Elijah`s motivation in saving the widow from Zarepath and her son in Paulo Coelho`s The Fifth Mountains.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ELIJAH’S MOTIVATION IN SAVING THE WIDOW FROM ZAREPATH
AND HER SON IN PAULO COELHO’S THE FIFTH MOUNTAINS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

Dionisius Cahyo Gunawan
Student Number: 061214127

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ELIJAH’S MOTIVATION IN SAVING THE WIDOW FROM ZAREPATH
AND HER SON IN PAULO COELHO’S THE FIFTH MOUNTAINS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

Dionisius Cahyo Gunawan
Student Number: 061214127

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012
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This thesis is dedicated to:
God, My Beloved Family and Friends

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work

or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and
references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta July 5, 2012
The writer

Dionisius Cahyo Gunawan
06 1214 127

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas sanata Dharma:
Nama

: Dionisius Cahyo Gunawan

Nomor Mahasiswa

: 061214127

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang bejudul:
ELIJAH’S MOTIVATION IN SAVING THE WIDOW FROM ZAREPATH
AND HER SON IN PAULO COELHO’S THE FIFTH MOUNTAINS
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai
penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 5 Juli 2012
Yang menyatakan

Dionisius Cahyo Gunawan

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to say thanks Mother Mary, who always
accompanies and answer my prayers. I would like also to express my gratitude to
Jesus Christ, who always stays beside me, gives me strength and supports me in
finishing this thesis. I realize that I would never be able to accomplish this thesis
without Their blessings.
I also realize that I would never have finished this thesis without other’s
help and support. My deepest thank goes to my major sponsor Henny Herawati,
S.Pd., M.Hum, who has sacrifices her time and mind in guiding me to finish my
thesis from the beginning until the end. My deepest thank also go to all PBI
lecturers and staff, for guiding and sharing their knowledge during my study in
PBI.
My endless and deepest gratitude goes to my beloved family for being my

light in my life. My deepest gratitude especially goes to my lovely parents
Ngadiyo Sirinus and Maria Immaculata Susilah. Their never ending love,
patience, support and understanding gives me strength in finishing my thesis. My
deepest love also goes to my sisters and brother, Fidelis Aprilina Gunawan, Leo
Agung Susilo Gunawan, and Rosalia Ika Seventia Gunawan.
I would like to thank my entire friends that I cannot mention one by one.
I thank them for their friendship, support and prayers.
Dionisius Cahyo Gunawan

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………i
APPROVAL PAGES ……………………………………………………………..ii
DEDICATION PAGE…...………………………………………………………..iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY……………………………………v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK

KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ……………………………………………………vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………..vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………….viii
LIST OF APPENDICES..………………………………………………………....x
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………...xi
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………….xiii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study …………………………………………………1
1.2 Problem Formulation ……………………………………………………..5
1.3 Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………...5
1.4 Benefits of the Study ……………………………………………………..5
1.5 Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Review ……………………………………………………… 9
2.1.1Theory of Critical Approach to Literature………………………….10
2.1.2 Theory of Conflict …………………………………………………11
2.1.3 Theory of Motivation ……………………………………………...12
2.1.4 Theory of Human Need. …………………………………………...15
2.2 Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………… 18

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CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Object of the Study ………………………………………………………20
3.2 Approach the Study …………… ………………………………………..21
3.3 Method of the Study ……………………………………………………..21
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS
4.1 The conflicts faced by Elijah ………………………………………….....24
4.1.1 Internal conflicts faced by Elijah ………………………………….25
4.1.2 External conflicts faced by Elijah …………………………………25
4.2 Elijah’s motivation in saving the widow and her son …………………...27
4.2.1 Intrinsic motivation: The love of Elijah to the widow …………….29
4.2.2 Extrinsic motivation: God’s order to take care the widow………...31
4.3 Elijah’s needs ……………………………………………………………35
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………..38
5.2 Suggestions …………………………………………………………….. 40
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………...43

APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………45

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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1.

SUMMARY OF THE FIFTH MOUNTAINS ………………..49

APPENDIX 2.

BIOGRAPHY OF PAULO COELHO………….…………....52

APPENDIX 3.

LESSON PLAN ……………………………………………..55

APPENDIX 4.

LEARNING MATERIAL ………………………………….. 59

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ABSTRACT
Gunawan, Dionisius C. (2012) Elijah’s Motivation in Saving the Widow from
Zarepath and Her Son in Paulo Coelho’s The Fifth Mountains. Yogyakarta:
English Laguage Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This study analyzes a Paulo Coelho’s novel entitled The Fifth Mountains.
It is a story about a young prophet named Elijah. He is sent by God to stay in a
widow’s house in the city of Akbar and help them to fulfill their daily needs. In
other side, Elijah’s reason stays in the widow’s house because Elijah wants to hide
from Queen Jezebel’s rampage. The queen wants to kill Elijah since he is an
Israelites God’s Prophet. The problem exists when the Assyrian’s army wants to
invade the city of Akbar and God asks Elijah to leave the city. Elijah decides to
take the widow and also her son because he loves the widow. In the same time he
wants to follow God’s order to accomplish his duty to the widow to leave the city.

