

1.4Aims of the Study ... 5

1.5Scope of the Study ... 5

1.6Research Methodology ... 6

1.6.1 Design ... 6

1.6.2 The Procedure of the Study ... 6

1.7Significance of the Study ... 7

1.8Clarification of Terms ... 7

CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

2.1 Adolescent Literature ... 10

2.2Identity and Subjectivity ... 14

2.3Gender Identity (Femininity and Masculinity) ... 19

2.4Synopsis of If You Believe in Mermaids… Don’t Tell ... 21

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1Subject of the Study ... 25

3.2Research Questions ... 25

3.3Research Methodology ... 26

3.4Procedure of the Study ... 27

3.5Data Presentation ... 28

CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1Findings ... 29

4.1.1 The performance of Feminine and Masculine Qualities ... 29

4.1.1.1 Feminine Qualities of the Main Male Character ... 30

4.1.1.2 Masculine Qualities of the Main Male Character ... 42

4.1.2 The Construction of Subjectivity through the Main Male Character’s Choices ... 44

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions ... 61 5.2 Suggestions ... 63

References ... 64 Appendix

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses background of the study, reason for choosing topic, statement of the problem, aim of the study, scope of the study, research methodology, significance of the study, clarification of terms and organization of the study.

1.1 Background of the Study

In general, people assume that sex and gender are mutually related, in a sense that male must display masculine acts such as strong and brave, and female must act in feminine fashion such as gentle and sensitive. According to Bertens (2001) and Morine (2009), sex is determined biologically which refers to the way individuals distinguishes male from female through the biological characteristics. Meanwhile, gender is used to denote the differences between male and female that are shaped by social factors, in which individuals (male and female) see

themselves as masculine and feminine in society. To add more, in Butler’s view

(1990) gender refers to a set of performance where there is no appropriate limit in performing, for example, cooking does not mean that one is a female or repairing car machine does not mean that one is a male. Although generally male acts manly and female acts womanly, it is possible for individual to be a feminine

masculinity can be discovered in female’s body.Thus, one’s sex and one’s gender

have not to be interrelated.

The ideas of sex and gender are closely associated with the term identity. Identity refers to the concepts of the sameness and difference that individual has in the real world which relate that individual to others (Woodward, 1997; Week,

1990 cited in Barker, 2000). One’s sexual identity is not the same as his/her gender identity (Stets and Burke, 2001; Butler, 1990) because, as stated previously, sexual identity is determined biologically when people see person as male or female, while gender identity is a social construction in which people see individual as masculine and feminine.

Pertinent to the statement about gender identity above, Woodward (1997) and Bressler (2002) assert that the emergence of gender identity difference (masculinity and femininity) is caused by the convention of binary opposition. Binary opposition creates a stereotype for each sex and gender where male should act masculine and female ought to present feminine act. Therefore, if individual’s sex and gender does not match with its labeled stereotypes, society will think that it is a serious matter since they generally have expectations about how individual should behave. It is possible for society to expel, to avoid or to discriminate individuals who do not act appropriately as he/she should be. As a matter of fact, doing the things that inappropriate with the labeled gender does not mean that the

influenced by its personal choices which determine its willingness to be a subject that he/she wants to be.

The term choice is closely associated with subjectivity. According to McCallum (1999) subjectivity refers to the concept of personal identity that is possessed by individual as a subject. In this case, a subject means individual’s position in society. As a subject, individual is able to be whatever he/she wants to be such as being masculine or feminine, being an introvert or extrovert, being a good or bad person, or anything. Everything depends on his/her choices that can make them feeling pleased to do anything they like.

Issue about one’s gender identity and subjectivity is often presented in the

literary works, especially in young adult fictions. One of young adult fictions that present the issue about gender identity and subjectivity is A. A Philips’ “If You Believe in Mermaids… Don’t Tell”. This novel reveals the issue about one’s gender identity (masculinity and femininity) and subjectivity that are experienced by the main male character of this novel. It presents the story about the teenager social life which deals with the main character’s inner life, child-parents relationship, sibling and friendship. It tells about a boy who prefers to love and play girl things rather than boy things.

