THE MEANING EQUIVALENCE AND SHIFT IN THE INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH NOMINAL COLLOCATION IN SIDNEY SHELDON’S NOVEL “RAGE OF ANGLES”.

THE MEANING EQUIVALENCE AND SHIFT IN THE INDONESIAN

TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH NOMINAL COLLOCATION IN

SIDNEY SHELDON’S NOVEL”RAGE OF ANGLES”

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister of Humaniora

By

MINA ROSITA

Registration Number : 116112037

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POST GRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

ABSTRAK

MINA ROSITA. Makna Kesetaraan dan Pergeseran Dalam Terjemahan Kolokasi Nominal Bahasa Inggris Di dalam Novel Karya Sidney Sheldon“Rage of Angles” dan terjemahannya. Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Negeri Medan 2015.

Penelitian ini menyelidiki Makna Kesetaraan dan Pergeseran Dalam Terjemahan

Kolokasi Nominal Bahasa Inggris di dalam novel”Rage of Angels”. Kolokasi

adalah fenomena menarik dalam bahasa dan terjemahan. Kolokasi mencerminkan ciri-ciri linguistik, gaya bahasa dan budaya dari teks. Oleh karena itu, pentingnya kolokasi, umumnya dalam bahasa dan khususnya dalam terjemahan teks-teks sastra, serta cara- cara bagaimana kolokasi diterjemahkan, diselidiki dalam tesis ini. Dalam proses penerjemahan, kolokasi diterjemahkan dengan cara berbeda yang di pilih oleh penerjemah ketika mereka mentransfernya dari teks sumber ke dalam teks sasaran.

Tesis ini merupakan studi deskriptif kualitatif dari penjabaran kolokasi nominal dalam teks sastra dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia. Studi ini mencoba untuk menjelaskan bagaimana penerjemah menangani kolokasi ketika mentransfer kolokasi tersebut ke bahasa target. Empat pertanyaan yang diselidiki: Apa jenis kesetaraan yang terjadi dalam terjemahan Indonesia dari kolokasi nominal Bahasa Inggris? Apa jenis pergeseran yang terjadi dalam terjemahan Indonesia dari kolokasi nominal Bahasa Inggris? Bagaimana makna kesetaraan dan pergeseran dalam kolokasi nominal Bahasa Inggris direalisasikan ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia? Strategi pergeseran apa yang terjadi dalam terjemahan kolokasi nominal Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia?

Kesetaraan sering terjadi dalam penerjemahan kolokasi nominal Bahasa Inggris. Pergeseran makna pada data ditemukan dalam terjemahan Bahasa Indonesia, lima jenis pergeseran yaitu; pergeseran pada morpheme, pergeseran sintaksis, pergeseran kategori kata, pergeseran semantik, dan pergeseran karena perbedaan sudut pandang budaya. Makna kesetaraan dalam kolokasi nominal Bahasa Inggris diwujudkan dengan menggunakan fungsi statis. Makna pergeseran dalam kolokasi nominal Bahasa Inggris diwujudkan dengan mengganti bahasa sumber dengan kata-kata yang setara kedalam bahasa tujuan tetapi tidak merubah makna dari kolokasi bahasa sumber, dan pemahaman perbedaan budaya dalam pengguna bahasa di masyarakat.

Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terjemahan persamaan arti menjadi strategi yang paling sering digunakan dalam menerjemahkan kolokasi dalam teks sastra. Kolokasi juga dimodifikasi dalam terjemahan dan karena itu kolokasi berakhir sebagai non-kolokasi dalam bahasa sasaran.

ABSTRACT

MINA ROSITA. The Meaning Equivalence and Shift in The Indonesian Translation of English Nominal Collocation in Sidney Sheldon’s novel “Rage of

Angles”. Postgraduate School of the State University of Medan, 2015.

This research investigated The Meaning Equivalence and Shift in Indonesian Translation of English Nominal Collocation in the novel Rage of Angels.Collocations are a fascinating linguistic phenomenon in language and translation. Collocations reflect the linguistic, stylistic and cultural features of texts. Therefore, the importance of collocations, generally in language and particularly in the translation of literary texts, as well as the way(s) in which they are translated, is investigated in this thesis. Within the process of translation, collocations are subject to different approaches opted for by translators when they transfer them for the source text into the target text.

The present thesis is a descriptive quantitative study of the translation of nominal collocations in literary texts from English into Indonesian. The study attempts to shed light on how translators deal with collocations when transferring them to the target language, and whether the target text fulfils the linguistic and stylistic characteristics of the collocations or not. Four questions are investigated: What types of equivalence occur in the Indonesian translation from English nominal collocation? What types of shift occur in the Indonesia translation from the English nominal collocation? How are the meaning equivalence and shift in English nominal collocation realized into Indonesian? In what strategies do the shifts in translation of English nominal collocation occur into Indonesian? The study endeavours to answer these questions.

