An Analysis of Word Shifts in Sherlock Holmes’ Movie Subtitle
AN ANALYSIS OF WORD SHIFTS IN SHERLOCK HOLMES’ MOVIE SUBTITLES
A THESIS
BY
ELISA HARI SEPTY SIMANJUNTAK Reg. No. 070705057
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to give my great thanks, praise and honor to my Holy Trinity God; The Almighty Father, Jesus Christ the one and only my Savior and The Holy Spirit for the blessings, love, mercy and guidance in whole of my life, so I can make myself through all of the crisis and obstacles.
I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Letters, Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. the head of English Department, Dr.Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. and the secretary of English Department Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum. I would like to thank my Academic Advisor Dra. Persadanta Br.Karo, M.Hum. the lecturers of English Department and also the lecturers from another department who had given me valuable knowledge during the years of my study. Thank you for everything I learned with.
I would like also give my thanks to my Supervisor Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dipl. TESOL., M.Hum. and my Co-supervisor Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl.Tran. M.Hum. for all the positive advises which been given to me and for all your valuable time during the process of writing this thesis. You make me know more about the knowledge within this thesis.
My special thanks are highly dedicated for my parents, my lovely father H.Simanjuntak who always there for me to give me love, support, advice and always be a best friend for me, my dear late mother S.Tarigan (+) I know you are happy to see me could finish this thesis. Still miss our precious moments in the past, and still cannot realize that you are not here anymore but I have to. I love you mother, all the best things I’ve done in my life is to make you happy and proud of me.
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My thanks also go to my family who give me supports and love, my lovely cousins, especially Intan Simanjuntak, Ferdian ‘lalyt’ Simanjuntak, Hendra Simanjuntak, Riana Simanjuntak, Andrew Sitompul, Sarmauli Simatupang, Ade Sitepu, Irfan Sitepu, Boy Sitepu and for ‘Amangboru’ Drs. B.Marpaung, thanks for becoming a friend of mine.
Thanks to all ‘my people’ who fill my world with full of colours, laughs and many precious experiences, my KOPI fellas, Marini Marpaung, Amd. Marco Panjaitan, Dina Ambarita, Glory Siregar, Rizky Panjaitan. my KOSMAS friends, dr. Eben Nezer Sembiring, Okta Sinuhaji, Imelia Lubis, Marina Sebayang, S.Farm, Jamin Sembiring, Amd. and Enda Ginting, my MMMM in ‘07 Nurianti ‘nunu’ Sitorus, Windy Sebayang, Bania Sembiring, Liana Li, Andric Affandy, Abrina Simanjuntak, Mita Tarigan, my Small Group, Shera Hutabarat, S.S. and Mia Tarigan. Thanks to the PNSSSI-B (Parsadaan Naposo Simanjuntak Sitolu Sada Ina–Boru & Bere) Medan, Rut Simanjuntak, Paulina Simanjuntak, Dewi Simanjuntak, Shamir Simanjuntak, Dedy Simanjuntak, Yanto Simanjuntak, Melda Simanjuntak and the entire member of ‘PNSSSI-B’.
To the IMSI’s people in ’07, especially Herlina Bancin, Yulietha Purba, Anna Saragih, Noni Sinaga, Debora Tambunan, Roma Manurung. Thanks for all my seniors, kakak dan abang stambuk ’04, ’05, ‘06 especially, Yakub Simanjuntak, S.S. Dhany Novi, S.S. Fifi Marpaung, S.S. Siska Ginting, S.S. and for all my juniors, stambuk ’08, ’09, ‘10 especially Frandy Sihombing, Petra Purba, Yova sianturi, Aprina Tarigan, Maria Silalahi. Thanks also for the ‘Bang Amran’ for giving me a helping hand.
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Life is about struggling; just keep on fire to reach the goals of life! God Bless us all forever!
Medan, February 2011
Elisa Hari Septy Simanjuntak Reg. No. 070705057
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ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul An Analysis of Word Shifts in Sherlock Holmes’ Movie Subtitle. Skripsi ini menganalisis pergeseran kata (word-shifts) yang terjadi pada teks film Sherlock Holmes dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Analisis ini bertujuan untuk menemukan pergeseran-pergeseran kata (word-shifts) dalam pengalihbahasaan teks film dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Teori yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasikan pergeseran tersebut ialah teori Catford tahun 1965 yang menyatakan pergeseran terjadi dalam unit bahasa dalam tataran manapun yang sesuai, dalam hal ini khusus menganalisis pergeseran dari kata ke dalam tataran lain. Data yang dianalisis dalam skripsi ini adalah teks film Sherlock Holmes, yaitu teks dalam bahasa Inggris dan teks bahasa Indonesia. Dari analisis yang telah dilakukan, ditemukan 130 pergeseran kata dengan 3 jenis pergeseran; 117 pergeseran dari kata ke frasa atau 90%, dan 13 pergeseran dari kata ke klausa atau 9,23 %, dan 1 pergeseran atau 0,77% dari kata ke kalimat. Dari analisis diketahui bahwa pergeseran kata (word-shifts) yang paling dominan terjadi pada pengalihbahasaan teks film tersebut adalah pergeseran kata ke frasa. Penemuan lain yang terdapat dari skripsi tersebut adalah terdapat 32 pergeseran dari adjektiva ke frasa, atau 24.7%, 16 pergeseran dari kata kerja ke frasa atau 12,13%, 48 pergeseran dari kata benda ke frasa atau 37.2%, 21 pergeseran dari kata keterangan ke frasa atau 16.16%, 6 pergeseran dari adjektiva ke klausa atau 4.4%, 4 pergeseran dari kata benda ke klausa atau 3.10%, 1 pergeseran dari kata kerja ke klausa atau 0.77%, 1 pergeseran dari kata keterangan ke klausa atau 0.77%, dan 1 adjektiva ke kalimat atau 0.77%, dan pergeseran yang paling dominan adalah dari kata benda ke frasa yaitu 48 pergeseran atau 37.2%.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i
ABSTRAK ... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Analysis ... 1
1.2 Scope of the Analysis. ... 4
1.3 Problems of the Analysis ... 4
1.4 Objectives of the Analysis ... 4
1.5 Significances of the Analysis ... 5
1.6 Review of Related Literature ... 5
CHAPTER II AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSLATION 2.1 The Definition of Translation ... 8
2.2 Function of Translation ... 9
2.3 Process of Translation ... 10
2.4 Types of Translation ... 11
2.5 Shifts ... 13
2.5.1 Level Shifts ... 13
2.5.2 Category Shifts ... 14
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2.5.2.2 Class-Shifts ... 14
2.5.2.3 Unit-Shifts ... 15
2.5.2.3.1 Word-Shifts ... 14
2.5.2.4 Intra-System-Shifts ... 14
2.6 Five Units of Ranks in English ... 16
2.7 Word Classes ... 17
2.7.1 Major Classes of Word ... 17
2.7.2 Minor Classes of Word ... 18
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Method ... 19
3.2 Data Collecting Method ... 19
3.3 Data Analysis Procedures ... 20
CHAPTER IV AN ANALYSIS OF WORD SHIFTS IN SHERLOCK HOLMES’ MOVIE SUBTITLES 4.1 Data of Analysis ... 21
4.2 Analysis of Result ... 36
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusion ... 40
5.2 Suggestions ... 41
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 42
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Adj Adjective
Adv Adverb
App Appendix
C Clause
DVD Digital Versatile Disc N Noun
P Phrasa S Sentence
SL Source Language
TL Target Language
V Verb
W Word
W-C Word(s) to Clause W-P Word(s) to Phrase W-S Word(s) to Sentence
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ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul An Analysis of Word Shifts in Sherlock Holmes’ Movie Subtitle. Skripsi ini menganalisis pergeseran kata (word-shifts) yang terjadi pada teks film Sherlock Holmes dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Analisis ini bertujuan untuk menemukan pergeseran-pergeseran kata (word-shifts) dalam pengalihbahasaan teks film dari bahasa Inggris ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Teori yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasikan pergeseran tersebut ialah teori Catford tahun 1965 yang menyatakan pergeseran terjadi dalam unit bahasa dalam tataran manapun yang sesuai, dalam hal ini khusus menganalisis pergeseran dari kata ke dalam tataran lain. Data yang dianalisis dalam skripsi ini adalah teks film Sherlock Holmes, yaitu teks dalam bahasa Inggris dan teks bahasa Indonesia. Dari analisis yang telah dilakukan, ditemukan 130 pergeseran kata dengan 3 jenis pergeseran; 117 pergeseran dari kata ke frasa atau 90%, dan 13 pergeseran dari kata ke klausa atau 9,23 %, dan 1 pergeseran atau 0,77% dari kata ke kalimat. Dari analisis diketahui bahwa pergeseran kata (word-shifts) yang paling dominan terjadi pada pengalihbahasaan teks film tersebut adalah pergeseran kata ke frasa. Penemuan lain yang terdapat dari skripsi tersebut adalah terdapat 32 pergeseran dari adjektiva ke frasa, atau 24.7%, 16 pergeseran dari kata kerja ke frasa atau 12,13%, 48 pergeseran dari kata benda ke frasa atau 37.2%, 21 pergeseran dari kata keterangan ke frasa atau 16.16%, 6 pergeseran dari adjektiva ke klausa atau 4.4%, 4 pergeseran dari kata benda ke klausa atau 3.10%, 1 pergeseran dari kata kerja ke klausa atau 0.77%, 1 pergeseran dari kata keterangan ke klausa atau 0.77%, dan 1 adjektiva ke kalimat atau 0.77%, dan pergeseran yang paling dominan adalah dari kata benda ke frasa yaitu 48 pergeseran atau 37.2%.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Analysis
There are so many languages around the world. Every language is unique; it is obviously different with any other languages. The diversity of the language can be a problem in the communication among countries, because every country has their own language. The problems need to be solved; translation is the way to solve the diversity of the language.
