A STUDY OF ENGLISH PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES IN FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT’S A LITTLE PRINCESS

  

A STUDY OF ENGLISH PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES

  

IN FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT’S A LITTLE PRINCESS

  AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

IGNATIUS SIGIT WIDYA PURNA NUGRAHA

  Student Number: 014214071

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2007

  

A STUDY OF ENGLISH PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES

  

IN FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT’S A LITTLE PRINCESS

  AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

IGNATIUS SIGIT WIDYA PURNA NUGRAHA

  Student Number: 014214071

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2007

  

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W

E E v v e e r r y y t t h h i i n n g g y y o o u u m m

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t t i i f f u u l l n n e e s s s s .

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  E E v v e e r r y y t t h h i i n n g g y y o o u u a a l l w w a a y y

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t t h h i i n n k k u u g g l l y y i i s s a a c c t t u u a a l l l l y y t t h h e e r r e e a a l l

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a a u u t t i i f f u u l l n n e e s s s s

  , , b b e e c c a a u u s s e e y y o o u u w w i i l l l l k k n n o o w w a a n n d d l l e e a a r r n n t t h h e e m m i i s s t t a a k k e e s s .

  .

• -Sigit Widya-

  

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This undergraduate thesis is dedicated

to

• My beloved Mom and Dad

  Thanks for your support, care, and endless love… My brothers and sisters -

  Thanks for everything…

  

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  First and primary, I would like to give all my Gratitude to God Almighty who create earth and heaven. You are never asleep. Thanks for being my faithful listener.

  My special thanks go to my beloved Mom and Dad, Th. Sumarini and R.

  

Soedjarno, who give me all their love since I was nothing until now. My deepest thanks

go to all my wonderful brothers and sisters who make my life become colorful.

  My deepest gratitude and respect are due to my thesis advisor, Adventina

  

Putranti, S. S., M. Hum., for her time and patience to me in finishing this undergraduate

  thesis. My deepest thanks go to my co-advisor, Dra. B. Ria Lestari, M. S., for her patience and guidance. Thanks also to Ms. Tata, and Ms. Dewi, for their advices during my study.

  Thanks for all my friends in English letters of Sanata Dharma University, Vava,

  

Prima, Aryo, Iksan, Bima, Endra, Fangkie, Freddy, Obed, Ian, Sinda, MBDS, Erna,

Ayu, Wawan, Imbik, Fariz, Yosep, Garry, Sandy, Wisnu, Jupix, Kuncup, Memey,

Jane, Marto, Perix, ”The Sigits “ and all friends that I cannot mention one by one. rd

  My enormous thanks go to Ngreny who has given everything from June 3 , 2006

  th

  until August 29 , 2007. Thanks for letting me borrow your Toshiba Portege during finishing my thesis. I will always remember your kindness.

  Last but not least, I also thank all English letters lecturers and staff who gave their support during my study in Sanata Dharma University. God bless them all.

  Ignatius Sigit Widya Purna Nugraha vi

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

  TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………. i APPROVAL PAGE………………………………………………….……….......... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE………………………………………………….…………. iii MOTTO PAGE………………………………………………………….…………. iv DEDICATION PAGE……………………………………………………………... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………….……………….. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………….…………….. vii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………….……….. viii ABSTRAK………………………………………………….……………………… ix

  CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION…………………………………….…………. 1 A. Background of the Study……………………………………….…........ 1 B. Problem Formulation…………………………………………………...

  3 C. Objectives of the Study…………………………………………….…. 4

  D. Definition of Terms……………………………………………………. 4

  CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW…………………………………..... 6 A. Review on Related Theories………………………………………........ 6

  1. Theories of the English Participial Adjectives ………………... 6

  a. Types of Participial Adjectives...…………………………... 7 i. The Present (-ing) Participial Adjective…………………. 8 ii. The Past (-ed) Participial Adjective……………………... 9 b. Patterns of Participial Adjectives…………………………… 11 i. The Present (–ing) Participle…………………………….. 11

  1. The Present -ing (active) Participial Adjectives………. 11

  2. The Present -ing (in progress) Participial Adjectives… .11 ii. The past (–ed) Participle…………………………………. 12

  1. The Past -ed (passive) Participial Adjectives…………. 12

  2. The -ed (completed/ intransitive) Participial Adjectives 12

  c. Functions of Participial Adjectives…...................................... 14 i. Attributive Position……………………………………….14 ii. Predicative Position……………………………………… 15

