DYSTOPIAN TRANSFORMATIONS AND CHARACTER CONSTRUCTION IN YOUNG ADULT SCIENCE FICTION LAUREN OLIVERS’ DELIRIUM.
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
DYSTOPIAN TRANSFORMATIONS AND CHARACTER CONSTRUCTION IN YOUNG ADULT SCIENCE FICTION LAUREN
OLIVERS’ DELIRIUM
A Research Paper
Submitted to the English Education Department of the Faculty of Language and ArtsEducation of the Indonesia University of Education as
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
By:
LALITYA PUTRI NOORULLYA 0801281
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
BANDUNG 2013
(2)
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu Lembar Hak Cipta
DYSTOPIAN TRANSFORMATIONS AND CHARACTER CONSTRUCTION IN YOUNG ADULT SCIENCE FICTION LAUREN
OLIVERS’ DELIRIUM
Oleh
Lalitya Putri Noorullya
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Lalitya Putri Noorullya 2013 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Agustus 2013
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
(3)
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
PAGE OF APPROVAL
DYSTOPIAN TRANSFORMATIONS AND CHARACTER CONSTRUCTION IN YOUNG ADULT SCIENCE FICTION LAUREN
OLIVERS’ DELIRIUM By
Lalitya Putri Noorullya 0801281
Approved by:
First Supervisor Second Supervisor
Bachrudin Musthafa, M.A., Ph.D. NIP. 1957031011987031001
Nicke Yunita Moecharam, S.Pd.,M.A. NIP. 198206302005012001
Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Languages and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001
(4)
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
(5)
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
ABSTRACT
The present study entitled Dystopian Transformations and Character Construction in Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium focuses on the issue of dystopian transformations and character construction. The study investigates the main character, Lena, character construction in the novel and the contribution of character constellations in the construction of Lena’s characterization. The study was conducted within a descriptive text analysis by applying a qualitative method and is framed by theoretical frameworks such as narrative theory (Rimmon-Kenan, 1983) and young adult literature science fiction and dystopia (Bradford, Mallan, Stephens & McCallum, 2008). The results demonstrate that Lena’s characterization is constructed through two factors. These factors are the atmosphere of dystopian transformations and constellation characters which giveboth positive and negative effects to Lena’s characterization.
(6)
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
ABSTRAK
Studi berjudul Dystopian Transformations and Character Construction in Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium ini berfokus pada isu transformasi dystopia dan pembangunan karakter. Studi ini menginvestigasi pembangunan karakterisasi tokoh utama bernama Lena. Studi ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif dengan mengaplikasikan metode kualitatif dan dibahas menggunakan teori sastra; narrative theory (Rimmon-Kenan, 1983) dan young adult literature science fiction and dystopia (Bradford, Mallan, Stephens & McCallum, 2008). Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa karakterisasi Lena telah dibangun melalui dua faktor. Faktor tersebut di antara lain ditemukan dalam atmosfir dari transformasi dystopia dan karakter konstelasi yang memberikan dampak yang positif dan negatif terhadap karakterisasi Lena.
(7)
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT ...i
PREFACE ...ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...iii
TABLE OF CONTENT ...v
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...1
1.1 Background of the Study ...1
1.2 Research Questions ...4
1.3 Aims of the Study ...4
1.4 Scope of the Study...4
1.5 Significance of the Study` ...5
1.6 Research Method ...5
1.6.1 Research Design ...5
1.6.2 Data Collection ...5
1.6.3 Data Analysis ...6
1.7 Clarification of Terms ...6
1.8 Organization of the Paper ...7
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ...9
2.1 Science Fiction ...9
2.2 Dystopia & Dystopian Transformation ...14
2.3 Dystopian Science Fiction for Young Adult ...17
2.4 The Function of Dystopian Science Fiction ...18
2.5 Narrative Theory ...19
2.5.1 Characterization ...20
2.5.2 Focalization ...21
2.5.3. Speech Representation ...22
2.6. Constellation of Characters ...23
2.7 Synopsis of Delirium ...25
(8)
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...28
3.1 Subject of the Study ...28
3.2 Research Question ...29
3.3 Research Methodology...29
3.4 Context of the Research ...31
3.5 Data Presentation ...32
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ...33
4.1. Dystopian Atmosphere through Lena’s Focalization ...33
4.1.1 External Focalization...34
4.1.2. Internal Focalization ...35
4.2. Types of Speech Representation ...40
4.3. Constellation Characters ...46
4.4. Lena’s Characterization Built in Dystopian Science Fiction ...58
CHAPTER VCONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...62
5.1 Conclusions ...62
5.2 Suggestions ...63
(9)
1
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER I
Introduction
This chapter presents the introduction of the research. It includes background of the study, research question, aim of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, research methodology, data analysis, clarification of terms, and organization of the paper.
