Isolasi Bakteri Keratinolitik Dari Limbah Bulu Ayam Dan Karakterisasi Enzim Keratinasenya
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Agrahari, S. & Wadhwa, N. 2010. Degradation of Chicken Feather A Poultry Waste
Product by Keratinolytic Bacteria Isolated from Dumping Site at Ghazipur
Poultry Processing Plant. International Journal of Poultry Science. 9(5): 482489.
Alzarban, S., Azza, A., Ibrahim, H.A. & Yunus, A. 2002. Noteworthy Salt-Loving
Actinomycetes from Kuwait. J. Sci. Eng. 29(1): 99-109.
Bach, E., Daroit, D. J., Correˆa, A. P. & Brandelli, A. 2011. Production and
Properties of Keratinolytic Proteases from Three Novel Gram-Negative
Feather-Degrading Bacteria Isolated from Brazilian Soils. Biodegradation.
22: 1191–1201.
Balaji, S., Kumar, M.S, Karthikeyan, R., Kumar, R., Kirubanandan, S., Sridhar, R. &
Sehgal, P.K. 2008. Purification and Characterization of An Extracellular
Keratinase from A Hornmeal-Degrading Bacillus subtilis MTCC (9102).
World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 24: 2741–2745.
Belarmino, D. D., Ladchumananandasivam, R., Belarmino, L. D., Pimentel, J. R.,
Rocha, B. G., Galvao, A. O. & Andrade, M. B. A. 2012. Physical and
Morphological Structure of Chicken Feathers (Keratin Biofiber) in Natural,
Chemically and Thermally Modified Forms. Materials Sciences and
Applications. 3: 887-893.
Bradford, M. M., 1976. A Rapid and Sensitive Method For The Quantitation of
Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing The Principle of Protein-dye
Binding. Anal Biochem. 72: 248-254.
Brandelli, A. 2008. Bacterial Keratinases: Useful Enzymes for Bioprocessing
Agroindustrial Wastes and Beyond. Food Bioprocess Technol. 1: 105-116.
Brandelli, A., Daroit, D. J. & Riffel, A. 2010. Biochemical Features of Microbial
Keratinases and Their Production and Applications. Appl Microbiol and
Biotechnol. 85: 1735-1750.
Cai, C & Zheng, X. 2009. Medium Optimization for Keratinase Production in Hair
Substrate by a New Bacillus subtilis KD-N2 Using Response Surface
Methodology. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 36: 875–883.
Cai, C., Chen, J., Qi, J., Yin, Y. & Zheng, X. 2008. Purification and Characterization
of Keratinase from A New Bacillus subtilis Strain. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B.
9(9): 713-720.
Cao, Z., Zhang, Q., Wei, D., Chen, L., Wang, J., Zhang, X. & Zhou, M. 2009.
Characterization of a Novel Stenotrophomonas Isolate with High Keratinase
Activity and Purification of the Enzyme. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 36: 181188.
Dalev, P., Ivanov, I. & Liubomirova, A. 1997. Enzymic Modification of Feather
Keratin Hydrolyzates with Lysine Aimed at Increasing The Biological Value.
J Sci Food Agric. 73: 22-244.
Damir, O., Mladen, P., Bozidar, S. & Srdan, N. 2011. Cultivation of the Bacterium
Azotobacter chroococcum for Preparation of Biofertilizers. African Journal of
Biotechnology. 10(16): 3104-3111.
Dewatisari, W.F., Suranto & Setyono, P. 2008.Keanekaragaman Beberapa Varietas
Sansevieria trifasciata Berdasarkan Karakter Anatomi, Isozim, dan
Kandungan Saponin. Bioteknologi. 5(2): 56-62.
Direktorat
Jenderal
Peternakan
dan
Kesehatan
Hewan.
http://www.deptan.go.id/infoeksekutif/nak/isi_dt5thn_nak.php
2013.
El-Gendy, M. M. A. 2010. Keratinase Production by Endophytic Penicillium spp.
