AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND QUALITY OF DIRECT SPEECH IN THE UTTERANCES IN BILINGUAL CHILDREN COMIC ENTITLED “PINOCCHIO”.

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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
AND QUALITY OF DIRECT SPEECH
IN THE UTTERANCES IN
BILINGUAL CHILDREN COMIC
ENTITLED “PINOCCHIO”

THESIS

Submitted to Meet a Part of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
from English Department Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts
Sebelas Maret University
by:
PARAMITA WIDYA HAPSARI
C0309050

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
2013
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PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Paramita Widya Hapsari
NIM

: C0309050

Stated whole-heartedly that this thesis entitled An Analysis of Translation
Techniques and Quality of Direct Speech in the Utterances in Bilingual Children
Comic Entitled “Pinocchio” is originally made by the researcher. It is neither a
plagiarism, nor made by others. The things related to other people’s works are
written in quotation and included within bibliography.
If it is then proved that the researcher cheated, the researcher is ready to take the
responsibility.

Surakarta, 22 November 2013

The researcher

Paramita Widya Hapsari

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MOTTO

“Trust yourself. You know more than you think you do.”
(Benjamin Spock)

Man Jadda Wajada, Man Shabara Zhafira, Man Sara Ala
Darbi Washala
(A Trilogy of Negeri 5 Menara)

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DEDICATION

I dedicate this thesis to:

My beloved Mom
My beloved Dad in Heaven
My beloved Brother and My
Sister-in-law
My

Honest

Friends

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Relatives

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, all praises to Allah and peace be upon His
chosen bondsmen and women. Finally I can finish this thesis as a partial
fulfillment of requirement of the Sarjana Degree. Many parties helped me during
finishing this thesis. Their helps, supports, knowledge, and encouragements were
very important for me. Without their contribution, my thesis would never be
completed.

In this occasion, I would like to say my deepest gratitude to:
1. ALLAH Subhanahu Wa Ta’ala who has been strengthening my life
purpose. He knows what’s best and He will do what’s right.
2. The Dean of the Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Riyadi Santosa,
M.Ed, Ph.D. for approving this thesis.
3. The Head of Regular English Department, Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo,
M.A., Ph.D. for his guidance and approving this thesis.
4. My thesis consultant, Prof. Drs. M.R. Nababan, M.Ed., M.A., Ph.D.
for his guidance and critical advices. Thank you for always giving me
your time. I would like to give my thanks for always giving me the
words which can make me having better knowledge about translation
studies and the spirit to finish this thesis soon.
5. Yusuf Kurniawan, S.S, M.A., as my academic supervisor for his
assistance during my study. Thank you very much for always giving
me advices for my better study.
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6. All the lecturers in English Department UNS, thank you very much for
the important knowledge.
7. All the staffs of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts UNS, thank you for
helping me dealing with administration stuffs and other importance.
8. Bayu Budiharjo, S.S, M. Hum.; Fenty Kusumastuti, S.S, M. Hum.;
Sumardiono, S.S, M. Hum., thank you very much for being my raters.
Thank you for helping me in dealing with translation studies and for
interesting discussion.
9. My perfect parents, Ibuk and Alm. Bapak in heaven. Your praying and
supports are very meaningful in my life. I am very proud of you.
Always be a strong and extraordinary woman, Mom. May you be
shaded by His mercy, Dad. I do love you.
10. My cute respondents; Riska, Tika, and Rhesa. Thank you for helping
me.
11. My besties; Narrendri Jati .P. (Jeje), Nurul Intan Sari, Nurlita Hapsari
(Suhu), Ratih Dewi .S. (Emak). Thank you for beautiful friendship.
I’m so thankful for every moment I shared with you and I’m so
grateful being among you. May Allah always bless us.

12. The Big Family of ED 09. Our togetherness is one of my joy in life.
Thank you for every beautiful moment and for every laughter. You are
the best, guys. I love you all.