1.1 Background of the Study
Nowadays science fiction is believed to be one of popular genre among authors, filmmakers and scriptwriters. Asimov (1991, as cited in Shihah, 2002) states that science fiction is a branch of literature which is developed by the sophistication of science on human being. The involvement of the „science‟ element in fiction adds a creation of science and sophisticated technology in the storyline. Science fiction can be defined as literary and narrative approach to the future, and this approach attaches several unique characteristics of science fiction, (Lombard, 2012). As a literary form, science fiction develops several characteristics or themes that are usually used in the story. According to Mahida (2011), science fiction is generally a story of future societies in which the impact of science and technology on humankind becomes its major theme.
In science fiction, there are two kinds of imaginary worlds, which are used as instruments of great philosophic and social significance, namely utopia and
(10)
2
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
dystopia (Mahida, 2012). Dystopia is the opposite of utopia, which portrays a highly pessimistic and dark future society, (Orwell, 1984). The theme of dystopia usually illustrates the future as a new world with undesirable and anarchic society. Thus, everything in the future is worse and more unpleasant. Burford (2012) adds that science fiction and dystopian literature have a critical combination in dark landscapes, and they specifically focus on extrapolating social problems.
As dystopian society is believed to be controlled by the government, people there are described as the ones who criticize the overprotective and controlling government (Orwell, 1984). The characters in dystopian fiction use human are weakness to follow the authoritarian rule, (Ramona, 2012). The people in dystopian world tend to obey and follow all of the rules that have been made by the upper/higher class society. Moylan (2000) says that the characters in dystopia are constructed by the automated society. It means that characters in dystopian fiction are characters whose characteristics are constructed by the law, controlled and dictated by totalitarian government. There are no ways that one certain character can freely express or oppose those in power. Generally, a main character fights against the society, especially government‟s dictatorial rules in the story.
The description of dystopian characters somehow is adapted as the major theme in science fiction novel, for instance in Delirium novel. Delirium (2011) is a novel written by Lauren Oliver, which tells about a disease called Deliria. Deliria is a disease caused by love, which is considered as a toxic in life. Deliria is believed to be a very dangerous disease that spreads in some states in America. Lena Haloway, who has to keep her away from Deliria symptoms, is the main
(11)
3
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
character in this novel. After the death of her mother who has been infected by Deliria, Lena Haloway decides to obey her Aunt family‟s regulations to stay away from Deliria. Nevertheless, she gets many influences from some constellation characters, Aunt Carol, her mischievous best friend, Hana, Alex; a male character that becomes a challenge in the narrative that leads Lena to Deliria.
There are some previous studies that investigated the characters in dystopian fictions and generic approach study. Navratil (2004) in his research entitled “Two Classic Dystopias: George Orwell‟s Nineteen Eighty-Four and Ray Bradbury” discussed main characters in dystopian novels. This thesis compared two different dystopian worlds in which each tells how its main character deals with the totalitarian rule. It also found some similarities of dystopian features in both novels. Another study was conducted by Qadamyari (2012). His study focused on the fantasy as a literary genre and discussed the elements in fantasy. It included the introduction of the first fantasy writers and works that shows the history of the fantasy in the ancient folk tales and mythology.
