Damage Assessment and Reconstruction Process of Schools After 2009 September Earthquake - Politeknik Negeri Padang

  

Damage Assessment and Reconstruction Process of Schools

After 2009 September Earthquake

  1

  2

  3 ₁ Etri Suhelmidawati , Fauna Adibroto , Syofiardi

Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic State of Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia,

email

  

2Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic State of Padang, West Sumatera, email:fauna_adibroto@yahoo.com

₃ Technician, Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic State of Padang, West Sumatera,

email: syofiardipnp@gmail.com

Abstract - As one of earthquake prone countries, Indonesia, especially West Sumatera was struck by earthquakes frequently in the

  past. Large earthquake that occurred on 30 September 2009 with Magnitude 7.6, has resulted in damage to buildings were slightly damaged, moderately damaged, or destroyed. The earthquake has also caused a number of fatalities to 1,100 people died and 3,000 were wounded. In this paper, an assessment to damage structures especially to the schools (elementary schools and junior 12/15/2017schools) and the process of reconstruction are investigated. The damage situation of each elementary and junior high school is confirmed. These data are collected by conducting an interview and investigate the process for facilities that have problems in the reconstruction process and grasp the issues. Based on these data, it is hope that the damage assessment and the reconstruction process are not only about the damage investigation and rebuild the structures, but also to comprehend the situation during the process of reconstruction, including the problems happened during the reconstruction, in regard of seismic resistance of the structures, for a better disaster mitigation in the future.

  Keywords: earthquake, damage, schools, assessment, reconstruction I.

  were damaged, and 67 839 with minor damage (Andalas

  INTRODUCTION University Centre for Disaster Studies, 2010). The

  The location of the Sumatra Island, West Sumatra in majority of the damaged houses are houses without particular is flanked by two large plates of the world, retrofitting of masonry (brick masonry unconfined) or namely the upper Eurasian plate and Indo-Australia plate with a reinforced concrete frame (confined brick bottom, and the fault Semangko Mentawai (near the masonry) (SNS, 2010). confluence of two plates) makes the region vulnerable to the occurrence of West Sumatra earthquakes, both earthquakes and volcanic tectonic earthquake. Large

  II. BUILDING STRUCTURE ANALYSIS IN POST- earthquake that occurred on 30 September 2009 with EARTHQUAKE PADANG 30 SEPTEMBER 2009

  Magnitude 7.6, has resulted in damage to both buildings were slightly damaged, moderately damaged, or severely damaged. The earthquake has also caused a number of

  Survey conducted a few days after the earthquake 30 fatalities to 1,100 people died and 3,000 were wounded September 2009 shows a variety of conditions the (SNS, 2010). The number of homes that were damaged collapse of several masonry houses located in Padang severely damaged category reached 114 797, 67 198 city, as shown below:

  Figure 1. Condition of Masonry Houses after earthquake Generally, the damage condition occurs in non- engineered buildings, but no less severe failure occur in engineered buildings, caused by an incorrect construction practices or building code (Steffie, 2010). An earthquake occurs in West Sumatra in September 2007 has provided an early warning that the possibility of a larger earthquake could occur and would cause severe damage if construction does not pay attention to the correct building code in construction practices. In fact many people do not learn from the experience and only a moment's attention to profits. Based on a field survey to several buildings and masonry houses in Padang, various damages were obtained (Figure 1 and Figure 2).

  Figure 2. Mitsubishi Motors Building and Education Affairs Building Types of collapse that occurred in these buildings due to earthquake 30 September 2009 include:

  1. Beam-column joint failure

  2. Soft story effect

  3. Short column effect

  4. Joint failure

  5. Overturning III.

  METHODOLOGY The results in this paper are obtained based on survey data, site visit, literature study, discussion, and then analysing. Survey is done by asking and interviewing the selected schools from questionnaires given, and taking the pictures of recent buildings.