In this study, the writer focuses her attention to the performance of feminine and masculine qualities and the construction of subjectivity of the main character. Therefore, the writer here wants to analyze the ways in which feminine

You Believe in Mermaids… Don’t Tell” and want to investigate the subjectivity that is constructed by the main character in this text.

1.2 Reason for Choosing Topic

The writer chooses this topic because the issue about young adult gender identity and subjectivity is current. Gender identity issue is one of the various challenges that can be experienced by young adults in adolescence period. Generally, boys like playing sports, meanwhile girls prefer to play the doll. However, there are some boys and girls who dislike the things that are stereotypically labeled to them. Some boys love playing a doll and some girls love playing sports. They just do the things that they really want to do. Unfortunately, the things that they like stereotypically do not match with the gender they identify with. This problem makes those boys and girls feeling confused with their gender identity.

This issue is found in A. A Philips’ “If You Believe in Mermaids… Don’t Tell”. The character in this novel is a boy, but he prefers to play with dolls rather than play baseball or football. He is trapped in the stereotypical convention of being a male. This novel also tells about his struggle to perform masculine qualities. Thus, this topic is chosen by the writer because the issue about gender

identity and subjectivity in A. A Philips’ If You Believe in Mermaids… Don’t Tell is considered as an interesting thing to discuss.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

To specify the problem to investigate, the writer attempted to formulate the question as follow:

1. In what ways are feminine and masculine qualities performed by the main character in the text?

2. How is subjectivity of the main character constructed in the text?

1.4 Aim of the Study

This study is aimed to disclose the issues of young adult gender identity

and subjectivity in A. A Philips’ If You Believe in Mermaids… Don’t Tell. The research is expected to:

1. Find out the ways in which feminine and masculine qualities are performed by the main character in the text.

2. Find out how subjectivity is constructed through the main character’s choices in the text.

1.5 Scope of the Study

In this study, the novel entitled If You Believe in Mermaids… Don’t Tell written by A. A Philips is chosen as the focus of the study. The writer limits the study on analyzing gender identity and subjectivity of the main character in the text.

1.6 Research Methodology 1.6.1 Design

This study is conducted in the form of a descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative research is aimed at describing the data intensively. The data analyzed are not to accept or to reject the hypothesis, but the result of the study is the description from the textual analysis (Strauss and Corbin, 1990; Subana and Sudrajat, 2001; Alwasilah, 2002). This study describes and illustrates data related to facts, situation and phenomenon which happens when study is being conducted and presents as it is.

The writer uses descriptive qualitative method because the subject of the research is A. A Philips novel entitled If You Believe in Mermaids… Don’t Tell. The writer wants to analyze and describe the situation and the phenomenon that happens in the story of the novel. The data can be gained by identifying the feminine and masculine qualities that are performed by the main character in the novel and by investigating the subjectivity of the main character that is

constructed in the novel. It can be established by analyzing the character’s

description, action and thought, conflict, conversation, symbol, and image.

1.6.2 The Procedure of the Study

The writer found the subject research that is novel of A. A. Philips’ If You Believe in Mermaids… Don’t Tell and determined the main issue about masculine-feminine qualities and subjectivity. Then, the writer formulated the

research question which concern to the issues. After that, the writer tried to find and to note down the textual evidence about feminine-masculine qualities and subjectivity of the main character. Next, the writer collected the references and theories about adolescent literature, gender identity, and subjectivity to be applied in this study. And then, the writer analyzed the data to answer the research questions. Finally, the conclusions and the suggestions were drawn based on the findings.

1.7 Significance of the Study

The writer expects that the result of the study can be used to improve the library collection about literature that is related to gender identity and subjectivity.

The writer also expects that this study can be used as the reference for the next researchers in English Department or everywhere who are interested in investigating the issue of gender identity and subjectivity.

1.8 Clarification of Terms

There were some terms used in this paper that might need to be clarified:

1. Adolescence is a transition phase of human life from childhood to adulthood when the kids are no longer kids but not quite adults. It is defined to someone who is between the age of 12 to 21 (Geldard and Geldard, 2004).