Paramita Widya Hapsari
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TABLE OF CONTENT

APPROVAL OF THE THESIS SUPERVISOR ................................................ ii
APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS .........................................iii
PRONOUNCEMENT ....................................................................................... iv
MOTTO ............................................................................................................. v
DEDICATION .................................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................... vii

TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................... ix
LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................xiii
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................ xiv
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... xvii

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1
A. Reseacrh Background ........................................................................ 1
B. Research Limitation ........................................................................... 5
C. Research Problems ............................................................................ 5
D. Research Objectives .......................................................................... 6
E. Research Benefits .............................................................................. 6
F. Thesis Organization ........................................................................... 7
CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................... 9
A.Definition of Translation .................................................................... 9
B. Problems in Translation ................................................................... 10

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C. Translation Techniques ................................................................... 13
D. Translation Quality .......................................................................... 20
1. Accuracy ...................................................................................... 20
2. Acceptability ................................................................................ 21
3. Readability ................................................................................... 22
E. Bilingual Comic ............................................................................... 22
F. Direct and Indirect Speech ............................................................... 23
1. Direct Speech ............................................................................... 23
1.1 Direct Speech in the context of comic ...................................... 25
2. Indirect Speech ............................................................................. 26
G. Sentence .......................................................................................... 27
1. Types of Sentence ........................................................................ 28
2. Sentence Structure ........................................................................ 31
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................... 34
A.Research Type and Design ............................................................... 34
B. Data and Source of Data .................................................................. 35
1. Documents ................................................................................... 35

2. Informants .................................................................................... 36
C. Sampling Technique ........................................................................ 37
D. Method of Data Collection .............................................................. 39
1. Content Analysis .......................................................................... 39
2. Questionnaire ............................................................................... 39
E. Technique of Data Analysis ............................................................. 43

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F. Research Procedures ........................................................................ 44
CHAPTER IV : DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................. 47
A. Introduction ............................................................................... 47
B. Analysis ..................................................................................... 47
1. Translation Technique Analysis ................................................. 47
1.1 Literal translation .................................................................. 48
1.2 Compensation ........................................................................ 50
1.3 Transposition ......................................................................... 53
1.4 Linguistic compression ......................................................... 57
1.5 Adaptation ............................................................................. 58
1.6 Modulation ............................................................................ 61
1.7 Generalization ....................................................................... 62
1.8 Calque ................................................................................... 63
1.9 Established equivalence ........................................................ 65
1.10 Particularization .................................................................. 66
2. Translation Quality Analysis ....................................................... 81
2.1 Accuracy ............................................................................... 81
2.1.1 Accurate Translation ..................................................... 83
2.1.2 Less Accurate Translation ............................................. 87
2.2 Acceptability .......................................................................... 90
2.2.1 Acceptable Translation ................................................. 92
2.2.2 Less Acceptable Translation ........................................ 95
2.2.3 Not Acceptable Translation ......................................... 100

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2.3 Readability ........................................................................... 101
2.3.1 Readable Translation .................................................... 103
2.3.2 Less Readable Translation ........................................... 105
C. Discussion ................................................................................. 108

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........ 119
A. Conclussions .............................................................................. 119
B. Recommendations ...................................................................... 121

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1

Scale of Accuracy ........................................................................ 40

Table 3.2

Scale of Acceptability ................................................................. 41

Table 3.3

Scale of Readability .................................................................... 42

Table 4.1.1 Data Numbers of Literal Translation .......................................... 48
Table 4.1.2 Data Numbers of Compensation ................................................. 51
Table 4.1.3 Data Numbers of Transposition .................................................. 54
Table 4.1.4 Data Numbers of Linguistic Compression .................................. 57
Table 4.1.5 Data Numbers of Adaptation ....................................................... 59
Table 4.1.6 Data Numbers of Modulation ....................................................... 61
Table 4.1.7 Data Numbers of Generalization................................................... 62
Table 4.1.8 Data Numbers of Calque ............................................................... 64
Table 4.1.9 Data Numbers of Established Equivalence .................................. 65
Table 4.1.10 Data Numbers of Particularization ............................................... 66
Table 4.1.11 Data Numbers of the Utterances Using Two or More Techniques67
Table 4.1.12 Percentage of Translation Techniques Data................................. 80
Table 4.2.1 Percentage of Accurate Translation ............................................. 82
Table 4.2.2 Percentage of Acceptable Translation.......................................... 91
Table 4.2.3 Percentage of Readable Translation ........................................... 101
Table 4.3

