Meningkatkan Daya Saing Daerah.
Pikiran Rakyat
.~~~~~~
~~~~
:'J!'l2 ~ 't= :&
_ _ :::t::tZ _ ~ ~ :o ::::& _
(JDCBA
S e la s a
2
18
3
19
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4
6
21
5
20
O M ar
C )A p r
C
Rabu
7
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O M ei
~~
..c"lLlll:>lO >U
,: )
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8
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Jum at
K a m is
o
cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK
S a b tu
10
11
13
9
12
14
24
25
26
27
28
29
O Jun
eJul
O Ags
O Sep
O O kt
O N ov
M e n in g k a tk :a n
D iiy a
S a in g
O leh H . O B S A T A R
E N E R A P A N o to n o m i
d aerah m em b aw a k o n sek u en si p en tin g d alam
m ew u ju d k an k esejah teraan m asy arak at d i d aerah . In i b erarti,
d en g an d iterap k an n y a o to n o m i
d aerah , p em b ah asan m en g en ai
d ay a sain g w ilay ah , m isaln y a
p ro v in si atau w ilay ah ad m in istrasi leb ih ren d ah , d i In d o n esia
saat in i m en jad i san g at relev an .
B erb icara p ersain g an , ten tu saja
tid ak h an y a d alam p erd ag an g an
ek stern al tetap i ju g a d alam
m en arik in v estasi d ari lu ar. S elain itu , d alan i h al p ersain g an
ju g a tid ak h an y a an tara su atu
w ilay ah d an w ilay ah n eg ara (b aca: n eg ara tetan g g a), tetap iju g a
an tarw ilay ah d i In d o n esia. P ertan y aan n y a, ap ak ah Jaw a B arat
m am p u m en arik leb ih b an y ak
in v esto r asin g d ib an d in g k an
d en g an w ilay ah -w ilay ah lain d i
In d o n esia? A p ak ah Jab ar m am p u u n tu k leb ih b an y ak m en g ek sp o r d arip ad a m en g im p o r d ari
w ilay ah lain d i d alam m au p u n
lu ar n ,eg eri?
P
**
M E N G IK U T I p en d ap at M ich ael P o rter (1 9 8 5 ,1 9 8 6 ,1 9 9 0 ),
d an b eb erap a p ak ar lain n y a, se
p erti D an iels d an R ad eb au g h
(1 9 8 9 ), G ro ssm an d an H elp m an
(1 9 9 3 ), ju g a K ru g m an (1 9 8 8 ),
D aerah
S IN A G A
terd ap at b eb erap a h al y an g h aru s d im ilik i atau d ik u asai o leh
setiap p eru sah aan atau sek to r
sw asta. B eb erap a ah al y an g
m erek a tek an k an , m isaln y a in d u stri. D alam h al in d u stri, u n tu k m en in g k atk an k eu n g g u lan
k o m p etitifn y a teru tam a tek n o lo g i, k ew irau sah aan , d an efisien si
atau p ro d u k tiv itas y an g tin g g i,
k u alitas p ro d u k y an g b aik , p ro m o si y an g lu as d an ag resif,
p elay an an p u rn aju al y an g b aik ,
ten ag a k erja d en g an tin g k at
k eterarn p ilan /p en d id ik an ,
eto s
k erja,
d isip Iin ,
k o m itm en ,
k reativ itas, d an m o tiv asi y an g
tin g g i, p ro ses p ro d u k si d en g an
sk ala ek o n o m is, d iferen siasi
p ro d u k , m o d al, d an p rasaran a,
serta saran a lain n y a y an g cu k u p ,
jarin g an d istrib u si d i d alam d an
teru tam a d i lu ar n eg eri y an g lu as serta d io rg an isasik an d an
d ik elo la secara p ro fesio n al, p ro ses p ro d u k si d ilak u k an d en g an
sistem j u s t - i n - t i m e .
P ad a p ersp ek tif lain , P o rter
m en g u n g k ap k an ad an y a em p at
v ariab el d o m estik p en tin g y an g
secara in d iv id u al d an seb ag ai
su atu sistem m en en tu k an d ay a
sain g su atu n eg ara, y ak n i: 1 ).
k o n d isi fak to r (ten ag a k erja, m o d al, tan ah , ik Iim , tek n o lo g i, k ew irau sah aan , fak to r-fak to r p ro -
Kliping Humas Unpad 2010
d u k si lain n y a, S D A d an in frastru k tu r) , 2 ). k o n d isi
p erm in taan , 3 ). k o n d isi in d u stri terk ait d an in d u stri p en d u k u n g ,
d an 4 ). strateg i p eru sah aan ,
stru k tu r, d an p ersain g an .