  B. Theoretical Framework……………………………………………..…

  16 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY…………………………………………….. 17

  A. Object of the Study…………………………………………………….. 17

  B. Method of the Study………………………………………………........ 18

  1. Data Collection………………………………………………….. 18

  2. Data Analysis……………………………………………………. 19

  a. Identifying the Types of Participial Adjectives……………... 19 i. Analyzing the Patterns…………………………………… 19 vii

  ii. Classifying the Participial Adjectives Based on Their Types………………………………………………. 20

  b. The Functions of the Use the English Participial Adjectives in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess…20

  CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS…………………………………………………... 21 A. The Types of Participial Adjectives Found in A Little Princess……... 21

  1. The Present (-ing) Participial Adjectives……………………... 22

  a. The Present -ing (active) Participial Adjectives……………. 23

  b. The present -ing (in progress) participial adjectives……….. 25

  2. The Past (-ed) Participial Adjectives…………………………... 31

  a. The Past -ed (passive) Participial Adjectives………………. 31

  b. The Past -ed (completed) Participial Adjectives…………… 34

  B. The Functions of Participial Adjectives in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess……………………...…………………….. 42

  1. Showing a Permanent Habit or Characteristic………………… 44

  2. Describing a Judgment or an Opinion (How Situation Appears to Someone)……………… ……... 45

  3. Expressing the State or Condition of the Noun……………….. 47

  

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION…………………………………………………. 50

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………… 52

APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………….. 53

  vii

  

ABSTRACT

  IGNATIUS SIGIT WIDYA PURNA NUGRAHA. A Study of English

  Participial Adjectives In Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess

  Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2007.

  Some adjectives can be identified by their endings. Another major subclass of adjectives can also be formally distinguished by endings, this time by -

  ed or -ing endings or often called as the English participial adjectives. The

  addition of the –ing and –ed at the end of a word will make a new word and the addition changes the grammatical function of the base word. The participle ending in –ing, known as present participial adjective and participle ends in –ed, known as past participial adjective (Hughes, 1996).

  This thesis discusses two problems. Firstly the writer analyzes the types of the English participial adjectives in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess. Secondly the writer analyzes the functions of the English participial adjectives in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess.

  The data collections are analyzed, in which the writer knows which types of the English participial adjectives used. Next, the writer analyzed the data to identify the types of the English participial adjectives by using the patterns of the English participial adjective according to the theory stated by Geoffrey Leech and J. Svartvik (1994: 215). After that, the writer classified the English participial adjectives based on their types. From the data collection and data analysis, the writer found the types and functions of the English participial adjectives in the novel.

  The results are there are four types and three functions of the English participial adjectives that are found in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little

  Princess . The types are the present (active) participial adjective, the present (in

  progress) participial adjective, the past (passive) participial adjective, and the past (completed) participial adjective. The functions of the English participial adjective in the novel are showing a permanent habit or characteristic of the noun, describing a judgment or an opinion (how situation appears to someone), and expressing the state or condition of the noun.

  ABSTRAK

  IGNATIUS SIGIT WIDYA PURNA NUGRAHA. A Study of English

  Participial Adjectives In Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess

  Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2007.

  Banyak kata sifat yang dapat diidentifikasi dari akhirannya. Salah satu bagian dari kata sifat yang dapat diidentifikasi adalah kata sifat yang mendapatkan akhiran –ing atau –ed atau yang biasa disebut dengan the English participial

  adjectives. Penambahan akhiran –ing dan –ed pada sebuah kata akan

  menghasilkan sebuah kata baru dan penambahan tersebut mengubah fungsi tatanan kata dasarnya. Participle yang mendapatkan akhiran –ing dikenal dengan nama present (-ing) participial adjective, dan participle yang mendapatkan akhiran –ed dikenal dengan nama past (-ed) participial adjective (Hughes, 1996).

  Skripsi ini mendiskusikan dua masalah. Pertama, penulis menganalisis jenis-jenis English participial adjectives yang terdapat dalam novel karangan Frances Hodgson Burnett yang berjudul A Little Princess. Kedua, penulis menganalisis fungsi dari English participial adjectives dalam novel tersebut.