Due to the issue adapted in the novel, the present study takes a generic approach that utilizes science fiction genre and intersects it with narrative theory focusing on the characters, events, focalization, speech representation, and dystopian transformation. The study was inspired by the previous studies as stated above. However, the previous studies merely talked about characteristics of dystopian worlds and generic approach in fantasy literature. Thus, this study focuses on dystopian transformation in relation to how main character and selected characters in science fiction are constructed. The construction of selected
(12)
4
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
characters in dystopia can be seen and investigated through characters‟ statements, thoughts, speeches, and acts in the form of words. The study chooses Delirium novel because it is a good example of dystopian science fiction for adolescents that reveals how adolescents deal with two different situations and survive with their own choice.
1.2 Research Questions
The research question of the study is designed as follows:
1. In what ways does dystopian science fiction construct its character?
1.3 Aims of the Study
The study was conducted to investigate how characters in science fiction are constructed in the novel Delirium.
1.4 Scope of the Study
The study specifically analyzes how dystopian science fiction constructs its characters in Delirium. It includes the main character‟s focalization, other characters‟ speech representation, and constellation character to investigate the character construction.
(13)
5
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
1.5 Significance of the Study`
This study is aimed to see how dystopian science fiction constructs its characters in Delirium. The results of the study are expected to give some useful and positive impacts on English Department‟s students and larger society. In addition, the analysis is also expected to provide an alternative way as a response to literary work by critiquing a literary work.
1.6 Research Method 1.6.1 Research Design
The study is descriptive in nature and uses textual analysis framework. The study analyzes Lena‟s, the main character, some selected characters and how dystopian science fiction constructs its characters in Delirium.
1.6.2 Data Collection
The primary source of this study is Delirium novel written by Lauren Oliver. The data were collected from a thorough reading of Delirium novel, which resulted textual evidences that were selected from the words, phrases, sentences, and speeches.
(14)
6
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
1.6.3 Data Analysis
The collected data were analyzed by applying the framework of content analysis. In analyzing the data, the following steps have been taken:
1. Reading the novel carefully in order to understand and to discover the issues presented in Lauren Oliver‟s Delirium
2. Highlighting and taking brief notes to the main character and selected characters‟ acts, thoughts, and speeches as the textual evidences;
3. Examining the characters in dystopia science fiction used in the novel to see how selected characters in science fiction are constructed,
4. Analyzing and interpreting the data using narrative theory by Rimmon-Kenan (2006) and young adult literature science fiction and dystopia by Clare Bradford, Kerry Mallan, John Stephens & Robyn McCallum (2008), 5. Making conclusions of the study and suggestions for further research in
the future.
1.7 Clarification of Terms
To avoid misconception and misunderstanding, the following is the clarification of terms used in the present study:
1. Science Fiction
Science fiction is a branch of fantasy identifiable by the fact that it eases the „willing suspension of disbelief‟ on the part of its readers by utilizing an atmosphere of scientific credibility for its imaginative speculations in
(15)
7
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
physical science, space, time, social science, and philosophy (Moskowitz, 1963, as cited in Shihah, 2002).
2. Dystopia
Dystopia is the opposite to utopia, which imagine a highly pessimistic and dark of a future society (Orwell, 1984).
3. Young Adult Dystopia
Children and young adult toward new world order (dystopia), express the tension between individual position and the ideology of a society, which is built on surveillance, conformity, and repression (Bradford, Mallan, Stephens & McCallum, 2008).
4. Characterization
Characterization is form of style of speech where the characters‟ language is individuated and distinguished by the narrator (Rimmon-Kenan, 2001, p. 64).
5. Character Constellation
Some characters that will find in helping and providing the figure of protagonist, (Nikolajeva, 2003).
1.8 Organization of the Paper
This study is conducted in five chapters and each chapter is divided into some subtopics.