Morsy1 Under Solid-State Fermentation Using Rice Straw. Appl Biochem
Biotechnol. 162: 780–794.
Gioppo, N. M., Moreira, F. G., Costa, A. M., Alexandrino, A. M., De Souza, C. G. &
Peralta, R. M. 2009. Influence of The Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on
Keratinase Production by Myrothecium Verrucaria in Submerged and Solid
State Cultures. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 36: 705-711.
Gupta, A., Perumal, R., Rosli & Nuruldiyanah. 2012. Extraction of Keratin Protein
from Chiken Feather. Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources
Engineering: Pahang, Malaysia.
Gushterova, A., Tonkova, E. V., Dimova, E., Nedkoc, P. & Haertle, T. 2005.
Keratinase Production by Newly Isolated Antartic Actinomycete Strains.
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 21: 831-834.
Hadiati, S & Sukmadjaja, D. 2002. Keragaman Pola Pita Beberapa Aksesi Nenas
Berdasarkan Analisis Isozim. Bioteknologi Pertanian. 7(2): 62-70.
Inamdar, A., Nasreen, S. & Siddiqui, R. 2012. Screening and Production of Extra
Cellular Feather Degrading Enzyme from Bacterial Isolates. Indian J.L.Sci.1.
2: 19-24.
Keren, Y., Keshet, D., Eidelman, M., Geffen, Y., Raz-Pasteur, A. & Hussein, K.
2014. Is Leclercia adecarboxylata A New and Unfamiliar Marine Pathogen?.
Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 52(5): 1775–1776.
Kojima, M., Kanai, M., Tominaga, M., Kitazume, S., Inoue, A. & Horikoshi, K.
2006. Isolation and Characterization of a Feather-Degrading Enzyme from
Bacillus pseudofirmus FA30-01. Extremophiles. 10: 229–235.
Kreplak, L., Doucet, J., Dumas, P. & Briki, F. 2004. New Aspects of The α-helix to
β-Sheet Transition in Stretched Hard α-Keratin Fibers. Biophysical Journal.
87: 640-647.
Krystyna, W.T. & Janusz, A. 2007. Biocomposites with a Content of Keratin from
Chicken Feathers. Fibres and Textiles. Vol. 15, 1(60): 106-112.
Kumar, R., Balaji, S., Uma, T. S., Mandal, A. B. & Sehgal, P. K. 2010. Optimization
of Influential Parameters for Extracellular Keratinase Production by Bacillus
subtilis (MTCC9102) in Solid State Fermentation Using Horn Meal-a
Biowaste Management. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 160: 30–39.
Langeveld, J. P. M., Wang, J. J., van de Wiel, D. F. M., Shih, G. C.,Garssen, G. J. &
Bossers, A. 2003. Enzymatic Degradation of Prion Protein in Brain Stem from
Infected Cattle And Sheep. J Infect Dis. 188: 1782-1789.
Lee J. M. 1992. Biochemical Engineering. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.
Lee, H., Suh, D. B., Hwang, J. H. & Suh, H.J. 2002. Characterization of a
Keratinolytic Metalloprotease from Bacillus sp. SCB-3. Appl Biochem and
Biotechnol. 97: 123-133.
Lee, Y. J., Kim, J. H., Kim, H. K. & Lee, J. S. 2004. Production and Characterization
of Keratinase from Paracoccus sp. WJ-98. Biotechnology and Bioprocess
Enginering. 9: 17-22.
Lopez, J. G., Pozo, M. V., Toledo, M., Rodelas, B. & Salmeron, V. 1996. Production
of Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Azotobacter chroococcum H23 in Wastewater
from Olive Oil Mills (Alpechin). Internationul Biodeterioration and
Biodegradation. 96: 271-276.
Lucas, F. S., Broennimann, O., Febbraro, I. & Heeb, P. 2003. High Diversity among
Feather-Degrading Bacteria from a Dry Meadow Soil. Microbial Ecology. 45:
282–290.