“Translation is the comprehension of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text, likewise called a "translation," that communicates the same message in another language. The text that is translated is called the source text, and the language that it is translated into is called the target language. The product is sometimes called the target text.” Accessed at: (http://en. Wikipedia. Org/wiki/translation/ June, 25th 2010; 08:00 PM).
According to Newmark (1988) “translation is a two-edged instrument: it has the special purpose of demonstrating the learner’s knowledge of foreign language….” Nida (1964) in Venuti (2000: 126) says that there can be no absolute correspondence between languages since no two languages are identical. Hence, it can be concluded that due to no two indistinguishable languages, shifts may occur in translation. It occurs in either translation or interpreting.
Catford in Venuti (2000: 41) states that shifts mean the departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL (Source Language) to TL (Target
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Language). Catford says that there are two major types of shifts occur. They are level shifts and category shifts.
Level shift is a shift from grammar to lexis. It means that a grammatical unit in English, such as noun, affixes, etc, has a lexical unit in Bahasa Indonesia as its translation equivalent (Machali, 1998: 14). For instance, Smith has started moving forward, and the translation Smith sudah mulai bergerak maju. The form ‘has’ as a unit in English grammar is translated into Bahasa Indonesia by the lexis ‘sudah’.
Category shift is about unbounded and rank-bounded translation. The first being approximately “normal” or “free” translation in which SL-TL equivalences is set up at whatever rank is appropriate. Usually, but not always, there is sentence-sentence equivalence, but in the course of a text, equivalences may shift up and down the rank scale, often being established at ranks lower than the sentence.
The analysis of this thesis is focused in the category shifts. The Category shifts consist of structure-shifts, class-shifts, unit-shifts, and intra-system-shifts. However, in order to avoid the excessive discussion of category shifts, the shift becoming the main focus is the word-shifts; it is one of the parts of the unit-shifts. Word-shift is about the changing of word from SL into other ranks in TL.
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2000:1551) defines that a word is a single unit of language which means something and can be spoken or written.
The source of the data in this thesis is the subtitles of the Sherlock Holmes’ movie, which is taken from the DVD. The Source Language (SL) of the movie subtitles is English and the Target Language (TL) is Bahasa Indonesia. The word shifts which occur in the subtitles from the movie will be analyzed in this thesis.
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An example of word shifts from the data:
SL (English)
Permission to enter………. N
TL (Bahasa Indonesia)
Meminta izin untuk memasuki………. P
The source data in this thesis is the subtitle of movie. “Subtitles are textual versions of the dialog in films and television programs, usually displayed at the bottom of the screen. They can either be a form of written translation of a dialog in a foreign language or a written rendering of the dialog in the same language, with or without added information to help viewers who are deaf and hard-of-hearing to follow the dialog or for the people.” Accessed at: (http://en. Wikipedia. Org/wiki/subtitle/ October, 20th 2010; 08:30 PM).
The movie entitled Sherlock Holmes, it is an action mystery film based on the character of the same name created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the story of Sherlock Holmes are written by Lionel Wigram and Michael Robert Johnson and then the screenplay are written by Michael Robert Johnson, Anthony Peckham and Simon Kinberg. The movie was released in Indonesia on December 27th, 2009 and was directed by Guy Ritchie.
The reason of choosing the data is the writer wants to analyze the word-shifts which occur in the translation product from the subtitles of the movie. Because the
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writer found that it is quite rarely to be analyzed by any research in English Department in University of Sumatera Utara. Especially the word-shifts which occur in the movie subtitle as the subject matter; it has never been touched.
1.2 Scope of the Analysis.
Based on the background above, the scope of analysis of this thesis is focused on the unit-shifts in rank changing of word in SL into other ranks in the TL. The data that will be analyzed is the subtitles of Sherlock Holmes movie in a DVD.
1.3 Problems of the Analysis
The Problems of the Analysis of this thesis are:
1. What are the profiles of word-shifts found in Sherlock Holmes movie Subtitles?
2. What is the most dominant word-shifts occurred in the subtitles of Sherlock Holmes movie?
1.4 Objectives of the Analysis
The objectives of the Analysis in this thesis are:
1. To analyze the profile of the unit-shifts found in the subtitles of Sherlock Holmes movie.
2. To figure out the most dominant changing rank of word found in Sherlock Holmes movie subtitles.
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1.5 Significances of the Analysis
Theoretically, this thesis can lead the readers or the students of English Department especially who are interested in Translation studies in expanding the knowledge of the Translation studies.
Practically, this thesis can be used in order to know how the way to understand the process of translation when the readers watch movie, and also for the translator in practicing the translation.
1.6 Review of Related Literature
These are some references related to translation shifts as so as to support this analysis.
Anesthasia (2009) in Unit Shifts in the Interpreting of Reverend’s English Sermon into Bahasa Indonesia. The thesisDiscusses about the changes rank in unit-shifts found in the interpreting of Reverend’s sermon and the most dominant change rank of unit-shifts which occurred in the interpreting of Reverend’s sermon. From the thesis, she found out there 158 unit shifts containing 8 types rank changes, namely the changes from word(s) to phrase (W-P), word(s) to clause (W-C), phrase to word(s) (P-W), phrase to clause (P-C), phrase to sentence (P-S), clause to sentence (C-S), sentence to phrase (S-P), clause to sentence (C-S), sentence to phrase (S-P), sentence to clause (S-C). There are 23 changes from word(s) to phrase or 14.56%, 45 word(s) to clause or 28.48%, 75 changes from phrase to word(s) or 47.47%, 8 changes from
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phrase to clause or 5.06%, 3 phrase to sentence or 1.9%, 1 clause to sentence or 0.63%, 1 sentence to phrase or 0.63% and 2 sentence to clause or 1.27%.
Ginting (2008) in An Analysis of Grammatical Unit Shifts in the Translation of Agatha Christie’s “Why They didn’t Ask Evans” into “Pembunuh di Balik Kabut” by Mareta. This thesis discuss about the grammatical changes in unit-shifts which found in the translation of Agatha’s Christie’s “Why They didn’t Ask Evans” into its translation in “Pembunuh di Balik Kabut” by Mareta. She found out there are 34 shifts in the level of morpheme or 5,1% from the total unit shifts of all levels. The unit shifts from the morpheme level to the other levels (the shifts in the level of morpheme) occur only to word level with 29 shifts (85,3%) and to phrase level with 5 shifts (14,7%). In the level of word there are 213 shifts (31,9%), 5 shifts (2,3%) to morpheme level, 202 shifts (94,8%) to phrase level, 5 shifts (2,3%) to clause level and 1 shifts (0,5%) to sentence level. Referring to the unit shifts in the level of phrase, there are 295 shifts (15,4%) occur, 284 shifts (96,3%) to word level, 7 shifts (2,4%) to clause level, and 4 shifts (1,3%) to sentence level. There are 103 shifts (15,4%) in the level of clause, with 33 shifts (32%) to word level, 18 shifts (17,5%) to phrase level, and 52 shifts (50,5%) to sentence level. Finally in the level of sentence there are 23 shifts (3,4%) with 10 shifts (43,5%) to word level and 11 shifts (47,8%) to phrase level, and 2 shifts (8,7%) to sentence level.
Pasaribu (2009) in Functional Shifts in the Translation of “Guidelines For The Better Management Practices on Avoidance, Mitigation, and Management of Human – Orangutan Conflict in and Around Oil Palms Plantations” in Bahasa Indonesia,
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discusses one of the subs of category shifts, namely functional shifts. She found that there are shifts of word functional happens in the book of “Guidelines For The Better Management Practices on Avoidance, Mitigation, and Management of Human – Orangutan Conflict in and Around Oil Palms Plantations”. The shifts are from 1. Noun to Verb, 2. Verb to Adjective, 3. Verb to Noun, 4. Verb to Adverb, 5. Adjective to Verb, 6. Adjective to Adverb.