Percentage of Translation Techniques Related to the Quality ... 109

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4.1.1.1

Literal translation .................................................................. 49

Figure 4.1.1.2

Literal translation .................................................................. 49

Figure 4.1.1.3

Literal translation .................................................................. 50

Figure 4.1.2.1

Compensation ....................................................................... 51

Figure 4.1.2.2

Compensation ....................................................................... 52

Figure 4.1.2.3

Compensation ....................................................................... 53

Figure 4.1.3.1

Transposition ........................................................................ 54

Figure 4.1.3.2

Transposition ........................................................................ 55

Figure 4.1.3.3

Transposition ........................................................................ 56

Figure 4.1.4.1

Linguistic compression ........................................................ 57

Figure 4.1.4.2

Linguistic compression ........................................................ 58

Figure 4.1.5.1

Adaptation ........................................................................... 59

Figure 4.1.5.2

Adaptation ........................................................................... 60

Figure 4.1.6.1

Modulation........................................................................... 61

Figure 4.1.6.2

Modulation........................................................................... 62

Figure 4.1.7

Generalization ...................................................................... 63

Figure 4.1.8

Calque .................................................................................. 64

Figure 4.1.9

Established equivalence ....................................................... 65

Figure 4.1.10

Particularization ................................................................... 66

Figure 4.1.11.1

Literal translation and Borrowing ....................................... 69

Figure 4.1.11.2

Literal translation and Adaptation ...................................... 70

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Figure 4.1.11.3

Literal translation and Generalization ................................. 71

Figure 4.1.11.4

Literal translation and Compensation .................................. 72

Figure 4.1.11.5

Literal translation and Established Equivalence .................. 73

Figure 4.1.11.6

Adaptation and Borrowing .................................................. 74

Figure 4.1.11.7

Established Equivalence and Linguistic Compression ........ 75

Figure 4.1.11.8

Linguistic Amplification and Transposition ........................ 76

Figure 4.1.11.9

Literal translation, Compensation, and Reduction .............. 77

Figure 4.1.11.10 Adaptation, Linguistic compression, and Generalization . 79
Figure 4.2.1.1.1

Accurate translation ............................................................ 83

Figure 4.2.1.1.2

Accurate translation ............................................................ 84

Figure 4.2.1.1.3

Accurate translation ............................................................ 85

Figure 4.2.1.1.4

Accurate translation .......................................................... 86

Figure 4.2.1.2.1

Less accurate translation ..................................................... 87

Figure 4.2.1.2.2

Less accurate translation ..................................................... 88

Figure 4.2.1.2.3

Less accurate translation ..................................................... 89

Figure 4.2.1.2.4

Less accurate translation ..................................................... 90

Figure 4.2.2.1.1

Acceptable translation ........................................................ 92

Figure 4.2.2.1.2

Acceptable translation ........................................................ 93

Figure 4.2.2.1.3

Acceptable translation ........................................................ 94

Figure 4.2.2.2.1

Less acceptable translation ................................................. 95

Figure 4.2.2.2.2

Less acceptable translation ................................................. 96

Figure 4.2.2.2.3

Less acceptable translation ................................................. 97

Figure 4.2.2.2.4

Less acceptable translation ................................................. 98

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Figure 4.2.2.2.5

Less acceptable translation ................................................. 99

Figure 4.2.2.3

Not acceptable translation .................................................. 100

Figure 4.2.3.1.1

Readable translation .......................................................... 103

Figure 4.2.3.1.2

Readable translation .......................................................... 104

Figure 4.2.3.1.3

Readable translation .......................................................... 104

Figure 4.2.3.2.1

Less readable translation ................................................... 105

Figure 4.2.3.2.2

Less readable translation ................................................... 106

Figure 4.2.3.2.3

Less readable translation ................................................... 107