K eem p at fak to r itu m en cip tak an lin g k u n g an . n asio n al
y an g m em en g aru h i k in erja d an
d ay a sain g g lo b al d ari su atu p eru sah aan . P erb ed aan d alam fak to r-fak to r in i m em b u at m en g ap a su atu p eru sah aan d i su atu
n eg ara b isa b erin o v asi, m am p u
m en g atasi h am b atan su b stan sial terh ad ap p eru b ah an p asar
d an tek n o lo g i atau lin g k u n g an
secara u m u m
d ib an d in g k an
d en g an n eg ara lain .
.
S elain k eem p at v ariab el terseb u t, ad a d u a v ariab el tam b ah an
tetap i d i lu ar m o d el terseb u t
(d iseb u t v ariab el lu ar), y ak n i
p elu an g d an p em erin tah . D alam
h al k o n d isi fak to r, p en ek an an
P o rter ad alah p ad a p en cip taan
fak to r p ro d u k si b erk u alitas tin g g i, sep erti S D M y an g b erk eteram p ilan atau su atu d asar ilm iah . D alam h al k o n d isi p erm in taan d alam n eg eri, b esarn y a
p erm in taan d an tu n tu tan m u tu
d i d alam n eg eri u n tu k p ro d u k
d ari in d u stri terten tu san g at
p en tin g b ag i p en g em b an g an k em am p u an b ersain g d ari in d u stri
terseb u t. D alam h al in d u stri
terk ait d an p en d u k u n g , k em aju an d alam in d u stri n asio n al
d a n p e r d a g a n g a n in te r n a s io n a l
d a r i n e g a r a - n e g a r a in d u s tr i m a ju m a u p u n n e g a r a - n e g a r a in d u s tr i
b a rn ,
m e n u n ju k k a n ,
m e re k a
m a ju
k a re n a
ju g a
d id u k u n g in d u s tr i te r k a it d a n
in d u s tr i
pendukung
m e re k a
y a n g m a ju d a n k o m p e titif . P e n g a la m a n in i m e m b e r i s u a tu k e s a n b a h w a s u a tu in d u s tr i h ilir d i
s u a tu
n e g a r a a k a n s e m a k in
k o m p e titif d i p a s a r d u n ia jik a in d u s tr i- in d u s tr i te r k a it d a n p e n d u k u n g n y a d i d a la m n e g e r i ju g a
m e m p u n y a i k e u n g g u la n k o m p e titif d i tin g k a t in te r n a s io n a l.
D a la m h a l p e r a n p e m e r in ta h ,
m e n u ru t
P o r te r , p e r a n y a n g
te p a t b a g i p e m e r in ta h a d a la h s e b a g a i s u a tu k a ta lis d a n p e n a n ta n g , d e n g a n m a k s u d u n tu k
m e ra n g sa n g
a ta u m e n d o r o n g
p a r a p e la k u u s a h a m e n in g k a tk a n k in e r ja n y a , m e la k u k a n in o v a s i, d a n h a l- h a lla in n y a
yang
d ip e r lu k a n u n tu k m e n in g k a tk a n
d a y a s a in g m e r e k a .
BANYAK
**
in o v a s i m e n c ip - .
ta k a n k e u n g g u la n
k o m p e titif
d e n g a n k e s e m p a ta n p a s a r b a r n
a ta u d e n g a n m e la y a n i s u a tu s e g m e n p a s a r y a n g m a s ih b e lu m .
d im a s u k i o le h p e s a in g . P a d a
s a a t p a r a p e s a in g la m b a t d a la m
m e m b e r ik a n r e s p o n s te r h a d a p
p e r u b a h a n p a s a r , in o v a s i m a m p u m e n g h a s ilk a n k e u n g g u la n
k o m p e titif .
