A STUDY ON COHESION IN THREE ARTICLES OF ALWASILAH.

A STUDY ON COHESION IN THREE ARTICLES OF

ALWASILAH

A THESIS

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Master Degree in English Education

By:

Dila Agustini

0603782

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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DECLARATION

I certify that this thesis, “Cohesion in the Articles of Alwasilah”, is completely my own work; and that is it does not incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a degree of diploma in any university; and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it does not contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text.

Bandung, August 2009

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

There are several people who deserve a lot of credit for their invaluable contributions to the realization of this study. First and foremost, my deeply grateful goes to my supervisors, Prof. E. Aminuddin Aziz, M.A., Ph.D and Iwa Lukmana, M.A., Ph.D for their generous and constructive guidance, enormous time commitment, great encouragement, and incredible patience throughout the process. Their helpful feedback at every stage of this study revealed their extensive knowledge in the field of linguistics and qualitative research. I could never be able to finish this thesis without your intense guidance, support and encouragement that have elevated the quality of this thesis. It has been a great privilege and pleasure work under the guidance of both supervisors, which made me experience new things.

I would also like to thank to Emi Emilia, M.Ed., Ph.D., the chairperson of English Department, and all the lecturers of this department whose advices, expertise, insightful comments, and supports that were instrumental to the success of this thesis.

My appreciation also goes to the examiners: Emi Emilia, M.Ed, PhD. and Dr. Rd. Safrina Noorman, MA. whose invaluable comments and suggestions have not only significantly improved the study but also provided considerable insight for my future research.

I wish to thank to the Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi (DIRJEN DIKTI) Kepulauan Riau Province and the Government of Karimun District that have provided funding and supports for my study-I’m so honored to be given the chance

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for the scholarship-without them, I would never be able to study in Indonesia University of Education, Bandung. My deeply thanks also go to my principle of SMPN 2 Karimun, R. Hernayati, for her invaluable understanding and supports.

I would also like to express my profound appreciation to all my colleagues of Reguler Class ’06, S2 Depag students, Harni, and Piesesha who provided me with invaluable supports and encouragement throughout the process of this study.

My intact gratitude would be for my limited edition angel and beloved husband, Engkun Ayatullah Shiddiq who will always be my lover, friend, consultant and Guru in my life. Many thanks for your endless supports of emotional, material, and moral. My smart and astonishing children, Rara and Azka, thanks for your endurance and love; Umi loves you all so much.

My heartfelt thanks also go to my parents, Mamak-Bapak in Karimun and Emih-Apa’ (alm.) in Pandeglang; it has been a great blessing for me to be your daughter. Thanks for the wisdom, foresight, and night praying. I’d also like to thank every member of my family for believing in me and giving me all the supports I needed.

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ABSTRACT

This study is an analysis of cohesion in published texts written by Alwasilah. The texts are taken from his anthology “Language, Culture, and Education: A Portrait of Contemporary Indonesia” (2007). The analysis aims to see the writer’s consistency in the use of cohesive devices throughout his works.

This study employed mainly a qualitative method and involved three texts of Alwasilah that were randomly chosen. Halliday and Hasan’ theory of cohesion (1976) and Eggins’ analytical strategies are used to reveal the cohesive devices that occur in the texts. There are four principles of cohesion that are analyzed in this study; they are reference, lexical relation, ellipsis or substitution, and conjunction.

This study exposes three main findings. First, cohesive devices that were employed within paragraphs are reference, lexical relation, conjunction, and ellipsis. There is no employment of substitution in the texts. Reference is the most prevalent device in all of the texts, with 683 occurrences (63%). This indicates that the writer tries to keep track of participants of the texts in facilitating the reading (Hoover 1997 as cited on Essem Educational Limited 2007). Second, cohesive devices that were employed inter-paragraphs are reference, lexical relation, conjunction, and ellipsis. There is no employment of substitution in the texts. Lexical relation is the most prevalent device inter-paragraphs, with 300 occurrences (60%). This indicates that the writer tries to keep track of topics of the texts for making texts hang together experientially (Halliday and Hasan 1976:288). Third, mostly, these texts cohesively have a clear focus, with only a couple major participants’ chains developed in each text (Eggins 1994:321), except Text #3 with four major participants. With regard to the texture of the analyzed texts (Halliday and Hasan 1976:297), Alwasilah appears to have a periodic rhythm in writing his articles, which extends a dense cluster of cohesive ties within the paragraphs and leaves the texture inter-paragraphs relatively loose. Finally, among the three texts, Text #1 is the most cohesive texts, “Resurrecting Literature in Schools”, where 94% of the devices are anaphorically interpreted, and only 6% are exophorically interpreted.Thus, it is more intelligible to the readers than the other texts. The second place is Text #3, where 88% of the devices are anaphorically interpreted, and 12% are exophorically interpreted. The last is Text #2 “Lament for Minor Languages”, where 84% of the devices are anaphorically interpreted, and 16% are exophorically interpreted.