The study shows that similar meaning translation seems to be the most frequent strategy in translating collocation in literary texts. Collocations are also modified in translation and therefore collocations end up as non-collocations in the target text.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillahirobbil a’lamin, giving the deepest sense of grateful to Allah SWT for the happiness in life, because of His generousity, the writer is able to accompalish this thesis as a partial fulfillment the requirement for Master Degree of Applied Linguistic Study Progam Post Graduate School in State University of Medan.

First, the writer’s extremely grateful is directed to her first and second adviser, Prof.Dr. Busmin Gurning and Dr.Anni Holila Pulungan, M. Hum., for their patient guidance, excellent during completing this study.

My sincere thanks also go to the various professors who have examined me Prof.Dr.Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph. D., Prof. Berlin Sibarani, M. Pd., and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M. S. . Thank you for your efforts, advices, and help. It was really a wonderful experience that I will always remember.

The writer thanks also directed Dr. Rahmad Husein, M. Ed.,the Head of English Applied Study Program and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M. S., the secretary of English Applied Linguistic Study Program, for encouranging to finish this thesis.

My deepest thanks, appreciation, and love go to my family, who have encouraged me to complete my study and helped me during the years I spent in LTBI, as well as my little brother, Julianto, for his undying encouragement, patience, and support.

Medan, February 2016

MINA ROSITA NIM. 116112037

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

Table of contents ...i

Abstrak ...iii

Abstract ...iv

List of Tables ...v

List of Abbreviations ...vi

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of the Study………...1

1.2 The Problem of the Study ………....5

1.3 The Objectives of the Study………..6

1.4 The Scope of the Study ………...6

1.5 The Significance of the Study………...7

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Translation………. ………...8

2.1.1 Definition of Translation ………..8

2.1.2. Meaning of Translation ………...10

2.1.2.1 Kinds of meaning...………....11

2.1.2.2 Elements of meaning...………. .17

2.2.1 Equivalence in Translation ………...19

2.3. Structural adjusment in Translation ………...22

2.3.1 Kind of Shifts ………...25

2.3.1.1 Level Shifts...26

2.3.1.2 Category Shifts...26

2.4. Collocation ………...31

2.4.1 Types of Collocation ……….…...34

2.4.2 Strategies in Translating Collocation………....39

2.5 Novel ………....42

2.6 Relevant Studies ………...43

2.7 Conceptual Framework ...45

3.1 Research Design ………...48 3.2 Source of the Data………...48

3.3 Technique of Collecting data ...48 3.4 Technique of Analyzing data ………...48 3.5 Trustworthiness ………...51 CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS, DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS

4.1 Data analysis ...52 4.2 Research Findings ...66 4.3 Discussion...67 CHAPTHER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion... 70 5.2 Suggestion...70 REFERENCES ...72

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Types of Grammatical Collocation by Martynska (2004) Table 2.2 Types of Lexical Collocation by Martynska (2004)

Table 4.1 Types Equivalence in translating nominal collocation found in

novel”Rage of Angles”

Table 4.2 Translation Strategies Used in Translating English Nominal Collocation

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Adj adjective G grammatical L lexical N noun P phrase

W word

SL source language TL target language

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Translation is the solution in understanding the books or other materials or even the conferences as the supporting sources for the development of technology and science which is very important for all the people in the world. It is crucial for development of science, technology and art. Translation has been used to transfer written or spoken source language texts to equivalent written or spoken target language texts.

Generally, the purpose of translation is to reproduce various kinds of texts including religious, literary, scientific, and philosophical texts in another language and thus making them available to wider readers. If language has the same general or universal concepts, it would be easy to translate from source language to target language. The bigger the gap between the source language and the target language, the more difficult it is to transfer the message from one to another. The difference between source language and target language, and the variation in their cultures make the process of translation become a real challenge.

Literature, as is widely known, is rich with metaphors and associations (connotative and

denotative). Literary translation is perhaps considered to be the most difficult kind of translation

as it relies strongly on appreciating literature and trying to reflect the writer’s style and word

choice. Thus, translators should be creative enough to deal with word choices and deviances.

Translation is accomplished by choosing the appropriate and idiomatic equivalents rather than

choosing literal and non-established equivalents.

One aspect of the linguistics problems to be mastered by a translator is structure, meaning the sequence of linguistic units that have relationship to each other. As Catford points out,” the central problem of translation-practice is that of finding target language

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equivalents”. As far as language are concerned, there are two absolute synonyms within one language.