Mahato P., Badoni, A. & Chauhan, J. S. 2009. Effect of Azotobacter and Nitrogen on
Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth in Tomato. Researcher.
1(4):62-66.
Marchesi, J. R., Sato, T., Weightman, A. J., Martin, T. A., Fry, J. C., Hiom, S. J.,
Dymok, D. & Wade, W. G. 1998. Design and Evaluation of Useful
Bacterium-Spesific PCR Primers that Amplify Genes Coding for Bacteria 16S
rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol. 64(2): 795-799.
Marcondes, N. R., Taira, C. L., Vandresen, D. C., Svidzinski, T. I. E., Kadowaki, M.
K. & Peralta, R. M. 2008. New Feather-Degrading Filamentous Fungi.
Microb Ecol. 56: 13-17.
Moreira, F. G., De Souza, C. G. M., Costa, M. A. F., Reis, S. & Peralt, R. M. 2007.
Degradation of Keratinous Materials by The Plant Pathogenic Fungus
Myrothecium verrucaria. Mycopathologia. 163: 153–160.
Muhsin T. M & Aubaid, A. H. 2001. Partial Purification and Some Biochemical
Characteristics of Exocellular Keratinase from Trichophyton Mentagrophytes
var. erinacei. Mycopathologia. 150: 121-125.
Muratoglu, H., Kati, H., Demirbag, Z. & Sezen, K. 2009. High insecticidal activity of
Leclercia adecarboxylata isolated from Leptinotarsa decemlineata
(Col.:Chrysomelidae). African Journal of Biotechnology. 8(24):7111-7115.
Nagal, S & Jain, P. C. 2010. Feather Degradation by Strains of Bacillus Isolated from
Decomposing Feathers. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 41: 196-200.
Naiola, E. & Widyastuti, N. 2007. Semi Purifikasi dan Karakterisasi Enzim Protease
Bacillus sp. Berk. Penel. Hayati 13: 51–56.
Nursyirwani & Amolle, K. C. 2007. Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Bakteri
Hidrokarbonoklastik dari Perairan Dumai dengan Sekuen 16S rDNA. Ilmu
Kelautan. Vol. 12 (1): 12 – 17.
Prakash, P., Senigala, K., Jayalakshmi & Sreeramulu, K. 2010. Purification and
Characterization of Extreme Alkaline, Thermostable Keratinase and Keratin
Disulfide Reductase Produced by Bacillus halodurans PPKS-2. Appl
Microbiol and Biotechnol. 87: 625-633.
Rahayu, S., Syah, D. & Suhartono, M.T. 2010. Preliminary Study on Keratinase from
Two Indonesian Isolates. Animal Production. 12 (1): 60-68.
Rasyaf, M. 1992. Beternak Ayam Petelur. PT. Penebar Swadaya: Jakarta
Riffel, A. & Brandelli, A. 2006. Keratinolytic Bacteria Isolated from Feather Waste.
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 37: 395-399.
Riffel, A., Lucas, F., Heeb, P. & Brandelli, A. 2003. Characterization of A New
Keratinolytic Bacterium that Completely Degrades Native Feather Keratin.
Arch Microbiol. 179: 258–265.
Roe, S. 2001. Protein Purification Techniques, Second Edition. Oxford University
Press: New York.
Saravanan, K. 2012. Exploration on Amino Acid Content and Morphological
Structure in Chiken Feather Fiber. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology
and Management. 7(3): 1-8.
Sarma, P. M., Bhattacharya, D., Krishnan, S. & Lal, B. 2004. Degradation of
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by A Newly Discovered Enteric
Bacterium, Leclercia adecarboxylata. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology. 70(5): 3163–3166.
Silveira, S. T., Casarin, F., Gemelli, S. & Brandelli, A. 2010. Thermodynamics and
Kinetics of Heat Inactivation of A Novel Keratinase from Chryseobacterium
sp. strain kr6. Appl Biochem and Biotechnol. 162: 548-560.