  Di dalam menganalisis, penulis melakukan pengumpulan data untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis English participial adjectives yang digunakan di dalam novel tersebut. Selanjutnya penulis menganalisa data untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis English participial adjectives tersebut dengan menggunakan pola

  English participial adjectives menurut teori yang dinyatakan oleh Geoffrey Leech

  and J. Svartvik (1994: 215). Setelah itu penulis mengklasifikasikan English

  participial adjectives berdasarkan jenis-jenisnya. Dari pengumpulan data dan

  penganalisisan data tersebut penulis menemukan jenis-jenis dan fungsi dari English participial adjectives dalam novel tersebut.

  Hasilnya ditemukan bahwa terdapat empat jenis dan tiga fungsi English

  participial adjectives dalam novel karangan Frances Hodgson Burnett yang

  berjudul A Little Princess tersebut. Jenis-jenisnya adalah present (active)

  participial adjective , present (in progress) participial adjective, past (passive) participial adjective , dan past (completed) participial adjective. Sedangkan

  fungsi-fungsi dari English participial adjectives dalam novel tersebut adalah menunjukkan kebiasaan mutlak atau karakter dari kata benda, mendeskripsikan suatu penilaian atau opini (situasi yang nampak pada seseorang), dan mengekspresikan pernyataan atau kondisi dari kata benda.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study A language is an element of communication system. People have to know the

  rules applied in language in order to use a language correctly. To recognize a language, people must be familiar with its grammar. Fromkin and Rodman (1988:13) state that: The grammar, then, is what we know. It represents our linguistic competence. To understand the nature of this internalized unconscious set of rules, which is part of every grammar of every language, every human being who speaks a language knows its grammar. The quotation above states that when people communicate their ideas, opinions and intentions, they actually apply their knowledge of grammar or set of rules unconsciously.

  Moreover, they have to learn and recognize the rules of a language.

  Relating to the learning of a language, Widdoson (1979:2-3) says that: The learning a language, then, involves acquiring the ability to compose correct sentences. That is one aspect of the matter. But, it also involves acquiring an understanding of which sentences or part of sentences are appropriate in a particular context. The first kind of ability depends upon knowledge of the grammatical rules of the language being learned. In relation to the quotation above, it can be said that in making sentences, which correspond to ideas and intentions properly, correct grammar is required.

  The grammar of a language is a part of language components, which is important, especially in producing sentences correctly. Language consists of spoken and written language. Written language always consists of paragraphs which are built by sentences. Sentences consist of words or phrases. One example of the type of phrases is noun phrases which are modified by participial adjective.

  In English, descriptive adjectives usually indicate an inherent quality (examples:

  

beautiful, clever ), or a physical state such as age, size, color. According to Marcella

  Frank (1972), the adjective is a modifier that has the grammatical property of comparison. It is often identified by special derivational endings or by special adverbial modifiers that precede it. Its most usual position is before the noun it modifies but it fills other positions as well. The functions of adjectives are: a. to modify a noun, examples: (1) The small boy.

  (2) A fair result.

  In these phrases the adjectives are put before the nouns they describe.

  b. to modify a pronoun, example: (3) The plate is expensive.

  (4) The price seemed high. (5) I am ill. (6) Something special.

  In these phrases the adjectives are put after linking verbs. An English participial adjective is a participle which is added by the suffix –ing and/or -ed that function as adjective and it describes the noun it modifies. It modifies or gives description or information about the noun it follows. We often call these types of endings as inflectional endings or inflectional suffixes.

  The English participial adjectives support to construct a sentence in a text. The English participial adjectives are divided into present (-ing) participial adjective and past (-ed) participial adjective (Hughes, 1996).

  In relation to the functions above, a participial adjective can be used to build a sentence in a children’s novel. One of the most famous authors that wrote children’s novel is Frances Hodgson Burnett.

  This thesis relates to the study of language, that is, the English participial adjectives. The discussion of this study focuses on the English participial adjectives which occur in sentences of a novel. The English participial adjectives in this study are taken from Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess.