Sebagai
c o n to h ,
d a la m in d u s tr i o to m o tif d a n
p e r a b o ta n
e le k tr o n ik
ru m a h
ta n g g a , p e r u s a h a a n - p e r u s a h a a n
J e p a n g m e n d a p a tk a n k e u n g g u la n d i p a s a r d u n ia d e n g a n p e m b u a ta n m o d e l- m o d e l y a n g le b ih
k e c il, le b ih r in g k a s , d a n le b ih
m u r a h d a r ip a d a p e s a in g d a r i
n e g a ra -n e g a ra
la in , te r m a s u k
A S . K e u n g g u la n k o m p e titif d a r i
p e ru sa h a a n -p e ru sa h a a n Je p a n g
ju g a d is e b a b k a n k e m a m p u a n
y a n g tin g g i d a la m m e n g a n tis ip a s i d a n m e r e s p o n s k e b u tu h a n
p a s a r d o m e s tik m a u p u n in te r n a s io n a l.
P e r ta n y a a n s e k a r a n g , je n is - je n is in d u s tr i a p a y a n g te p a t u n tu k
d ik e m b a n g k a n
( d iu n g g u lk a n ) d i s u a tu d a e r a h ? I n i
a d a la h m a s a la h m e m b a n g u n
p o r to f o lio in d u s tr i s u a tu d a e r a h .
A m b il c o n to h d i J a w a B a r a t,
in d u s tr i- in d u s tr i
b e r b a s is p e r ta n ia n ( te r m a s u k p e r k e b u n a n ,
p e te r n a k a n ,
dan
p e r ik a n a n )
s e b e n a r n y a b is a s e b a g a i s u m b e r
u ta m a
p e r tu m b u h a n
dan
p e r k e m b a n g a n s e k to r p e r ta n ia n
d i d a e r a h te r s e b u t. D e n g a n k a ta
la in , in d u s tr i- in d u s tr i te r s e b u t
m e ru p a k a n
s e k to r te r p e n tin g
b a g i p e n g e m b a n g a n te k n o lo g i
y a n g s e la n ju tn y a
b is a d is e b a r k a n le w a t spillover effects k e
s e k to r - s e k to r la in n y a . ***
Penulis, dosen pascasarjana
FISIP Universitas Padjadjaran.
.~~~~~~
~~~~
:'J!'l2 ~ 't= :&
_ _ :::t::tZ _ ~ ~ :o ::::& _
(JDCBA
S e la s a
2
18
3
19
---------c S p ;b --
4
6
21
5
20
O M ar
C )A p r
C
Rabu
7
@
O M ei
~~
..c"lLlll:>lO >U
,: )
'.
8
23
Jum at
K a m is
o
cbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK
S a b tu
10
11
13
9
12
14
24
25
26
27
28
29
O Jun
eJul
O Ags
O Sep
O O kt
O N ov
M e n in g k a tk :a n
D iiy a
S a in g
O leh H . O B S A T A R
E N E R A P A N o to n o m i
d aerah m em b aw a k o n sek u en si p en tin g d alam
m ew u ju d k an k esejah teraan m asy arak at d i d aerah . In i b erarti,
d en g an d iterap k an n y a o to n o m i
d aerah , p em b ah asan m en g en ai
d ay a sain g w ilay ah , m isaln y a
p ro v in si atau w ilay ah ad m in istrasi leb ih ren d ah , d i In d o n esia
saat in i m en jad i san g at relev an .
B erb icara p ersain g an , ten tu saja
tid ak h an y a d alam p erd ag an g an
ek stern al tetap i ju g a d alam
m en arik in v estasi d ari lu ar. S elain itu , d alan i h al p ersain g an
ju g a tid ak h an y a an tara su atu
w ilay ah d an w ilay ah n eg ara (b aca: n eg ara tetan g g a), tetap iju g a
an tarw ilay ah d i In d o n esia. P ertan y aan n y a, ap ak ah Jaw a B arat
m am p u m en arik leb ih b an y ak
in v esto r asin g d ib an d in g k an
d en g an w ilay ah -w ilay ah lain d i
In d o n esia? A p ak ah Jab ar m am p u u n tu k leb ih b an y ak m en g ek sp o r d arip ad a m en g im p o r d ari
w ilay ah lain d i d alam m au p u n
lu ar n ,eg eri?