Suntornsuk, W., Tongjun, J., Onnim, P., Oyama, H., Ratanakanokchai, K., Kusamran,
T. & Oda, K. 2005. Purification and Characterisation of Keratinase from a
Thermotolerant Feather-Degrading Bacterium. World Journal of
Microbiology and Biotechnology. 21: 1111–1117.
Suryanto, D., Warsito, K., Munir, E. & Khadijah, S.N. 2014. Partial Characterization
of Keratinase of Thermophilic Bacteria from Three Hotsprings of North
Sumatra. Journal of ChemTech Research. 7(5): 2514-2519.
Tamura, K., Sakazaki, R., Kosako, Y. & Yoshizaki, E. 1986. Leclercia
adecarboxylata Gen. Nov., Com. Nov., Formely Known as Escherichia
adecarboxylata. Current Microbiology. 13(4): 179-184.
Tatineni, R., Kiran, K. D, Ravi, C. P. & Lakshmi, N.M. 2007. Optimization of
Keratinase Production and Enzyme Activity Using Response Surface
Methodology with Streptomyces sp7. Humana Press Inc. 141: 187–202.
Wang, N. S, 2006. Enzyme Purification by Salt (Ammonium Sulfate) Precipitation.
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland.
Wawrzkiewicz, K., Lobarzewski, J. & Wolski, T. 1987. Intracellular Keratinase of
Trichophyton gallinae. J Med Vet Mycol. 25: 261–268.
Werlang, P. O. & Brandelli, A. 2005. Characterization of A Novel Feather Degrading
Bacillus sp. Strain. Appl Biochem and Biotechnol. 120: 71–79.
www.pgbeautygroomingscience.com diunduh 11 Januari 2014 pukul 10.00 WIB.
Yamamura, S., Morita, Y., Hasan, Q., Yokoyama, K. & Tamiya, E. 2002. Keratin
Degradation: A Cooperative Action of Two Enzymes from Stenotrophomonas
sp. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 294: 1138–1143.
Yue, X. Y., Zhang, B., Jiang, D. D., Liu, Y. J. & Niu, T. G. 2011. Separation and
Purification of A Keratinase as Pesticide Against Root-Knot Nematodes.
World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 27: 2147–2153.
Zaghloul, T. I., Embaby, A. M. & Elmahdy, A. R. 2011. Key Determinants Affecting
Sheep Wool Biodegradation Directed by A Keratinase-Producing Bacillus
subtilis Recombinant Strain. Biodegradation. 22: 111–128.
Zhang, B., Jiang, D., Zhou, W., Hao, H. & Niu, T. 2009. Isolation and
Characterization of A New Bacillus sp. 50-3 with Highly Alkaline Keratinase
Activity from Calotes versicolor Faeces. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 25:
583–590.
Zouari, N. F., Hmidet, N., Haddar, A., Kanoun, S. & Nasri, M. 2010. A Novel Serine
Metallokeratinase from A Newly Isolated Bacillus pumilus A1 Grown on
Chicken Feather Meal. Biochemical and Molecular Characterization. Appl
Biochem and Biotechnol. 162: 329–344.
Agrahari, S. & Wadhwa, N. 2010. Degradation of Chicken Feather A Poultry Waste
Product by Keratinolytic Bacteria Isolated from Dumping Site at Ghazipur
Poultry Processing Plant. International Journal of Poultry Science. 9(5): 482489.
Alzarban, S., Azza, A., Ibrahim, H.A. & Yunus, A. 2002. Noteworthy Salt-Loving
Actinomycetes from Kuwait. J. Sci. Eng. 29(1): 99-109.
Bach, E., Daroit, D. J., Correˆa, A. P. & Brandelli, A. 2011. Production and
Properties of Keratinolytic Proteases from Three Novel Gram-Negative
Feather-Degrading Bacteria Isolated from Brazilian Soils. Biodegradation.