Based on the main findings above, it can be concluded that all the articles of Alwasilah that were analyzed are cohesive where most cohesive ties in the texts are identifiable, except for the substitution. Without the ties, sentences or utterances would seem to lack any type of relationship to each other and might not be considered a text (Halliday and Hasan 1976:4). Therefore, much of the relevant information the readers might need is contained within the texts and thus, they are relatively easy to read.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Approval Page .………. i

Declaration ……… ii

Acknowledgement ..……….. iii

Abstract ………….……… iv

Table of Contents ………. v

List of Tables ……… vi

List of Charts ……… vii

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the Study ………. 1

1.2 Purposes of the Study ………. 4

1.3 Research Methods ……….... 4

1.5 Significance of the Study ………. 5

1.6 Organization of the Thesis ………... 6

Chapter 2 Text and Cohesion 2.1 Text ………... 7

2.1.1 Definition of Text ………. 7

2.1.2 Texture of Text ………. 10

2.2 The Lexicogrammatical Resources of Cohesion ……….. 12

2.2.1 Reference ……….. 14

2.2.2 Conjunction ………...17

2.2.3 Substitution and Ellipsis.………... 19

2.2.4 Lexical Cohesion ……….. 21

2.3 Review of Related Study ……….. 24

2.4 Concluding Remarks ……… 25

Chapter 3 Research Methods 3.1 Statement of the Problems ………... 27

3.1 Design of Research ………... 27

3.2 Data Collection ………. 28

3.2.1 Data Resources ………. 28

3.2.2 Procedures of Data Collection ……….. 29

3.3 Data Analysis Methods ……….29

3.4 Concluding Remarks ……… 35

Chapter 4 Data Analysis 4.1 The Analysis of Kinds of Cohesive Devices within Paragraphs ……… 36