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CHAPTER II
AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSLATION
2.1 The Definition of Translation
As it is stated in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2000:1438) Translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language. Wiratno (2003) says that translation is a process of transferring message from SL into TL. SL or Source Language is an origin language which is translated, while TL or Target Language is a final language which is used to express the result of translation. He states the previous statement in his book:
“Penerjemahan ialah proses pengalihan pesan dari bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran. Bahasa sumber adalah bahasa asal yang diterjemahkan, sedangkan bahasa sasaran adalah bahasa target yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan hasil terjemahan.”
But the definition of translation is not that simple. There are so many definitions about translation from many experts. They define the definitions about translation in many ways.
According to Catford (1965:20), “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)” and Nida (1969:12) states that translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style. The definition of translation from the expert is not limited only on Catford’s and Nida’s point of view. There are several definitions stated by some experts.
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However, translation deals with the meaning. Translation with correct structure is useless without the meaning. Larson (1984:3) states that translation means transferring the meaning of the source language into receptor language. And Newmark states a further view towards the transferring meaning in a translation. As he says (1988:5), Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.
Moreover, translation also deals with culture aspects. Kridalaksana, an expert in translation theory states on his book (1983:128), “Terjemahan adalah pengalihan amanat antarbudaya dan/atau antarbahasa dalam tataran gramatikal dan leksikal dengan maksud, efek atau ujud yang sedapat mungkin tetap dipertahankan.” In brief, his view about translation is a transferring message among cultures and languages.
2.2 Function of Translation
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2000:546), Function is a special activity or purpose of a person or thing. Basically, the special purpose or function of translation is as a medium of communications. As Duff (1989:5) says, “As a process of communication, translation functions as the medium ‘across the linguistic and cultural barriers’ in conveying the message written in the foreign languages.” In other words, the function of translation is a medium or a means to carry the message from the SL to TL. And it is very helpful for people which come from around the world in communication to each other.
As Nida (1981:2) states, “Translation means communication because it has three essential elements to form a process of communication. The three essential
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elements are source, message, and receptor, and these elements must be found in all communication activities”. In brief that, translation is a means in communication, that has source, message, and receptor which must be found in all communication activities.
2.3 Process of Translation
Nida and Taber (1969) in Munday (2001:40) divide the process of translating into three stages system: 1) analysis of message in the SL; 2) transfer, and; 3) reconstruction of the transferred message in the TL. This process is described in the following figure.
A (Source Language) B (Receptor Language)
(Analysis) (Restructuring)
X (Transfer) Y
Figure 1
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From the diagram, we can see that the source language is analyzing the grammatical relationship and the meaning of words and its combination. Then it transferred the meaning from SL into TL. The Reconstruction phase is the phase where the translator rewrites or re-expresses the materials in such a way that the translation product is readable and acceptable in terms of rules and styles in the TL.
Furthermore, Nababan (2003:25), he writes that “Proses penerjemahan terdiri atas tiga tahap, yaitu 1) analisis teks bahasa sumber (Bsu), 2) pengalihan pesan, 3) restrukturisasi.” The process of translation have three steps, those are 1) the analysis of the source language (SL), 2) transferring the message, 3) restructuring.
2.4 Types of Translation
Brislin (1976: 3-4) states that: according to the purpose, translation can be divided into four types:
(a) pragmatic,
Pragmatic translation is the translation of a message with an interest in accuracy of the information meant to be communicated in the target language form. Belonging to such translation is the translation of technical information, such as repairing instructions.
(b)aesthetic-poetic,
The second type is aesthetic-poetic translation that does not only focus on the information, but also the emotion, feeling, beauty involved in the original writing. (c) ethnographic,
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The third is ethnographic translation that explicates the cultural context of the source and second language versions.
(d)linguistic translation
The last type is linguistic translation, the one that is concerned with equivalent meanings of the constituent morphemes of the second language and with grammatical form. Seen from this classification, the translation of literary work should be the aesthetic-poetic one.
Otherwise, Jakobson (1969) in Venuti (2000:114) states that the kind of translation is divided into three differently labeled:
1. Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language.
For instance: Charles dickens’ Animal Farm is rewording into children language version but still in English.
2. Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language.
For instance: a text in Indonesian language is translated into English.
A novel by Andrea Hirata, Laskar Pelangi has been translated into English become “The Rainbow Troops”.
3. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems.
For instance: if we see one symbol on the road, which picture is a spoon and a fork, it means that we will find a restaurant not too far from the road.
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2.5 Shifts
Catford (1965) in Venuti (2000:141) states that shifts are departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL (source language) to the TL (target language). He also states that shifts divided into two major types, those are; level shift and category shift.
2.5.1 Level Shifts
As Catford (1965) in Venuti (2000:141) states “Level shifts. By a shift of level we mean that a SL item at one Linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level”. It means that a grammatical unit in English, such as noun, affixes, etc, has a lexical unit in Bahasa Indonesia (Machali 1998:14). The followings are the examples of level shifts:
1. (a) Mary pun tidak mau membeli ketiga benda tersebut.
(b) Even Mary does not want to buy those three things.
2. (a) Boni has sold his motorcycle, because he needs some money. (b) Boni sudah menjual sepeda motornya, karena dia butuh uang.
In example (1), we can see that a unit (morpheme) in Bahasa Indonesia
grammar‘pun’ is translated into ‘even’ a lexis in English. And also in example (2), it can be seen that in English if ‘have’ comes together with past participle of ‘sell’. The form ‘have + past participle’ in English is translated into ‘sudah’, a lexis in Bahasa Indonesia.
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2.5.2 Category Shifts
The second types of shift, is category shift, it is referred to unbounded and
rank-bound translation. Unbounded translation means that translation equivalences may occur between sentences, clauses, groups, words and morphemes. While the term rank-bound translation only to refer to those special cases where equivalence is limited to ranks below the sentence.
2.5.2.1 Structure-Shifts
Structure shift is about the changing of grammatical between the structure of the SL and the TL, because of the structure of the SL and TL is not correspondent. For Example:
The form of the noun phrase of SL is Modifier-Head, while the form of the noun phrase of TL is Head-Modifier.
new car → mobil baru
Adj N N Adj
2.5.2.2 Class-Shifts
Class Shifts is about when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a component of a different class in TL. For instance:
a. a medical student Adj. N
b. mahasiswa kedokteran
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2.5.2.3 Unit-Shifts
Unit shifts is about to changes of rank. In which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL.
For example:
Shift from phrase to word The Lord → Tuhan
P W
2.5.2.3.1 Word-Shifts
Word shifts is a part of unit-shifts, it is about the changes from word in the SL or Source Language into another ranks in TL or Target Language.
For Example:
Shift from word (Adj.) to phrase
What about a complete stranger? → Bagaimana dengan orang asing?
Adj. P
2.5.2.4 Intra-System-Shifts
Intra system shifts is the last shifts, intra system shifts is about the shifts which occur along with the names of the types of shift affecting the other fundamental categories of grammar-unit, structure and class.
For example:
a. a pair of trousers N (plural) b. sebuah celana
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2.6 Five Units of Ranks in English
Morley (2000:23-24) identifies five grammatical units representing ranks in English: sentence, clause, group (or phrase), word, and morpheme.
1) Sentence
Sentence is a set of words expressing a statement, a question, or an order, usually containing a subject and a verb. (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2000:1212))
E.g. ‘Ferdian went to the Hospital last Thursday’ 2) Clause
Clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb, and forms a sentence or part of a sentence. (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2000:228))
E.g. ‘We cannot start while it is raining’ the clause is while it is raining
3) Group (Phrase)
Group (phrase) is a group of words without a finite verb, especially one that forms part of a sentence. (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2000:988)) E.g. ‘There came a giant to my door’ the phrase is my door
4) Word
Word is a single unit of language which means something can be spoken or written. (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2000:1551))
E.g. ‘eat’ 5) Morpheme
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Morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning that a word can be divided into. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2000:862)
E.g. the suffix ‘dom’ in the word ‘freedom’ indicates that the word is a noun in English.
2.7 Word Classes
Kaplan (1989:108) divides word classes into two groups: major and minor. The major classes include nouns, verbs, adjective and adverbs. The minor classes include pronoun, preposition, conjunction and interjection. Therefore the discussion of word-shifts will be focused on the major classes of word since the possibility to identify word-shifts is larger than the minor classes of word.
2.7.1 Major Classes of Word
The major classes of word include noun, verb, adjective and adverb. Followings are the description of the major classes of words by Wren and Martin (1975:4):
a. Noun
A word used as the name of a person, place, or thing. Example: king, sun, rose.
b. Verb
A word used to say something about some person, place, or thing. Example: wrote, jump, drive.
(27)
A word used to add something to the meaning of a noun. Example: brave, beautiful, lazy.
d. Adverb
A word used to add something to the meaning of verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Example: tomorrow, quickly, this afternoon.
2.7.2 Minor Classes of Word
The minor classes of word are pronoun, preposition, conjunction and interjection.
a. Pronoun
A word used instead of a noun. Example: he, she, it.
b. Preposition
A word used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else.