22: 1191–1201.
Balaji, S., Kumar, M.S, Karthikeyan, R., Kumar, R., Kirubanandan, S., Sridhar, R. &
Sehgal, P.K. 2008. Purification and Characterization of An Extracellular
Keratinase from A Hornmeal-Degrading Bacillus subtilis MTCC (9102).
World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 24: 2741–2745.
Belarmino, D. D., Ladchumananandasivam, R., Belarmino, L. D., Pimentel, J. R.,
Rocha, B. G., Galvao, A. O. & Andrade, M. B. A. 2012. Physical and
Morphological Structure of Chicken Feathers (Keratin Biofiber) in Natural,
Chemically and Thermally Modified Forms. Materials Sciences and
Applications. 3: 887-893.
Bradford, M. M., 1976. A Rapid and Sensitive Method For The Quantitation of
Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing The Principle of Protein-dye
Binding. Anal Biochem. 72: 248-254.
Brandelli, A. 2008. Bacterial Keratinases: Useful Enzymes for Bioprocessing
Agroindustrial Wastes and Beyond. Food Bioprocess Technol. 1: 105-116.
Brandelli, A., Daroit, D. J. & Riffel, A. 2010. Biochemical Features of Microbial
Keratinases and Their Production and Applications. Appl Microbiol and
Biotechnol. 85: 1735-1750.
Cai, C & Zheng, X. 2009. Medium Optimization for Keratinase Production in Hair
Substrate by a New Bacillus subtilis KD-N2 Using Response Surface
Methodology. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 36: 875–883.
Cai, C., Chen, J., Qi, J., Yin, Y. & Zheng, X. 2008. Purification and Characterization
of Keratinase from A New Bacillus subtilis Strain. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B.
9(9): 713-720.
Cao, Z., Zhang, Q., Wei, D., Chen, L., Wang, J., Zhang, X. & Zhou, M. 2009.
Characterization of a Novel Stenotrophomonas Isolate with High Keratinase
Activity and Purification of the Enzyme. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 36: 181188.
Dalev, P., Ivanov, I. & Liubomirova, A. 1997. Enzymic Modification of Feather
Keratin Hydrolyzates with Lysine Aimed at Increasing The Biological Value.
J Sci Food Agric. 73: 22-244.
Damir, O., Mladen, P., Bozidar, S. & Srdan, N. 2011. Cultivation of the Bacterium
Azotobacter chroococcum for Preparation of Biofertilizers. African Journal of
Biotechnology. 10(16): 3104-3111.
Dewatisari, W.F., Suranto & Setyono, P. 2008.Keanekaragaman Beberapa Varietas
Sansevieria trifasciata Berdasarkan Karakter Anatomi, Isozim, dan
Kandungan Saponin. Bioteknologi. 5(2): 56-62.
Direktorat
Jenderal
Peternakan
dan
Kesehatan
Hewan.
http://www.deptan.go.id/infoeksekutif/nak/isi_dt5thn_nak.php
2013.
El-Gendy, M. M. A. 2010. Keratinase Production by Endophytic Penicillium spp.
Morsy1 Under Solid-State Fermentation Using Rice Straw. Appl Biochem
Biotechnol. 162: 780–794.
Gioppo, N. M., Moreira, F. G., Costa, A. M., Alexandrino, A. M., De Souza, C. G. &
Peralta, R. M. 2009. Influence of The Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on
Keratinase Production by Myrothecium Verrucaria in Submerged and Solid
State Cultures. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 36: 705-711.
Gupta, A., Perumal, R., Rosli & Nuruldiyanah. 2012. Extraction of Keratin Protein
from Chiken Feather. Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources
Engineering: Pahang, Malaysia.
Gushterova, A., Tonkova, E. V., Dimova, E., Nedkoc, P. & Haertle, T. 2005.
Keratinase Production by Newly Isolated Antartic Actinomycete Strains.
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 21: 831-834.