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4.1.1 Reference ……… 37

4.1.1.1 Types of Reference ………. 37

4.1.1.1.1 Pronominal Reference ……… 38

4.1.1.1.2 Demonstrative Reference ……… 39

4.1.1.1.3 Comparative Reference ……… 40

4.1.1.2 Systems of Retrieval ………. 40

4.1.1.6 Homophoric Reference ………. 41

4.1.1.7 Exophoric Reference ……… 42

4.1.1.8 Anaphoric Reference ……… 43

4.1.1.9 Cataphoric Reference ……… 44

4.1.2 Lexical Cohesion ……….. 45

4.1.2.1 Hyponymy and Co-Hyponyms ………. 45

4.1.2.2 Meronymy and Co-Meronyms ……….. 46

4.1.2.3 Antonymy ………. 47

4.1.2.4 Synonymy ………. 48

4.1.2.5 Repetition ……….. 49

4.1.2.6 Collocation ……… 50

4.1.3 Conjunction ………. 51

4.1.3.1 Elaboration ……… 51

4.1.3.2 Extension ………... 53

4.1.3.3 Enhancement ………. 53

4.1.4 Ellipsis or Substitution ………. 55

4.1.4.1 Nominal Ellipsis ……… 55

4.1.4.2 Verbal Ellipsis ……… 56

4.1.4.3 Clausal Ellipsis ……….. 56

4.1.3 Trends in the Use of Cohesive Devices within Paragraphs ……. 57

4.2 The Analysis of Kinds of Cohesive Devices inter-Paragraphs ………… 66

4.2.1 Reference ………. 66

4.2.1.1 Types of Reference ……… 67

4.2.1.1.1 Pronominal Reference ……….. 67

4.2.1.2 Demonstrative Reference ……….. 68

4.2.1.4 Comparative Reference ………. 70

4.2.1.2 Systems of Retrieval ……….. 70

4.2.1.6 Homophoric Reference ……….. 71

4.2.1.7 Exophoric Reference ……….. 71

4.2.1.8 Anaphoric Reference ……….. 71

4.2.1.9 Cataphoric Reference ……….. 73

4.2.2 Lexical Cohesion ……… 74

4.2.2.1 Hyponymy and Co-Hyponyms ……….. 74

4.2.2.2 Meronymy and Co-Meronyms ……….……….. 75

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4.2.2.4 Synonymy ……… 77

4.2.2.5 Repetition ………. 78

4.2.2.6 Collocation ……… 79

4.2.3 Conjunction ………. 79

4.2.3.1 Elaboration ……… 80

4.2.3.2 Extension ……….. 81

4.2.3.3 Enhancement ……… 82

4.2.4 Ellipsis or Substitution ……… 82

4.2.4.1 Nominal Ellipsis ……… 83

4.2.4.2 Verbal Ellipsis ……… 84

4.2.4.3 Clausal Ellipsis ……… 84

4.1.3 Trends in the Use of Cohesive Devices inter-Paragraphs …… 85

4.3 The Analysis of the Impact of the Use of Cohesive Devices on Cohesiveness of the Texts ………... 94

4.3.1 The Analysis of Meaning of Cohesive Devices of the Texts …... 94

4.3.1.1 Text #1 “Resurrecting Literature in Schools” (January 22, 1998) 95 4.3.1.1.1 The Meaning of Systems of Retrieval ……… 95

4.3.1.1.2 The Meaning of Lexical Relation Strings ….. 98

4.3.1.1.3 The Meaning of Conjunctive Relation ……… 101

4.3.1.2 Text #2 “Lament for Minor Languages” (December 13, 1997) 103 4.3.1.2.1 The Meaning of Systems of Retrieval ………… 104

4.3.1.2.2 The Meaning of Lexical Relation Strings ……….. 106

4.3.1.2.3 The Meaning of Conjunctive Relation ………….. 109

4.3.1.3 Text #3 “Ways to Better RI English Skills” (January 18, 1999) ……… 112

4.3.1.3.1 The Meaning of Systems of Retrieval ………… 112

4.3.1.3.2 The Meaning of Lexical Relation Strings ………. 114

4.3.1.3.3 The Meaning of Conjunctive Relation ………….. 117

4.3.2 The Analysis of Level of Cohesiveness of Three Texts ………. 120

Chapter 5 Conclusion and Suggestions 5.1 Conclusions ……….. 128

5.4 Recommendations ……… 131

Bibliography ……… 133

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 ……….31

Table 3.2 ……….32

Table 3.3 ……….33

Table 3.4 ……….33

Table 3.5 ……….33

Table 3.6 ……….34

Table 3.7 ……….34

Table 3.8 ……….35

Table 4.1 ……….57

Table 4.2 ……….59

Table 4.3 ……….61

Table 4.4 ……….63

Table 4.5 ……….65

Table 4.6 ……….85

Table 4.7 ……….87

Table 4.8 ……….89

Table 4.9 ……….91

Table 4.10 ………. 93

Table 4.11 ………. 96

Table 4.12 ………. 98

Table 4.13 ……….101

Table 4.14 ……….104

Table 4.15 ………..…...107

Table 4.16 ………...109

Table 4.17 ………..……...112

Table 4.18 ……….…....115

Table 4.19 ………..…………...117

Table 4.20 ………..……...120

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LIST OF CHARTS

Chart 4.1 ………. 58

Chart 4.2 ………. 60

Chart 4.3 ………. 61

Chart 4.4 ………. 62

Chart 4.5 ………. 64

Chart 4.6 ………. 65

Chart 4.7 ………. 86

Chart 4.8 ………. 87

Chart 4.9 ………. 88

Chart 4.10 ………... 90

Chart 4.11 ……….. 92

Chart 4.12 ……….. 93

Chart 4.13 ……….. 96

Chart 4.14 ……….. 97

Chart 4.15 ……….. 99

Chart 4.16 ………..100

Chart 4.17 ………..102

Chart 4.18 ………..102

Chart 4.19 ………..103

Chart 4.20 ………..105

Chart 4.21 ………..106

Chart 4.22 ………..108

Chart 4.23 ………..108

Chart 4.24 ………..110

Chart 4.25 ………..111

Chart 4.26 ………..111

Chart 4.27 ………..113

Chart 4.28 ………..114

Chart 4.29 ………..116

Chart 4.30 ………..116

Chart 4.31 ………..118

Chart 4.32 ………..119

Chart 4.33 ………..119

Chart 4.34 ………..121

Chart 4.35 ………..121

Chart 4.36 ………..122

Chart 4.37 ………..122

Chart 4.38 ………..123

Chart 4.39 ………..123

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents an introduction to the study and some basic reasons that inspired the analysis of cohesion. It also incorporates some statements of the problems, purposes of this study, research methods, and significance of the study. At the end of this chapter, organization of the thesis is presented.