Example: in, of, under. c. Conjunction
A word used to join words or sentences. Example: and, but, although.
d. Interjection
A word which expression some sudden feeling. Example: Hurrah!, Alas!, Ohh!.
(28)
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Method
The analysis in this thesis uses library research. Some related references, such books and DVD, are used to support the theory. The data are collected from DVD containing the subtitles of Sherlock Holmes Movie.
This analysis deals with descriptive qualitative method. It refers to a research explaining the analysis or a hypothesis of a research. The formula dealing with calculating data is only used to support the analysis the data. The formula is not intended to be the main focus on the research. Nazir (1998: 64) says that descriptive method is a method of research that makes the description of the situation of event or occurrence. So, this method only performs the more basic accumulative data. Therefore, descriptive design is a research design which is intended only to describe the variable.
3.2 Data Collecting Method
The data are gathered by transcript the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes movie, the Source Language (SL) is English and the Target Language (TL) is Bahasa Indonesia. The length of the movie is about 2 hours 1 minute.
(29)
3.3 Data Analysis Procedures
Followings are the steps done in collecting and analyzing the data: 1. Obtaining the texts from the subtitles of the DVD.
2. Comparing the transformed texts, the movie subtitle in English text (SL) and its translation in Bahasa Indonesia (TL).
3. Contrasting the words in SL and TL in order to figure out the word-shifts. 4. Listing the word-shifts as data findings.
5. Finding out the most dominant word-shifts occurred in the subtitles of the movie.
Calculating the data by applying Butler’s formula (1985) of simple statistical analysis in percentage by using Educational Statistic:
N : Number of word-shifts
ΣN : Total number of word-shifts N X 100 %
(30)
CHAPTER IV
AN ANALYSIS OF WORD SHIFTS IN SHERLOCK HOLMES’ MOVIE SUBTITLES
4.1 Data of Analysis
Table 1 : Data of Analysis NO.
DATA
SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT
WORD SHIFTS
1.
Sherlock holmes and his loyal dog…… Adj.
(app. 10.a)
Sherlock Holmes dan anjingnya
yang setia….. P
(app.10.b)
W – P
2.
……we've one for the doctor and one for the rope.
N (app.20.a)
…..kita punya satu untuk dokter dan satu untuk tali gantungan.
P (app.20.b)
W – P
3.
This woman needs a hospital immediately. N
(app.21.a)
Wanita ini harus dibawa ke rumah sakit segera.
P (app.21.b)
W – P
4.
……the girl’s parents hired me….. V
(app.25.a)
…..orangtua gadis itu yang menyewaku….
P (app.25.b)
W – P
5. …..that was gunfire! N (app.33.a)
…..itu suara tembakan!
P (app.33.b)
W – P
6. I smell gunpowder…… N
(app.42.a)
Aku mencium bau mesiu….
P (app.42.b)
(31)
7.
Permission to enter N
the armory. (app.45.a)
Meminta izin untuk P
memasuki gudang senjata.
(app.45.b)
W – P
8.
Permission to enter the armory. N (app.45.a)
Meminta izin untuk
memasuki gudang senjata.
P (app.45.b)
W – P
9. ……the absentee landlady…. N
(app.56.a)
……induk semang yang
menghilang…… P
(app.56.b)
W – P
10.
……the absentee landlady…… N
(app.56.a)
.…..induk semang yang
P
menghilang……
(app.56.b)
W – P
11. Absolutely. Adv. (app.67.a)
Tentu saja. P (app.68.b)
W – P
12. Dinner? N (app.68.a)
Makan malam? P
(app.68.b)
W – P
13. You wear a jacket. V
(app.79.a)
Kau yang pakai jaket.
P (app.79.b)
W – P
14 You're early. Adj. (app.80.a)
Kau datang lebih awal.
S (app.80.b)
W – S
15. Fashionably. Adv. (app.81.a)
Penuh gaya. P (app.81.b)
W – P
16. ….a decorated soldier…. Adj.
(app.90.a2)
…..prajurit yang diberikan
penghargaan…. C
(app.90.b2)
(32)
17.
…..ahh! a stub from a N
boxing match…. (app.90.a3)
….ahh! potongan kertas
P
dari pertandingan tinju.... (app.90.b3)
W – P
18.
…..what about a complete stranger?... N (app.94.a1) …bagaimana dengan orang asing?.... P (94.b1)
W – P
19.
….what can you tell about V
me? (app.94.a2)
….apa yang bisa kau
P
katakan tentang aku?
(94.b2)
W – P
20.
You are a governess. N (app.100.a)
Kau guru pribadi.
P (app.100.b)
W – P
21.
….he flicked ink at you today.
Adv. (app.105.a)
…dia menumpahkan tinta padamu hari ini.
P (app.105.b)
W – P
22.
…..India blue is almost impossible to wash off… Adj.
(app.108.a1)
….tinta India biru sangat
susah dicuci…. P
(app.108.b1)
W – P
23.
…..you spent some time abroad……
Adv. (app.108.a2)
…..kau pernah ke luar
negeri…… P
(app.108.b2)
W – P
24. ……wearing it proudly…… Adj. (app.108.a3) …. Memakainya dengan bangga….. P (app.108.b3)
(33)
25.
……for a better prospect….. Adj.
(app.108.a4)
…..untuk tujuan yang lebih
baik….. C
(app.108.b4)
W – C
26.
……first, distract target….. V (app.113.a1) …..pertama, alihkan perhatian sasaran… P (app.113.b1)
W – P
27. …..discombobulate…. V (app.113.a2) .…dengungkan telinga….. P
(app.113.b2) W – P
28.
Take this man to the infirmary now!... N
(app.116.a)
Bawa dia ke rumah sakit
P
sekarang!... (app.116.b)
W – P
29.
…….Watson, this is exceptional…… Adj.
(app.118.a)
…..Watson, ini luar biasa…..
Phrase
(app.118.b) W – P
30.
Excellent question….. Adj.
(app.120.a)
Pertanyaan yang bagus….
P (app.120.b)
W – P
31.
…..so I made your customary bet…. Adj.
(app.122.a1)
….jadi aku memasang taruhanmu yang biasa…
P (app.122.b1)
W – P
32.
….I'll keep it with your checkbook,….
N (app.122.a2)
….aku akan simpan ini bersama dengan buku
cekmu,… Phrase (122.b2)
W – P
33.
…..otherwise we were Adv.
going to
have a riot on our hands…. (app.135.a1)
….jika tidak akan terjadi
P
kerusuhan di sini…
(app.135.b1)
(34)
34.
….he has a peculiar Adj. effect…..
(app.135.a2)
…..dia memiliki efek yang
aneh…… P
(app.135.b2)
W – P
35.
…..and his seat and great Adj. authority.
(app.138.a)
….dan takhtanya dan kekuasaanya yang besar.
P (app.138.b)
W – P
36.
…..with some interest….. N (app.142.a)
…..dengan rasa ingin tau….
C (app.142.b)
W – C
37.
….that anything earthly led us to this moment… V
(app.147.a)
….bahwa hal-hal duniawi yang
membawa kita ke saat ini… P
(app.147.b)
W – P
38.
…..could have caught you sooner…. Adj. (app.148.a) …..bisa menangkapmu lebih cepat…… P (app.148.b)
W - P
39.
….called to serve a greater Adj. purpose…..
(app.149.a)
…..dipanggil untuk melayani, sebuah tujuan yang lebih
hebat…. P
(app.149.b)
W – P
40.
….then you too could serve a greater purpose…. Adj.
(app.150.a)
…..maka dengan begitu kematianmu juga untuk tujuan yang lebih hebat….
P (app.150.b)
W – P
41.
…..five innocent young Adj.
women….. (app.158.a)
….lima wanita muda tak bersalah….
P (app.158.b)
W - P
42.
…..in the winter…… Adv. (app.161.a1)
….pada saat musim dingin……
P (app.161.b1)
(35)
43.
….and missing naval Adj.
documents….. (app.161.a2)
…..dan dokumen angkatan laut yang hilang……
P (app.161.b2)
W – P
44.
…..and missing naval Adj. documents…… (app.161.a2)
…..dan dokumen angkatan
laut yang hilang….. P
(app.161.b2)
W – P
45.
…..is that the Maharaja's missing diamond?.... Adj.
(app.164.a)
…..apakah itu intan Maharaja yang hilang?....
P (app.164.b)
W – P
46.
Let's not dwell on the past…… Adv. (app.165.a) Jangan membicarakan masa lalu…… P (app.165.b)
W – P
47.
Should I answer chronologically….. Adv.
(app.168.a1)
Apa aku harus menjawab
secara kronologis….. P
(app.168.b1)
W – P
48.
….or alphabetically? Adv. (app.168.a2)
….atau secara alphabet?
P (app.168.b2)
W – P
49.
…..on this lethal envelope…. Adj.
(app.169.a)
….di amplop yang
mematikan ini…. P
(app.169.b)
W – P
50.
