ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES PROFILE OF LEMPUYANG GAJAH (Zingiber zerumbet Smith) ETHANOL EXTRACT USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROSCOPY WITH DERIVATIZATION Analisis Profil Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Etanol Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber zerumbet Smit

ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES PROFILE OF LEMPUYANG GAJAH

  

(Zingiber zerumbet Smith) ETHANOL EXTRACT USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

MASS SPECTROSCOPY WITH DERIVATIZATION

  

Analisis Profil Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Etanol Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber

zerumbet Smith) Menggunakan Kromatografi Spektroskopi Massa

Terderivatisasi

Dedi Hanwar, Mutia Sari Dewi, Andi Suhendi, Ika Trisharyanti D.K.

  

Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

e-mail: dedi.hanwar@ums.ac.id

ABSTRAK

  

Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber zerumbet Smith) adalah salah satu spesies tanaman yang mengandung metabolit

sekunder yang penting dalam pengobatan penyakit. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui metabolit sekunder

yang terkandung dalam ekstrak etanol lempuyang gajah dari dua daerah (Solo dan Yogyakarta) setelah dideriva-

tisasi dan menentukan tingkat zerumbon nya. Analisis profil metabolit dilakukan dengan kromatografi gas dengan

detektor massa spektroskopi, sistem injeksi split, dan helium sebagai fase gerak dengan kecepatan konstan 3,0 mL/

menit dan diderivatisasi dengan BSTFA. Sementara zerumbon tingkat ditentukan dengan metode yang sama tetapi

tanpa derivatisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan profil metabolit sekunder ekstrak

etanol lempuyang gajah dari Solo dan Yogyakarta, namun tingkat zerumbon yang tidak berbeda dalam dua ekstrak

adalah 13,00% (Solo) dan 13,35% (Yogyakarta).

  Kata kunci: profil metabolit sekunder, GCMS, Zingiber zerumbet Smith, zerumbon, BSTFA

ABSTRACT

tained in the ethanol extract of lempuyang gajah from two regions (Solo and Yogyakarta) after derivatized and

are important in diseases treatment. This study was conducted to determine the secondary metabolites con-

Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet Smith) is one of the plants species that contain secondary metabolites that

derivatized with BSTFA. While zerumbone levels determined by the same method but without derivatization.

troscopy detector, split injection system, and helium as the mobile phase at a constant rate of 3.0 mL/min and

determine its zerumbon level. Metabolite profile analysis performed by gas chromatography with mass spec-

The results showed that there were differences in secondary metabolite profiles of ethanol extract of lempuyang

gajah from Solo and Yogyakarta, but its zerumbon levels did not differ in the two extracts were 13.00% (Solo) and

Keywords: 13.35% (Yogyakarta). profile of secondary metabolites, GCMS, Zingiber zerumbet Smith, zerumbone, BSTFA

  INTRODUCTION Zingiber zerumbet has been widely use in the preparation of traditional medicines.

  Materials used in this research were Lempuyang gajah and methanol. The instru- ment used were a set of Gas Chromatography Shimadzu GC-2010 equipped with a Shimadzu GC-Mass Selective Detector 2010s with Rxi TM-1MS column, micropipette, refrigerators.

  ture

  10:1), the injector temperature of 280 °C, column temperature of 70 °C (5 min) - 270 °C (15 min) with a temperature rise of 10 °C/min. While the condition of MS, ion source tempera-

  tio

  and RxiTM-1ms capillary column (30m x 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 lm). Used helium carrier gas with a constant rate of 3.0 mL/min, injected as much as 1 mL (split ra-

  detector

  Solution B in eppendorf tubes ready to be injected into GCMS. Analyses were per- formed using a Shimadzu GC-2010 equipped with a Shimadzu GCMS-2010s mass selective

  Analysis of Secondary Metabolites Profiles Us- ing GCMS

  A 100 µL solution was taken and evap- orated to dryness under nitrogen gas. Then added 100 μl BSTFA and heated at 70 oC for 10 min and then injected at GCMS (Solution B).