1.1 Background of the Study

People nowadays are demanded to understand, to read and to create coherent texts. In order to achieve a coherent interpretation of the texts, the readers must be able to interpret the semantic relations in the texts. Therefore, Thompson (1994) claimed that the writers are mainly responsible for making these semantic relations comprehensible to the readers. In other words, it is necessary for a writer to master the concepts of written texts and the use of semantic relations thorough grasp of their linguistic functions such as theme, rheme, and lexico-grammatical cohesion.

Therefore this study would analyze the use of semantic relations lexico-grammatical cohesion as one of the linguistic functions. It will focus on the analysis of cohesion by identifying the cohesive devices that are employed in texts, and analyzing the level of cohesiveness of the text.

Cohesion, according to Halliday and Hasan (1976), is the grammatical and lexical relationship within a text or sentence. Cohesion can be defined as the links

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that hold a text together and give the text a meaning. Cohesive devices clarify for readers the relationships among ideas in a piece of writing (Kilborn and Kriei 1999). In Cohesion in English, Halliday and Hasan (1976:4) classified cohesion into: (1) grammatical cohesive devices, which are reference, substitution, and ellipsis; (2) conjunctive relation; and (3) lexical cohesive devices, which are in the form of repetition, synonymy, antonymy.

According to Eggins (1994: 88), if cohesive tie is not identifiable, it will prevent the elements in the paragraph from hanging together internally as a piece of language. The most important function of cohesive ties may simply the reduction the links afford the reader (Essem Educational Limited 2007). In other words, if a text is cohesive, it will link sentence to sentence and paragraph to paragraph. Beaugrande (De Beaugrande and Dressler:1981) also stated that cohesion is one of the criteria that have to be used to qualify a discourse. The other criterion is coherence.

Cohesion normally refers to how the text is related or tied together whereas coherence refers to how the clauses or sentence relate to the context (Essem Educational Limited 2007). Thus, cohesion and coherence are terms in discourse analysis to describe and qualify the properties of written texts.

The interest in the study of the relations between sentences in a text is relatively new in the study of English. It was Fries (Shibayama: 1980) who discussed sequence signals of English sentences for the first time, then followed by Quirk (1972) and Hasan (1976). They developed the study a little further in the study of sentence connection.

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The study of sentence connection has made great progress in Hasan when he discovered cohesion’s term. The study of cohesion in discourse analysis has forwardly developed since the publication of Cohesion in English by Halliday and Hasan (1976) (Zhou 2007). Some of the studies have investigated cohesion of either scientific or non-scientific texts. Research to date has examined cohesion in textbooks, novels, and articles. For example, Wanyama (2006) analyzed cohesion in the novels of Alex La Guma, and combined the analysis with Bakhtin’s compelling theory of novelistic discourse. Parvaz (2006) analyzed the effect of text cohesion on reading comprehension. Crane (2000) analyzed texture in news article by using cohesion. Utomo (2008) analyzed the cohesion of reading passages used in English textbooks of Senior High School.

Using three articles of Chaedar Alwasilah as a basis, the textual aspect of meaning through cohesion will be analyzed. As one of the figures in English education, Alwasilah has written more than 20 textbooks and 300 articles about language, education and culture (see Alwasilah & Alwasilah, 2005: 234), some of which were published in several mass media.

As a figure that also concerns on teaching writing in classroom practices, Alwasilah stresses the importance of collaborative writing where the teaching would be effective if there is corrective feedback between writer and reader. The analysis of cohesion in his articles would be helpful as corrective feedback in teaching writing that the understanding of the employment of cohesive devices is able to assist students in improving their writing skill.

4

The chosen articles of Alwasilah were published in The Jakarta Post during period 1997-2000. It was found that the texts of the articles were arranged in a reasonable way and created coherently that makes the texts are easy to understand. Being interested in knowing this phenomenon of the cohesiveness in the texts, this study would analyze cohesion of Alwasilah’s articles in order to see his works that constitute a strong cohesive.

1.2 Purposes of the Study

Based on the background above, this study was trying to acquire a deep description of cohesion in Alwasilah’s articles. It aims to:

a. Identify the cohesive devices employed within paragraphs of Alwasilah’s articles.

b. Identify the cohesive devices employed inter-paragraphs of Alwasilah’s articles.

c. Investigate the impact of the use of the devices on cohesiveness of the articles of Alwasilah.

1.3 Research Methods

The qualitative method was applied in order to identify the cohesiveness of Alwasilah’s articles published in The Jakarta Post. The data were three of his articles that had been reprinted in his anthology “Language, Culture, and Education: A Portrait of Contemporary Indonesia” (2007). There are three opinion

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articles that are analyzed in this study, which are taken from 1997-1999 year of publication.