….he's essential to my Adj.
Plan. (app.175.a)
….dia sangat penting
P
untuk rencanaku.
(app 175.b.)
W – P
51.
…..are you a masochist? N (app.179.a)
….apa kau suka
menderita? P (app.179.b)
(36)
52.
…..you obviously not Adv. her type. (app.188.a)
….kau sudah jelas bukan
P
tipenya.
(app.188.b)
W – P
53.
It's more than a technicality….. N
(app.192.a1)
Ini lebih dari masalah
teknis….. P
(app.192.b1)
W – P
54.
….you are
misrepresenting….. V
(app.192.a2)
….kau salah mengartikan……
P
(app.192.b2) W – P
55.
That's the Irene I knew. V (app.210.a)
Itu baru Irene yang
pernah kukenal. C
(app.210.b)
W – C
56. Most engaging. Adj. (app226.a.) Sangat menarik. P
(app.226.b) W – P
57.
Groundkeeper claims N
he saw Blackwood walking…..
(app.229.a)
Penjaga makam P
mengaku dia telah melihat blackwood berjalan…..
(app.229.b)
W – P
58.
Have the newspapers N got wind of it yet? (app.234.a)
Apa surat kabar sudah
P
mendengar berita ini?
(app.234.b)
W – P
59. Certainly. Adv. (app.236.a) Tentu saja. P (app.236.b)
W – P
60.
…..done a magnificent job…. Adj.
(app.243.a)
…..melakukan pekerjaan yang
bagus….. P
(app.243.b)
(37)
61.
…smashed open from the inside…..
Adv. (app.247.a)
dihancurkan dari bagian
dalam
…..
P(app.247.b)
W – P
62.
….what of the coffin? N (app.248.a)
…..bagaimana dengan peti matinya?
P (app.248.b)
W – P
63.
……and you bring that coffin up now!
N (app.255.a)
….dan angkat peti mati
P
itu sekarang juga!
(app.255.b)
W – P
64.
He had no pulse. N (app.259.a)
Denyut nadinya tidak
P
ada.
(app.259.b)
W – P
65.
Adler’s dwarf. N (app.264.a)
Orang cebolnya adler. P
(264.b)
W – P
66.
…..is theoretically Adv. possible. (app.274.a)
……secara teori memang
P
mungkin.
(app.274.b)
W – P
67.
and I have some change….. N (app.315.a)
dan aku masih punya
uang kembalian….. P
(app.315.b)
W – P
68.
More importantly….. Adv.
(app.325.a)
Lebih penting lagi…. P
(app.325.b) W – P
69. …… hydrated V rhododendron. (app.327.a) ……rhododendron yang dikeringkan. P (app.327.b)
(38)
70.
Otherwise, he'd still Adv.
be alive. (app.331.a)
Kalau tidak, dia pasti P
masih hidup.
(app.331.b)
W – P
71.
……is it candy floss? molasses?...
N (app.333.a)
…..permen kapas? Gula
bakar?... P
(app.333.b)
W – P
72.
Watson, what have you V done?
(app.342.a)
Watson, apa yang telah
P
kau lakukan?
(app.342.b)
W – P
73.
….I am psychologically Adv. disturbed.
(app.345.a)
….aku secara pisikologis
P
terganggu.
(app.345.b)
W – P
74.
You're overtired
.
Adj. (app.364.a)Kau terlalu capek.
P
(app.364.b) W – P
75.
…..we could throw a lamb on N the spit.
(app.368.a)
….kita bisa melempar anak domba ke
P
panggangan. (app.368.b)
W – P
76.
…..you get bail by N breakfast… (app.380.a)
……kamu dapat
uang jaminan sebelum P
sarapan….
(app.380.b)
W – P
77.
……you'd have made an excellent criminal. Adj.
(app.387.a)
……kau bias
menjadi penjahat yang
hebat. P
(app.387.b)
W – P
78.
The only baker to use a N
certain….. (app.379.a1)
Satu-satunya pembuat
roti yang memakai…. P
(app.379.b1
(39)
79.
…..in whose headquarters N
we now sit… (app.379.a2)
….tempat dimana kita duduk adalah markas
besarnya…. P
(app.379.b2)
W – P
80.
Be as skeptical as you Adj.
like….. (app.382.a)
kau boleh merasa skeptis…
P
(app.385.b)
W – P
81.
You have the same irises……
N
(app.389.a)
Selaput pelangi kalian P
sama…..
(app.389.b)
W – P
82.
…..whoever killed V Reordan….. (app.404.a)
…siapapun yang membunuh
P
Reordan…..
(app.404.b)
W – P
83.
You decide…. V (app.408.a)
Kau yang memutuskan...
P (app.408.b)
W – P
84.
Never Adv. (app.410.a)
Tidak akan pernah C
(app.410.b)
W – C
85.
Naturally, sir. Adv.
(app.412.a)
Tentu saja, pak. P
(app.412.b)
W – P
86.
And chambermaids N
were once such a liberal breed. (app.415.a)
Padahal dulu wanita
pembersih kamar sangat C
terbuka.
(app.415.b)
W – C
87.
I've checked everything, V
sir……. (app.417.a1)
Kami sudah memeriksa
P
Semuanya pak….
(app.417.b1)
(40)
88.
….so, body in the bathtub….. N
(app.417.a2)
Jadi, mayat di bak mandi…..
P
(app.417.b2) W – P
89.
…..I cannot
make bricks without N
clay. (app.422.a)
….aku tidak bisa membuat batu
bata tanpa tanah liat. P
(app.422.b)
W – P
90.
……excellent Adj. work. (app.426.a)
…..kerja yang bagus.
P
(app.426.b) W – P
91.
….to create a new future…. Adv. (app.430.a)
….untuk menciptakan masa
depan baru…. P
(app.430.b)
W – P
92.
…..it's not a butcher….. N
(app.442.a1)
….dia bukan tukang
daging……. P
(app.442.b1)
W – P
93.
…..coal,river silt….. N
(app.442.a2)
……batu bara, lumpur
P
sungai……
(app.442.b2)
W – P
94.
…..Woolwich arsenal, N
limehouse chemical works….. (app.448.a)
……gudang Senjata
P
Woolwich, perusahaan kimia…..
(app.448.b)
W – P
95. …..Queen's Heights slaughterhouse….. N (app.452.a) …...Rumah jagal P Queen... (app.452.b)
W – P
96.
More the coal doctor! N
(app.456.a)
Tambah batu baranya,
P
dokter!
(app.456.b)
(41)
97.
…..at midday, Adv.
the world as you know it will end.
(app.473.a)
….pada tengah hari,
P
dunia yang kau kenal akan berakhir.
(app.473.b)
W – P
98.
…..a warrant for N
your arrest, sir…. (app.495.a)
…..surat perintah untuk
P
menangkapmu pak…..
(app.495.b)
W – P
99.
….he's in Scotland Yard's mortuary…..
N (app.499.a)
….dia di kamar mayat
P
Scotland Yard….
(app.499.b)
W – P
100.
The surgeon should be N
along shortly…. (app.503.a)
Dokter bedah akan P
segera datang….
503(app.4.b)
W – P
101.
…this is not your responsibility…. N
(app.506.a)
….ini bukan tanggung
jawabmu…. P
(app.506.b)
W – P
102.
Familiar artwork…. N (app.508.a)
Karya seni yang tidak
asing…. C
(app.508.b)
W – C
103.
Familiar artwork….. Adj.
(app.508.a)
Karya seni yang tidak…. P
asing. (app.508.b) W – P
104.
….the weak Adj.
masses a strong shepherd…. (app.529.a)
Masa yang lemah
P
seorang gembala yang kuat….
(app.529.b)
W - P
105.
…..the weak masses a strong shepherd…. Adj.
(app.529.a)
…..masa yang lemah seorang gembala yang kuat….
P (app.529.b)
(42)
106.
….a small bandage on your thumb…… N
(app.531.a1)
….pembalut kecil di ibu
jarimu….. P
(app.531.b1)
W – P
107.
…less than an hour ago…. Adv. (app.531.a2)
…kurang dari sejam yang
lalu…… P
(app.531.b2)
W – P
108.
…you would have made a valuable ally….
Adj. (app.532.a)
….kau bisa saja menjadi sekutu yang sangat
berharga….. C
(app.532.b)
W – C
109.
Technically, that isn't Adj.
the top window….. (app.535.a)
Secara teknis itu bukan P
jendela atas…..
(app.535.b.)
W – P
110.
…..dead rat at the slaughterhouse…. N
(app.549.a1)
….bangkai tikus di rumah
jagal…. P
(app.549.b1)
W - P
111.
….and the faintest smell of bitter almonds….
Adj.
(app.549.a2)
…dan aroma almond
yang pahit…. P
(app.549.b2)
W – P
112.
….the boundaries of this great Adj. empire.