P
**
M E N G IK U T I p en d ap at M ich ael P o rter (1 9 8 5 ,1 9 8 6 ,1 9 9 0 ),
d an b eb erap a p ak ar lain n y a, se
p erti D an iels d an R ad eb au g h
(1 9 8 9 ), G ro ssm an d an H elp m an
(1 9 9 3 ), ju g a K ru g m an (1 9 8 8 ),
D aerah
S IN A G A
terd ap at b eb erap a h al y an g h aru s d im ilik i atau d ik u asai o leh
setiap p eru sah aan atau sek to r
sw asta. B eb erap a ah al y an g
m erek a tek an k an , m isaln y a in d u stri. D alam h al in d u stri, u n tu k m en in g k atk an k eu n g g u lan
k o m p etitifn y a teru tam a tek n o lo g i, k ew irau sah aan , d an efisien si
atau p ro d u k tiv itas y an g tin g g i,
k u alitas p ro d u k y an g b aik , p ro m o si y an g lu as d an ag resif,
p elay an an p u rn aju al y an g b aik ,
ten ag a k erja d en g an tin g k at
k eterarn p ilan /p en d id ik an ,
eto s
k erja,
d isip Iin ,
k o m itm en ,
k reativ itas, d an m o tiv asi y an g
tin g g i, p ro ses p ro d u k si d en g an
sk ala ek o n o m is, d iferen siasi
p ro d u k , m o d al, d an p rasaran a,
serta saran a lain n y a y an g cu k u p ,
jarin g an d istrib u si d i d alam d an
teru tam a d i lu ar n eg eri y an g lu as serta d io rg an isasik an d an
d ik elo la secara p ro fesio n al, p ro ses p ro d u k si d ilak u k an d en g an
sistem j u s t - i n - t i m e .
P ad a p ersp ek tif lain , P o rter
m en g u n g k ap k an ad an y a em p at
v ariab el d o m estik p en tin g y an g
secara in d iv id u al d an seb ag ai
su atu sistem m en en tu k an d ay a
sain g su atu n eg ara, y ak n i: 1 ).
k o n d isi fak to r (ten ag a k erja, m o d al, tan ah , ik Iim , tek n o lo g i, k ew irau sah aan , fak to r-fak to r p ro -
Kliping Humas Unpad 2010
d u k si lain n y a, S D A d an in frastru k tu r) , 2 ). k o n d isi
p erm in taan , 3 ). k o n d isi in d u stri terk ait d an in d u stri p en d u k u n g ,
d an 4 ). strateg i p eru sah aan ,
stru k tu r, d an p ersain g an .
K eem p at fak to r itu m en cip tak an lin g k u n g an . n asio n al
y an g m em en g aru h i k in erja d an
d ay a sain g g lo b al d ari su atu p eru sah aan . P erb ed aan d alam fak to r-fak to r in i m em b u at m en g ap a su atu p eru sah aan d i su atu
n eg ara b isa b erin o v asi, m am p u
m en g atasi h am b atan su b stan sial terh ad ap p eru b ah an p asar
d an tek n o lo g i atau lin g k u n g an
secara u m u m
d ib an d in g k an
d en g an n eg ara lain .
.
S elain k eem p at v ariab el terseb u t, ad a d u a v ariab el tam b ah an
tetap i d i lu ar m o d el terseb u t
(d iseb u t v ariab el lu ar), y ak n i
p elu an g d an p em erin tah . D alam
h al k o n d isi fak to r, p en ek an an
P o rter ad alah p ad a p en cip taan
fak to r p ro d u k si b erk u alitas tin g g i, sep erti S D M y an g b erk eteram p ilan atau su atu d asar ilm iah . D alam h al k o n d isi p erm in taan d alam n eg eri, b esarn y a
p erm in taan d an tu n tu tan m u tu
d i d alam n eg eri u n tu k p ro d u k
d ari in d u stri terten tu san g at
p en tin g b ag i p en g em b an g an k em am p u an b ersain g d ari in d u stri
terseb u t. D alam h al in d u stri
terk ait d an p en d u k u n g , k em aju an d alam in d u stri n asio n al
d a n p e r d a g a n g a n in te r n a s io n a l
d a r i n e g a r a - n e g a r a in d u s tr i m a ju m a u p u n n e g a r a - n e g a r a in d u s tr i
b a rn ,
m e n u n ju k k a n ,
m e re k a
m a ju
k a re n a
ju g a
d id u k u n g in d u s tr i te r k a it d a n
in d u s tr i
pendukung
m e re k a
y a n g m a ju d a n k o m p e titif . P e n g a la m a n in i m e m b e r i s u a tu k e s a n b a h w a s u a tu in d u s tr i h ilir d i
s u a tu
n e g a r a a k a n s e m a k in
k o m p e titif d i p a s a r d u n ia jik a in d u s tr i- in d u s tr i te r k a it d a n p e n d u k u n g n y a d i d a la m n e g e r i ju g a
m e m p u n y a i k e u n g g u la n k o m p e titif d i tin g k a t in te r n a s io n a l.