Elijah’s action in saving the widow and her son was triggered by love and his
desire to accomplish his duty to the widow. Therefore, this study discusses
Elijah’s motivation in saving the widow and also her son.
There are two questions to be answered in this study. The first one is about
what kinds of conflicts faced by Elijah. The second question is what motivates
Elijah in saving the widow and her son. Therefore, the aim of this study is to find
out the conflicts faced by Elijah and to reveal the motivation of Elijah in saving
the widow and her son.
This study uses library research to analyze the study. The writer uses
psychological approach in order to reveal Elijah’s motivation in saving the widow
and her son. There are two kinds of sources in this study: the novel The Fifth
Mountains by Paulo Coelho is the primary source and other psychological books
and literary works as the secondary sources. The writer also applies theory of
conflicts, theory of human needs and theory of motivation.
Based on this study, the answer of the first question is that Elijah faces
three main conflicts. The first is internal conflicts within Elijah’s heart about his
feeling to the widow. Elijah has to choose whether to leave the city if he denies
his love to the widow or to stay in the city if he loves the widow. The second is
internal conflict which is Elijah’s conflicts toward his decision to obey God’s
order to leave the city alone or to leave the city and take the widow and her son
with him. God orders Elijah to leave the city but Elijah feels that his duty in the
city of Akbar was not finish yet. Elijah wants to make sure that the widow is safe
from the invasion. Elijah decides to save the widow and her son out of the city.
Elijah saves them as the accomplishment of God’s promise to the widow. The
last conflict is external conflict which is Elijah’s conflict with the governor. Elijah
forces the governor to negotiate peace with the Assyrian army but the governor
rejects it. As the result the Assyrian attacks the city.
According to the Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy’s theory of motivation
and theory of human needs, the motivations of Elijah in saving the widow and her
son belong to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The first motivation is intrinsic
motivation; in this motivation Elijah saves the widow because Elijah loves the
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widow. This motivation is driven by love and belonging need. The second
motivation is extrinsic motivation; in this motivation Elijah saves the widow as
the accomplishment of his duty and God’s promise to the widow. This motivation
underlies by esteem need.
Keywords: Conflict, Motivation, Need.