  This thesis is going to analyze the use of English participial adjective in A Little

  

Princess written by Frances Hodgson Burnett (1849-1924). A Little Princess was

  published by Wordsworth Editions Limited Cumberland House, Crib Street, Ware, Hertfordshire in 1994. It is interesting to study Burnett’s grammar in writing A Little

  

Princess . In writing A Little Princess, Burnett uses almost all characteristics of English

  participial adjective. This topic is chosen to find out the sentence structure that is used by Frances Hodgson Burnett in building A Little Princess by viewing from the use of participial adjective.

B. Problem Formulation

  Based on the topic chosen, the problem formulation is divided into two questions:

  1. What types of the English participial adjectives used in A Little Princess?

  2. What are the functions of the English participial adjectives in A Little Princess?

  C. Objectives of the study

  There are two objectives of the study in this thesis. The first objective is to find out what types of the English participial adjectives that are used in A Little Princess. The second is to find out the functions of the English participial adjectives in the novel entitled A Little Princess.

  D. Definition of Terms

  To avoid misinterpretation and misunderstanding, it is necessary to give definitions of terms so that the readers comprehend what the writer wants to say in this study.

  The first is ‘Participle’. House (1950) says that a participle is a non-finite verb (a verb not limited by person, number or mode). In Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged

  

Dictionary of the English Language (1989), the word ‘participle’ (French ‘participle’,

  from Latin ‘participium’, participating sharing) suggests the two chief functions of the participle: (1) It participates, assists in the formation of periphrastic (compound) tenses; and (2) It participates, shares its verb function with the adjective.

  The second is ‘Adjective’. According to Webster Dictionary, an adjective is a word used with a noun to express a quality of the thing named, or something attributed to it, or to limit or to define it, or to specify or describe a thing as distinct from something else. (p. 24)

  The last is ‘The English Participial Adjectives’. The English Participial Adjective is the English participle which has suffix –ing and -ed that function as adjective and it describes a judgment or an opinion (how a situation appears to someone).

  Meanwhile, Lester says that adjectives refer to ‘qualities’ of something. They modify the nouns qualitatively (Lester, 1990:95). In addition to the definition of adjectives, Quirk describes it as a word that is used with a noun or pronoun to describe or point out the living being or lifeless thing (Quirk, 1985).

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REWIEW This chapter presents two parts, Review of Related Theories and Theoretical Framework. The review of related theories consists of some theories that are applied to

  support the topic. These theories are provided for the analysis. These theories concern with the types of the English participial adjectives as well as the patterns of English participial adjectives. Subsequently, the theoretical framework consists of the importance review of related theories in answering the problem formulations. This thesis discusses the study of the English participial adjectives in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s novel.

A. Review of Related Theories

  The theories of the English participial adjectives will be presented in the following section.

1. Theories of the English Participial Adjectives

  In Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary Unabridged (1983), English participial adjective is an adjective with -ed or -ing endings (suffix). Most suffixes do not change the meaning of the base; rather, they change the grammatical function of the base word. According to Quirk, suffixation is a process to put a suffix after the base, sometimes with, but more usually with, a change of a word class (Quirk, et. al. 1985: 1520). Furthermore, Bergman points out that suffixation consist of attaching a suffix to a

  

ing and –ed endings are the examples that are used to form the participial adjectives. We

  often called these types of word elements as inflectional endings. Sometimes, inflectional endings are called inflectional suffixes.

  The addition of the –ing and –ed at the end of a word will make a new word and the addition changes the grammatical function of the base. The participial adjective ending in –ing is known as present participial adjectives and the participial adjective ends in –ed is known as past participial adjectives (Frank, 1972).

  Some present participial adjectives (-ing forms) and past participial adjectives (-

  

ed forms) of verbs can be used as adjectives (Hewings, 1999). Most of these participial

  adjectives can be used before the noun they describe or the following linking verbs. The uses of participial adjectives are to modify nouns and pronouns. The –ing form often represents the original subject of a simple sentence; the –ed form, the original object.

  (1). The game excited the audience.

  Participle used with the subject game. (1a) The exciting game ( = the game was exciting)

  Participle used with the object audience. (1b) The excited audience ( = the audience was excited)

  (Hewings, 1999) a.

   Types of Participial Adjectives

  There are two types of participial adjectives. Firstly, the present (-ing) participial adjective and secondly, the past (-ed) participial adjective (Hewings, 1999).

i. The Present (-ing) Participial Adjective The –ing participial adjective is usually known as a present participial adjective.