2. Subjectivity is a concept of personal identity that is possessed by individual as a subject that is individual’s position in society. (McCallum, 1999)

3. Identity is expressed through forms of representation, how the world is socially constructed and represented to and by individual, which are recognizable by individual itself and by others (Barker, 2000). It is about the sameness and difference, about the personal and social, about the relationship between individual and surrounding people, and about what makes individual different from others (Week, 1990 cited in Barker, 2000).

4. Sex refers to the biological characteristics that separate male from female which have been predestined by God (Bertens, 2001; Morine, 2009). 5. Gender refers to the way in which given culture see individuals (male and

female) as masculine and feminine in the society. It is socially constructed and fundamentally does not deal with the biological aspect (Bertens, 2001; Morine, 2009).

1.9 Organization of the Study

This study is presented into five chapters. Each chapter is divided into subtopics that elaborate the investigated issue.

Chapter I is introduction. This chapter consists of background of the study, reason for choosing topic, statement of the problem, aim of the study, scope of the

study, research methodology, significance of the study, clarification of terms and organization of the study.

Chapter II is theoretical foundation. This chapter contains the explanations of theoretical frameworks which are relevant with this present study.

Chapter III is research methodology. This chapter contains the methods of how to investigate the data provided. It discusses subject of the study, research questions, research methodology, procedure of the study, and data presentation.

Chapter IV is findings and discussion. This chapter contains the result of the study after conducting the research.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the research methodology which provides the description about the way the study is carried out and how the data is collected and analyzed. It explicates the method used in this present study to find the answer of the research questions.

3.1 Subject of the Study

The writer conducts an analysis of literary work on a novel which reveals the issues of gender identity and subjectivity that presents in young adult fiction, entitled “If You Believe in Mermaids... Don’t Tell” written by A. A. Philips.

3.2 Research Questions

This present study tries to answer the following questions:

1. In what ways are feminine and masculine qualities performed by the main character in the text?

3.3 Research Methodology

This present study is conducted in the form of descriptive qualitative method. The data analyzed are neither to be gained by using statistics procedure nor to accept or to reject the hypothesis, but the result of the study is the description from the analyzed indication (Subana and Sudrajat, 2001; Alwasilah, 2002; Strauss and Corbin, 1990). Thus, this descriptive qualitative method is chosen to describe, to reveal, and to find answers of the research problem about the issues of gender identity and subjectivity that happens in young adult novel “If

You Believe in Mermaids... Don’t Tell” by A.A Philips that is being analyzed in this present study.

According to Alwasilah (2002) and Strauss and Corbin (1990), in qualitative research there are three basic elements of the research those are data, theory and methodology. The first is data. The data are gained from many sources, such as interview, questionnaire, observation, and analysis. In this present study the research corpus is a novel, so that the writer employs textual analysis as the technique to analyze data from the text.

The second is theory. It is a set of concept that explicates the references which are related to the study. In this case, the writer uses several theories such as Nilsen and Donelson’s theory of adolescent literature, Stets and Burke’s theory of gender identity, and McCallum’s theory of subjectivity as the frameworks of the study.

Lastly is methodology, it is the way in which the study is carried out and how the data is collected and analyzed. As the writer has stated above that this present study uses the descriptive qualitative method, it is chosen because the writer believes that this is the most appropriate method to conduct this present study.

3.4 Procedure of the Study

In this present study, the writer found the subject research that is the novel which is written by A. A. Philips’ If You Believe in Mermaids…Don’t Tell. The first thing to do is read the whole story of the novel A. A. Philips’ If You Believe

in Mermaids… Don’t Tell, then, determined the raising issues from the story that are about masculine-feminine qualities and subjectivity. After that, the writer formulated research questions concerning the way feminine and masculine qualities are performed by the main character in the text and how the subjectivity of the main character is constructed in the text.

In reading the novel, the writer did it carefully in attempt to find and to note down the textual evidence about feminine-masculine qualities and subjectivity of the main character. The writer paid attention to the way main character communicates with the people surrounds him to see his distinct behaviors. Then, the writer made a list of context from the textual evidence in the text which can show main character’s masculine and feminine qualities. The writer also made list of the idea of subjectivity that occurs in this novel. These

lists were aimed to make the process analysis easier to do and to give the textual evidences which were needed for the research.