  There are twenty schools (sixteen elementary schools and four junior high schools) investigated, as can be seen in Table 1. Eight schools are located in safe area of tsunami risk, while twelve schools are located in unsafe area of tsunami risk (location of schools attached in this report). Type of fund are categorized in four; repair (slightly damage), new classes room (moderate damage), new school without shelter (severely damage), and shelter school, new school with shelter (severely damage). Donors are classified in three; Local/National (ACT or Aksi Cepat Tanggap, PT. Pertamina, TV One Audiences, Indosiar TV, PT.Telkom, People of Sulawesi Tenggara), International (KBRI Singapura or Indonesian Embassy of Singapore, AUSAID, JJC

  Jepang, or Indonesian Embassy of Japan, JICA), and

  Government (Ditjen Dikdasmen or Direktur Jendral

  Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Provinsi Sumatera Barat, Direktorat TK and SD). During the recovery process or reconstruction process after 30 September 2009, usually it took one or two years, most of schools were not involved in the reconstruction process of their schools. If the donors are from international side such as JICA, JJC, AUSAID, etc., usually there was a direct appointment of contractor or consultant who will supervise and build the school. Therefore, the reconstruction process of damaged schools was in control and following the proper building codes or standard. The selected consultants or contractors were also come from the reputed companies and have good record in construction. The donors were also involved in supervision process, not only in budgeting and planning. The newly schools after reconstruction were also used as shelter, named shelter school, such as SMP 7 and SMP 25, the donors were JICA. JICA was responsible to appoint the reputable consultant and contractor. JICA was involved from budgeting, planning, construction, and supervision process. Hence, the reconstruction process of the damaged schools was running successfully. On the other hand, for the donors which were from government side or national side, usually the contractors or consultants were selected from the auction. Based on experiences and field surveys, it showed that the consultants or contractors build and supervise the building without or less consideration to the proper building codes. In consequence, the reconstruction

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  process of the damaged schools was not in good control, controlled well. For example, after some month using bad material, and not following the building codes reconstruction, where the small earthquake came, the or standard. The donors were involved just in budgeting. cracks appeared easily at the corner side or the wall side, They were not involved in planning or supervision. due to this condition. Accordingly, the quality of construction could not be