Naturally, no two words in any two languages are completely identical in meaning. As Miao states no translator would hinder the reader's comprehension by using absolute expressions in order to achieve equivalent effect. As translation involves at least two languages and since each language has its own peculiarities in phonology, grammar, vocabulary, ways of denoting experiences and reflects different culture, any translation involves a certain degree of loss or distortion of meaning of the source text.

It is the role of translation to translate those books or materials and the conferences into language which can be understood by the readers or participants, in this case is the Indonesian people with Bahasa Indonesia as the national language. Hijrah (2013) in his writing “Menyoal Karya Sastra Terjemahan”Catatan Editor, Erlangga Book Club states:

“Penerjemahan karya sastra asing yang berbeda dari teks asli diterjemahkan dengan kurang baik sehingga gagasan dan informasi yang diciptakan oleh penulis tidak mampu ditangkap dengan baik oleh pembaca yang mengakibatkan ketidakpahaman pembaca sehingga makna tulisan menjadi bias dan lepas dari apa yang sebenarnya ingin disampaikan penulis.”

Hijrah (2013) states the literary translation is a literary text "different" from literary texts in source language. Translation of literary texts is no longer a part of the literary of source text, but became part of the literary of the target language to translate the text.

Problems may come while translating a text, for example the problem of non-native speakers in translating a text. Usually with the use of English vocabulary and the use of combination of words. This is an aspect of language called collocation. The non-native translator may find it difficult to translate a collocation since collocation usually cannot be translated into the languages word by word. Furthermore, there are no collocation rules that can be learnt. The native speaker intuitively makes the correct collocation based on a lifetime’s experience of hearing and reading the words in a set of combinations in their own language. But it difficult for non native speakers to translate a collocation since they have a

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limited experience and may be frequently collocate words in a way that sounds odd or inappropriate to the native speaker’s hearings.

There is much interest in collocation partly because this is an area that has been neglected in structural linguistic traditions that follow Saussure and Chomsky. However, a tradition in British linguistics, associated with the names of Firth, Halliday, and Sinclair that pay close attention to the phenomena like collocation.

Linguistically, collocation is defined as a combination of words in a language that happens very often, and more frequently than would happen by chance. In other words, a collocation is an expression consisting of two or more words that correspond to some conventional way of saying things. As Lewis (2000) and Taiwo (2004) stated,” Collocation is described as the words that are placed or found together in a predictable pattern”. Taiwo (2004) said,” Collocation is relation between individual lexical items and the ones that habitually occur with them in the language”. Collocation is the tendency of words to co-exist. Collocations can be dramatic and interesting because unexpected, or they can be important in the lexical structure of the language because of being frequently repeated.

The analysis of this thesis is focused in collocations. Benson (1997) as cited by Martynska (2004-3) divided collocations into two. Those are lexical collocations and grammatical collocations. Moreover, Benson explained that lexical collocations has seven types, they are Lexical Collocations type 1, type 2, type 3, type 4, type 5, type 6 and type 7. While grammatical collocation has eight types, they are Grammatical Collocations type 1, type 2, type 3, type 4, type 5, type 6, type 7 and type 8.

The source of the data in this thesis is a novel entitled The Rage of Angles both in English as a source language (SL) and in Indonesian as a target language (TL). The collocations found in the English novel (SL) will be analyzed and the translated collocations

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in Indonesian novel (TL) will also to be analyzed to find whether the English collocation is also a collocation in the target language or not.

Nominal collocation is chosen as the main topic of this study because in the translation many collocations are found. Sometimes in translating the text from different language is very difficult and every language has its own rules, so that to translate the language we use shifts to get the equivalence meaning in order to make the reader understand the product of translation.

An example of English collocation and the translated collocation that also a collocation in Bahasa Indonesia (TL) from the data:

Witness stand Mimbar saksi N Verb N N

The novel The Rage of Angles is written by Sidney Sheldon a well known American writer and 1 bestselling novels, including Master of the Game which has become one of the best selling novels of all time.The novel itself is about Jennifer Garner’s life as an attorney takes an unexpected turn when she is wrongly accused of being involved with the mafia headed by Micheal Moretti. Adam Warner, who is running for the senator’s position brings the love quotient to the proceedings. In trying to save her son’s life Jennifer gets involved in the unlawful dealings of the Mafia and Moretti himself.