In this research, the data was analyzed based on Halliday’s (1978) theory of systemic functional grammar, Haliday and Hasan’s (1976) theory of cohesion, and Eggins’ (1994) terms of interpretation of the cohesive devices. Generally, the data was analyzed qualitatively through the following phase: identifying the data, categorizing the data, and interpreting the data.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The results of this study will be of great contributions to the following aspects. First, the aspect of theoretical basis for writing text in English, it emphasized the importance of the understanding in creating coherent and cohesive texts. The findings of this study could be helpful as feedback for improving the practices of writing especially in making the meaning of semantic relations transparent to the readers, and as a guide for writers especially the beginners in understanding and creating coherent written text. Furthermore, it is expected to infuse all writers with an awareness of the potential effects of the use of cohesion since the use of English language properly is able to improve the accuracy of writing scientific or non-scientific text effectively and cohesively.

Second, the aspect of teaching writing in classroom practices. It suggests that teaching writing should put some emphasis on the employment of cohesive devices in discourse, either spoken or written texts. The understanding of this employment is able to assist the students in improving their writing skill.

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1.5 Organization of the Thesis

This thesis consists of six chapters. Chapter one introduces the present study, which explains the overall picture of the study, the background, the research problems, the research purposes, the research methods, and significance of the study. Chapter two presents the review of related literature or theoretical foundation, focusing on cohesion theories. Chapter three elaborates methods of the research, including statements of the research problems, the design, the data collection, and methods of the data analysis. Chapter four reports the data analysis that focuses on some findings and discussion. Chapter five concludes the present study and offers some recommendations for further study.

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS

This chapter discusses the methods of the research. The sketch of methods is used as guidance in conducting the research and getting intended data. There are four major sections in this chapter; they are statements of the problems, research design, data collection that consists of data resources and procedures of data collection, and the data analysis.

3.1 Statement of the Problems

The problems of the present study are formulated in the following questions:

a. What cohesive devices are employed within paragraphs of the articles of Alwasilah?

b. What cohesive devices are employed inter-paragraphs of the articles of Alwasilah?

c. What is the impact of the use of the devices on cohesiveness of the articles of Alwasilah?

3.2 Design of Research

The present study employs a qualitative research approach, considering that this is the most appropriate method in investigating the phenomenon of single case study. The use of this qualitative approach that is an exploratory-interpretive

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design which yields qualitative data and provides an interpretive analysis of that data since the aim of the study is to identify the cohesive devices of opinion articles which correlate strongly with the cohesiveness of the texts. So, this study is required to describe and interpret what conditions that exist, processes that are going on, or trends that are developing to produce a ‘rich’ and ‘deep’ data.

The instrument of this study is the researcher who does not start the study with a hypothesis and emphasizes the study on the “process” rather than “output”. This is in line with what Meleong says in his book (1989:7). He mentioned that qualitative research is a kind of research that emphasizes on the “process” as the relation of each part or entry which is being examined in a process.

3.3 Data Collection

This section presents two subsections that are related to the data of the study. The first subsection describes the resources of the data that are analyzed in this study, and the delimitation of the data. The second subsection presents the procedures that are used in collecting the data.

3.3.1Data Resources

The main data of the study are the articles written by Alwasilah, which were published in the Jakarta Post and were collectively reprinted in an anthology

Language, Culture, and Education: A Portrait of Contemporary Indonesia (2007).

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3.3.2Procedures of Data Collection

To delimit this study, the samples are selected with purposive sampling. There are only three out of thirty-six articles were chosen for this study, as stated by McMillan (2001) that from small samples, purposeful sampling is done to increase the utility of information obtained.

Those articles were appointed based on the year of the publishing in which the articles of the anthology was published during 1997-2000. This sampling process is to simplify the analysis of the writer’s consistency throughout his texts that constitute a strong cohesive.

. The articles of each year were appointed from the anthology that was published during 1997-2000. The chosen texts are “Resurrecting Literature in

Schools” (January 22, 1998) that is then labelled as Text #1, “Lament for Minor Languages” (December 13, 1997) as Text #2, and “Ways to Better RI English Skills” (January 18, 1999) as Text #3.

3.4 Data Analysis Methods

The data analysis will be based on Halliday and Hasan’s terms of cohesion analysis (1989), and Eggins’ (1994) analysis terms of the interpretation of the devices. The data are analyzed on the basis of the following steps. First, reading each text several times carefully paragraph by paragraph, and number the paragraphs and each sentence to ease the way of analysis.

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Underlining all related grammatical and lexical items of each text that meet the criteria of cohesive devices on the text. They are reference, lexical relation, conjunction, and ellipsis and substitution. For examples:

1) Reference:

The pleasures that draw our children first to literature are not those written by Rendra, Sutardji Calzoum Bachri, Goenawan Muhamad, Saini KM and others (Alwasilah 1998).