The next thing to do is the writer searched for the theories and the references about young adult literature, gender identity, and subjectivity that are appropriate to be applied in this present study. After that, the writer analyzed the textual evidences and presented the data analysis which was framed by the related theories to answer the research questions. Finally, the conclusions and the suggestions were drawn based on the findings.

3.5 Data Presentation

To accomplish data analysis, the presentations of the data are formulated in a form of the table to answer research questions; the table is made as follows:

No. Page Contexts Textual evidence

Qualities

Comments Feminine Masculine

Table 3.5.1. The example table of the presentation of the data 1

No. Context Textual evidence Page Textual analysis

Table 3.5.2. The example table of the presentation of the data 2 The complete data presentation is available in the appendices section.

Annisa Nuzulul Nursiam, 2012

Gender Identity And Subjectivity

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter presents the writer’s interpretation of the research finding in a form of conclusions and provides suggestions for the readers and the other researchers who might have an interest in doing the research which is comparable to the field in this present study.

5.1 Conclusions

In the novel, it is revealed that the degree to which the main character performs feminine or masculine qualities depends largely on the subject position(s) that he held in various circumstances in which he was confronted with. Thus, what makes a man or a woman extends more than just biological construction. Rather, as shown in the novel, it is a matter of choice, whether an individual wants to perform masculine or feminine qualities.

A person’s choice of gender relates strongly to his subject position in a society. In this case, the main character’s choice and position as a subject are shaped through his actions and language use in the novel. His choice to perform both feminine and masculine qualities represents his freedom as a subject which has the authority of his own. The character displays that he has gone through the phase of being, that is by doing the things that he loves and being the person that

Annisa Nuzulul Nursiam, 2012

he wants. However, he is still in the process to get to the phase of becoming since he is still undecided whether he will be a homosexual or heterosexual.

Thus, the story of this novel is open-ended. It tells about the vagueness that presents in the end of the story in which the main character is still undecided whether he will be a homosexual or heterosexual. It invites the readers to think about the possibility that the main character may take for his future.

There are many ways to grow up being a person. It makes the maturity process which is passed by teenagers in order to find their personal identity being different between one another.Various challenges are experienced by adolescents in this teen age. Adolescent literature, including this novel, comes up to reflect those challenges. One of the challenges is gender identity problem as being discussed in this novel. Some teenagers, in adolescence time, experience gender identity confusion matter in which a boy finds himself love girl things while a girl prefers to play boy toys. They are confused whether have to perform to be the way they are or should pretend as another person in which people expect them to be. Those things that happen to teenagers the issues of gender identity and subjectivity present in adolescent literature. Individuals were born different and they have the authority and freedom to use their subjectivity to be the person they want and to do anything they love without any force from the others.

Annisa Nuzulul Nursiam, 2012

Gender Identity And Subjectivity 5.2Suggestions

There are some suggestion that are recommended for the further study, firstly is a further study is suggested to analyze other aspects that exist within this novel, such as the use of symbolism which represents gender identity of the main character. Secondly, the next researchers can carry out the similar study to the other texts, whether prose or poetry which contains the issue of gender identity and subjectivity. The further study is suggested using Bakhtinian’s concept in analyzing subjectivity. Lastly, the writer suggests to the authors of YA literature that adolescent fictions, which serve the story about gender identity problems, ought to give the positive lessons for the readers in order to realize them that nobody is perfect. The young readers must be grateful to be the way they are and have to respect the others, accept their existences prudently even though they are different.

Annisa Nuzulul Nursiam, 2012

REFERENCES

Alwasilah, A. C. (2002). Pokoknya Kualitatif: Dasar-Dasar Merancang dan Melakukan Penelitian Kualitatif. Jakarta: PT. Dunia Pustaka Jaya.

Barker, C. (2000). Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice. London: Sage Publications.

Bertens, H. (2001). Literary Theory: The Basic. New York: Routledge.