Hadiati, S & Sukmadjaja, D. 2002. Keragaman Pola Pita Beberapa Aksesi Nenas
Berdasarkan Analisis Isozim. Bioteknologi Pertanian. 7(2): 62-70.
Inamdar, A., Nasreen, S. & Siddiqui, R. 2012. Screening and Production of Extra
Cellular Feather Degrading Enzyme from Bacterial Isolates. Indian J.L.Sci.1.
2: 19-24.
Keren, Y., Keshet, D., Eidelman, M., Geffen, Y., Raz-Pasteur, A. & Hussein, K.
2014. Is Leclercia adecarboxylata A New and Unfamiliar Marine Pathogen?.
Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 52(5): 1775–1776.
Kojima, M., Kanai, M., Tominaga, M., Kitazume, S., Inoue, A. & Horikoshi, K.
2006. Isolation and Characterization of a Feather-Degrading Enzyme from
Bacillus pseudofirmus FA30-01. Extremophiles. 10: 229–235.
Kreplak, L., Doucet, J., Dumas, P. & Briki, F. 2004. New Aspects of The α-helix to
β-Sheet Transition in Stretched Hard α-Keratin Fibers. Biophysical Journal.
87: 640-647.
Krystyna, W.T. & Janusz, A. 2007. Biocomposites with a Content of Keratin from
Chicken Feathers. Fibres and Textiles. Vol. 15, 1(60): 106-112.
Kumar, R., Balaji, S., Uma, T. S., Mandal, A. B. & Sehgal, P. K. 2010. Optimization
of Influential Parameters for Extracellular Keratinase Production by Bacillus
subtilis (MTCC9102) in Solid State Fermentation Using Horn Meal-a
Biowaste Management. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 160: 30–39.
Langeveld, J. P. M., Wang, J. J., van de Wiel, D. F. M., Shih, G. C.,Garssen, G. J. &
Bossers, A. 2003. Enzymatic Degradation of Prion Protein in Brain Stem from
Infected Cattle And Sheep. J Infect Dis. 188: 1782-1789.
Lee J. M. 1992. Biochemical Engineering. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.
Lee, H., Suh, D. B., Hwang, J. H. & Suh, H.J. 2002. Characterization of a
Keratinolytic Metalloprotease from Bacillus sp. SCB-3. Appl Biochem and
Biotechnol. 97: 123-133.
Lee, Y. J., Kim, J. H., Kim, H. K. & Lee, J. S. 2004. Production and Characterization
of Keratinase from Paracoccus sp. WJ-98. Biotechnology and Bioprocess
Enginering. 9: 17-22.
Lopez, J. G., Pozo, M. V., Toledo, M., Rodelas, B. & Salmeron, V. 1996. Production
of Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Azotobacter chroococcum H23 in Wastewater
from Olive Oil Mills (Alpechin). Internationul Biodeterioration and
Biodegradation. 96: 271-276.
Lucas, F. S., Broennimann, O., Febbraro, I. & Heeb, P. 2003. High Diversity among
Feather-Degrading Bacteria from a Dry Meadow Soil. Microbial Ecology. 45:
282–290.
Mahato P., Badoni, A. & Chauhan, J. S. 2009. Effect of Azotobacter and Nitrogen on
Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth in Tomato. Researcher.
1(4):62-66.
Marchesi, J. R., Sato, T., Weightman, A. J., Martin, T. A., Fry, J. C., Hiom, S. J.,
Dymok, D. & Wade, W. G. 1998. Design and Evaluation of Useful
Bacterium-Spesific PCR Primers that Amplify Genes Coding for Bacteria 16S
rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol. 64(2): 795-799.
Marcondes, N. R., Taira, C. L., Vandresen, D. C., Svidzinski, T. I. E., Kadowaki, M.
K. & Peralta, R. M. 2008. New Feather-Degrading Filamentous Fungi.
Microb Ecol. 56: 13-17.
