Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sediaan Obat Kumur Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Delile.) serta Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri
FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI SEDIAAN OBAT KUMUR
EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN AFRIKA (Vernonia amygdalina Delile.)
SERTA UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Delile.) mengandung
saponin, flavonoid, tanin, dan steroid/triterpenoid yang berperan sebagai
antibakteri. Ekstrak daun Afrika memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang mampu
membunuh bakteri Gram positif dan Gram negatif. Ekstrak daun Afrika dapat
menghambat bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Streptococcus mutans.
Tujuan: Membuat sediaan obat kumur yang mengandung ekstrak etanol daun
Afrika, meneliti nilai Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) ekstrak dan sediaan
obat kumur ekstrak etanol daun Afrika terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus
dan Streptococcus mutans.
Metode: Penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi karakterisasi simplisia daun Afrika,
pembuatan ekstrak etanol daun Afrika dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut
etanol 80%, uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak, formulasi sediaan obat kumur,
evaluasi sediaan meliputi pemeriksaan stabilitas, pemeriksaan pH, dan uji
aktivitas antibakteri sediaan obat kumur dengan metode difusi agar. Bakteri yang
digunakan adalah Staphylococcus aureus dan Streptococcus mutans. Formula
sediaan obat kumur terdiri atas ekstrak etanol daun Afrika, sakarin, Tween 80,
peppermint oil, dan akuades. Obat kumur ini dibuat dengan konsentrasi ekstrak
etanol daun Afrika 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, dan 9%.
Hasil: Karakteristik simplisia daun Afrika memiliki kadar air 7,87%, kadar sari
larut dalam air 24,99%, kadar sari larut dalam etanol 16,22%, kadar abu total
9,79%, dan kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,64%. Hasil evaluasi sediaan obat kumur
dengan konsentrasi 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, dan 9% secara fisik stabil selama penyimpanan
12 minggu pada suhu kamar. Berdasarkan hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri dari
Staphylococcus aureus dan Streptococcus mutans pada minggu ke-12 setelah
penyimpanan dengan nilai KHM berturut-turut adalah 6,23 dan 6,20 mm.
Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini yaitu ekstrak etanol daun Afrika
dapat diformulasi menjadi sediaan obat kumur, hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri dari
Staphylococcus aureus dan Streptococcus mutans dengan nilai KHM pada ekstrak
dan sediaan obat kumur ekstrak etanol daun Afrika adalah sama.
Kata Kunci: Obat kumur, ekstrak etanol daun Afrika, uji aktivitas antibakteri,
Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM)
vii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MOUTHWASH ETHANOL
EXTRACT OF AFRICAN LEAVES (Vernonia amygdalina Delile.) AND
EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
ABSTRACT
Background: African leaves (Vernonia amygdalina Delile.) contain saponins,
flavonoids, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids that use as antibacterial. Extract of
African leaves has antibacterial effect that can kill Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria. Extract of African leaves can inhibit the Staphylococcus aureus
and Streptococcus mutans bacteria.
Purpose: To formulate mouthwash preparation containing ethanol extract of
African leaves, to evaluate the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values
of extract and mouthwash preparation of ethanol extract of Africa leaves against
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans.
Methods: The study was carried out againts characterization simplicia of African
leaves, preparation extract of African leaves was macerated by using ethanol 80%,
antibacterial activities test of extract, formulation of mouthwash, and evaluation
of mouthwash includes examining stability, pH, and antibacterial activity test of
mouthwash by using diffusion agar method. The bacteria used were
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. The formula of mouthwash
contains extract ethanol of African leaves, saccharin, Tween 80, peppermint oil,
and aquadest. The mouthwash was made with concentration ethanol extract of
African leaves 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9%.
Results: The characteristicsof ethanol extract of African leaves had 7.87% water
content, 24.99% levels of soluble extract in water, 16.22% levels of soluble
extract in ethanol, 9.79% of total ash content and 0.64% acid insoluble ash
content. The evaluation of mouthwash results at concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7,
and 9% were physically stable during storage for 12 weeks at room temperature.
Based on the result of antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus and
Streptococcus mutans at week 12 after storage with MIC values are respectively
6.23 and 6.20 mm.
Conclusion:Based on the results of this study, ethanol extract of African leaves
can be formulated into mouthwash, the result of antibacterial activity of
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans with MIC values from extract
and mouthwash preparation of ethanol extract of Africa leaves are the same.