Bressler, C. E. (2002). Literary Criticism: An introduction to Theory and Practice (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.

Butler, J. (2006). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (Routledge Classics ed.) New York: Routledge.

Dobie, A. B. (2009). Theory into Practice: An Introduction to Literary Criticism (2nd ed.). Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning

Geldard, K., and Geldard, D. (2004). Counseling Adolescents: The Pro-Active Approach. London: Sage Publications. [online] Retrieved at www.library.nu [January 23rd 2012]

Lamb, N. (2001). Writer’s Digest Books: The Writer's Guide to Crafting Stories for Children. Cincinnati: F&W Publications.

Mansfield, N. (2000). Subjectivity: Theories of the Self from Freud to Haraway. New York: New York University Press.

McCallum, R. (1999). Ideologies of Identity in Adolescent Fiction: The Dialogic Construction of Subjectivity. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.

Annisa Nuzulul Nursiam, 2012

Gender Identity And Subjectivity

Morine, N. (2009). What is the Difference between Gender and Sex?:Sociology, Theory, Cultural Understanding, Physical Anatomy. [online] Retrieved at www.political-philosophy.suite101.com/article.cfm/what

is_the_difference_between_sex_and_gender#ixzz0h5JJqK07 [March 5th

2010]

Nealon, J., and Giroux, S. S. (2003). The Theory Toolbox: Critical Concepts for the Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences. Oxford: Rowman & Littelfield Publishers, Inc.

Nilsen, A. P., and Donelson, K. L. (2000). Literature for Today’s Young Adults (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Philips, A. A. (2007). If You Believe in Mermaids… Don’t Tell. New York: Dog Ear Publishing LLC. [online] Retrieved at www.believeinmermaids.net [October 22nd 2010]

Stets, J. E., and Burke, P. J. (2001). Femininity/Masculinity. In Edgar F. Borgatta and Rhonda J. V. Montgomery (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Sociology (Revised ed., pp. 997-1005). New York: Macmillan. [online] Retrieved at www.pdfonline.com [September 10th 2011]

Strauss, A., and Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications. Subana, M and Sudrajat. (2001). Dasar-Dasar Penelitian Ilmiah. Bandung:

Pustaka Setia.

Trites, R. S. (1997). Waking Sleeping Beauty: Feminist Voices in Children's Novels. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.

Annisa Nuzulul Nursiam, 2012

Wolfreys, J., Robbins, R., and Womack, K. (2006). Key Concepts in Literary Theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd.

Annisa Nuzulul Nursiam, 2012

Gender Identity And Subjectivity

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

61

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter presents the writer’s interpretation of the research finding in a form of conclusions and provides suggestions for the readers and the other

researchers who might have an interest in doing the research which is comparable

to the field in this present study.

5.1 Conclusions

In the novel, it is revealed that the degree to which the main character

performs feminine or masculine qualities depends largely on the subject

position(s) that he held in various circumstances in which he was confronted with.

Thus, what makes a man or a woman extends more than just biological

construction. Rather, as shown in the novel, it is a matter of choice, whether an

individual wants to perform masculine or feminine qualities.

A person’s choice of gender relates strongly to his subject position in a society. In this case, the main character’s choice and position as a subject are shaped through his actions and language use in the novel. His choice to perform

both feminine and masculine qualities represents his freedom as a subject which

has the authority of his own. The character displays that he has gone through the

Annisa Nuzulul Nursiam, 2012

Gender Identity And Subjectivity

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

62

he wants. However, he is still in the process to get to the phase of becoming since

he is still undecided whether he will be a homosexual or heterosexual.

Thus, the story of this novel is open-ended. It tells about the vagueness

that presents in the end of the story in which the main character is still undecided

whether he will be a homosexual or heterosexual. It invites the readers to think

about the possibility that the main character may take for his future.

There are many ways to grow up being a person. It makes the maturity

process which is passed by teenagers in order to find their personal identity being

different between one another.Various challenges are experienced by adolescents

in this teen age. Adolescent literature, including this novel, comes up to reflect

those challenges. One of the challenges is gender identity problem as being

discussed in this novel. Some teenagers, in adolescence time, experience gender

identity confusion matter in which a boy finds himself love girl things while a girl

prefers to play boy toys. They are confused whether have to perform to be the way

they are or should pretend as another person in which people expect them to be.