The pronoun ‘our’ in the sentence does not refer to anything in the text. ‘Our’ refers to something outside the text (the readers and the writer). It is called exophoric reference.

2) Lexical Relation:

Many educators and words-smiths in particular, claim that the present teaching of Bahasa, including literature is a far cry from the ideal. The allocated hours for the subject are not sufficient for teaching the language, let alone for developing literature appreciation (Alwasilah 1998).

In these sentences, ‘literature’ was repeated twice. This word is called lexical reiteration, which involves the repetition of a lexical item. This belongs to repetition.

3) Conjunction:

Tolerance, mutual respect understanding, caring, responsibility, and cooperation are virtues offered by literature (Alwasilah 1998).

‘And’ is called additive conjunction because it adds ‘cooperation’ as virtues offered by literature.

4) Ellipsis:

I don’t know how to work this computer. I’ll have to learn how [Ø].

The second sentence uses Clausal Ellipsis, which omits ‘to work this computer’.

31 5) Substitution:

Peter takes two weeks’ vacation and Tina does too.

‘Does’ substitutes ‘takes two weeks’ vacation. It is called Verbal Substitution. Listing the classified data separately into tables, reference and lexical relation are firstly put in chain shapes before in the tables, as exemplified in the sentences below that were taken from Text #1 (Alwasilah 1998) :

• Reference:

1) Paragraph #1, sentence A:

The pleasures that draw our children first to literature are not those written by Rendra, Sutardji Calzoum Bachri,. Goenawan Muhamad, Saini KM and others.

2) Paragraph #6, sentence A:

Ours now is the era of modernization and industrialization, which in many cases have polluted established traditions and values.

3) Paragraph #8, sentence A:

Almost all over the globe, educators see literature as part of the humanities.

Table 3.1 Analysis of Reference Types

Paragraph/Se ntence No. No. of Ties Cohesive Item Type

(Types of reference expression/ roles/types of phora)

Distan ce

Presupposed item

1.A. 4

The pleasure

that... Definite article/…/cataphoric 0

that draw our children…

Our children Pronominal/plural/exophoric 0 our writer & reader

Those Demonstrative/far/cataphoric 0 those written by…

Others Comparative/difference/anaphoric 0 others authors 6.A 1 Now Locational/…/exophoric -

8.A. 1 The globe Definite article/…/homophoric 0

• Lexical Relation

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Most children will not become professional literary scholars like H.B. Yassin and the late St. Takdir Alisjahbana.

When they finish school, they are more likely to drive cabs, wait on tables, sell news-papers, to work in stores or factories, and so on and so forth. To assume that they are interested in the works of Rendra, for example, is, in Probst's words (1988), "to make a rash leap of faith".

Teachers should realize that the questions have to do with the interests and satisfaction of the average reader.

2) Paragraph #18, sentences A and B:

This being the case, the argument that the allocated hours are insufficient is irrelevant, because avid and independent readers read intensively and extensively inside the classroom and outside. (A)

At later stages, they become fully independent readers as learners. (B)

Table 3.2 Analysis of Lexical Relation Types Paragraph/se

ntence No. No. of

Ties Cohesive Item

Type

(Types /Roles) Distance

Presupposed item

2.A 1 H.B. Yassin,.. hyponymy/inclusive 0 literary scholars 2.B 1 Sell collocation/expectancy 0 newspapers 2.C 1 Rendra co-hyponyms/inclusive 1 literary scholars 3.C 2 Questions meronymy/inclusive 1 examinations

Average reader synonymy/identical 0 school children 18.A 1 Outside Contrast 0 inside 18.B 1 Independent

readers Repetition/identical 0

independent readers

• Conjunction

Paragraph #6, sentences A and B:

Ours now is the era of modernization and industrialization, which in many cases have polluted established traditions and values.

Recently, the nation was shocked by a series of acts that has indescribably hurt our conscience as human beings: the dumping of the unborn babies in the Jakarta area, the misuse of the workers social security funds, rampant corruption and collusion, land appropriations, not to mention high school students' brawls in big cities, all of which have grabbed media headlines.

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Table 3.3 Analysis of Conjunction Types

Paragraph/s entence No. No. of Ties Cohesive Item Type (Types/roles/functions/subfunctions) Distan ce Presuppose d item

6.a. 2

now explicit enhancing/temporal/simult./ internal 0 in many

cases

explicit

elaborating/clarifying/dismissal/internal 0 6.b. 1 and explicit extending/additive/positive/external 0

• Ellipsis

1) Paragraph #10:

As reported by The Jakarta Post (Jan. 6, 1997), realizing that writers have the power to inform the public, the governor said: "I think you have to make easy-reading and touching stories so people—at all levels—can understand them."