D a la m h a l p e r a n p e m e r in ta h ,
m e n u ru t
P o r te r , p e r a n y a n g
te p a t b a g i p e m e r in ta h a d a la h s e b a g a i s u a tu k a ta lis d a n p e n a n ta n g , d e n g a n m a k s u d u n tu k
m e ra n g sa n g
a ta u m e n d o r o n g
p a r a p e la k u u s a h a m e n in g k a tk a n k in e r ja n y a , m e la k u k a n in o v a s i, d a n h a l- h a lla in n y a
yang
d ip e r lu k a n u n tu k m e n in g k a tk a n
d a y a s a in g m e r e k a .
BANYAK
**
in o v a s i m e n c ip - .
ta k a n k e u n g g u la n
k o m p e titif
d e n g a n k e s e m p a ta n p a s a r b a r n
a ta u d e n g a n m e la y a n i s u a tu s e g m e n p a s a r y a n g m a s ih b e lu m .
d im a s u k i o le h p e s a in g . P a d a
s a a t p a r a p e s a in g la m b a t d a la m
m e m b e r ik a n r e s p o n s te r h a d a p
p e r u b a h a n p a s a r , in o v a s i m a m p u m e n g h a s ilk a n k e u n g g u la n
k o m p e titif .
Sebagai
c o n to h ,
d a la m in d u s tr i o to m o tif d a n
p e r a b o ta n
e le k tr o n ik
ru m a h
ta n g g a , p e r u s a h a a n - p e r u s a h a a n
J e p a n g m e n d a p a tk a n k e u n g g u la n d i p a s a r d u n ia d e n g a n p e m b u a ta n m o d e l- m o d e l y a n g le b ih
k e c il, le b ih r in g k a s , d a n le b ih
m u r a h d a r ip a d a p e s a in g d a r i
n e g a ra -n e g a ra
la in , te r m a s u k
A S . K e u n g g u la n k o m p e titif d a r i
p e ru sa h a a n -p e ru sa h a a n Je p a n g
ju g a d is e b a b k a n k e m a m p u a n
y a n g tin g g i d a la m m e n g a n tis ip a s i d a n m e r e s p o n s k e b u tu h a n
p a s a r d o m e s tik m a u p u n in te r n a s io n a l.
P e r ta n y a a n s e k a r a n g , je n is - je n is in d u s tr i a p a y a n g te p a t u n tu k
d ik e m b a n g k a n
( d iu n g g u lk a n ) d i s u a tu d a e r a h ? I n i
a d a la h m a s a la h m e m b a n g u n
p o r to f o lio in d u s tr i s u a tu d a e r a h .
A m b il c o n to h d i J a w a B a r a t,
in d u s tr i- in d u s tr i
b e r b a s is p e r ta n ia n ( te r m a s u k p e r k e b u n a n ,
p e te r n a k a n ,
dan
p e r ik a n a n )
s e b e n a r n y a b is a s e b a g a i s u m b e r
u ta m a
p e r tu m b u h a n
dan
p e r k e m b a n g a n s e k to r p e r ta n ia n
d i d a e r a h te r s e b u t. D e n g a n k a ta
la in , in d u s tr i- in d u s tr i te r s e b u t
m e ru p a k a n
s e k to r te r p e n tin g
b a g i p e n g e m b a n g a n te k n o lo g i
y a n g s e la n ju tn y a
b is a d is e b a r k a n le w a t spillover effects k e
s e k to r - s e k to r la in n y a . ***
Penulis, dosen pascasarjana
FISIP Universitas Padjadjaran.