(16)
8
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu Chapter I (Introduction)
It provides a general introduction that covers the background of the study, research question, aim of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, research method that consist of research design, data collection, data analysis, clarification of terms, and organization of the paper.
Chapter II (Literature Review)
This chapter elaborates the literature review that is relevant to the research. This chapter also covers the theories that are applied in answering research questions.
Chapter III (Research Methodology)
This chapter discusses the research methodology in conducting this research. It includes subject of the study, research question, research methodology, context of the research and data presentation.
Chapter IV (Findings and Discussion)
This chapter presents the findings and the discussions in an attempt to answer the research questions, raising the issues of dystopian science fiction in constructing the characters and intersecting with narrative theory in Lauren Oliver‟s Delirium (2011).
Chapter V (Conclusion and suggestion)
The last chapter provides the conclusion that is drawn by the writer and the suggestion for further research.
(17)
29
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the research methodology explaining the method applied in the present research to answer the research questions. The discussion revolves around subject of the study, research question,research methodology, technique of data analysis, context of the research, as well as the data presentation.
3.1 Subject of the Study
The study focuses on a dystopian science fiction and some selected characters in the novel entitled Delirium by Lauren Oliver. The novel was chosen because it portrays the dystopian science fiction story, which tells about Lena Holloway, as a main character who faces the dark and bleak condition of her life. In addition, three constellation characters like Carol, Hana, and Alex tend to build her character development through some events in this story. It is in line with the discussion of the study that focuses on the generic approach by utilizing science fiction genre and intersecting it with narrative theory tools on the characterization, events, focalization, speech representation and dystopian transformation.
(18)
30
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.2 Research Question
The research question of the study is designed as follows:
1. In what ways does dystopian science fiction construct its character?
3.3 Research Methodology
The research employs a qualitative method since the data are in the form of words, clauses, and sentences. The textual evidence are collected from the narrative events of the main character acts, thoughts, and speeches with other characters. Qualitative method is a study approach in which the researcher tends to explore the unknown variables, asks the broad and general questions to the participants, collects data of words, and reports all the study in a subjective way (Creswell, 2003, p. 12). Hancock (2002, p.2) also states that the data of qualitative method are used to develop concepts and theories helping people to understand the subject of the study. Therefore, the data in this research are analyzed to elaborate the concepts that had been developed in Chapter II.
The present study applies textual analysis to analyze the issues of how dystopian science fiction genre constructs its characters in the novel. Musthafa (2008, p. 154) says that in the research where the text becomes the focus of the study, textual analysis treats literary works as cultural artifacts that cannot be separated from social, cultural, and political contexts. Regarding the issue
(19)
31
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
adapted in the novel about constructing character in dystopian science fiction, dystopian characters should be understood from the viewpoint that considers the social, cultural, and political context.
Truex (1996) says that textual analysis can be conducted by compiling the data as the textual evidence from the text, which are most likely in the form of words, or idiom that has explicit definition. Thus, the data collected from the novel were listed, described, elaborated and interpreted to identify the issue of constructing character in dystopian science fiction genre in Lauren Olivers’ Delirium (Hodder& Stoughton, 2011).
In conducting the research, there are several steps that have been taken. The steps conducted to fulfill the two levels of textual analysis in this research were as follows:
Reading throughout the novel carefully in order to understand and to discover the issues presented in Lauren Oliver’ Delirium.
Taking brief notes in the highlighted textual evidence to simply identify and give label to the textual evidence that are related to the issues of dystopian science fiction in constructing the main character and some selected characters.
Examining and categorizing the list of textual evidence in a table from the notes that are related to the issue of constructing character in dystopian science fiction.
(20)
32
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
Analyzing the textual evidence as well as presenting and interpreting the data framed within the related theories of young adult dystopian science fiction(Bradford, Mallan, Stephens &McCallum, 2008)and narrative theory (Rimmon-Kennan, 2001)which are related to the textual evidence.