2) Paragraph #15, sentence A:

First, literature is experience, not information.

Table 3.4 Analysis of Ellipsis Types

Paragraph/s entence No.

No. of Ties

Cohesive Item Type Distance Presupposed item

10 1 as [Ø]repoted by

Jakarta Post… verbal ellipsis 0

as (preceding texts has)reported by… 15.a. 1 first [Ø],… Nominal ellipsis 0 first (paradigm),…

1) This last sample was taken from text #3, sentence B of paragraph #1: Mixed in are teachers, student motivation, textbooks, bureaucrats' attitude, and government policy.

Table 3.5 Analysis of Ellipsis Types

Paragraph/s entence No.

No. of Ties

Cohesive Item Type Distan

ce Presupposed item

1.b 1 Mixed in [Ø] are

teachers, student… clausal ellipsis 0

Mixed in (many variables) are teachers, …

Dividing the devices into two categories: 1) cohesive devices within paragraph that correlate one sentence to another in one paragraph, and 2) cohesive devices inter-paragraph that correlate one paragraph to another in a text. Then,

34

counting the frequency and the percentage of the fulfillment of cohesive devices within and inter paragraphs, and assembling the data into tables as the examples below:

Table 3.6 Cohesive Devices within Paragraphs

Cohesive Devices Text 1 Text 2 Text 3 Total %

Reference: Pronominals Demonstratives Definite articles Comparatives Locational Homophoric Exophoric Anaphoric Cataphoric Total Lexical Relation: Reiteration: hyponymy co-hyponyms meronymy co-meronyms Contrast Similarity: -synonymy -repetition Collocation Total Conjunction: Elaboration Extension Enhancement Total Ellipsis Nominal ellipsis Verbal ellipsis Clausal ellipsis Total

Table 3.7 Total of Cohesive Devices

Devices T1 T2 T3 Total %

Reference Lexical Relation Conjunction Ellipsis

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The last is recapitulating the results of data of each text based on the connection of grammatical and lexical cohesive devices to analyze level of the cohesiveness. Listing the results on a table, as follows:

Table 3.8 Analysis of Level of Cohesiveness

Text #1 Text #2 Text #3

1. Grammatical cohesive devices 2. Frequency of 1 per clause 3. Percentage of 1 entering in chains 4. Explicit lexical tokens

5. Cohesively interpreted lexical tokens 6. Total lexical tokens

7. 5 as percentage of 6

8. Percentage of 1 interpreted anaphorically 9. Percentage of 1 interpreted exophorically 10. Percentage of 1 interpreted ambigious

Interpreting the result of analysis based on the connection of grammatical and lexical cohesive devices. If the number of anaphoric references is more than the exophoric references, the articles are considered to be more cohesive, and vice versa.

3.5 Concluding Remarks

The purpose of this study is to identify, describe, and analyze the cohesiveness of opinion articles of Alwasilah. This study was designed based on the qualitative approach in order to explain the phenomenon. The data were collected from the documented materials in order to gain information of the phenomenon under investigation. The data would be then presented in the data analysis chapter.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the conclusions of the research on cohesion analysis in Alwasilah’s articles after which the recommendations are given. However, a summary of the main findings is sketched. The summary is based on the nature of the problems which were formulated in the study. They are to identify variety of cohesive devices that are employed within and inter-paragraphs of the articles of Alwasilah, and to investigate the cohesiveness of the texts.

5.1 Conclusions

This section presents the main findings and the conclusions drawn from the analysis results. This study is completed by using two theoretical frameworks of Halliday and Hasan’s, and Eggins’. A qualitative method was employed in the analysis, which would emphasize on the “process”. It analyzed three texts, they are: Resurrecting Literature in Schools (Text #1), Lament for Minor Languages (Text #2), and Ways to Better RI English Skills (Text #3).