Keywords: Mouthwash, ethanol extract of African leaves, evaluation of
antibacterial activity, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
viii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN AFRIKA (Vernonia amygdalina Delile.)
SERTA UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Delile.) mengandung
saponin, flavonoid, tanin, dan steroid/triterpenoid yang berperan sebagai
antibakteri. Ekstrak daun Afrika memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang mampu
membunuh bakteri Gram positif dan Gram negatif. Ekstrak daun Afrika dapat
menghambat bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Streptococcus mutans.
Tujuan: Membuat sediaan obat kumur yang mengandung ekstrak etanol daun
Afrika, meneliti nilai Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) ekstrak dan sediaan
obat kumur ekstrak etanol daun Afrika terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus
dan Streptococcus mutans.
Metode: Penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi karakterisasi simplisia daun Afrika,
pembuatan ekstrak etanol daun Afrika dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut
etanol 80%, uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak, formulasi sediaan obat kumur,
evaluasi sediaan meliputi pemeriksaan stabilitas, pemeriksaan pH, dan uji
aktivitas antibakteri sediaan obat kumur dengan metode difusi agar. Bakteri yang
digunakan adalah Staphylococcus aureus dan Streptococcus mutans. Formula
sediaan obat kumur terdiri atas ekstrak etanol daun Afrika, sakarin, Tween 80,
peppermint oil, dan akuades. Obat kumur ini dibuat dengan konsentrasi ekstrak
etanol daun Afrika 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, dan 9%.
Hasil: Karakteristik simplisia daun Afrika memiliki kadar air 7,87%, kadar sari
larut dalam air 24,99%, kadar sari larut dalam etanol 16,22%, kadar abu total
9,79%, dan kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,64%. Hasil evaluasi sediaan obat kumur
dengan konsentrasi 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, dan 9% secara fisik stabil selama penyimpanan
12 minggu pada suhu kamar. Berdasarkan hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri dari
Staphylococcus aureus dan Streptococcus mutans pada minggu ke-12 setelah
penyimpanan dengan nilai KHM berturut-turut adalah 6,23 dan 6,20 mm.
Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini yaitu ekstrak etanol daun Afrika
dapat diformulasi menjadi sediaan obat kumur, hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri dari
Staphylococcus aureus dan Streptococcus mutans dengan nilai KHM pada ekstrak
dan sediaan obat kumur ekstrak etanol daun Afrika adalah sama.
Kata Kunci: Obat kumur, ekstrak etanol daun Afrika, uji aktivitas antibakteri,
Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM)
vii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MOUTHWASH ETHANOL
EXTRACT OF AFRICAN LEAVES (Vernonia amygdalina Delile.) AND
EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
ABSTRACT
Background: African leaves (Vernonia amygdalina Delile.) contain saponins,
flavonoids, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids that use as antibacterial. Extract of
African leaves has antibacterial effect that can kill Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria. Extract of African leaves can inhibit the Staphylococcus aureus
and Streptococcus mutans bacteria.
Purpose: To formulate mouthwash preparation containing ethanol extract of
African leaves, to evaluate the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values
of extract and mouthwash preparation of ethanol extract of Africa leaves against
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans.
Methods: The study was carried out againts characterization simplicia of African
leaves, preparation extract of African leaves was macerated by using ethanol 80%,
antibacterial activities test of extract, formulation of mouthwash, and evaluation
of mouthwash includes examining stability, pH, and antibacterial activity test of
mouthwash by using diffusion agar method. The bacteria used were
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. The formula of mouthwash
contains extract ethanol of African leaves, saccharin, Tween 80, peppermint oil,
and aquadest. The mouthwash was made with concentration ethanol extract of
African leaves 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9%.
Results: The characteristicsof ethanol extract of African leaves had 7.87% water
content, 24.99% levels of soluble extract in water, 16.22% levels of soluble
extract in ethanol, 9.79% of total ash content and 0.64% acid insoluble ash
content. The evaluation of mouthwash results at concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7,
and 9% were physically stable during storage for 12 weeks at room temperature.
Based on the result of antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus and
Streptococcus mutans at week 12 after storage with MIC values are respectively
6.23 and 6.20 mm.
Conclusion:Based on the results of this study, ethanol extract of African leaves
can be formulated into mouthwash, the result of antibacterial activity of
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans with MIC values from extract
and mouthwash preparation of ethanol extract of Africa leaves are the same.
Keywords: Mouthwash, ethanol extract of African leaves, evaluation of
antibacterial activity, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
viii
Universitas Sumatera Utara