The explanation above becomes the main interest to find out more on what kinds of collocations found in the novel written by an American author.The novel entitled The Rage of Angles written by Sidney Sheldon is chosen to be the source of data in this research since the novel is a best seller all over the world and has been published in Indonesia since 2002 both in English and the translation in Indonesian.This novel is a new novel but it already has a good respond from the readers. The source of the data in this thesis is a novel entitled Rage of Angles both in English as a source language (SL) and in Indonesian as a target language

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(TL). The collocations found in the English novel (SL) will be analyzed and the translated collocations in Indonesian novel (TL) will also to be analyzed to find whether the English collocation is also a collocation in the target language or not.

In this study, the source language is English for it may be the most translated language. The target language is Bahasa Indonesia since it is our national language which is used as the medium of instruction in our country. This research tries to find out the meaning equivalence and shift in Indonesian translation from English Nominal Collocation. This is because the core of equivalence and shift are in the form and meaning. In equivalence and shift, the meaning is more important than the form. Besides that, equivalence focuses to cases where languages describe the situation by different structure. Whereas, when the form in Source Language, has new form or different form from the Target Language, it is called shift. In other words, equivalence and shift are also interesting for the writer because one of the important things in translating English into Indonesia is how to replace English nominal collocation in Source Language by appropriate equivalence in Target Language. Therefore, the writer would like to compare the translation of English Nominal Collocation into Indonesian in order to find the equivalence and shifts in form in meaning.

1.2 The Problems of the Study

There are some problems of interest to be discussed in this study. The problems are as follows:

1. What types of meaning equivalence occur in the Indonesian translation from English nominal collocation?

2. What types of meaning shift occur in the Indonesia translation from the English nominal collocation?

3. How are the meaning equivalence and shift in English nominal collocation realized into Indonesian?

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4. In what strategies do the shifts in translation of English nominal collocation occur into Indonesian?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study has an aim to improve our knowledge in translation, to apply the theories and concepts of translation by conducting a research. This study discusses about the equivalence and shift in translation which occurs the English Collocation are translated into Indonesia in which it can also involve loss and gain of information in translation.

With regards to problems of the study, specifically, this study is aimed at:

1. Finding out the types of equivalence are in the Indonesia translation from the English nominal collocation.

2. Finding out the types of shift are in the Indonesian translation from English nominal collocation.

3. Analyzing and describing the meaning equivalence and shift of English Nominal collocation translated into Bahasa Indonesia.

4. Analyzing and describing the reason why shifts occur in the translation of English nominal collocation into Indonesian.

1.4 The Scope of the study

The scope of the study can be specified as follows,

1. The main characteristics of collocation in contrast to idiom are their meaning in the text. However the translation, especially from English into Indonesia sometimes confuses the readers or translators. The study discusses the form varieties of the English Collocation when it is translated into Indonesia.

2. This study is concerned with the equivalence, formal and dynamic equivalence.

3. The study is concerned with the shift that occurs in the process of translation. Therefore, the theory of Catford about shift in translation is used.

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1.5 The Significances of the study

Theoretically, the significance of this study is to give contribution to development of linguistics studies, especially for the translation study about some insights of the possible translation of English Nominal Collocation into Indonesian and at once to see the occurrence of equivalence and shift in translation. Therefore the clearest translation can be done by the translator.

Practically, the result of this research can be used as a reference in the process of translating the English Nominal Collocation into Indonesian. Also, it is hoped that this research can be used as framework for translating English text into Indonesian, especially the English Nominal Collocation.

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70 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion

Based on the data analysis on the previous chapter, the study made it possible to arrive the following conclusion;

1. There are three types of meaning equivalence in the translation of English nominal collocation into Indonesia, namely equivalence, almost equivalence and non equivalence. 2. There are five types of meaning shift in translation of English nominal collocation into

Indonesia, namely shift in the morpheme level, shift in the syntatic level, shift in the category of words, shift in the semantics level, and shift on the difference in cultural viewpoints.

3. Shift occurs due to Indonesian translation does not have the equivalent of a few English words and to avoid ambiguity of meaning.

4. Translator opted to use some strategies to find one-to one correspondence between SL and TL. Those translation strategies were being applied in translating English nominal collocation, namely similar meaning, changing meaning and paraprashing.The dominant strategy is using a Collocation of Similar Meaning.

5.2 Suggestion

Based on the result of the study, some suggestion were proposed as follows:

1. The most important thing is to keep the meaning or the message of the source language remains the same when it is being translate into target language. To produce a meaning equivalence in the translation work, the translator should know and apply the theory of translation in translating the SL into TL.

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2. Especially in translating English nominal collocation, the translator should refer to the rules of English nominal collocation translated in contextual meaning from the SL into TL to avoid non equivalence.

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71 2. Especially in translating English nominal collocation, the translator should refer to the

rules of English nominal collocation translated in contextual meaning from the SL into TL to avoid non equivalence.

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