  Table 1 List of School for Interview

NO SCHOOL NAME TYPE OF FUND DONOR FUND (RP.) DISTRICT TSUNAMI RISK

  1 SD 06 PD. BESI REPAIR DITJEN DIKDASMEN 240,000,000.00 LUBUK KILANGAN NO

  2 SD 32 ANDALAS REPAIR DITJEN DIKDASMEN 240,000,000.00 PADANG TIMUR NO

  3

  4 SD 28 KORONG GADANG REPAIR PU PROVINSI SUMBAR 76,000,000.00 KURANJI NO

  5 SD 10 LAMBUNG BUKIT REPAIR PU PROVINSI SUMBAR 76,000,000.00 PAUH NO

  6 SD 11 KAMPUNG JUA NEW CLASSES ROOM

INDONESIAN EMBASSY OF SINGAPORE 860,000,000.00 LUBUK BEGALUNG NO

  7 SD 36 CENGKEH NEW CLASSES ROOM ACT 700,000,000.00 LUBUK KILANGAN NO

  8 SD 34 KURANJI NEW SCHOOL AUSAID 1,500,000,000.00 KURANJI NO

  9 SD 12 KAMPUNG LAPAI NEW CLASSES ROOM DIREKTORAT TK DAN SD 709,920,000.00 NANGGALO YES

  10 SD 23 LOLONG NEW CLASSES ROOM JJC (JAPAN) 800,000,000.00 PADANG UTARA YES

  11 SD 02/04 TARANDAM NEW CLASSES ROOM PT. PERTAMINA 2,500,000,000.00 PADANG TIMUR YES

  12 SD 43 TUNGGUL HITAM NEW SCHOOL

INDONESIAN EMBASSY OF JAPAN 1,500,000,000.00 KOTO TANGAH YES

  13 SD 20 KURAO PAGANG NEW SCHOOL TV ONE AUDIENCES 2,100,000,000.00 NANGGALO YES

  14 SD 14 JATI TANAH TINGGI REPAIR DITJEN DIKDASMEN 160,000,000.00 PADANG TIMUR YES

  15 SD 52 PARUPUK TABING NEW SCHOOL

INDOSIAR TV 1,500,000,000.00 KOTO TANGAH YES

  16 SD 23/24 PURUS SHELTER SCHOOL JICA 7,680,000,000.00 PADANG BARAT YES

  17 SMP NEGERI 4 SHELTER SCHOOL PT. TELKOM 1,273,000,000.00 PADANG SELATAN YES

  18 JICA PADANG UTARA

SMP NEGERI 7 SHELTER SCHOOL 7,680,000,000.00 YES

  19 SMP NEGERI 25 SHELTER SCHOOL JICA 7,680,000,000.00 PADANG UTARA YES

  20 PEOPLE OF SULAWESI TENGGARA 3,200,000,000.00 NANGGALO SMP NEGERI 29 NEW SCHOOL YES

  After the earthquake, many funds come to rebuild or do supervision during the reconstruction process. Therefore, reconstruction to damage or collaped schools, included the school buildings are vulnerable for the upcoming from public sectors or private sectors, and others earthquake in the future. Based on the interview, it is also countries such as Japan, US, Europe, etc. Some schools obtained that after one year, when there was a small rebuilt follow the proper building codes, but some are earthquake come, some cracks appeared to the wall and not. We can see visually by investigating directly to the near to the joint as can be seen in the pictures below. schools, where the constructions of the schools do not follow the proper building codes, and or there is no good

  Figure 3 Some cracks appeared after one year rebuild Figure 4 Condition of school buildings which rebuilt NOT follow the proper building code The results of interview surveys of all schools are V.

  LOCATION OF SCHOOLS described in Table 2 and Table 3.

  Tsunami risk area is left side of red line (red colour). In the other hand, the right side of red line (yellow colour) is safe area from tsunami risk. Figure 5 Location of Schools

VI. CONCLUSIONS

  Based on interview data from some selected schools which have damage during 2009 Padang Earthquake, it can be concluded that most of the schools got damaged in three categories:

• Slight damage
• Moderate damage
• Severely damage

  Problem occurrence during the reconstruction process of each school is mainly due to lack of supervision from responsible authorities. Therefore, some of buildings are built with bad material, less supervision, or not follow the building codes. Hence, we can propose some important things in the future for reconstruction process, such as:

  2. During the construction of building, supervision is a must thing to do, from responsible authorities, such as from government, owner, and schools, to control the quality. All responsible parties must be involved in the process of supervision, in order to ensure the quality of the construction.

  3. If option No.1 and 2 could not be applied, the principal of the schools can report the condition to the responsible authorities, to be followed up for reparation or reconstruction or retrofitting furthermore.

  4. The selection process of consultant or contractor must run well (to choose good consultant and contractor).

  5. The donor should be involved not only in budgeting, but also in planning, construction and supervision as well, that could be one of good quality controls successfully.

  VII. REFERENCES [1] Hiroshi I., et al. Panduan Pelaksanaan Rumah

  yang Lebih Aman Terhadap Gempa, Rumah Dinding Pasangan Bata dengan Bingkai Beton Bertulang . SNS, Japan Platform. Padang. 2010 [2] Andalas University Centre for Disaster Studies.

1. Construction must follow the proper building codes.

  2010 [3] Steffie, T. Praktek Konstruksi Yang Salah Yang

  Dijumpai pada Berbagai Gedung Pasca Gempa Sumatera Barat 30 September 2009 . Seminar

  HAKI 27 Maret 2010. Padang [4] BPBD. Daftar Kerusakan Sekolah Akibat

  Gempa 30 September 2009 . 2017

  [5] ekolah [6] /01/04/peta-evacuasi-tsunami-kota-padang/

  217 Table 2 Results of Interview Survey (1)

  Jakarta Team, School donor Japan donor

  Issues over rehabilitation/recons

  160,000,000 240,000,000 240,000,000 76,000,000 76,000,000 860,000,000 700,000,000 1,500,000,000 709,920,000 800,000,000