Making conclusions of the research and suggestions for further research in the future.
3.4 Context of the Research
The research provides some excerpts from Lauren Oliver’s Delirium, which presents the portrayal of dystopian science fiction and how the genre constructs its characters. The portrayals can be seen through the characteristic of dystopian science fiction and the main character’s actions, thoughts, and speeches with other characters. The findings were viewed with regard to the issue of dystopian science fiction to discover how the genre constructs its characters. Moreover, the main character’s focalization and speech representation with other selected characters were also highlighted in relation to the issue of dystopian science fiction genre. Therefore, the research investigated further to seek how the genre (dystopian science fiction) constructs the main character and some selected characters in the novel.
(21)
33
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.5 Data Presentation
To complete the analysis of the research, the presentation of the data was designed in the form of tables. The table presentation is aimed to answer the research questions in an orderly form. The excerpt of the table presentation is as follows:
3.5.1. Sample Table1 Dystopian Atmosphere through Lena’s Focalization
No. Narrative Event Focalizing Process Analysis
1. The Book Shhh tells Lena how dangerous of Deliria nervosa (Love).
Still, I worry. They say that in the old days, love drove people to madness. That’s bad enough. The Book of Shhh also tells stories of those who died because of love lost or never found which is what terrifies me the most (p. 4).
Lena feels worried about what people say about love. The Book of Shhh is clearly described about how dangerous about feeling in love. It means that “love” is a disease that can make people die. The contents of the book are intoxicated Lena’s mind not to close to the feeling of love. “which is what terrifies me the most” shows that Lena is afraid of what people and book say about love. It was very dangerous.
(22)
63
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter provides the conclusions of the present study based on the findings and discussion that have been presented in the previous chapter. It also contains the suggestions for the readers as well as the other researchers who might be interested in conducting research, which is comparable to the issue discussed in the present study.
5.1 Conclusions
The present study has attempted to answer the research question that is formulated to discover the issue in dystopian science fiction the character construction in particular. The effort to answer the research question is also done by intersecting dystopian transformation in science fiction with narrative theory based on the main character’s focalization and speech representation with other constellation characters in Lauren Oliver’s Delirium (2011).
After conducting the study and analyzing the findings, it is revealed that Lena’s characterization is constructed through the dystopian atmosphere in science fiction for young adult and some constellation characters that also contribute to build the character development of Lena. The focalizing process
(23)
64
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
and speech representation play important role as narrative tools to discover main character’s point of view in describing the atmosphere of dystopian in science fiction for young adult as well as the characterization by seeing some monologues and conversations with other characters. Relying on the findings and the discussion in the previous chapter, it can be concluded that Lauren Oliver’s Delirium novel tells the life of young adult who faces their maturity process on deciding their life’s choices in dystopian world. The choices are made by the government system, which generally controls all of the rules of life. Moreover, the young adult still have time to think about the decision for their future. It also can be said that young adult fiction to some extent, teaches young adult how they deal with some different situations and survive with their own choices. It also reflects young adult in their real lives, who mostly depend on technological advancement. Sometimes they cannot control themselves in using the sophisticated technology provided by the government. Thus, the dystopian teaches young adult the new world, which is the opposite of the real life as a lesson.
5.2 Suggestions
Regarding the investigation of novels, the study suggests that further researchers may discuss some other researchable issues in young adult novels, such as the portrayal of utopian science fiction issue in the novel, character’s
(24)
65
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
development as a young adult, and the author’s approach in dystopian and utopian transformation.
The study also suggests that English Department should provide their students with more recent and updated resources on the issue of science fiction’s subthemes and narrative theory. This is aimed to help students to have more knowledge in conducting their research about genre approach and narrative theory.
The next researchers may also conduct a research within the same issue of genre approach, narrative theory and constellation character in various literary works such as poems, short stories, or drama scripts. However, the discussion may be engaged within different contexts so that the research, which is related to the three notions, would not only focus on the context of constructing characters.