  According to Swan in Practical English Usage (1995:404-405), present participles (-

  

ing ) are used to describe the people or things that cause the feelings. The -ing participle

  refers to the actor (the one/thing causing the emotion). When -ing forms are used like adjectives or adverbs, they have similar meanings to active verbs: falling leaves (= leaves that fall), a meat-eating animal (= an animal that eats meat).

  According to Sadler (1981:12), present participial adjective is one of non-finite part of English, which has no tense, and it is not affected by the person and the number of subjects.

  Typically, there are only several verbs that can be changed into adjectives by adding suffix –ing, and they are commonly called emotive verbs. The term emotive is used to indicate that the verbs influence people, or caused someone to become (Celce- Murcia, 1983). For example: amuse, bore, interest, tire, admire, amaze, annoy, surprise, etc.

  A very simple way to prove whether the –ing is an adjective or not is by putting an intensifier before the form. It is no doubt that the intensifiers can only be placed in adjectives and adverbs because the function of the intensifiers is to show the intensification of the modifiers of the noun (Celce-Murcia, 1983).

  Below are the explanations of the present (-ing) participial adjective:

  1. The –ing participial adjective in the noun phrases can reach full adjective status when it is compounded with another adjective, put in front of noun compound, as in the moving traffic compounded with fast become the fast-moving traffic;

  2. The –ing participial adjectives usually refer to a characteristic feature of the thing referred to by the noun and not any specific act (Quirk, 1985:246).

  3. The present participles describe the cause of feeling (Azar, 1992: 298). The present participle conveys an active meaning. The noun it modifies does something (Azar, 1989: 144).

  4. The –ing participial adjectives can also describe the general use of the noun or what the noun is intended for, such as: a washing machine means a machine which washes and a dining table means table for dining (Hughes, 1996).

ii. The Past (-ed) Participial Adjective

  The past participle describes how people feels (Azar, 1992: 298). The past participle conveys a passive meaning (Azar, 1989: 144).

  According to Swan in Practical English Usage (1995:404-405), Past participial adjectives (-ed) are used to say how people feel. The -ed participle refers to the experiencer (the one feeling the emotion). Most past participles have passive meanings when they are used like adjectives or adverbs: a broken heart (= a heart that has been broken).

  According to Kilby (1985:57), the past (-ed) participial adjectives of all regular and irregular verbs is identical with past tense, and is to be distinguished from it by its function in the sentence. For example: a well-dressed little girl is a girl who has been well dressed, while a well-dressed man has an active meaning since a man is considered to be able to dress himself; whereas a little girl is not. From the sentences above, it performs the same pattern but not always has the same meaning.

  The past (–ed) participial adjectives may have the same function as the present (-

  

ing ) participial adjectives since the participial adjectives in common which more or less

  can be generalized based on the functions as follows (Compbell, 1951): 1. They modify nouns.

  2. They can be used either attributively or predicatively.

  3. They might be descriptive that is, they modify nouns by naming the quality or condition of the objects named, or classifying that is, they restrict the referee of the object named. Etherton (1968) divides the –ed participial adjective into two groups according to the kinds of verbs from which they derive and it can be summarized as follows:

  1. The –ed participial adjectives of transitive verbs.

  2. The –ed participial adjectives of intransitive verbs. The most common participial adjectives are those which derive from transitive verbs. They may stand in attributive or predicative position. At large, most adjectives that are formed by transitive past participle have passive meaning and descriptive stress. According to Lado (1975:65), the participial adjectives have descriptive stress; it means that they indicate the condition or state of the person or thing denoted by the noun which they modify.

  The number of intransitive –ed participles which are normally used as adjectives is very limited. The adjectives which use intransitive –ed participles are especially limited to some verbs which denote a passing from one place or state to another (e.g. to

  

vanish, to fall, to rise, to fade, to escape, to explode, to retire, to return ). Such participial

  adjectives usually have an active meaning and perfective aspect, that is, the person or thing denoted by the noun has performed the action expressed by the particles (Quirk, 1985:246).