  Amount of funds (Rupiahs)

  Government Government Government Government Government International National International National International

  Type of Fund

  Tanggap (ACT) AUSAID Direktorat TK dan SD JJC (Japan)

  PU Provinsi Sumatera Barat Indonesian Embassy of Singapore Aksi Cepat

  Ditjen Dikdasmen PU Provinsi Sumatera Barat

  Ditjen Dikdasmen Ditjen Dikdasmen

  Source of funds

  standardized standardized unknown standardized unknown standardized standardized standardized standardized standardized

  Standardize to earthquake safe building (SNI)

  unknown unknown unavailable unknown unavailable unknown unavailable unknown unknown unknown

  Blue print of Building

  Education authorities Education authorities no supervision no supervision no supervision School Japan Contractor

  Question SD 30 Cengkeh

  slightly damage moderate damage moderate damage slightly damage slightly damage severely damaged severely damaged severely damaged severely damaged severely damaged

  SD 06 Padang Besi SD 32 Andalas SD 28 Korong Gadang

  SD 10 Lambung Bukit SD 11

  Kampung Jua SD 36 Cengkeh SDN 34

  Kuranji SD 12 Kampung Lapai

  SD 23 Lolong

  Level of damage to buildings

  Damage to school facilities

  Supervision

  no damage less damage less damage no damage no damage all the facilities in the building all the facilities in the building all the facilities in the building all the facilities in the building all the facilities in the building

  Contractor/ Artisan

  Artisan Education authorities Artisan Artisan self-helping unknown CIMB niaga, ACT PKPU

  Artisan unknown unknown

  Development period

  3 months 4 months 3 months 1 weeks 1 weeks 1 year 2 months 1 year 1 year 6 months

  no issues no issues no issues unknown unknown no issues no issues no issues unknown no issues

  218 Table 3 Results of Interview Survey (2)

  Development period 1 year 4 months 1 year 6 months 6 months 1 year 1 year 2 years 1 year 1 year

  Amount of funds (Rupiahs) 2,500,000,000 1,500,000,000 2,100,000,000 160,000,000 1,500,000,000 7,680,000,000 1,273,000,000 7,680,000,000 7,680,000,000 3,200,000.000

  Type of Fund National International National Government National International National International International National

  Dikdasmen Indosiar TV JICA PT. Telkom JICA JICA People of Sulawesi Tenggara

  Japan TV One Audiences Ditjen

  Source of funds PT. Pertamina Indonesian Embassy of

  Standardize to earthquake safe building (SNI) unstandardized standardized unknown standardized unknown standardized standardized standardized standardized unknown

  School PT Adhi karya PT Adhi karya unknown Blue print of Building unknown unknown available unavailable unknown unknown unknown available available unknown

  Supervision PT. Pertamina donor School Artisan School Keeper PT. Waskita Karya

  Cendrawasih Muloano Artisan unknown PT Waskita Karya donor PT Adikarya Tbk PT Adikarya Tbk unknown

  Question SD 02/04 Terandam

  Contractor/ Artisan unknown unknown CV.

  Damage to school facilities all the facilities in the building all the facilities in the building all the facilities in the building

wall damaged all the facilities

in the building all the facilities in the building all the facilities in the building all the facilities in the building all the facilities in the building all the facilities in the building

  Slightly damaged severely damaged severely damaged severely damaged severely damaged severely damaged severely damaged

  Level of damage to buildings severely damaged severely damaged severely damaged

  SMP 4 Padang SMP 7 Padang SMP 25 Padang SMP 29 Nanggalo

  Parupuk Tabing SD 23/24 Purus

  Pagang SDN 14 Jati Tanah Tinggi SDN 52

  SD 43 Dadok Tunggul hitam SDN 20 Kurao

  Issues over rehabilitation/recons unknown unknown no issues no issues no issues unknown unknown no issues unknown no issues