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ABSTRAK
Gunawan, Dionisius C. (2012) Elijah’s Motivation in Saving the Widow from
Zarepath and Her Son in Paulo Coelho’s The Fifth Mountains. Yogyakarta:
Program Studi pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa adan Seni,
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini menganalis a sebuah novel yang berjudul The Fifth Mountains
yang ditulis oleh Paulo Coelho. Novel ini bercerita tentang seorang nabi muda
bernama Elia. Tuhan menyuruh Elia untuk pergi dan tinggal di rumah seorang
janda di sebuah kota yang bernama Akbar. Dirumah si janda, Elia harus tinggal
dan membantu si janda dalam memeuhi kebutuhan hidup. Di sisi lain, Elia tinggal
dirumah si janda untuk bersembunyi dari Ratu Jezebel yang hendak
membunuhnya karna Elia adalah nabi bagi Tuhan orang Israel. Tetapi masalah
timbul dari Pasukan Tunisia yang datang hendak menginvasi kota Akbar dan
Tuhan menyruh Elia utuk pergi dari kota itu. Elia memutuskan untuk pergi dari
kota itu dan membawa serta si janda dan anaknya karena pada dasarnya Elia
mencintai si janda. Diwaktu yang sama Elia juga ingin mematuhi perintah Tuhan
dengan menyelesaikan tugasnya kepada si janda sambil meninggalkan kota.
Tindakan Elia menyelamatkan si janda didasari oleh 2 hal yaitu rasa cinta kepada
si janda dan pemenuhan akan tugas dan janji Tuhan kepada si janda. Oleh karena
itu, penelitian ini menganalisa tentang motivasi Elia dalam menyelamatkan si
janda dan juga anaknya.
Adapun ada dua pertanyaan yang hendak dijawab di dalam penelitan ini.
Yang pertama tentang apa konflik yang dialami Elia dan yang kedua tentang apa
motivasi Elia dalam menyelamatkan si janda dan juga anaknya. Sementara itu
tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan conflicts yang dialami Elia dan
untuk mengungkap motivasi Elia dalam menyelamatkan si janda dan anaknya.
Penelitian ini menggunakan studi kepustakaan dalam menemukan data.
Penulis menggunakan pendekatan psikologis karena penulis ingin mengungkap
motivasi tokoh utama dalam usahanya menyelamatkan si janda dan anaknya. Ada
dua dat utama dalam penelitian ini yaitu novel Paulo Coelho yang berjudul The
Fifth Mountains sebagai data utama dan sebagai data suplemen adalah buku-buku
psikologi dan karya sastra yang lain. Penulis juga menggunakan teori konflik,
teori kebutuhan manusia dan teori motivasi.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Elia mengalami tiga konflik utama. Yang
pertama konflik internal dalam hati Elia tentang perasaannya kepada si janda. Elia
harus memilih antara tinggal dikota akbar jika mencintai si janda atau pergi
meninggalkan kota akbar jika Elia memilih untuk tidak mencintai si janda. Yang
kedua konflik internal sehubungan keputusan Elia untuk lebih memilih mengajak
serta si janda keluar dari kota Akbar. Tuhan menyuruh Elia untu meninggalkan
kota Akbar tetapi Elia merasa tugasnya keoada si janda belum selesai.Elia merasa
harus menyelamatkan si janda agar tetap selamat dari invasi. El. Elia memutuskan
untuk menolong si janda dan anaknya keluar dari kota Akbar. Elia
menyelamatkan si janda dan anaknya sebagai pemenuhan tugas Elia kepada si
janda dan janji Tuhan kepada si janda. Konflik terakhir adalah eksternal konflik
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dengan gubernur kota Akbar. Ketika tentara Tunisia hendak menginvasi kota
Akbar, Elia memaksa gubernur untuk mengadakan negosiasi damai dengan
tentara Tunisia tetapi gubernur menolak yang berakibat dengan invasi tentara
Tunisia ke kota Akbar.
Menurut teori motivasi oleh Huffman, Vernoy dan Vernoy serta teori
konflik menurut Stanton, Motivasi Elia dalam menyelamatkan si janda termasuk
kedalam motivasi intrinsik dan ekstrinsik. Motivasi yang pertama adalah motivasi
intrinsik; dalam hal ini motivasi Elia mnyelamatkan si janda didasari oleh
kebutuhan untuk mencintai dan rasa memiliki. Motivasi kedua adalah motivasi
ekstrinsik; dalam hal ini motivasi Elia menyelamatkan si janda didasari juga oleh
hasrat Elia untuk menyelesaikan tugas yang diberikan Tuhan kepada Elia dalam
membantu si janda sebagai pemenuhan atas tugasnya dan bentuk pemenuhan janji
Tuhan kepada si janda.
Kata Kunci: Konflik, Motivasi, Kebutuhan.

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

This first chapter elaborates five parts as the bases of this study. The first
part is the background of the study explains the writer’s personal reasons in
choosing the topic. The second part is the problem formulation and the third part
is objectives of the study. The fourth part is research benefits to explain the
advantages of the study. Finally, the last part is the definition of terms clarifies
some important terms to help the reader in understanding the terms used in this
study.

1.1 Background of the Study
Novel is one example of written literature. Novel as a branch of literature
invites various people to read, feel and get involved in it. Many people love to
read novels because when people read a novel, they are entertained by the story.
Novel becomes something pleasant to read because it can make the readers to
have the same feeling with the novels’ character. Sometimes when we read a
novel, we can feel some findings which appear in the story. The findings can be
happiness or sadness even creating conflicts in our heart. It can also be the
motivation which makes us want to do something new or to reach our dreams.
Moreover, each character in the novel represents different traits of life in relation
to the certain culture of a society. The story gives contribution to the readers in
expressing their curiosities, feelings, and ideas. It is also unique when readers see
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the connection of social life with the psychological side of every character in the
novel.
According to Stanton (1965, p.44), a novel is special because novel
usually presents in detail the development of the character and the relationship
among characters and even complex relationship among the character. This
special characteristic attracts the researcher to conduct a research on a novel.
The story in the novel happened many centuries ago in the Middle East, in
the land of Sidon which today is well-known as Lebanon. Most of the story
happened in the city of Zarepath which is usually called by its inhabitants by
Akbar. The positive values of the novel bring so many advantages for those who
read it. The novel is very inspiring and from the character of Elijah we can learn
how to struggle in accomplishing his mission. A duty that offers him a chance to
love and enhance faith.
Related to the values, Elijah is always trying to fulfill his action and
words. Elijah sometimes suffers from the desire to serve God by fulfilling all duty
given by God to him and find his love. The circumstance also treats Elijah bad
and he often faces a failure but from those treats and failure events he found a
reason or meaning underlies it.
This study intends to reveal about motivation. According to Huffman,
Vernoy and Vernoy (2000, p.392), motivation refers to factors of an individual
such as needs, desires, and interest which activate, maintain, and direct behavior
toward of his goals. Human behavior is activated by needs, desires, and interests.