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ABSTRACT

Paramita Widya Hapsari. An Analysis of Translation Techniques and
Quality of Direct Speech in the Utterances in Bilingual Children Comic
Entitled Pinocchio. Thesis: English Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine
Arts. Sebelas Maret University.
The research focuses on the analysis of techniques and quality of translation of
direct speech in the utterances in bilingual children comic entitled Pinocchio.
The purposes of this study are to find out the translation techniques and quality of
direct speech translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
The research counducts a descriptive-qualitative method. The data were collected
by employing a purposive sampling technique. The research was conducted by
using content analysis and questionnaire. In the content analysis, the researcher
collected the data from bilingual children comic. the total data were 135 data. This
research used a close and open-ended questionnaire that was contributed to the
raters.
The result of the data analysis shows that: 1) The translation techniques used by
the translator are 13 techniques, they are: literal translation (88 data);
compensation (17 data); transposition (16 data); adaptation (15 data); borrowing
(11 data); linguistic compression (8 data); generalization (7 data); established
equivalence (4 data); modulation (3 data); particularization (2 data); linguistic
amplification (1 datum); calque (1 datum); and reduction (1 datum). 2) The result
of the accuracy translation shows that: 115 data (85,19%) are accurate translation
and 20 data (14,81%) are less accurate. Meanwhile, relating to the acceptability
aspect, the result shows: 96 data (71,11%) are acceptable, 38 data (28,15%) are
less acceptable, and 1 datum (0,74%) is not acceptable translation. The result of
the readability shows that: 104 data (77,04%) are categorized as readable
translation and 31 data (22,96%) are categorized as less readable translation.
It can be concluded that the translation techniques used by the translator in the
translation quality. It affected the result of the translation quality. It is also found
out that translating bilingual children comic should pay attention to the cultural
background and language use in the target language.

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ABSTRAK

Paramita Widya Hapsari. Analisis Teknik dan Kualitas Penerjemahan
dalam Ujaran Langsung di Komik Dwibahasa Anak Pinocchio. Skripsi:
Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Sastra dan Seni Rupa. Universitas Sebelas Maret.
Penelitian ini fokus pada analisis teknik dan kualitas penerjemahan dalam ujaran
langsung di komik anak dwibahasa Pinocchio.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui teknik dan kualitas penerjemahan
pada ujaran langsung dalam hal keakuratan, keberterimaan, dan keterbacaan.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif-kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan
dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data
dilakukan dengan analisis isi dan kuesioner. Dalam analisis isi, peneliti
mengumpulkan data dari komik dwibahasa anak. Total data adalah 135 data.
Penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner tertutup dan terbuka yang dikontribusikan
kepada rater.
Hasil dari analisis data menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Teknik penerjemahan yang
digunakan oleh penerjemah adalah 13 teknik, yaitu: terjemahan literal (88 data);
kompensasi (17 data); transposisi (16 data); adaptasi (15 data); peminjaman (11
data); kompresi linguistik (8 data); generalisasi (7 data); kesepadanan lazim (4
data); modulasi (3 data); partikularisasi (2 data); amplifikasi linguistik (1 data);
calque (1 data); dan reduksi (1 data). 2) Hasil dari keakuratan terjemahan
menunjukkan bahwa: 115 data (85,19%) adalah terjemahan yang akurat dan 20
data (14,81%) adalah terjemahan yang kurang akurat. Sementara itu, berhubungan
dengan aspek keberterimaan, hasil menunjukkan bahwa: 96 data (71,11%) adalah
terjemahan yang berterima, 38 data (28,15%) adalah terjemahan yang kurang
berterima, dan 1 data (0,74%) adalah terjemahan yang tidak berterima. Hasil dari
keterbacaan menunjukkan bahwa: 104 data (77,04%) dikategorikan sebagai
terjemahan yang terbaca dan 31 data (22,96%) dikategorikan sebagai terjemahan
yang kurang terbaca.
Dapat disimpulkan bahwa teknik penerjemahan yang digunakan oleh penerjemah
berdampak kepada hasil kualitas terjemahan. Di sisi lain, dalam menerjemahkan
komik dwibahasa anak harus memperhatikan latar belakang budaya dan
penggunaan bahasa dalam bahasa sasaran.

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