Based on the analysis, the study found that:

a. Cohesive devices that were employed within paragraphs in the texts are: reference, lexical relation, conjunction, and ellipsis. There was no employment of substitution in the texts. Overall, there are 1092 devices that were employed within paragraphs. As regards types of the devices, reference is the most prevalent device that was employed in the texts, with 687

129

occurrences (63%). This indicates that the writer tries to keep track of participants of the texts in facilitating the reading (Hoover 1997 as cited on Essem Educational Limited 2007).

b. Cohesive devices that were employed inter-paragraphs in the texts are: reference, lexical relation, conjunction, and ellipsis. There was no employment of substitution in this text. Overall, there are 500 devices that were employed inter-paragraphs. With regard to the type of the devices, unlike the devices within paragraphs, lexical relation is the most prevalent device that was employed inter-paragraphs, with 300 occurrences (60%). From the lexical cohesion analysis, a very tight pattern of cohesion inter-paragraphs of the texts was identified. Lexical is the central device for making texts hang together experientially, defining the aboutness of a text (Halliday and Hasan 1976:288). By being the most prevalent device, lexical relation in those texts indicates that writer tries to keep track of topics of the texts in facilitating the reading.

c. The analysis of the meaning of the employment of the devices exposes that (1) there is a clear focus on the Text #1 and #2, with only a couple of major participants’ chains developed in each text (Eggins 1994:321). In Text #1, the major participants are literature and students while in Text #2 are we/our (the addressed writer and readers) and the ethnic/minor language. However, Text #3 indicates a more diverse number of participants, with four major participants. It indicates that this text has unclear focus. (2) There is a continuity of topics of all the texts between the major participants of retrieval

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systems and topics of lexical relation. So the texts are cohesively related each other. (3) The writer’s concern is to tell his readers the supplementary information in order to improve or to make it complete. They are also high in internal and non-adjacent link, as well as very few of the decoding works are left to the readers. With regard to the texture of the analyzed texts (Halliday and Hasan 1976:297), it has relatively been the characteristic of Alwasilah’s periodic rhythm in writing his articles, which extends a dense cluster of cohesive ties within the paragraphs and leaves the texture inter-paragraphs relatively loose. The results of the analysis of the level of cohesiveness are exposed that among those texts, Text #1 is the most cohesive texts, “Resurrecting Literature in Schools” (January 22, 1998), where 94% o the devices are anaphorically interpreted, and only 6% are exophorically interpreted. Thus, it is more intelligible to the readers than the other texts (Crane 2000). The second place is Text #3, where 88% of the devices are anaphorically interpreted, and 12% are exophorically interpreted. The last is Text #2 “Lament for Minor Languages” (December 13, 1997), where 84% of the devices are anaphorically interpreted, and 16% are exophorically interpreted.

Based on the main findings above, this study concludes that all the analyzed texts are cohesive where mostly cohesive ties in the texts are identifiable, except the substitution. Without the ties, sentences or utterances would seem to lack any type of relationship to each other and might not considered text (Halliday and Hasan 1976:4). Therefore, much of the relevant

131

information the readers might need that related to the topics is contained within the texts and thus, they are relatively easy to read.

Cohesion analysis has shown what principles exist that creates semantic links within text between sentence and paragraph boundaries. This analysis is helpful in improving the understanding of cohesion in English texts for writers especially the beginners and in creating coherent and cohesive texts. This analysis also contributes to the readers’ ability to achieve a coherent interpretation of a text where they must be able to interpret the semantic relations lying beneath the surface text.

Hence it is quite necessary for teachers to spend some time in introducing and teaching cohesion to students in improving their writing skills, at least in the area of textual cohesion.

5.2 Recommendations

Cohesion, a method developed by Halliday and Hasan (1976), is the grammatical and lexical relationship within a text or sentence. It can be defined as the links that hold a text together and give it meaning. As according to Eggins (1994: 88), if cohesive tie is not able to identify, it is this absence of semantic ties between elements in the paragraph that prevents it from hanging together internally as a piece of language.

This study has examined the employment of cohesive devices in three texts, the meaning of the devices, and the level of cohesiveness of the texts. There are some important things that need further consideration for future research.

132

a. This study is limited in the terms of the sampled texts and subject. There are only three texts written by one subject. As the results, there are many things that cannot be explained such as the variation of cohesive devices that are employed by the subject in his other kinds of texts, or how the cohesive devices are employed in text written by another subject.

b. This study is also limited in terms of its scope of investigation that only covered broader issues, that is, number and types of cohesive devices and the level of the cohesiveness of the texts. As a result, there remain many aspects unanswered. It would be more insightful to discuss the other aspects such as the reasons of the employment of a certain device. For example, in Text #3, there are so many contrapuntal rhythms in the texture, where the writer extends a dense cluster of cohesive ties across the paragraph boundary and leave the texture within paragraph relatively loose. They are in paragraph 2, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19. These could be analyzed in term of the reasons behind this extension.

c. This study is also limited to aspect of cohesion of text analysis while there is other aspect that also has main role in making a good text, which is coherence. It would be more insightful and depth to discuss both cohesion and coherence of a text.

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