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The study intends to reveal Elijah’s motivation in Paulo Coelho’s The
Fifth Mountains. It is an entertaining novel which tells us the life story of Elijah.
Elijah was born to be a prophet. Later on, he grows to be a carpenter but he is
ordered by God to tell the King Ahab to worship the Israelite’s God. The novel
contains a story of Elijah’s journey to fulfill his vocation as a prophet. The path to
accomplish his duty is not easy because he will face so many challenges. The
challenge is so hard which often makes Elijah wants to give up and leave his duty
as a prophet. The most interesting story part of the novel was brought to climax
when Elijah has to choose between to keep his promise that he will stay with the
widow and stay in the city until the God’s promise to the widow are truly fulfilled
or to obey God’s order to leave the city and leaving the widow that is loved by
Elijah.
The struggles and conflicts in following God’s vocation as a prophet are a
hard way but these experiences make Elijah aware about his vocation and love.
Through his experiences, Elijah reveals that God has a reason in every challenge
that he pass. There is a reason why God needs him to show other people
especially Israelites about the power and the glory of God.
This novel contains very strong positive religious values for our life. It
contains a guideline about faith and life for readers. This novel gives readers a
portrait of a prophet life in accomplishing the duty given by God. The duties often
not simple but they enhance faith to the fullest limit. The readers can also learn
how to love somebody and following God at the same time.

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The writer chooses to analyze the topic about Elijah’s motivation because
the story of Elijah reminds the writer that if we want to have a better life we have
to struggle and have a strong motivation. We have to struggle in reaching our goal
in every part of our life. This novel contains of a story about the main character’s
struggle in saving the widow and his son since the Assyrian army come and
invades the city in which the widow lived. Without struggle a dream is only a
dream. Motivation is an important element to force someone to reach goals and
dreams.
The writer is going to analyze the motivation behind Elijah’s action. It is
an interesting matter to study about the motivation behind Elijah’s action. Elijah’s
motivation can be triggered by many things such as conflicts in Elijah’s life..
Moreover the needs, conflicts and motivation are related and affect each other.
These needs are the problem therefore Elijah can have dual motivation based on
two different needs. This dualism may trigger conflicts which affect the effort in
accomplishing Elijah’s goal.

1.2 Problem Formulation
Based on the background above, there are two problems in this study.
They are formulated as follows:
1. What the conflicts does Elijah faces?
2. What is Elijah’s motivation in saving the widow from Zarephath and
her son?

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1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are related to the two questions stated in the
problem formulation above, the objectives of this study are:
The first is to identify the conflicts faced by Elijah. These conflicts
underlie Elijah’s motivation. The second is to find out, identify and reveal what is
Elijah motivation in saving the widow from Zarepath and her son.

1.4 Benefits of the Study
There are some advantages of this study not only for the writer but also for
the other readers and other researchers. The first purpose of this study is to get
knowledge and benefit from the novel, especially in the process of understanding
and pointing out human motivation. The writer believes that people are always
being motivated by either internal factor or external factor in their daily lives. We
can also learn about the duty of a prophet and his humanity. These factors
determine the connection between Elijah’s needs and conflicts which underlay his
motivation to save the widow and her son.
This novel helps readers in learning literature. The writer would like to
suggest using this novel in teaching literature. This novel gives readers the story
about God and the story of prophet as a teacher who teaches other people to
believe in God and obey His order. This novel gives readers a story about the
Middle East, especially the city of Akbar, it’s interesting culture, and religion.
For future readers and other researchers on Paulo Coelho’s The Fifth
Mountains novel from English Language Education Study Program, the writer

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hopes the result of this research can be used as a model and reference in analyzing
Elijah’s motivation in the novel related to human motivation. It can also give a
portrait about Elijah’s life and his faith to God. The fifth Mountains novel can give
a portrait about Paulo Coelho as the author to help our effort in revealing the
hidden message in the novel. I hope this study will enforce other readers or
researchers to analyze deeper about the novel

1.5 Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding, it is necessary to explain some terms
used in this research. The definitions are given as follows.
a. Prophet
In this study, a prophet is Rabi or a teacher, a prophet is given to the
Israelites by God to keep them faithful and to their mission. Sometimes, a prophet
acts as a God messenger. As stated in The Concise Oxford English Dictionary, a
prophet is an inspired teacher or the proclaimer of God. A prophet’s duty is The
God’s spokesman. According to John L McKenzie in his book “The Old
Testament Without Illusion" (1979, p.110) states that the meaning of prophet is
one who foretells the future. It is originated from The Hebrew word which is
translated into English. The best way to describe this figure can be called as the
spokesman of God (p.110). In this study, the prophet refers to Elijah.
b. Motivation
A motivated behavior is the behavior set into motion by a need. A need
urges or motivates people to behave in particular ways as stated by Kalish (1973:

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p.29). Meanwhile, according to Petri (1981: p.3) motivation is the concept which
we use when we want to describe the action or within someone to initiate and
direct behavior. Moreover Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (2000: p.392) stated that
motivation refers to factors of an individual, such as need, desire, and interest
which activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward of his goal. In this study,
motivation is defined as desire or an action to do something that is motivated to
reach goals or need that have to be fulfilled. In this study also the writer wants to
know the motivation of Elijah as the main character in saving the widow and her
son.
c. Conflict
According to Stanton (1965, p.16) a conflict is a pair of forces each of
which is attempting to conquer the others or resisting being conquered by other
forces. In this study the writer wants to know the conflicts faced by Elijah as the
main character.
d. Zarepath
Zarepath is a city on a valley in the land of Sidon. The inhabitants of the
city usually call this city Akbar. Based on the story, the widow and her son live
there. God sends Elijah to come to the widow and stay with her. “In the valley
where the city of Zerapath lay, which its inhabitants knew as Akbar”. (p.32).

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two parts. Those are the theoretical review and
theoretical framework. The first part is theoretical review which will explain
about the psychological aspects of human related to the character in the literary
work. This part is divided into four parts; namely the theory of critical approach to
the literature, the theory of conflict, the theory of motivation and the last part is
the theory of human needs. The second part is the theoretical framework which
contains the steps and the applications of the theories to answer the research
questions.

2.1 Theoretical Review
This part consists of some theories applied to support the analysis of the
study. These theories present valuable information which are very helpful to
analyze the novel. The theories used in this study are divided into two parts; they
are the theory of literature and the theory of motivation.
These theories are important to be applied as they are related to the main
discussion of this study, to discover the motivation of Elijah as the main character
in saving the widow from Zarepath.

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2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approach to Literature
The theory of critical approach is the theory which allows readers to have
a reasonable judgment about the story. As stated by Rorhrberger and Woods, “to
have a reasonable judgment, we have to employ a mean, which is called critical
approach” (3). Moreover, they add that there are five significant approaches.
Those approaches are the formalist approach, the socio-cultural-historical
approach, biography approach, the mythopoeia approach, and the psychological
approach (1971, 6-15).
This study applies the psychological approach in order to discuss the
research questions in the problem formulation. According to Rohrberger and
Woods (1971) this approach is an approach which uses psychological areas as the
main entrance in analyzing certain character, story, or habit as many people
believe that human mind is the center of every thought and action that people
have. Moreover, Rohrberger and Woods state that this approach leads to the
exploration of the unconscious of the human mind in which it leads to the
conclusion that this area is the wellspring of rich man imagination, his capacity
for creation and the complexity of his thought, behavior and that the contents of
this region of the mind find expression in symbolic words, thoughts and action.
The writer uses this approach in order to find out the motivation of Elijah in
saving the widow from Zarepath and her son.

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2.1.2 Theory of Conflict
According to the Concise Oxford English Dictionary, the word “conflict
(N)” refers to a serious disagreement or argument, an incompatibility between
opinions, principles, clashes, etc. A conflict, according to Stanton (1965, p.16) is a
pair of forces each of which is attempting to conquer the other or resisting being
conquered by it. Conflict is important element of plot. Moreover he states that
every work of fiction contains three conflicts; internal conflict, external conflict
and central conflict.
1. Internal conflict:
It is a conflict between two desires within a character.
2. External conflict:
It is a conflict between characters or between a character and his
environment.
3. Central conflict:
It is a conflict which could be internal, external or both.
Stanton also states that those two conflicts are in turn subordinate to the
central conflict. Moreover a central conflict is always fundamental and contrasting
qualities or forces, such as honesty and hypocrisy, innocence and experience,
individuality and the pressure to conform. He also states that the climax of the
story is the moment at which the conflict is the most intense and in which its
outcomes becomes inevitable (1965, p.16).
Another researcher Lewis as cited in Weiner’s book entitled “Human
Motivation” (1980, p.154), states that simultaneous existence of multiple wishes

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and need is typical in human behavior. Moreover he states that an individual is
being within a region that is part of more than one force field.

2.1.3 Theory of Motivation
This part contains the motivation theory used by the writer in order to find
out the significant motivations why Elijah wants to save the widow and her son.
This part will describe also the theory of motivation based on some psychologist.
The word motivation comes from the word motive that refers to an inferred
state of the organism which arouses activity and directs the organism’s behavior
toward certain object or conditions called goals (1969, p.110-111).
Kalish stated that motivated behavior set into motion by a need. A need
urges or motivates people to behave in particular ways (1973, p.29). According to
Petri, in his book entitled “Motivation: Theory and research” (1981, p.3)
motivaton is the concept which we use when we want to describe the forces acting
on action or within someone to initiate and direct behavior. Moreover, he states
that the concept of motivation is also used to explain differences in the intensity of
behavior. Additionally, we often use the concept of motivation to indicate the
direction of behavior (1981, p. 4).
On the other hand, according to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy, motivation
refers to factors of an individual such as needs, desires, and interest which
activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward his goals (2000, p.392).
Other psychologist, Jung (1978, p.4-5), defines that motivation must be
able to include terms such as desires, wishes, plans, goals, intents, impulses, and

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purposes. In general, when we discuss of motives, we refers to the causes or
reasons that underlie a given behavior.
In the field of industrial psychology, a distinction is commonly made
between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic rewards. The intrinsic motivation refers
to factors that make certain activities rewarding in and of them. Almost anything
could potentially be intrinsically motivating for some individuals. Extrinsic
rewards refer generally to the kinds of reinforcement situations and it is reinforced
by some external agents.
Weiner (1980, p.257) states that extrinsic reward is commonly called
extrinsic motivation. Meanwhile, Jung states that the concept of intrinsic
motivation is defined as the value or pleasure associated with an activity as
opposed to the goal toward which the activity is directed. The extrinsic motivation
emphasizes the external goals toward which the activity is directed. It is possible
two kinds of motivation interact such that extrinsic motivation reduces the degree
of intrinsic motivation for a task. Moreover, Jung states that since most human
activity is affected by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, it would be
difficult to study the effects of each type of motivation separately (1978, p.140).
McClelland in Murray’s book entitled “Motivation and Emotion” (1964,
p.102) defined achievement motivation as a desire to be successful. Meanwhile
according to Murray affiliation motivation refers to a desire to be with people in
an affectionate and friendly relationship. This includes the expression of fear of
rejection and the attainment of a close relationship as a goal.

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According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000, p.401) there are two
forms of motivation that affect achievement: intrinsic motivation and extrinsic
motivation.
1. Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation refers to a desire to exhibit an action for our own
sake. It means that this motivation comes from someone’s enjoyment and
pleasure. There is not a real reward (money, certificate, or status) for his
work but the reward is from his heart, his satisfaction in doing something
well.
2. Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation is a desire to exhibit an action because of the
external rewards and avoidance of punishment. It means this motivation
comes from reward which will be benefit for someone, such as money,
certificate, or status. There is no enjoyment in this motivation. He or she
only does something for the reward given not for his satisfaction.

According to the motivational principles written by Rogers and Maslow as
cited by Weiner in his book entitled “Human Motivation” (1980, p. 409), the core
tendency of a person is to actualize individual potential. There is an internal,
biological pressure to develop fully the capacities and the talents that have been
inherited. The central of motivation of the individuals is to grow and to enhance
the basic self. Moreover, according to Staw as cited by Petri (1981, p.315) defined
motivation into two kinds:

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1. Intrinsic motivation is the value or pleasure associated with an activity
as opposed to the goal toward which the activity is directed.
2. Extrinsic motivation, by contrast, emphasizes the external goals which
the activity is directed.

Festinger and Carlsmith as cited by Petri in his book entitled “Motivation:
Theory and Research” (1981, p.316) stated that the relation between intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation is sometimes negative. As extrinsic motivation increases,
intrinsic motivation decreases, and vice versa.

2.1.4 Theory of Human Needs
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory of motivation and personality
developed by the psychologist Abraham H. Maslow (1908-1970). Moreover
Maslow' as cited by Schmutte in his journal entitled “Maslow's Hierarchy of
Needs” (2002) stated that the hierarchy explains human behavior in terms of basic
requirements for survival and growth. Maslow was arranged these requirements or
needs based on their importance for survival and their power to motivate the
individual.
The lowest level of the need hierarchy consists of the most basic physical
requirements, such as food, water, and oxygen. These needs must be satisfied
before other, higher needs become important to individuals. Needs at the higher

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levels of the hierarchy are less oriented towards physical survival and more
toward psychological well-being and growth. These needs have less power to
motivate persons, and they are more influenced by formal education and life
experiences. The hierarchy of needs is often depicted as a pyramid, with physical
survival needs located at the base of the pyramid and needs for self-actualization
located at the top. This hierarchy of need consist of five needs
1. Physiological needs:
This need is the basic requirements for human physical survival
such as food, water, shelter, and oxygen. When these needs are unsatisfied
yet, human beings will focus on satisfying them and will ignore higher
needs.
2. Safety needs:
After the individual's basic physical needs are met, his or her needs
for safety emerge. These include needs for a sense of security and
predictability in the world. In this level the person tries to maintain the
conditions that allow him or her to feel safe and avoid danger. Maslow
thought that inadequate fulfillment of these needs might explain neurotic
behavior and other emotional problems in some people.
3. Love and belonging needs:
The needs for love and belongingness emerge when the
individual's physiological and safety needs are met. These needs include

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the need to belong to a group and to feel accepted as well as longings for
an intimate relationship with another person. Maslow emphasized that
these needs involve both giving and receiving love.
4. Esteem needs:
Esteem needs include both self-esteem and the esteem of others.
According to Maslow, self-esteem is the feeling that one is worthwhile,
competent, and independent. The esteem of others involves the feeling that
other people respect and appreciate the person. Concerns about worthiness
emerge while the person has satisfied his or her basic needs. In this level
the focus becomes not just surviving but also doing well according to
meaningful communal standards.
5. Self-actualization needs:
These needs are associated with realizing one's full potential. When
these needs emerge, the person focuses to do what he or she is meant to do
in their life in developing his or her talents and abilities to their fullest
extent.
Maslow also stated that there are other needs that do not fit into his
hierarchy. These needs are cognitive needs, such as curiosity and scientific
interest, and aesthetic needs, which include the need for beauty and order.
Moreover Maslow also discovered a range of needs that extend beyond selfactualization while he studied self-actualizing individuals. He called these needs
transcendence needs or B-values which refer to needs to contribute to human

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welfare and to find higher meanings in life. These transcendence needs lying
somewhere beyond the need for self-actualization, but these needs are not
included in most formulations of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Maslow as cited by Schmutte (2002) described human needs as a
hierarchy, but he allowed for some departures from the strict order of his needs
hierarchy. Moreover he stated that lower needs must be well satisfied in order for
the person to focus on higher needs, but he also gives a note that complete
satisfaction of the needs may not be possible or necessary.
Maslow also gives a note of situations in which lower needs might be
ignored in favor of higher needs, For example, artist sacrifices comfort and
security in order to pursue aesthetic goals.
2.2 Theoretical Framework
The writer applies the theory of human need by Maslow and theory of
conflicts by Stanton as the basic sources in revealing and answering the first
research question of conflicts faced by Elijah. The needs and conflicts which can
be the trigger of Elijah’s motivation in saving the widow and her son. By knowing
Elijah’s need it is easier to reveal Elijah’s conflicts. Human needs play an
important role in human life because they influence human’s action and
motivation. Meanwhile conflicts exist during the effort of achieving these needs.
The psychological approach and the theory of motivation were applied in
order to reveal Elijah’s motivation in saving the widow and her son. The writer’s
opinion and findings, supported by theory and data, hopefully could reveal what
precisely the conflicts happened to Elijah and what motivates Elijah in achieving

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his goal. The writer believes that there is a connection between the needs and the
conflicts occurs in Elijah’s life. It is possible that the conflicts when he lives with
the widow can initiate Elijah’s motivation in saving the widow and her son.

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains three parts, namely the object of the study, approach
of the study and method of the study. The object of the study explains the novel
generally about and reviews the description of the literary work applied in this
study. The approach of the study discusses the psychological approach applied in
analyzing the study. The method of the study describes the methods which are
applied to analyze of study.

3.1 Object of the Study
The primary subject of this study is a Paulo Coelho’s entitled The Fifth
Mountains. The novel used in this study was published by HarperCollins
Publisher in 1998. The novel is divided into 42 chapters. It contains 245 pages.
Generally the main theme of the novel is the relationship between Elijah,
The widow from Zarepath, her son, and God. Elijah is a prophet sent by God to
the city of Akbar in order to flee from King Ahab and Queen Jezebel’s rampage.
The widow has a son who lives in the city of Akbar. In the city, Elijah has to stay
in the widow’s house.
However, the novel does not only tells us about the relationship of Elijah,
the widow from Zarepath, her son, and God but also reflects the portrait of Elijah
as a prophet in completing his duty. Elijah has to stay and live together with the
widow and her son in certain city called Akbar. Elijah had to help them in
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fulfilling their daily needs. On the other hand, Elijah stays in the widow’s house to
hide from Queen Jezebel rampage. When Elijah lives with the widow, he faces a
lot of conflicts. Elijah’s motivation in saving the widow from Zarepath and her
son was motivated by these conflicts. The writer focuses on the internal and
external conflicts faced by Elijah and the motivation of Elijah in saving the widow
and her son as reflected in the novel obviously.
.
3.2 Approach of the Study
According to Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods, there are five
approaches that can be applied to analyze the literary works. However, there is
only one approach applied in this study is the psychological approach.
The approach is used to analyze the second research questions in the
problem formulation. The second question is related to the theory of motivation, a
one of the psychology theories. According to Rohrberger and Woods, this
approach lead us to analyze the novel from the psychological point of view of
human beings (1971, p.9). The approach guides the writer in analyzing what the
motivation of Elijah in saving the widow from Zarepath and her son is.

3.3 Method of the Study
The study uses library study as the research method to gather the data. The
data are gained from taking notes and analyzing the novel from the reliable data.
The writer takes some stages in order to accomplish the study.

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The first stage chooses the novel as the primary source of the study. The
writer chooses Paulo Coelho’s the Fifth Mountains as the primary source of the
study. In order to understand the novel deeply, the writer read the novel for
several times. During the reading process, the writer could observe the portrait of
Elijah’s life in the novel, Elijah as the main character of the novel is a prophet
who is sent by God to go to the city of Akbar and to stay in a widow house from
the land of Sidon. It made the writer more focused on the Elijah’s life and
conflicts relied on the novel. The writer is attracted in analyzing the conflicts
faced by Elijah while working and staying with the widow from Zarepath and
Elijah’s motivation in saving the widow from Zarepath and her son.
The second stage collects some books and references to support the
analysis. Since the subject matters of the study are related to conflicts and
motivation, the writer collected some books about theory of conflicts, the theory
of human motivation and theory of human need.
The third stage, the writer emphasized Elijah’s conflicts which are
portrayed in the novel. The writer discussed them based on the Theory of Conflict.
This theory is applied in order to gather the accurate views of the conflicts faced
by Elijah as the first problem formulation in this study. This result of the analysis
plays important role in answering what the conflicts faced by Elijah in the novel.
In the following analysis process, the writer focused on the theory of
motivation in order to analyze Elijah’s motivation in saving the widow from
Zarepath and her son. Based on the knowledge of the secondary data, the writer
discussed the second research question. Theory of motivation and theory of

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human need are the ground of the analysis in Elijah’s motivation in the novel
precisely.

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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS

This chapter is aimed to answer the problems stated in the first chapter.
This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part discusses the conflicts faced
by Elijah in the city of Akbar. The second part discusses Elijah’s motivations in
saving the widow from Zarepath and her son. The analysis in this chapter will be
based on the theories stated in the theoretical framework.

4.1. The conflicts faced by Elijah
This part discusses the first problem in the conflicts faced by Elijah. These
conflicts become the important starting points to answer the second problem
related to Elijah’s motivations in saving the widow and her son. Stanton states that
conflict is a pair of forces each of which is attempting to conquer the other or
resisting being conquered by it. Elijah faces both internal and external conflicts
during his effort in saving the widow. There are three main conflicts which are
faced by Elijah. The first conflict is internal conflict within Elijah heart about his
feeling to the widow. The second conflict is an external conflict between Elijah;
and the Governor of Akbar and and the Assyrian army and the third conflict is
external conflict between Elijah and God.

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4.1.1 The Internal Conflict
In this part, the writer is going to explain about the internal conflicts faced
by Elijah. The conflicts happened within two desires of Elijah’s character. The
first Elijah’s internal conflict is related to his feeling to the widow. Elijah realizes
that he becomes a prophet at a young age. Therefore Elijah has no experience of
loving someone. Elijah’s first love is Queen Jezebel, King Ahab’s wife. Queen
Jezebel comes from Lebanon and Elijah loves Lebanese woman. While Elijah
stays in the widow’s house, he is falls in love with the widow who also come from
Lebanon. At the same time, God asks Elijah to leave the city of Akbar. It means
that he has to leave the widow that he loves. The conflict happens when Elijah has
to choose between loving the widow by staying in the city or to break his love to
the widow by leaving her and going out from the city.
The second conflict is internal conflict. Since Elijah is a child, God always
calls him to be a prophet. Later on, Elijah decided to be a prophet at a young age.
For the consequences, Elijah sacrifices his youth in to follow God and become
God’s spokesman. Elijah obeys every order and rules given by God because he
wants to prove his existence and his competence as a prophet. He does all the
orders because he does not want to be punished by God. One day, God asks him
to go to the city of Akbar and stay in a house of a widow. Elijah moves to the city
and meets the widow. He stays in the widow’s house and starts to fall in love with
the widow. When Elijah experiences in loving someone, God asks him to leave
the city and the widow because the Assyrian army is going to invade the city. The

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conflict happens when Elijah feels that God’s order to leave the city and the
widow is unfair for Elijah. Elijah has to choose between keeping his feeling to the
widow; or disobeying God’s order and receiving its consequences.

4.1.2 Elijah’s external conflicts.
The last conflict is an external conflict between Elijah versus the Governor
of Akbar and the Assyrian army. The conflict happens when Elijah persuades the
Governor in purpose of saving the widow and the people of the city because the
Assyrian army is going to invade the city. Elijah notices that the invasion is going
to happen because God gives him a warning through his dream. The Governor of
the city decides to fight against the Assyrian Army. The Governor feels that the
city’s army is able to defend the city. God wants Elijah to