85ce1 task analysis 12 des 2017
Task Analysis
people perform tasks to
achieve goals
http://www.cs.vu.nl/~gerrit/gta/docs/litdoc.pdf
Tools enlarge
the possibilities
in performing
tasks
DEFINITION
the process of analysing the way people
perform their jobs and it is important to the
software designer because a major part of
the design will focus on supporting the jobs
people do [McCauley, 1995]
DEFINITION
the process of learning about ordinary users
by observing them in action to understand in
detail how they perform their tasks and
achieve their intended goals. (Usability.gov,
2017)
"Task Analysis“ is not a term with a fixed and agreed
meaning. It is a means to collect information about a
task, organise it, and then use it to make various
judgements or design decisions. The term task analysis
covers a range of methodologies, methods and
techniques used by managers, trainers, procedures
writers, safety assessors, ergonomics practitioners,
system designers and human factors specialists
Renardus M.M. Scheffer
a
simple
exercise
that
UX designers can
undertake
during the definition of a problem,
which can help not just in
identifying where opportunities to
improve the UX
•
Source: Mayhew, D.J. (1992)
TASK ANALYSIS, why ?
designer assumption
all users are the same
all users are the same as me
can design a good interface without the
need to understand the us
TASK ANALYSIS, why ?
Human elements must be optimized
and potential errors must be
minimized
To include human element directly on
the design, systematically and
openly so it can be checked very
carefully
Who is
• Individual
• Group
• Operator
• Administrator
USER ?
Complete Address
Techniques
Task Analysis
Task Decomposition
• Proses dekomposisi (pemecahan suatu
task menjadi beberapa sub-task) ini sering
juga disebut sebagai Hierarchical Task
Analysis (HTA).
• Hasil output dari HTA ini adalah suatu
hierarki dari task dan sub-task dan juga
suatu rancangan urutan (plan) dan syarat
dari sub-task sub-task tersebut.
hierarchical task analysis
provides an understanding
of the tasks users need to
perform to achieve certain
goals
HTA’S PROCCESS
Task Analysis Methods:
Data Gathering
• Banyak metoda task analysis
• Tidak ada yg 100% memuaskan
• Metoda umum
– Questionnaires and Interviews
– Observational studies
– Experimental data collection
Knowledge Based Analysis
Knowledge Based Analysis dimulai
dengan mengidentifikasikan semua objek
dan aksi yang terlibat dalam task, dan
kemudian mengembangkan suatu
taxonomi dari semuanya. Hal ini mirip
dengan taxonomi dari cabang ilmu biologi
(klasifikasi hewan/tumbuhan).
Kitchen item AND
/- shape XOR
/ |
mixing bowl, casserole, soucepan, soup bowl, glass
/ |_ flat
/
plate, chopping board, frying pan
/_ function OR
{_ preparation
{
mixing bowl, plate, chopping board
{_ cooking
{
frying pan, casserole, soucepan
{_ dining XOR
|_ for food
plate, soup bowl, casserole
|_ for drink
glass
User Task
Contoh :
Kasir (task) :
- Entry penyewaan VCD
- Menerima pembayaran
- Cek keterlambatan
- Entry pengembalian
- Perhitungan denda
Use Model
Example:
• A software interface contains menubars, toolbars, work
areas,etc
• A properly designed use model assures that each of
these components is properly placed within the system
such that a user can easily understand how the
information is arranged, what actions they can perform
• a use model is said to be the mapping of the user's
cognitive model onto the system.
User Model
Styles :
- Menu
- Form filling
- Command languange
- Direct manipulation
Pilih 4 pola sesuai dengan Task & User
Profile dan Goal hendak dicapai
User Model
• Menu, karena banyak perbedaan tugas
yang harus dikerjakan oleh kasir
• Form filling, untuk entry sewa,
pengembalian
GOMS (Goals, Operators,
Methods and Selection)
• Goals
adalah tujuan dari user, menerangkan apa
yang hendak dicapai oleh user. Dalam
GOMS, goals ini dipakai sebagai pedoman
untuk user untuk mengevaluasi apa yang
hendak dicapai (tujuannya) dan untuk titik
tolak dimana user harus kembali jika terjadi
error dalam proses desain.
GOMS (Goals, Operators,
Methods and Selection)
• Operators
adalah kegiatan dasar yang harus dilakukan
oleh user untuk menggunakan sistem.
Operators bisa mempengaruhi sistem
(misalnya, tekan tombol ‘x’) atau hanya
mental state dari user (misalnya, baca
dialogue box).
GOMS (Goals, Operators,
Methods and Selection)
Methods
cara untuk mendekomposisi goal sub-goals.
Misalnya : window manager, bisa ditutup
dengan 2 cara, yaitu dengan memilih option
‘close’ atau dengan menekan kombinasi
tombol Alt-F4.
CLOSE
METHOD
GOMS (Goals, Operators,
Methods and Selection)
• Selection
– Dari contoh diatas, kita bisa melihat pemakaian kata
‘select’ pada saat memilih method. GOMS tidak
hanya menggunakan pilihan acak, tapi juga berusaha
untuk memperkirakan method apa yang hendak
digunakan.