(app.555.a)
…..perbatasan kerajaan
yang hebat ini. P (app.555.b)
W – P
113. It's specifically Adv. designed… (app.557.a) Dirancang secara khusus …… P (app.557.b)
(43)
114. …..indestructible and Adj. eternal. (app.560.a) …..tidak dapat
dihancurkan dan abadi. C
(app.560.b)
W – C
115.
….a controlled V explosion. (app.563.a)
…..ledakan yang terarah.
P
(app.563.b) W – P
116.
…..the simplest Adj.
involves paying people off. (app.578.a)
……yang paling mudah adalah
C
menyuap orang.
(app.578.b)
W – C
117.
Arranging for your father to drown in his
own bathtub……. N
(app.580.a1)
Mengatur agar ayahmu tenggelam di bak
mandinya sendiri….. P
(app.580.b1)
W – P
118.
….some unfortunate Adj. amphibian…. (app.580.a2)
…beberapa ampfibi yang
malang…. P
(app.580.b2)
W – P
119.
…with an unusual pink Adj.
issue….. (app.580.a3)
….dengan warna merah muda
yang tidak biasa…… C
(app.580.b3)
W – C
120.
….a simple rigged bullet in his gun, ingenious….. Adj. (app.580.a4)
….peluru jebakan di dalam senjatanya, sangat
cerdik…. P
(app.580.b4)
W – P
121.
….a chemical weapon distilled from cyanide…. V
(app.580.a5)
….senjata kimia yang
disuling dari sianida…. P
(app.580.b5)
(44)
122.
….from
here to the rope. N (app.583.a)
…..dari sini menuju tali
gantungan.
P (app.583.b)
W – P
123.
….I put the
notebooks in this one, N
sir.
(app.596.a)
….aku menaruh
buku catatan di sini pak. P
(app.596.b)
W – P
124.
……suicide is not in his V
Repertoire... (app.605.a)
…dia tak mungkin bunuh
diri P
(app.605.b)
W – P
125.
…attached it to a harness N (app.611.a)
…menyambungnya ke alat
pengaman tubuh…. C
(app.611.b)
W – C
126.
….Blackwood's lack of pulse.
N
(app.617.a)
……detak nadi
P
Blackwood yang berhenti.
(app. 617.b)
W – P
127.
…there is a toxin refined V from the nectar of the rhododendron ponticum. (app.618.a)
…ada sebuah racun yang
dimurnikan dari nectar P
Rhododendron Ponticum.
(app.6018.b)
W – P
128.
….he's seen far worse. Adj. (app.622.a)
....kondisinya pernah lebih
parah daripada ini. P
(app.622.b)
(45)
4.2 Analysis of Result
It is figured out from the data of analysis that there are 128 word-shifts containing 3 types of rank changes namely, the changes from word(s) to phrase (W-P), word(s) to clause (W-C), and word(s) to sentence (W-S).
Table 2 : Kinds of Word-shifts
No.
Kinds of
Word-Shifts
No. Data Total Percentage
1. W – P
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128.
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2. W – C
16, 25, 36, 55, 84, 86, 102, 108, 114, 116, 119, 125.
12 9.37%
3. W – S 14 1 0.83%
Total 128 100 %
It is figured out from the data of analysis that there are 128 word-shifts containing 3 types of rank changes namely, the changes from word(s) to phrase (W-P), word(s) to clause (W-C), and word(s) to sentence (W-S). There are 116 changes from word(s) to phrase or 89.8%, 12 changes from word(s) to Clause or 9.37%, and 1 change from word to Sentence or 0.83%.
Another findings from the data, that there are 32 changes from adjective to phrase, or 24.7%, 16 changes from verb to phrase or 12,13%, 48 changes from noun to phrase or 37.2%, 21 changes from adverb to phrase or 16.16%, 6 changes from adjective to clause or 4.4%, 4 changes from noun to clause or 3.10%, 1 change from verb to clause or 0.77%, 1 change from adverb to clause or 0.77%, and 1 adjective to sentence or 0.77%.
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Table 3 : Distribution of word-shifts
No.
Kinds of Major
Word
No. Data Total Percentage
1. Adj. – P
1, 22, 24, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 56, 60, 74, 77, 80, 90, 103, 104, 105, 109, 111, 112, 118, 120, 128.
32 24.7%
2. N – P
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 17, 18, 20, 28, 32, 51, 53, 57, 58, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 71, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 106, 110, 117, 122, 123, 125, 126.
48 37.2%
3. V – P
4, 13, 19, 26, 27, 37, 54, 69, 72, 82, 83, 87, 115, 121, 124, 127.
16 12.13%
4. Adv. – P
11, 15, 21, 23, 33, 42, 46, 47, 48, 52, 59, 61, 66, 68, 70, 73, 85, 91, 97, 107, 113.
21 16.16%
5. Adj. – C 16, 25, 108, 114, 116, 119. 6 4.4%
(48)
7. V – C 55 1 0.77%
8. Adv. – C 84 1 0.77%
9. Adj. – S 16 1 0.77%
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion
After analyzing the data, it is obviously seen that there are many word-shifts occurred in the Subtitles of Sherlock Holmes movie. Totally, there are 128 word-shifts containing 3 types of rank changes, namely the changes from word(s) to phrase (W-P), word(s) to clause (W-C), and word(s) to sentence (W-S). There are 115 changes from word(s) to phrase or 89.9%, 12 changes from word(s) to Clause or 9.37%, and 1 change from word to Sentence or 0.83%.
The data calculated by applying Butler’s formula shows that the word-shifts occurred from word(s) to phrase is the most dominant that has 115 data or 89.9%.
Another findings from the data, that there are 32 changes from adjective to phrase, or 24.7%, 16 changes from verb to phrase or 12,13%, 48 changes from noun to phrase or 37.2%, 21 changes from adverb to phrase or 16.16%, 6 changes from adjective to clause or 4.4%, 4 changes from noun to clause or 3.10%, 1 change from verb to clause or 0.77%, 1 change from adverb to clause or 0.77%, and 1 adjective to sentence or 0.77%, and the most dominant changes is from noun to phrase that has 48 changes or 37.2%.
Since there are no two languages are identical, either in the meaning or in the structures (Nida 1964) (in Venuti 200:126) that is why the shifts occur from the verb to phrase, from noun to phrase, adverb to phrase, adjective to clause, noun to clause,
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verb to clause and even from adjective to sentence can occur in the data. It is also can be said that there can be no absolute correspondence between languages.
5.2 Suggestions
Studying the translation focus on word-shifts in the subtitles of the movie is an interesting subject because we can get many advantages from studying it. Furthermore, we also know about the classification of word itself. Word-shifts is one of the parts of the unit-shifts. The unit-shifts are very important to be learned since there are no two languages are identical neither the systems nor the grammatical structures. Therefore, it is suggested for those who interested in translation subject can do other translation analysis, such as another parts of unit-shifts or level shifts.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anesthasia, Dhany Novi. 2009. Unit Shifts in The Interpreting of Reverend’s English Sermon Into Bahasa Indonesia. Medan: Faculty of Letters USU
Brislin, Richard W. (Ed). 1976. Translation: Applications and Research. New York: Gardner Press, Inc.
Butler, Christopher. 1985. Statistika Dalam Linguistik. Bandung: ITB
Catford J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press
Duff, Allan. 1989. Translation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ginting, Siska Oktaria. 2008. An Analysis of Grammatical Unit Shifts in the Translation of Agatha Christie’s “Why They didn’t Ask Evans” into “Pembunuh di Balik Kabut” by Mareta. Medan: Faculty of Letters USU
Hatim, B and I. Manson, 1990. Discourse and the translator. London and New York: Longman
Hornby. A. S. 2000. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kaplan, J.P. 1989. English Grammar : Principles and Facts. USA : Prentice Hall. Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 1983. Kamus Linguistik, Jakarta: Gramedia.
Larson, M.L. 1984. Meaning Based Translation a Guide to Cross Language Equivalence. London: University Press of America, Inc.
Machali, Rochayah. 1998. Redefining Textual Equivalence in Translation. Jakarta: The Translation Center.
Munday, Jeremy. 2001. Introducing Translation studies Theories and Applications.
London: Routledge.
Morley, George David. 2000. Syntax in Functional Grammar: An Introduction to Lexicogrammar in Systemic Linguistics. New York: New York: 370 Lexington Avenue.
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Nababan, M. Rudolf. 2003. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Newmark, Peter. 1998. A Textbook of Translation. London and New York: Prentice Hall International (UK).
Nida, Eugene. And Charles. R. Taber. 1969. The Theory and Practice of Translation.
Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers
Nida, Eugene. 1981. ‘Translators are born not made,’ The Bible Translator 32 (4): 401-405
Pasaribu, Monalisa. 2009. Functional Shifts in the Translation of “Guidelines For The Better Management Practices on Avoidance, Mitigation and Management of Human – Orangutan Conflict in and Around Oil Palm Plantations” in Bahasa Indonesia. Medan: Faculty of Letters USU.