  A few intransitive verbs have past participles that can be used as adjectives with active meanings, especially before nouns: a fallen leaf (=a leaf that has fallen), advanced students (=students who have advanced to a high level). Some more past participles can only be used in this way in phrases with adverbs: a well-read person (a person who read well), a much-traveled man (a man who traveled a lot) Swan (1995:404-405).

b. Patterns of Participial Adjectives

  According to Geoffrey Leech and J. Svartvik (1994: 215), the patterns of English participial adjectives can be divided as follows. i. The present (–ing) participial adjectives

  1. The present -ing (active) participial adjectives (It/they V someone/thing) PA <----- Agent

  The rule above states that the –ing participial adjectives show an active relationship with the noun they modify. For examples: Frightening animals (animals which frighten someone/thing), a paying customer (a customer who pays someone/thing). The –ing participial adjectives show that the agent causes the feelings expressed by the participle.

  2. The present -ing (in progress) participial adjectives He (it) is __ing

  The rule above states that the –ing participial adjectives show what the noun is actively doing (in progress). For examples: An escaping prisoner (a prisoner who is escaping now), a growing boy (a boy who is still growing). ii. The past (–ed) participial adjectives

  1. The past -ed (passive) participial adjectives (Someone/thing V it/them) PA ------> Object

  The rule above states that the –ed participial adjectives show a passive relationship with the noun they modify. For examples: Frightened animals (someone/thing frightened them/animals), a paid employee (someone paid the employee). The –ed participial adjectives show that the noun is the receiver of feeling, or become the object which receives an action expressed by the participle.

  2. The -ed (completed/ intransitive) participial adjectives He (it) has ___ed PA <----- Active

  For transitive verbs, an adjective formed by adding -ed indicates a passive relationship with the noun it modifies is not a perfect idea. Therefore, the rule above states that adjective formed from some verbs for which a passive meaning is impossible (intransitive verbs) or insignificant (change of state verbs) can end in –ed. For these verbs, the -ed participial adjective carries the meaning of completedness. It means that a change is complete, rather than passive, or in a form of perfective. The –ed participial but they show an active meaning. For examples: An escaped prisoner (a prisoner who has escaped), a grown up boy (a boy who has grown up).

  According to Geoffrey Leech and J. Svartvik (1994: 215) the English participial adjectives can also include a lot of things that go with verbs (in addition to active/passive and perfect/progressive distinctions): i. Agent

  The English participial adjectives can include something that go with verb, then, it becomes an agent. For example: A German-made car. (the Germans built it). ii. Object:

  The English participial adjectives can include something that go with verb, then, it becomes an object. For examples: A man-eating tiger (it eats men), a self-fulfilling prophesy (it fulfills itself). iii. Negation:

  The English participial adjectives can include something that go with verb, then, it makes a negation. For example: Uninterrupted sleep (no one interrupts it). iv. Adverbs:

  The English participial adjectives can include something that go with verb, then, it becomes an adverb. For examples: Never-ending battles (they never end), home-made bread (someone made it at home), long-lasting friendships (they last long). v. Particles:

  The English participial adjectives can include something that go with verb, then, it becomes a particle. For examples: The up-coming election (it's coming up), a built-in cabinet (someone built it in).

c. Functions of Participial Adjectives

  According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk; G. Leech and J. Svartvik in A Student’s Grammar of the English Language (1990:133), there are two functions of the English participial adjectives; those are attributive and predicative. According to Hewings (1999), regarding the positions, participial adjectives can be put in phrases as follows:

i. Attributive Position

  Attributively, the –ed participial adjective shows a permanent habit and thus drop their usual passive meaning (Quirk, 1985; Naesfield, 1957). Richard Hughes & Carmel Heal (1993:71) state that attributively, -ing participial adjective describes a judgment or an opinion (how situation appears to someone). Whereas, the –ed participial adjective describes how the subject has been affected or influenced by something.

  According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk; G. Leech and J. Svartvik in A Student’s Grammar of the English Language (1990:133), attributive participial adjectives include forms in –ed that have no corresponding verbs:

  13. The unexpected results (*to unexpect)

  14. Her downhearted children (*to downheart)

  15. His talented friends (*to talent)

  16. His diseased lung (*to disease) (Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk; G. Leech and J. Svartvik, 1990:133)

  When there are no corresponding verbs, such as: unexpected, downhearted,

  

downheart, *to talent, *to disease. When there is a corresponding verb, attributively

  used in –ed forms usually have a passive meaning, e.g.:

  17. Lost property (property that has been lost) (Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk; G. Leech and J. Svartvik in, 1990:133)

ii. Predicative Position

  A predicative participial adjective comes after a copula verb (linking verb) and not before a noun. In predicative usage, both the –ing and the –ed participial adjective may express the state or condition of the noun which are shown by their verb base (Kilby, 1985:57).