(25)
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
References
Bahareh Darvish & Mohammadreza Ghanbari Najjar. (2011). From Utopian
Dream to Dystopian Reality: George Orwell’s. American Journal of Scientific Research , 100-106.
Bal, M. (1991). Narration and Focalization. New York: Routledge.
Burford, B. (2012). The Use of Dystopian Science Fiction in The Secondary Classroom.
Carrie Hintz & Elaine Ostry. (2003). Utopian and Dystopian Writing for Children . New York: Routledge.
Clare Bradford, Kerry Mallan, John Stephens & Robyn McCallum. (2008). New World Orders in Contemporary Children's Literature: Utopia Transformation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cohn, D. (1978 ). Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Consciousness in Fiction.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. New York: Sage Publication Ltd.
Czernada, J. E. (2006). Science Fiction and Fantasy: Explore The Genre that Expands The Mind.
(26)
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
Dima-Laza, S. R. (2012). A Dystopian Society or The Moral Decay of Humanity.
Genette, G. (1980). Narrative Dicourse. New York: Cornell University Press.
Hancock, B. (2002). An Introduction to Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). Nottingham: Trent Focus Group.
Luc Herman & Bart Vervaeck. (2001). Handbook of Narrative Analysis. United State of America : Thomson-Shore, Inc.
Mahida, C. A. (2011). Dystopian Future in Contemporary Science Fiction. 1-4.
Musthafa, B. (2008). Teori dan Praktik Sastra dalam Penelitian dan Pengajaran. Bandung: Sekolah Pasca Sarjana Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Milner, A. (2004). Darker Cities: Urban Dystopia and Science Fiction Cinema.
Moylan, T. (2000). Scraps of The Untained Sky: Science Fiction, Utopia, Dystopia. United States of America: Westview Press.
Navratil, M. (2008). Two Classic Dystopias: George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty Four and Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 145.
Nikolajeva, M. (2002). The Rethoric of Character in Children's Literature. United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc.
(27)
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
Oliver, L. (2011). Delirium. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hachette UK Company.
Qadamyari, K.-A. (2012). Fantasy, Literary Genre. 109-118.
Rimmon-Kenan, S. (2001). Narrative Fiction: Contemporary Poetics.New York : Routledge.
Shiah, P. A. (2002). Aspects of Science Fiction as Presented in the Novel Foundation by Isaac Asimov.
Stock, A. (2011). Mid Twentieth-Century Dystopian Fiction and Political Thought. Durham University.
Sullivan, C. W. (1999). Young Adult Science Fiction. London: Greenwood Press.
Tuttle, L. (2005). Writing Fantasy & Science Fiction . London: A & C Publisher.
(1)
63
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter provides the conclusions of the present study based on the findings and discussion that have been presented in the previous chapter. It also contains the suggestions for the readers as well as the other researchers who might be interested in conducting research, which is comparable to the issue discussed in the present study.
5.1 Conclusions
The present study has attempted to answer the research question that is formulated to discover the issue in dystopian science fiction the character construction in particular. The effort to answer the research question is also done by intersecting dystopian transformation in science fiction with narrative
theory based on the main character’s focalization and speech representation
with other constellation characters in Lauren Oliver’s Delirium (2011).
After conducting the study and analyzing the findings, it is revealed that Lena’s characterization is constructed through the dystopian atmosphere in science fiction for young adult and some constellation characters that also contribute to build the character development of Lena. The focalizing process
(2)
64
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
and speech representation play important role as narrative tools to discover
main character’s point of view in describing the atmosphere of dystopian in science fiction for young adult as well as the characterization by seeing some monologues and conversations with other characters. Relying on the findings and the discussion in the previous chapter, it can be concluded that Lauren
Oliver’s Delirium novel tells the life of young adult who faces their maturity process on deciding their life’s choices in dystopian world. The choices are made by the government system, which generally controls all of the rules of life. Moreover, the young adult still have time to think about the decision for their future. It also can be said that young adult fiction to some extent, teaches young adult how they deal with some different situations and survive with their own choices. It also reflects young adult in their real lives, who mostly depend on technological advancement. Sometimes they cannot control themselves in using the sophisticated technology provided by the government. Thus, the dystopian teaches young adult the new world, which is the opposite of the real life as a lesson.