  Derivatization Process

  A total of 10.0 mg of lempuyang gajah extract weighed accurately and dissolved with methanol and then inserted into the measur- ing flask and 5 mL of methanol was added to the limit (Solution A).

  Methods Sample Preparation

  MATERIALS AND METHOD Materials

  Its rhizome used as a slimming drug, appe- tite enhancer, body warmers, headache medi- cine, remedy dysentery, and helps remove gas (carminative) abdominal bloating. Its ethanol extract of the rhizome has analgesic and an- tipyretic activity capable of inhibiting inflam- mation caused by induction of prostaglandin (Somchit et al

  Smith from different regions.

  GCMS for separation and detection, re- quiring organic compounds volatile gases and inorganic compounds in a mixture (Settle, 1997) and is stable at temperatures of testing, mainly of 50-300°C. If the compound is not volatile or unstable at the test temperature, the compound must be derivatized in order to be analyzed by GCMS (Mardoni et al., 2007). Therefore Zingiber zerumbet raw material har- vested from different areas of each unknown secondary metabolite profiles were analyzed using GCMS with derivatization, this study is to provide an overview of each of the chromatographic profiles of secondary metab- olites Zingiber zerumbet

  ., 2008). Metabolite profiles are used for relative quantitation of metabolites of a num- ber of samples. GCMS can yield more accurate data on the identification of compounds that are equipped with molecular structure (Pavia, 2006).

  al

  ., 2000; Roessner et al., 2000; cit. Cha et

  et al

  ., 2005; Fienh

  Zerumbone assay can be performed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) method for qualitative and quantita- tive analysis. In addition, GCMS was also one of the technology for metabolite profiling (Ko- pka, 2006), because it has a good reproducibil- ity and wide applications for various types of classes of metabolites (Dunn et al

  et al ., 2000; Bhuiyan et al., 2009).

  ., 2010; Rout et al., 2011). Zerum- bone and α-caryophyllene contained in the leaves and rhizomes, and these compounds at high concentrations showed anti-inflammato- ry activity, antiulcus, antioxidant and antimi- crobial (Jaganath and Ng, 2000; Somchit and Shukriyah, 2003; Mascolo et al., 1989; Agrawal

  ., 2005), and antioxidants activity (Stanly et al

  250 °C, interface temperature 300 °C, Dedi Hanwar, Mutia Sari Dewi, Andi Suhendi, Ika Trisharyanti D.K. and the solvent cut time 3 minutes. Ionization energy of 70 eV with a scan range of 0.5 sec- onds with the weight of fragment 35-550 m/z. Components were identified by comparing the mass spectra of samples with internal Willey

  Library. Quantitative Test

  a. Preparation of Standard Curve Taken 100 mL, 150 mL, 200 mL, 400 mL, and 800 mL of stock solution isolates zerum- bon, then inserted into the Eppendorf tube and added to 1.0 mL of methanol, to obtain a concentration of 0.02%; 0.03%; 0.04%; 0.06%; 0.08%. Then each concentration was analyzed by GCMS system. The area acquired is made proportional to the concentration equation as X-axis and Y-axis area as.

  b. Sample Preparation A total of 10.0 mg of lempuyang gajah extract weighed carefully and dissolved with methanol and then inserted into the measur- ing flask and 5 mL of methanol was added to the limit.

  Metabolite profile analysis using GCMS

  Rhizomes were taken from lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet Smith) from two dif- ferent regions, namely Solo and Yogyakarta. Analysis using gas chromatography for non- volatile polar compounds, such as phenolic and acidic compounds, the assay is less sensi- tive and there is peak tailing, the derivatization method used to improve the accuracy of gas chromatography, reproducibility, and sensitiv- ity (Nakashima et a l., 2004).

  After derivatization and analyzed us- ing GCMS, there are significant differences be- tween the sample and the sample of non de- rivatization with derivatization, as seen that many peaks appear (Figure 1). In the non-po- lar volatile components such as phenolic com- pounds and acidic compounds detected after many derivatized, for example, lactic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, citric acid and oxalic acid.