Subtitle accessed at (http://en. Wikipedia. Org/wiki/subtitle/ onJune 25th, 2010.) Translating accessed at (http://en. Wikipedia. Org/wiki/translation/ on October 20th,
2010.)
Wiratno, Tri. 2003. Mencerna Buku Teks Bahasa Inggris Melalui Pemahaman Gramatika. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Venuti, Lawrence. 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London: Routledge.
Wren, P.C and H. Martin. 1975. High School English Grammar And Composition.
New Delhi: S. Chand & Co (Pvt) LTD.
List of Figure 1 : Diagram of The Translation Process (Source: Munday (2001:40))
List of Tables:
Table 1: Table Data of Analysis Table 2: Kinds of Word-shifts Table 3: Distribution of Word-shifts
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APPENDICES
Below is the transcription of data from Sherlock Holmes’ Movie Subtitles.
10.Lord blackwood: Sherlock Holmes. and his loyal dog.10.a tell me, doctor
as a medical man,
have you enjoyed my work?
Sherlock Holmes.
dan anjingnya yang setia. 10.a
katakan, dokter sebagai orang medis,
apakah kau menikmati hasil kerjaku?
20.Holmes:
Impeccable timing, Lestrade. we've one for the doctor and one for the rope. 20.a
Tepat waktu, Lestrade. kita punya satu untuk dokter
dan satu untuk tali gantungan 20.b
21.Watson: This woman needs
a hospital immediately. 21.a
Wanita ini harus dibawa kerumah sakit segera. 21.b
25.Holmes: If I had, you'd be cleaning up a corpse. and chasing a rumor.
besides, the girl's parents 25.a hired me, not the Yard, why they thought you would
require any assistance is beyond me.
Kalau aku menunggumu, kau akan membersihkan mayat.
(54)
dan menepis rumor.
lagipula, orangtua gadis itu yang 25. menyewaku, bukan Scotland yard. aku tidak tahu mengapa mereka pikir kau akan
membutuhkan bantuanku.
33.Philips:
Well, that's marvelous, indeed. good God!
that was gunfire! 33.a
Oh, itu sangat bagus, benar. ya Tuhan!
itu suara tembakan! 33.b
42.Philips:
I smell gunpowder. 42.a this is not right you know! not in a domestic environment.
Aku mencium bau mesiu. 42.b ini tidak benar!
menembak di lingkungan perumahan.
45.Watson: Permission to enter the armory. 45.a
Meminta izin untuk memasuki gudang senjata 45.b
56.Holmes:
The Curious Case of Mrs. Hudson the absentee landlady. 56.a
Kasus aneh nyonya Hudson
induk semang yang menghilang. 56.b
67.Holmes: Absolutely. 67.a
tentu saja 67.b
68.Watson Dinner? 68.a
(55)
makan malam 68.b
79.Holmes
You wear a jacket. 79.a
Kau yang pakai jaket. 79.b
80.Watson: You're early. 80.a
Kau datang lebih awal. 80.b
81.Holmes Fashionably. 81.a
Penuh gaya. 81.b
90.Holmes:
See his walking stick over there? african snakewood? 90.a1
Kau lihat tongkatnya?
kayu ular afrika langka? 90.b1
so I can assume he is a decorated soldier. 90.a2
Jadi aku akan menduga bahwa dia adalah
prajurit yang diberikan penghargaan.
(56)
Now, I check his pockets.
ahh! a stub from a boxing match. 90.a3
Sekarang, aku periksa kantongnya. ah.. potongan kertas dari
pertandingan tinju. 90.b3
94.Morstan:
Well, with all due respect, Mr. Holmes,
you know John very well.
what about a complete stranger? 94.a1 what can you tell about me? 94.a2
Dengan segala hormat mr.holmes, kau sudah sangat mengenal john. bagaimana dengan orang asing?
94.b1
apa yang bisa kau katakan tentang aku? 94.b2
100.Holmes:
You are a governess. 100.a
\Kau guru pribadi 100.b
105.Holmes:
Then he's tall for his age,
he flicked ink at you today. 105.a
Kalau begitu dia cukup tinggi untuk seusianya,
dia menumpahkan tinta padamu hari ini. 105.b
108.Holmes:
There are two drops on your ear, in fact.
India blue is almost
impossible to wash off. 108.a1
Ada dua tetes tinta di telingamu, sebenarnya.
(57)
Tinta india biru sangat susah dicuci.
108.b1
The ring has gone, but the lightness of the skin where it once sat suggests you spent some time abroad108.a2 wearing it proudly 108.a3
cincinnya sudah tidak ada, tapi kulit yang lebih putih
menegaskan bahwa kau pernah ke luar
108.b2
negeri memakainya dengan bangga
108.b3
that is, until you were informed of its true and rather modest worth, at which point you broke off the engagement you returned to England for a better prospect. 108.a4
A doctor, perhaps?
itu sebelum kau tau bahwa harga cincin itu murah
dan setelah itu kau membatalkan pertunangan itu dan kembali ke inggris
untuk tujuan yang lebih baik. 108.b4 Seorang dokter, barangkali?
113.Holmes:
First, distract target. 113.a1
Pertama, alihkan perhatian sasaran.
113.b2
Discombobulate. 113.a2
Dengungkan telinga. 113.b2
116.Clarky:
Take this man to the infirmary! Now! 116.a
Bawa dia kerumah sakit sekarang!
116.b
118.Holmes:
Watson, this is exceptional. 118.a
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120.Holmes:
Excellent question. 120.a
Pertanyaan yang bagus. 120.b
122.Holmes: You weren't there,
so I made your customary bet. 122.a1
Kau tidak datang,
jadi aku memasang taruhanmu yang biasa. 122.b1
You're right.
I'll keep it with your checkbook, 122.a2
Kau benar.
Aku akan simpan ini bersama dengan buku cekmu, 122.b2
135.Clarky:
Yes. had to move the prisoners, sir.
Ya kami harus memindahkan tahanan pak.
otherwise we were going to have a riot on our hands. 135.a1
jika tidak akan terjadi kerusuhan di sini 135.b1
he has a peculiar effect 135.a2 on the inmates as though... he can get inside their heads.
dia memiliki efek yang aneh 135.b2 terhadap para narapidana seakan-akan
dia bisa masuk ke dalam kepala mereka.
138.Blackwood:
The dragon gave his power unto the beast,
and his seat and great authority. 138.a
Dan naga itu memberikan kepadanya kekuatannya,
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Dan takhtanya dan kekuasaanya yang besar. 138.b
142.Sherlock:
I've already followed the murders with some interest. 142.a
aku sudah mengikuti kasus-kasus pembunuhanmu
dengan rasa ingin tau. 142.b
147.Blackwood:
Your mistake is to imagine that anything earthly
led us to this moment. 147.a
Kesalahanmu adalah membayangkan B\bahwa hal-hal duniawi
yang membawa kita ke saat ini. 147.b
148.Sherlock:
Well, my only wish was that
I could have caught you sooner. 148.a
Aku hanya berharap
bisa menangkapmu lebih cepat. 148.b
149.Blackwood:
Five otherwise meaningless creatures called to serve a greater purpose. 149.a
Lima mahluk yang tak berarti ipanggil untuk melayani, sebuah tujuan yang lebih hebat. 149.b
150.Holmes:
Then you too could serve a greater purpose. 150.a
Maka dengan begitu kematianmu Juga untuk tujuan yang lebih hebat.
150.b
158.Priest:
the unholy murder of
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membunuh lima wanita muda tak bersalah. 158.b
161. Adler:
I much prefer to travel in the winter. 161.a
Aku lebih suka bepergian pada saat musim dingin. 161.b
and missing naval documents 161.a2 lead to the resignation of the
Bulgarian prime minister
dan dokumen angkatan laut yang hilang 161.b2
menyebabkan pengunduran diri perdana menteri Bulgaria
164.Holmes:
Is that the Maharaja's missing diamond? 164.a
Apakah itu intan maharaja yang hilang? 164.b
165.Adler:
Let's not dwell on the past. 165.a
Jangan membicarakan masa lalu.
165.b
168.Holmes:
Should I answer chronologically 168.a1
or alphabetically? 168.a2
Apa aku harus menjawab secara kronologis 168.b1
Atau secara alphabet? 168.b2
169.Adler:
Careful not to cut yourself on this lethal envelope. 169.a
Jangan sampai memotong jarimu Di amplop yang mematikan ini. 169.b
175.Moriarty:
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Dia sangat penting untuk rencanaku.
175.b
179.Watson:
Are you a masochist? 179.a
Apa kau suka menderita? 179.b
188.Watson: Case solved!
You obviously not her type. 188.a She likes ginger dwarfs.
Kasus terpecahkan!
Kau sudah jelas bukan tipenya. 188.b Dia suka orang cebol.
192.Holmes:
It's more than a technicality.192.a1
Ini lebih dari masalah teknis. 192.b1
You are misrepresenting the dimensions 192.a2
of foreshortened peoples.