  Like other adjectives, participial adjectives can usually be modified by very, extremely, or less, such as very determined, extremely self-centered, less frightening, etc.

  They can also take more and most to form comparatives and superlatives: annoying, more annoying, the most annoying.

  Generally, -ed participle forms accepting very can retain very when they cooccur with a by-phrase containing a non-personal noun phrase that expresses the notion of cause of reason: I’m very disturbed by your attitude, we were very pleased by his behaviour.

  The participle sometimes reaches full adjective status when it is compounded with another element: It is breaking my heart → It is (very) heart-breaking

  In addition to the definition of adjectives, Kilby (1985:58) tells that participial adjective describes as a word that is used with a noun or pronoun to describe or point out the living being or lifeless thing.

B. Theoretical Framework This research aims at answering the problems that have been stated previously.

  In this part, this application of theories on the research will be explained. Theories of English participial adjectives are to answer the first question and to understand the basic usage of participial adjectives. This theory discusses the participial adjectives which are divided into attributive and predicative based on their function as modifiers. They also divide the participial adjectives into two types; the present (-ing) participial adjective and secondly, the past (-ed) participial adjective (Hughes, 1996). In addition, the theories about the patterns of participial adjectives also give contributions to the classification of the participial adjectives after being divided according to their types.

  The second question is dealt with Frances Hodgson Burnett’s structure in writing. The occurrences of attributive and predicative participial adjectives can be used to find the structure that Frances Hodgson Burnett uses in creating A Little Princess. In this section, the theories about the functions of participial adjectives will be used. The first function is showing a permanent habit or characteristics of the noun they modify. The theory stated by Quirk (1985) & Naesfield (1957) tells that attributively, the –ed participial adjective shows a permanent habit and thus drop their usual passive meaning.

  The next theories are also stated by Quirk (1985) & Naesfield (1957). With the help of the second theory, we find out that attributively, -ing participial adjective describes a judgment or an opinion (how situation appears to someone). The third theory is stated by (Kilby, 1985:57). The theory tells that in predicative usage, both the –ing and the –ed participial adjective may express the state or condition of the noun which are shown by their verb base.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study Since the object of the study in this thesis is the English participial adjectives in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess, the data that is needed is the novel itself. The writer uses a novel written by Frances Hodgson Burnett entitled A Little Princess . It is published by Wordsworth Editions Limited Cumberland House, Crib Street, Ware, Hertfordshire in 1994. The novel which contains nineteen chapters written by Frances Hodgson Burnett has 185 pages. Since the English participial adjectives in the novel that are going to be analyzed

  has already represented in five chapters, the writer takes the occurrences of participial adjectives only in the first five chapters.

  Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess tells the troubles of a wealthy young girl, Sara Crewe, who is sent to an oppressive London boarding school during her father’s campaign in India. In appreciation to Capt. Crewe’s money, Sara is treated as a little princess until, one day, word comes of her father’s tragic death. Miss Minchin, the school’s greedy headmistress, wastes no time in putting the now-penniless Sara to work for her room and board. It is only through the friendship of two other girls, her own resolute nature, and some astonishing luck that Sara eventually finds her way back to happiness. The young protagonist of Frances Burnett’s A Little Princess, Sara Crewe, overcomes hardship as a young intellect in the Victorian era trapped under the oppression of feminine expectations, restrictions, and projected ideals. Investigating this novel using a Feminist perspective enlightens several startling ideas that the text suggests are imperative to surviving as a woman in Victorian society.

B. Method of the Study

  In this study, the writer will present the methods of the research that included data collection and data analysis. These methods are presented to arrange a chronological and understandable analysis.

1 Data Collection

  As the object of the study in this thesis was the English participial adjectives which were applied in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princess, the object of the study was the novel itself.

  To collect the data, firstly, the writer read the novel in order to have better understanding in the story and to find out the English participial adjectives in the novel.