Moreira, F. G., De Souza, C. G. M., Costa, M. A. F., Reis, S. & Peralt, R. M. 2007.
Degradation of Keratinous Materials by The Plant Pathogenic Fungus
Myrothecium verrucaria. Mycopathologia. 163: 153–160.
Muhsin T. M & Aubaid, A. H. 2001. Partial Purification and Some Biochemical
Characteristics of Exocellular Keratinase from Trichophyton Mentagrophytes
var. erinacei. Mycopathologia. 150: 121-125.
Muratoglu, H., Kati, H., Demirbag, Z. & Sezen, K. 2009. High insecticidal activity of
Leclercia adecarboxylata isolated from Leptinotarsa decemlineata
(Col.:Chrysomelidae). African Journal of Biotechnology. 8(24):7111-7115.
Nagal, S & Jain, P. C. 2010. Feather Degradation by Strains of Bacillus Isolated from
Decomposing Feathers. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 41: 196-200.
Naiola, E. & Widyastuti, N. 2007. Semi Purifikasi dan Karakterisasi Enzim Protease
Bacillus sp. Berk. Penel. Hayati 13: 51–56.
Nursyirwani & Amolle, K. C. 2007. Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Bakteri
Hidrokarbonoklastik dari Perairan Dumai dengan Sekuen 16S rDNA. Ilmu
Kelautan. Vol. 12 (1): 12 – 17.
Prakash, P., Senigala, K., Jayalakshmi & Sreeramulu, K. 2010. Purification and
Characterization of Extreme Alkaline, Thermostable Keratinase and Keratin
Disulfide Reductase Produced by Bacillus halodurans PPKS-2. Appl
Microbiol and Biotechnol. 87: 625-633.
Rahayu, S., Syah, D. & Suhartono, M.T. 2010. Preliminary Study on Keratinase from
Two Indonesian Isolates. Animal Production. 12 (1): 60-68.
Rasyaf, M. 1992. Beternak Ayam Petelur. PT. Penebar Swadaya: Jakarta
Riffel, A. & Brandelli, A. 2006. Keratinolytic Bacteria Isolated from Feather Waste.
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 37: 395-399.
Riffel, A., Lucas, F., Heeb, P. & Brandelli, A. 2003. Characterization of A New
Keratinolytic Bacterium that Completely Degrades Native Feather Keratin.
Arch Microbiol. 179: 258–265.
Roe, S. 2001. Protein Purification Techniques, Second Edition. Oxford University
Press: New York.
Saravanan, K. 2012. Exploration on Amino Acid Content and Morphological
Structure in Chiken Feather Fiber. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology
and Management. 7(3): 1-8.
Sarma, P. M., Bhattacharya, D., Krishnan, S. & Lal, B. 2004. Degradation of
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by A Newly Discovered Enteric
Bacterium, Leclercia adecarboxylata. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology. 70(5): 3163–3166.
Silveira, S. T., Casarin, F., Gemelli, S. & Brandelli, A. 2010. Thermodynamics and
Kinetics of Heat Inactivation of A Novel Keratinase from Chryseobacterium
sp. strain kr6. Appl Biochem and Biotechnol. 162: 548-560.
Suntornsuk, W., Tongjun, J., Onnim, P., Oyama, H., Ratanakanokchai, K., Kusamran,
T. & Oda, K. 2005. Purification and Characterisation of Keratinase from a
Thermotolerant Feather-Degrading Bacterium. World Journal of
Microbiology and Biotechnology. 21: 1111–1117.
Suryanto, D., Warsito, K., Munir, E. & Khadijah, S.N. 2014. Partial Characterization
of Keratinase of Thermophilic Bacteria from Three Hotsprings of North
Sumatra. Journal of ChemTech Research. 7(5): 2514-2519.
Tamura, K., Sakazaki, R., Kosako, Y. & Yoshizaki, E. 1986. Leclercia
adecarboxylata Gen. Nov., Com. Nov., Formely Known as Escherichia
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