5.2 Suggestions
Regarding the investigation of novels, the study suggests that further researchers may discuss some other researchable issues in young adult novels, such as the portrayal of utopian science fiction issue in the novel, character’s
(3)
65
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
development as a young adult, and the author’s approach in dystopian and utopian transformation.
The study also suggests that English Department should provide their students with more recent and updated resources on the issue of science
fiction’s subthemes and narrative theory. This is aimed to help students to have
more knowledge in conducting their research about genre approach and narrative theory.
The next researchers may also conduct a research within the same issue of genre approach, narrative theory and constellation character in various literary works such as poems, short stories, or drama scripts. However, the discussion may be engaged within different contexts so that the research, which is related to the three notions, would not only focus on the context of constructing characters.
(4)
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu References
Bahareh Darvish & Mohammadreza Ghanbari Najjar. (2011). From Utopian
Dream to Dystopian Reality: George Orwell’s. American Journal of
Scientific Research , 100-106.
Bal, M. (1991). Narration and Focalization. New York: Routledge.
Burford, B. (2012). The Use of Dystopian Science Fiction in The Secondary Classroom.
Carrie Hintz & Elaine Ostry. (2003). Utopian and Dystopian Writing for Children . New York: Routledge.
Clare Bradford, Kerry Mallan, John Stephens & Robyn McCallum. (2008). New World Orders in Contemporary Children's Literature: Utopia Transformation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cohn, D. (1978 ). Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Consciousness in Fiction.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. New York: Sage Publication Ltd.
Czernada, J. E. (2006). Science Fiction and Fantasy: Explore The Genre that Expands The Mind.
(5)
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
Dima-Laza, S. R. (2012). A Dystopian Society or The Moral Decay of Humanity.
Genette, G. (1980). Narrative Dicourse. New York: Cornell University Press.
Hancock, B. (2002). An Introduction to Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). Nottingham: Trent Focus Group.
Luc Herman & Bart Vervaeck. (2001). Handbook of Narrative Analysis. United State of America : Thomson-Shore, Inc.
Mahida, C. A. (2011). Dystopian Future in Contemporary Science Fiction. 1-4.
Musthafa, B. (2008). Teori dan Praktik Sastra dalam Penelitian dan Pengajaran. Bandung: Sekolah Pasca Sarjana Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Milner, A. (2004). Darker Cities: Urban Dystopia and Science Fiction Cinema.
Moylan, T. (2000). Scraps of The Untained Sky: Science Fiction, Utopia, Dystopia. United States of America: Westview Press.
Navratil, M. (2008). Two Classic Dystopias: George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty Four and Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 145.
Nikolajeva, M. (2002). The Rethoric of Character in Children's Literature. United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc.
(6)
Lalitya Putri Noorullya, 2013
Dystopian Transformations And Character Construction In Young Adult Science Fiction Lauren Olivers’ Delirium
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
Oliver, L. (2011). Delirium. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hachette UK Company.
Qadamyari, K.-A. (2012). Fantasy, Literary Genre. 109-118.
Rimmon-Kenan, S. (2001). Narrative Fiction: Contemporary Poetics.New York : Routledge.
Shiah, P. A. (2002). Aspects of Science Fiction as Presented in the Novel Foundation by Isaac Asimov.
Stock, A. (2011). Mid Twentieth-Century Dystopian Fiction and Political Thought. Durham University.
Sullivan, C. W. (1999). Young Adult Science Fiction. London: Greenwood Press.
Tuttle, L. (2005). Writing Fantasy & Science Fiction . London: A & C Publisher.