  Derivatization will differ among plant species and depends on the genetic composi- tion (endogenous enzyme activity) (Pierce, 1968). According to Kaufman et al. (1999), the environment is one factor that is important in the biosynthesis of metabolites in plants. Plants can regulate metabolite production in accordance with changing factors that exist in the environment.

  According to Gupta (1994), a medicinal plant that grows in the soil and different sea- sons will produce chemical compounds and different therapeutic effects. This suggests that the environment influence the chemical constituents of plants.

  Derivatization method for gas chroma- tography mass spectroscopy is the method of Silylation (BSTFA + 1% TMCS) because it cov- ers a broad range in variety of applications, excellent thermal stability, and good chro- matographic characteristics (Pierce, 1968). In addition, because it is easy to prepare and use, time efficient, and a variety of reagents are available.

  Silylation reagents are generally sensi- tive to moisture. It can be controlled by drying using nitrogen to prevent deactivation. BSTFA reagent was used because of its availability, easy to use, faster reaction, and efficient time (Kuo and Ding, 2004) (Shin et al., 2001).

  Figure 1. GCMS Profiles of Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber zerum bet Smith) Extract. (A) non derivatization and (B) with derivatization

  (Zingiber zerumbet Smith) ETHANOL EXTRACT USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROSCOPY WITH DERIVATIZATION

ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES PROFILE OF LEMPUYANG GAJAH

  Analisis Profil Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Etanol Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber zerumbet Smith) Menggunakan Kromatografi Spektroskopi Massa Terderivatisasi

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  Silylation reagents are generally sensi- tive to moisture. It can be controlled by drying using nitrogen to prevent deactivation. BSTFA reagent was used because of its availability, easy to use, faster reaction, and efficient time (Kuo and Ding, 2004) (Shin et al., 2001).

  7.74 Glyoxalite Hydrate 74.40 0.60 + +

  21.31 Stearic Acid 284.48 4.38 + +

  21.04 Octadecanoic acid 284.48 2.35 + -

  20.97 Linoleic acid 278.43 6.75 + -

  19.47 Palmitic Acid 256.43 3.08 + +

  18.99 D-sorbite 182.17 1.56 + -

  18.44 Xylose 150.13 1.28 - -

  17.64 Acid Manonic 104.06 2.95 - +

  17.44 Citric Acid 126.07 1.32 - +

  15.82 Zerumbone 218.340 13.22 + +

  15.50 Acid Arabinonic 166.130 4.62 + -

  13.42 Malic Acid 134.09 1.23 + +

  92.00 5.41 + +

  10.42 Glycerol

  90.08 5.92 + +

  The compounds can be derivatized us- ing BSTFA were alcohol, phenol, carboxylic acids, amines, and amides (Evershed, 1993). TMCS is silylation catalysts, to increase the re- activity of the BSTFA reagent.

  5.46 Lactic Acid

  5.27 Oxalic Acid 126.07 1.92 + +

  3.06 Succinic Acid 118.09 0.93 + -

  Solo Yogyakarta

  

Table 1. Comparison of qualitative secondary metabolite lempuyang elephants from areas Solo and Yogyakarta with a

minimum area of 200,000

RT (min) (N = 3) Name BM % Area Area Metabolites

  version 7 so it can be ex- pected that the compounds contained in the extract (Table 1). The main criteria for the se- lection of a suitable ion for compound identifi- cation should have a high peak areas (> 0.05%) (Jiang et al., 2006). (Solo and Yogyakarta) but both areas the dis- tance is not too far away so that differences in location, climate, rainfall, and intensity of sun light may not vary much.

  ley Library database

  The analysis resulted in several subse- quent peaks of each peak compared with Wil-

  Figure 2. C GCMS Profiles of Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber zerumbet Smith) Extract. (A) Yogyakarta and (B) Solo

  50000. Replica- tion 3 times produce chromatograms are al- most similar to each other (Fig. 2). Although the plants from different regions,

  GCMS can yield more accurate data in the identification of compounds that are equipped with molecular structure (Pavia, 2006). Both samples were analyzed using gas chromatog- raphy with a integration area

  ., 2005; Fienh et al., 2000; Roessner et al., 2000; cit. Cha et al., 2008). GCMS shown to increase the sensitivity and ideal for many applications in the field of health.

  Gas chromatography is used because it has good reproducibility and wide applica- tions for various types of classes of metabolites (Dunn et al

  (+): Refer to present of compounds; (-): Refer to absence of compounds Dedi Hanwar, Mutia Sari Dewi, Andi Suhendi, Ika Trisharyanti D.K.

ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES PROFILE OF LEMPUYANG GAJAH

  From the above-mentioned standard curve, equation Y = 20000000 X - 355 625 with a correlation coefficient (r 2 ) of 0.9967. The equation used to determine the estimated value of Y at a particular level of X, where Y is the area and X is the concentration. Based on the linear regression equation obtained an av- erage grade of zerumbon Solo area by 13% w / w, and from the Yogyakarta at 13.35% w / w.

  Analisis Profil Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Etanol Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber zerumbet Smith) Menggunakan Kromatografi Spektroskopi Massa Terderivatisasi

  (Zingiber zerumbet Smith) ETHANOL EXTRACT USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROSCOPY WITH DERIVATIZATION

  CONCLUSIONS There were significant differences in the chromatographic profiles of secondary metabo- lites between the Solo and Yogyakarta after deriva- tized.

  around 13.00% w/w and these result showed that zerumbone is a major compounds on lem- puyang gajah extract.

  13.35 Zerumbone levels using GCMS were

  13.00 Yogyakarta

  Table 2. Zerumbone Level of Lempuyang Gajah Extract Area Levels of Zerumbone (% w/w) Solo

  The results of each of the extracts showed peak differences and differences in the amount of metabolites contained. The re- sults of gas chromatography mass spectrosco- py analysis with a minimum area of 200,000, the extract from the Solo and Yogyakarta, there were 13 and 12 compounds were identified re- spectively. While the compounds owned by the both area were 8 compounds.

  Secondary metabolites contained were xylose, palmitic acid, stearic acid, zerumbone, octadecanoic acid, oxalic acid, and malic acid. The results obtained from these two regions indicates that zerumbone is a major compo- nent contained in lempuyang gajah rhizome. Average % area of zerumbone of the Solo and Yogyakarta were 13.44.

  This was done with the assumption that at a given retention time, certain ions are charac- teristic of a particular compound. This is a fast and efficient analysis, especially if the analyst has previous information about a sample or just looking for some specific substances.

  ) GCMS method. Usefulness of the SIM method is to monitor the selected peaks asso- ciated with a particular substance.

  itoring

  GCMS method has been applied to the analysis of lempuyang gajah plants. Based on research Chane-Ming et al. (2003), the larg- est component in lempuyang gajah rhizome is zerumbone, which is the pharmacologically active compounds of the plant. Zerumbon as- say was conducted to determine the levels of compounds responsible for pharmacological activity and can be used as a quality control. Zerumbone assay using SIM (Selected Ion Mon-

  Determination of Levels of Zerumbone Using GCMS

  Each region has differences on nutrient content resulting differences in the results of the metabolic processes of plants, so that the secondary metabolites produced was also dif- ferent. In addition to the differences in location, climate, rainfall, and sunlight intensity can also affect secondary metabolite produced.

  The differences content on the two dif- ferent regions of lempuyang gajah can be in- fluenced by genetic factors and environmental factors, such as regional differences. The re- gional differences may cause the availability of difference nutrients in the soil for theplant.

  Figure 3. Standard curve of zerumbone Zerumbone level of the Solo was 13.00% w/w, and from the Yogyakarta was 13.35% w/w.

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