Example:
*Goal: create a Word document
* * GOAL: create new document
***
choose new doc icon
*** set font
*** set font size
*** type document text
** GOAL: save document
***
SELECT save icon
File then save from menu
***
complete save dialogue box
** GOAL: print document
***
SELECT print icon
File then print from menu
Goal
Sub-goal
Operator
Operator
Operator
Operator
Sub-goal
Operator
Operator
Operator
Su-goal
Operator
operator
people perform tasks to
achieve goals
http://www.cs.vu.nl/~gerrit/gta/docs/litdoc.pdf
Tools enlarge
the possibilities
in performing
tasks
DEFINITION
the process of analysing the way people
perform their jobs and it is important to the
software designer because a major part of
the design will focus on supporting the jobs
people do [McCauley, 1995]
DEFINITION
the process of learning about ordinary users
by observing them in action to understand in
detail how they perform their tasks and
achieve their intended goals. (Usability.gov,
2017)
"Task Analysis“ is not a term with a fixed and agreed
meaning. It is a means to collect information about a
task, organise it, and then use it to make various
judgements or design decisions. The term task analysis
covers a range of methodologies, methods and
techniques used by managers, trainers, procedures
writers, safety assessors, ergonomics practitioners,
system designers and human factors specialists
Renardus M.M. Scheffer
a
simple
exercise
that
UX designers can
undertake
during the definition of a problem,
which can help not just in
identifying where opportunities to
improve the UX
•
Source: Mayhew, D.J. (1992)
TASK ANALYSIS, why ?
designer assumption
all users are the same
all users are the same as me
can design a good interface without the
need to understand the us
TASK ANALYSIS, why ?
Human elements must be optimized
and potential errors must be
minimized
To include human element directly on
the design, systematically and
openly so it can be checked very
carefully
Who is
• Individual
• Group
• Operator
• Administrator
USER ?
Complete Address
Techniques
Task Analysis
Task Decomposition
• Proses dekomposisi (pemecahan suatu
task menjadi beberapa sub-task) ini sering
juga disebut sebagai Hierarchical Task
Analysis (HTA).
• Hasil output dari HTA ini adalah suatu
hierarki dari task dan sub-task dan juga
suatu rancangan urutan (plan) dan syarat
dari sub-task sub-task tersebut.
hierarchical task analysis
provides an understanding
of the tasks users need to
perform to achieve certain
goals
HTA’S PROCCESS
Task Analysis Methods:
Data Gathering
• Banyak metoda task analysis
• Tidak ada yg 100% memuaskan
• Metoda umum
– Questionnaires and Interviews
– Observational studies
– Experimental data collection
Knowledge Based Analysis
Knowledge Based Analysis dimulai
dengan mengidentifikasikan semua objek
dan aksi yang terlibat dalam task, dan
kemudian mengembangkan suatu
taxonomi dari semuanya. Hal ini mirip
dengan taxonomi dari cabang ilmu biologi
(klasifikasi hewan/tumbuhan).
Kitchen item AND
/- shape XOR
/ |
mixing bowl, casserole, soucepan, soup bowl, glass
/ |_ flat
/
plate, chopping board, frying pan
/_ function OR
{_ preparation
{
mixing bowl, plate, chopping board
{_ cooking
{
frying pan, casserole, soucepan
{_ dining XOR
|_ for food
plate, soup bowl, casserole
|_ for drink
glass
User Task
Contoh :
Kasir (task) :
- Entry penyewaan VCD
- Menerima pembayaran
- Cek keterlambatan
- Entry pengembalian
- Perhitungan denda
Use Model
Example:
• A software interface contains menubars, toolbars, work
areas,etc
• A properly designed use model assures that each of
these components is properly placed within the system
such that a user can easily understand how the
information is arranged, what actions they can perform
• a use model is said to be the mapping of the user's
cognitive model onto the system.
User Model
Styles :
- Menu
- Form filling
- Command languange
- Direct manipulation
Pilih 4 pola sesuai dengan Task & User
Profile dan Goal hendak dicapai
User Model
• Menu, karena banyak perbedaan tugas
yang harus dikerjakan oleh kasir
• Form filling, untuk entry sewa,
pengembalian
GOMS (Goals, Operators,
Methods and Selection)
• Goals
adalah tujuan dari user, menerangkan apa
yang hendak dicapai oleh user. Dalam
GOMS, goals ini dipakai sebagai pedoman
untuk user untuk mengevaluasi apa yang
hendak dicapai (tujuannya) dan untuk titik
tolak dimana user harus kembali jika terjadi
error dalam proses desain.
GOMS (Goals, Operators,
Methods and Selection)
• Operators
adalah kegiatan dasar yang harus dilakukan
oleh user untuk menggunakan sistem.
Operators bisa mempengaruhi sistem
(misalnya, tekan tombol ‘x’) atau hanya
mental state dari user (misalnya, baca
dialogue box).
GOMS (Goals, Operators,
Methods and Selection)
Methods
cara untuk mendekomposisi goal sub-goals.
Misalnya : window manager, bisa ditutup
dengan 2 cara, yaitu dengan memilih option
‘close’ atau dengan menekan kombinasi
tombol Alt-F4.
CLOSE
METHOD
GOMS (Goals, Operators,
Methods and Selection)
• Selection
– Dari contoh diatas, kita bisa melihat pemakaian kata
‘select’ pada saat memilih method. GOMS tidak
hanya menggunakan pilihan acak, tapi juga berusaha
untuk memperkirakan method apa yang hendak
digunakan.
Example:
*Goal: create a Word document
* * GOAL: create new document
***
choose new doc icon
*** set font
*** set font size
*** type document text
** GOAL: save document
***
SELECT save icon
File then save from menu
***
complete save dialogue box
** GOAL: print document
***
SELECT print icon
File then print from menu
Goal
Sub-goal
Operator
Operator
Operator
Operator
Sub-goal
Operator
Operator
Operator
Su-goal
Operator
operator