Kau salah mengartikan ukuran dari orang-orang kecil. 192.b2
210.Sherlock:
That's the Irene I knew. 210.a
Itu baru Irene yang pernah kukenal.
210.b
226.Holmes:
Most engaging. 226.a
Sangat menarik. 226.b
229.Clarky:
Groundkeeper claims he saw Blackwood walking 229.a through the graveyard just this morning, sir.
Penjaga makam mengaku dia telah melihat blackwood 229.b
berjalan melewati pemakaman pagi ini pak.
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234.Holmes:
Have the newspapers got wind of it yet? 234.a
Apa surat kabar sudah mendengar berita ini? 234.b
236.Holmes: Certainly. 236.a
Tentu saja. 236.b
243.Watson:
Your boys have done a magnificent job 243.a
obliterating any potential evidence.
Kalian melakukan pekerjaan yang bagus 243.b
merusak bukti-bukti ini.
247.Lestrade:
and they're smashed open from the inside. 247.a
dan batu-batu ini dihancurkan dari bagian dalam. 247.b
248.Holmes:
Lestrade. what of the coffin? 248.a
Lestrade. bagaimana dengan peti matinya? 248.b
255.Lestrade:
Now you get down there and you bring that coffin up now! 255.a
Sekarang turun ke sana
dan angkat peti mati itu sekarang juga! 255.b
259.Watson:
He had no pulse. 259.a
Denyut nadinya tidak ada. 259.b
264.Watson:
Adler’s dwarf. 264.a
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274.Watson:
You have to admit, Holmes, that a supernatural explanation to this case, is theoretically possible. 274.a
Kau harus akui, holmes,
bahwa penjelasan gaib dalam kasus ini
secara teori memang mungkin. 274.b
315.Watson:
I think she'll really like this.
and I have some change in my pocket. 315.a
Aku rasa dia akan menyukai ini.
dan aku masih punya uang kembalian dikantongku. 315.b
325.Holmes:
More importantly... 325.a
let's see what he was trying to dispose of.
Potassium, Magnesium.
Lebih penting lagi… 325.b
mari kita lihat apa yang dia coba singkirkan
Potassium, Magnesium
327.Holmes: Peculiar.
Hydrated rhododendron. 327.a
aneh
rhododendron yang dikeringkan.
327.b
331.Holmes:
Otherwise, he'd still be alive. 331.a
Kalau tidak, dia pasti masih hidup.
331.b
333.Holmes: Is it candy floss? Molasses? 333.a Maple syrup.
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Barley sugar!
Permen kapas? Gula bakar? 333.b
Sirup maple. Gula barley!
342.Holmes: Watson ...
what have you done? 342.a
Watson,
apa yang telah kau lakukan? 342.b
345.Watson:
Would you like to know my conclusion?
I am psychologically disturbed. 345.a
Kau ingin tahu apa kesimpulanku? aku secara pisikologis terganggu
345.b
364.Holmes:
You're overtired. 364.a
Kau terlalu Capek. 364.b
368.Holmes:
we could throw a lamb on the spit. 368.a
kita bisa melempar anak domba ke panggangan. 368.b
380.Man:
I hope you get bail by breakfast, 380.a because the boys are getting hungry.
Aku harap kamu dapat uang jaminan sebelum sarapan, 380.b
karena maereka sudah mulai lapar.
387.Lestrade:
You know, in another life,
you'd have made an excellent criminal. 387.a
Kau tau, dalam kehidupan lain, Kau bisa menjadi penjahat yang hebat.
(1)
Kami sudah memeriksa semuanya, pak. 417.b1
tidak ada tanda-tanda masuk dengan paksa.
dan pelayan tidak mendengar apa-apa.
jadi, mayat di bak mandi, 417.b2
422.Holmes:
Data, data, data. I cannot make bricks without clay. 422.a Data, data, data, aku tidak bisa membuat
batu bata tanpa tanah liat. 422.b 426.Holmes:
I don't know what to make of this excellent work. 426.a
Aku tidak tau untuk apa ini kerja yang bagus. 426.b
430.Blackwood:
untuk menciptakan masa depan baru 430.b
442.Holmes:
it's not a butcher. 442.a1 let me see..
dia bukan tukang daging. 442.b1 coba kulihat.
coal, river silt. 442.a2
batu bara, lumpur sungai. 442.b2
448.Holmes:
Blackwood has had his hand in almost everything that is corrosive to the spirit.
Woolwich Arsenal.
Limehouse Chemical Works. 448.a
Blackwood memiliki semua hal yang buruk
(2)
452.Holmes: No, not a clue.
Queen's Heights slaughterhouse. 452.a Nine Elms.
Aku tidak tau.
Rumah jagal Queen. 452.b Nine elms
456.Tanner:
More the coal doctor! 456.a
Tambah batu baranya, dokter! 456.b
473.Blackwood:
I want you to be a witness. Tomorrow, at midday, the world as you know it... will end. 473.a
Aku ingin kau menjadi saksi. Besok, pada tengah hari, Dunia yang kau kenal
Akan berakhir. 473.b
495.Clarky:
Sir! Lord Coward has issued a warrant for your arrest, sir. 495.a
Pak! Lord Coward mengeluarkan surat perintah untuk menangkapmu pak. 495.b
499.Adler:
I fulfilled my contract. I found Reordan.
he's in Scotland Yard's mortuary. 499.a
Aku sudah memenuhi kontrakku. aku sudah menemukan Reordan. dia di kamar mayat Scotland Yard. 499.b
(3)
The surgeon should be along shortly. 503.a
he should be able to rest now.
Dokter bedah akan segera datang. 503.b
sekarang dia bisa istirahat.
506.Morstan:
this is not your responsibility. 506.a ini bukan tanggung jawabmu. 506.b
508.Watson:
Familiar artwork. 508.a You look gorgeous.
Karya seni yang tidak asing. 508.b Kau terlihat tampan.
529.Coward:
we are giving the weak masses a strong shepherd. 529.a
kami memberikan masa yang lemah
531.Holmes:
a small bandage on your thumb 531.a1 pembalut kecil di ibu jarimu dari tempat 531.b1
less than an hour ago. 531.a2
kurang dari sejam yang lalu. 531.b2
532.Coward:
you would have made a valuable ally. 532.a
kau bisa saja menjadi sekutu yang sangat berharga. 532.b
535.Watson:
Technically, that isn't the 535.a top window, is it, sailor boy.
Secara teknis itu bukan jendela atas 536.b
(4)
549.Holmes:
dead rat at the slaughterhouse. 549.a1 bangkai tikus di rumah jagal. 549.b1 and the faintest smell of bitter almonds, 549.a2
dan aroma almond yang pahit, 549.b2
555.Blackwood:
the boundaries of this great empire. 555.a
perbatasan kerajaan yang hebat ini. 555.b
557.Holmes:
It's specifically designed 557.a to prevent us from disarming it.
Dirancang secara khusus 557.b
untuk mencegah kita membongkarnya.
560.Blackwood:
indestructible and eternal. 560.a
tidak dapat dihancurkan dan abadi. 560.b
563.Holmes:
what we need is a controlled explosion. 563.a
yang kita perlukan adalah ledakan yang terarah. 563.b
578.Holmes:
the simplest involves paying people off. 578.a
yang paling mudah adalah menyuap orang. 578.b
580.Holmes:
Arranging for your father
to drown in his own bathtub 580.a1 Mengatur agar ayahmu
tenggelam di bak mandinya sendiri 580.b1
(5)
beberapa ampfibi yang malang. 580.b2
with an unusual pink issue. 580.a3 dengan warna merah muda yang tidak biasa. 580.b3
a simple rigged bullet in his gun. ingenious. 580.a4
peluru jebakan di dalam senjatanya. sangat cerdik 580.b4
a chemical weapon
distilled from cyanide 580.a5 senjata kimia yang disuling dari sianida 580.b5
583.Blackwood:
It's a long journey from here to the rope. 583.a
Perjalanan yang panjang dari sini menuju tali gantungan. 583.b
596.Man:
notebooks in this one, sir. 596.a Sore pak, aku menaruh
buku catatan di sini pak. 596.b
605.Watson: Don't worry, dear.
suicide is not in his repertoire. 605.a Jangan cemas sayang, dia tak mungkin bunuh diri. 605.b
611.Holmes:
Uh, well, the executioner attached it to a harness 611.a
Uh, well, sang algojo
menyambungnya ke alat pengaman tubuh 611.b
617.Watson:
None of this explains
Blackwood's lack of pulse. 617.a Tapi semua ini tidak menjelaskan detak nadi Blackwood 617.b
(6)
618.Holmes:
there is a toxin refined from the nectar of the rhododendron ponticum. 618.a
ada sebuah racun yang dimurnikan dari
nectar Rhododendron Ponticum. 618.b
622.Watson:
Mary, don't worry. he's seen far worse. 622.a
Mary, jangan khawatir, kondisinyap pernah lebih parah daripada ini. 622.b