Those things that happen to teenagers the issues of gender identity and

subjectivity present in adolescent literature. Individuals were born different and

they have the authority and freedom to use their subjectivity to be the person they

Annisa Nuzulul Nursiam, 2012

Gender Identity And Subjectivity

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

63

5.2Suggestions

There are some suggestion that are recommended for the further study,

firstly is a further study is suggested to analyze other aspects that exist within this

novel, such as the use of symbolism which represents gender identity of the main

character. Secondly, the next researchers can carry out the similar study to the

other texts, whether prose or poetry which contains the issue of gender identity

and subjectivity. The further study is suggested using Bakhtinian’s concept in analyzing subjectivity. Lastly, the writer suggests to the authors of YA literature

that adolescent fictions, which serve the story about gender identity problems,

ought to give the positive lessons for the readers in order to realize them that

nobody is perfect. The young readers must be grateful to be the way they are and

have to respect the others, accept their existences prudently even though they are

Annisa Nuzulul Nursiam, 2012

Gender Identity And Subjectivity

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

64

REFERENCES

Alwasilah, A. C. (2002). Pokoknya Kualitatif: Dasar-Dasar Merancang dan Melakukan Penelitian Kualitatif. Jakarta: PT. Dunia Pustaka Jaya.

Barker, C. (2000). Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice. London: Sage Publications.

Bertens, H. (2001). Literary Theory: The Basic. New York: Routledge.

Bressler, C. E. (2002). Literary Criticism: An introduction to Theory and Practice (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.

Butler, J. (2006). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (Routledge Classics ed.) New York: Routledge.

Dobie, A. B. (2009). Theory into Practice: An Introduction to Literary Criticism (2nd ed.). Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning

Geldard, K., and Geldard, D. (2004). Counseling Adolescents: The Pro-Active Approach. London: Sage Publications. [online] Retrieved at

www.library.nu [January 23rd 2012]

Lamb, N. (2001). Writer’s Digest Books: The Writer's Guide to Crafting Stories for Children. Cincinnati: F&W Publications.

Mansfield, N. (2000). Subjectivity: Theories of the Self from Freud to Haraway. New York: New York University Press.

McCallum, R. (1999). Ideologies of Identity in Adolescent Fiction: The Dialogic Construction of Subjectivity. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.

Annisa Nuzulul Nursiam, 2012

Gender Identity And Subjectivity

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

65 Morine, N. (2009). What is the Difference between Gender and Sex?:Sociology, Theory, Cultural Understanding, Physical Anatomy. [online] Retrieved at www.political-philosophy.suite101.com/article.cfm/what

is_the_difference_between_sex_and_gender#ixzz0h5JJqK07 [March 5th

2010]

Nealon, J., and Giroux, S. S. (2003). The Theory Toolbox: Critical Concepts for the Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences. Oxford: Rowman & Littelfield Publishers, Inc.

Nilsen, A. P., and Donelson, K. L. (2000). Literature for Today’s Young Adults (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Philips, A. A. (2007). If You Believe in Mermaids… Don’t Tell. New York: Dog Ear Publishing LLC. [online] Retrieved at www.believeinmermaids.net [October 22nd 2010]

Stets, J. E., and Burke, P. J. (2001). Femininity/Masculinity. In Edgar F. Borgatta and Rhonda J. V. Montgomery (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Sociology (Revised ed., pp. 997-1005). New York: Macmillan. [online] Retrieved at www.pdfonline.com [September 10th 2011]

Strauss, A., and Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.

Subana, M and Sudrajat. (2001). Dasar-Dasar Penelitian Ilmiah. Bandung: Pustaka Setia.

Trites, R. S. (1997). Waking Sleeping Beauty: Feminist Voices in Children's Novels. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.

Annisa Nuzulul Nursiam, 2012

Gender Identity And Subjectivity

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

66 Wolfreys, J., Robbins, R., and Womack, K. (2006). Key Concepts in Literary

Theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd.