8ipertemuan 6 penginderaan persepsi
Pengindera
an,Persepsi
,
Memori dan
Lupa
1.
PENGINDERAAN ??
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PERSEPSI
Kemampuan otak dalam menerjemahkan
stimulus disebut dengan PERSEPSI.
Persepsi merupakan proses untuk
menerjemahkan atau menginterpretasi stimulus
•
Perceptual Process
Selecting Stimuli
External factors : Nature,
Receiving Stimuli
(External & Internal)
Location,Size,contrast,
Movement,repetition,similarity
Internal factors : Learning,
needs,age,Interest,
Interpreting
Attribution ,Stereotyping,
Halo Effect, Projection
Response
Covert: Attitudes ,
Motivation,
Feeling
Overt: Behavior
Organizing
Figure Background ,
Perceptual Grouping
( similarity, proximity,
closure, continuity)
Persepsi
Persepsi terhadap bentuk
Persepsi terhadap kedalaman
Persepsi terhadap konstansi
Persepsi terhadap gerak
Pengaruh Perbedaan sudut pandang
dalam Pengindraan dan Persepsi
Pengaruh Perbedaan sudut pandang dalam
Pengindraan dan Persepsi dalam
Pembelajaran
Persepsi manusia baik berupa persepsi positif
maupun negatif akan mempengaruhi tindakan yang
tampak . Tindakan positif biasanya akan muncul
apabila kita mempersepsi seseorang secara positif
dan sebaliknya.
Sebagai contoh ketika kita mempersepsi siswa A
adalah siswa yang pandai maka kita akan
memperlakukan ia dengan menghargainya dan
memberi kesempatan baginya untuk melakukan
sesuatu, dan sebaliknya apabila kita menilai siswa
B adalah siswa yang lambat belajar maka kita akan
memperlakukannya berbeda dengan siswa A.
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Pengamatan
Persepsi
Prasangka
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PENGERTIAN MEMORI, TERCAKUP DALAM TIGA
TAHAPAN/PROSES YAITU :
IN
RETRIEVAL
STORAGE
MEMORI JANGKA PENDEK
• Disebut juga immediate memory dan short term memory.
• Informasi dalam memori ini bertahan hanya beberapa
detik.
• Contoh menghafalkan nomor telepon atau nomor plat
motor, setelah kita berhasil menghafalkan nomor
tersebut dan menggunakannya maka informasi tersebut
cenderung dilupakan atau hilang
• Kapasitas memori jangka pendek berkisar antara 2-7
digit
• Informasi yang ada pada memori ini sangat berarti atau
cenderung diulang maka kemungkinan besar informasi
tersebut bisa masuk memori kerja maupun memori
jangka panjang.
MEMORI KERJA
• Memori kerja atau working memory dapat menyimpan
informasi dari beberapa menit hingga beberapa jam
dan memberi waktu yang cukup untuk secara sadar
memproses, melakukan refleksi, dan melaksanakan
suatu kegiatan berfikir (Gunawan, A. W, 2003).
• Informasi yang masuk dalam memori kerja juga
memungkinkan masuk ke memori jangka panjang jika
informasi tersebut bermakna dan sering diulang.
• Contoh memori ini adalah apabila siswa melakukan
belajar dengan cara kebut semalam. Informasi yang
masuk dalam memori ini dapat bertahan cukup lama,
MEMORI JANGKA PANJANG
• Memori jangka panjang atau long term memory
merupakan kemampuan untuk menyimpan
informasi cenderung menetap/permanent.
• Informasi dalam memori ini dapat bertahan
dalam beberapa bulan, tahun bahkan seumur
hidup.
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BAHAN TAMBAHAN
Persepsi
Definisi
“ The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process
through which we interpret and organize sensory information to
produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.”
“ Perception is the process of receiving information about and making
sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information
to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it
within the framework of existing knowledge.
“ A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
• Proses pengorganisasian dan interpretasi informasi yang
memungkinkan kita mengenali makna obyek dan peristiwa
Sensation and Perception
• Sensation
– The processes by which our sense organs
receive information from the environment.
• Transduction
– The process by which physical energy is
converted into sensory neural impulses.
• Perception
– The processes by which people select,
organize, and interpret sensations.
Sensation & Perception Processes
The Perceptual Process
1.Sensation
– An individual’s ability to
detect stimuli in the
immediate environment.
2.Selection
– The process a person
uses to eliminate some
of the stimuli that have
been sensed and to
retain others for further
processing.
3.Organization
– The process of placing
selected perceptual
stimuli into a framework
for “storage.”
4.Translation
– The stage of the
perceptual process at
which stimuli are
interpreted and given
meaning.
•
Perceptual Process
Selecting Stimuli
External factors : Nature,
Receiving Stimuli
(External & Internal)
Location,Size,contrast,
Movement,repetition,similarity
Internal factors : Learning,
needs,age,Interest,
Interpreting
Attribution ,Stereotyping,
Halo Effect, Projection
Response
Covert: Attitudes ,
Motivation,
Feeling
Overt: Behavior
Organizing
Figure Background ,
Perceptual Grouping
( similarity, proximity,
closure, continuity)
Bottom-Up Processing
Prior Knowledge, Experience,
etc.
Perception
Stimuli Processing
Stimuli Input
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Top-Down Processing
Personality
Temperament
Prior Stimuli
Perceived
Culture
Social Class
Values
Beliefs
Prejudices
Attitudes
Occupation
Education
Immediate
Mental Set
Prior Knowledge,
Experience, etc.
Present Fatigue
Energy Level
Needs, Moods
Mental Health
Long-term
Memory
Schemas
Specific Life
Experiences
Presence of
Authority
Knowledge
Vocabulary
Perception
Stimuli Processing
Stimuli Input
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Top-Down &
Bottom-Up Processing
Prior Knowledge, Experience,
etc.
Perception
Stimuli Processing
Stimuli Input
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Factors influencing perception
A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes
distort perception. These factors can reside in the
perceiver, in the object or target being perceived or in
the context of the situation in which the perception is
made.
• Factors influencing Perception
Factors in the perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations
Factors in the situation
• Time
• Work Setting
• Social Setting
Perception
Factors in the Target
• Novelty
• Motion
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
• Similarity
Person Perception:
Making Judgments
About Others
Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is
internally or externally caused.
observation
Attribution of cause
Interpretation
H
Distictinctiveness
L
H
Individual behavior
Consensus
L
H
Consistency
H –high
L- Low
L
External
Internal
External
Internal
Internal
External
Distictiveness
Does this person
behave in
this manner
in other situation
YES
Low
Distinctiveness
NO
High
Distinctiveness
Consensus
Do other person
Behave in the
Same manner?
No
Low
Consensus
Yes
High
Consensus
Consistency
Does this person
behave
in this same
manner at other
times ?
Yes
High
Consistency
No
Low
Consistency
Internal
Attribution
External
Attribution
Shortcuts in judging others
•
Selective Perception :
People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their
interests, background, experience and attitudes.
•
Halo Effect :
Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a
single charecteristics.
•
Contrast Effect :
Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are effected by
comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or
lower on the same characteristics.
•
Projection :
Attributing one's own characteristics to other people.
•
Stereotyping :
Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which
that persons belongs.
Perceptual organization
•
It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognizable
and identifiable patterns and whole objects.
•
Certain factors are considered to be important contributors on
assembling, organizing and categorizing information in the human
brain. These are
-
Figure ground
Perceptual grouping
Figure-Ground Illustration
• Field-ground differentiation
– The tendency to distinguish
and focus on a stimulus that
is classified as figure as
opposed to background.
PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
• Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a
meaningful and recognizable pattern.
•
It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be
inborn.
• Some factors underlying grouping are
-continuity
-closure
-proximity
-similarity
Persepsi
Persepsi terhadap bentuk
Persepsi terhadap kedalaman
Persepsi terhadap konstansi
Persepsi terhadap gerak
Perception
•Perceptual Organization
•Perceptual Constancies
•Depth and Dimension
•Perceptual Set
•The World of Illusions
Perceptual Organization
Reversible Figures
– Drawings that one can
perceive in different
ways by reversing
figure and ground.
• Gestalt Psychology
– School of thought
rooted in the idea that
the whole is different
from the sum of its
parts.
Perceptual Organization
Gestalt Laws of Grouping
• Proximity
– Seeing 3 pair of lines in A
• Similarity
– Seeing columns of
orange and red dots in B
• Continuity
– Seeing lines that connect
1 to 2 and 3 to 4 in C
• Closure
– Seeing a horse in D
Perceptual Organization
Identifying Objects
• Geons (geometric
icons) are simple 3D
component shapes.
• A limited number are
stored in memory.
• Geons are combined
to identify essential
contours of objects.
Perceptual Constancies
• Size Constancy
– The tendency to view an object as
constant in size despite changes in the
size of the retinal image.
• Shape Constancy
– The tendency to see an object as keeping
its form despite changes in orientation.
Perceptual Constancies
The Ames Room
• A specially-built room
that makes people seem
to change size as they
move around in it
• The room is not a
rectangle, as viewers
assume it is.
• A single peephole
prevents using binocular
depth cues.
Perceptual Constancies
Shape Constancy
• Even though these images cast shadows of
different shapes, they still are seen as
round.
Depth and Dimension
• Depth Perception
– The use of visual cues to estimate depth and
distance.
• Convergence
– A binocular cue involving the turning inward of
the eyes as an object gets closer.
• Binocular Disparity
– A binocular cue whereby the closer an object is,
the more different the image is in each retina.
Depth and Dimension
Monocular Depth Cues
– Distance cues that enable the perception of depth
with one eye.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Relative Image Size
Texture Gradient
Linear Perspective
Interposition
Atmospheric Perspective
Relative Elevation
Familiarity
Depth and Dimension
• Devised by Eleanor Gibson
and Richard Walk to test
depth perception in infants
and animals.
• Provides visual illusion of a
cliff.
• Caregiver stands across the
gap.
• Babies are not afraid until
about the age they can
crawl.
The Visual Cliff
Perceptual Set
• What is seen in the center figures depends on the
order in which one looks at the figures:
– If scanned from the left, a man’s face is seen.
– If scanned from the right, a woman’s figure is seen.
Perceptual Set
Context Effects
• The same physical
stimulus can be
interpreted differently
depending on
perceptual set, e.g.,
context effects.
• When is the middle
character the letter B
and when is it the
number 13?
The World of Illusions
The Müller-Lyer Illusion
– Illusion in which
the perceived
length of a line
is altered by the
position of other
lines that
enclose it
The World of Illusions
The Ponzo Illusion
– Illusion in which the
perceived line length
is affected by linear
perspective cues.
• Side lines seem to
converge
• Top line seems farther
away
– But the retinal images of
the red lines are equal.
Extrasensory Perception
• ESP refers to the ability to perceive
stimuli that are outside the 5 senses
– Telepathy: the ability to read minds
– Clairvoyance: the ability to perceive objects
or events
– Precognition: the ability to predict the future
– Psychokinesis: the ability to move objects
© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E
an,Persepsi
,
Memori dan
Lupa
1.
PENGINDERAAN ??
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PERSEPSI
Kemampuan otak dalam menerjemahkan
stimulus disebut dengan PERSEPSI.
Persepsi merupakan proses untuk
menerjemahkan atau menginterpretasi stimulus
•
Perceptual Process
Selecting Stimuli
External factors : Nature,
Receiving Stimuli
(External & Internal)
Location,Size,contrast,
Movement,repetition,similarity
Internal factors : Learning,
needs,age,Interest,
Interpreting
Attribution ,Stereotyping,
Halo Effect, Projection
Response
Covert: Attitudes ,
Motivation,
Feeling
Overt: Behavior
Organizing
Figure Background ,
Perceptual Grouping
( similarity, proximity,
closure, continuity)
Persepsi
Persepsi terhadap bentuk
Persepsi terhadap kedalaman
Persepsi terhadap konstansi
Persepsi terhadap gerak
Pengaruh Perbedaan sudut pandang
dalam Pengindraan dan Persepsi
Pengaruh Perbedaan sudut pandang dalam
Pengindraan dan Persepsi dalam
Pembelajaran
Persepsi manusia baik berupa persepsi positif
maupun negatif akan mempengaruhi tindakan yang
tampak . Tindakan positif biasanya akan muncul
apabila kita mempersepsi seseorang secara positif
dan sebaliknya.
Sebagai contoh ketika kita mempersepsi siswa A
adalah siswa yang pandai maka kita akan
memperlakukan ia dengan menghargainya dan
memberi kesempatan baginya untuk melakukan
sesuatu, dan sebaliknya apabila kita menilai siswa
B adalah siswa yang lambat belajar maka kita akan
memperlakukannya berbeda dengan siswa A.
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Prasangka
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PENGERTIAN MEMORI, TERCAKUP DALAM TIGA
TAHAPAN/PROSES YAITU :
IN
RETRIEVAL
STORAGE
MEMORI JANGKA PENDEK
• Disebut juga immediate memory dan short term memory.
• Informasi dalam memori ini bertahan hanya beberapa
detik.
• Contoh menghafalkan nomor telepon atau nomor plat
motor, setelah kita berhasil menghafalkan nomor
tersebut dan menggunakannya maka informasi tersebut
cenderung dilupakan atau hilang
• Kapasitas memori jangka pendek berkisar antara 2-7
digit
• Informasi yang ada pada memori ini sangat berarti atau
cenderung diulang maka kemungkinan besar informasi
tersebut bisa masuk memori kerja maupun memori
jangka panjang.
MEMORI KERJA
• Memori kerja atau working memory dapat menyimpan
informasi dari beberapa menit hingga beberapa jam
dan memberi waktu yang cukup untuk secara sadar
memproses, melakukan refleksi, dan melaksanakan
suatu kegiatan berfikir (Gunawan, A. W, 2003).
• Informasi yang masuk dalam memori kerja juga
memungkinkan masuk ke memori jangka panjang jika
informasi tersebut bermakna dan sering diulang.
• Contoh memori ini adalah apabila siswa melakukan
belajar dengan cara kebut semalam. Informasi yang
masuk dalam memori ini dapat bertahan cukup lama,
MEMORI JANGKA PANJANG
• Memori jangka panjang atau long term memory
merupakan kemampuan untuk menyimpan
informasi cenderung menetap/permanent.
• Informasi dalam memori ini dapat bertahan
dalam beberapa bulan, tahun bahkan seumur
hidup.
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BAHAN TAMBAHAN
Persepsi
Definisi
“ The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process
through which we interpret and organize sensory information to
produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.”
“ Perception is the process of receiving information about and making
sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information
to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it
within the framework of existing knowledge.
“ A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
• Proses pengorganisasian dan interpretasi informasi yang
memungkinkan kita mengenali makna obyek dan peristiwa
Sensation and Perception
• Sensation
– The processes by which our sense organs
receive information from the environment.
• Transduction
– The process by which physical energy is
converted into sensory neural impulses.
• Perception
– The processes by which people select,
organize, and interpret sensations.
Sensation & Perception Processes
The Perceptual Process
1.Sensation
– An individual’s ability to
detect stimuli in the
immediate environment.
2.Selection
– The process a person
uses to eliminate some
of the stimuli that have
been sensed and to
retain others for further
processing.
3.Organization
– The process of placing
selected perceptual
stimuli into a framework
for “storage.”
4.Translation
– The stage of the
perceptual process at
which stimuli are
interpreted and given
meaning.
•
Perceptual Process
Selecting Stimuli
External factors : Nature,
Receiving Stimuli
(External & Internal)
Location,Size,contrast,
Movement,repetition,similarity
Internal factors : Learning,
needs,age,Interest,
Interpreting
Attribution ,Stereotyping,
Halo Effect, Projection
Response
Covert: Attitudes ,
Motivation,
Feeling
Overt: Behavior
Organizing
Figure Background ,
Perceptual Grouping
( similarity, proximity,
closure, continuity)
Bottom-Up Processing
Prior Knowledge, Experience,
etc.
Perception
Stimuli Processing
Stimuli Input
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Top-Down Processing
Personality
Temperament
Prior Stimuli
Perceived
Culture
Social Class
Values
Beliefs
Prejudices
Attitudes
Occupation
Education
Immediate
Mental Set
Prior Knowledge,
Experience, etc.
Present Fatigue
Energy Level
Needs, Moods
Mental Health
Long-term
Memory
Schemas
Specific Life
Experiences
Presence of
Authority
Knowledge
Vocabulary
Perception
Stimuli Processing
Stimuli Input
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Top-Down &
Bottom-Up Processing
Prior Knowledge, Experience,
etc.
Perception
Stimuli Processing
Stimuli Input
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Factors influencing perception
A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes
distort perception. These factors can reside in the
perceiver, in the object or target being perceived or in
the context of the situation in which the perception is
made.
• Factors influencing Perception
Factors in the perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations
Factors in the situation
• Time
• Work Setting
• Social Setting
Perception
Factors in the Target
• Novelty
• Motion
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
• Similarity
Person Perception:
Making Judgments
About Others
Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is
internally or externally caused.
observation
Attribution of cause
Interpretation
H
Distictinctiveness
L
H
Individual behavior
Consensus
L
H
Consistency
H –high
L- Low
L
External
Internal
External
Internal
Internal
External
Distictiveness
Does this person
behave in
this manner
in other situation
YES
Low
Distinctiveness
NO
High
Distinctiveness
Consensus
Do other person
Behave in the
Same manner?
No
Low
Consensus
Yes
High
Consensus
Consistency
Does this person
behave
in this same
manner at other
times ?
Yes
High
Consistency
No
Low
Consistency
Internal
Attribution
External
Attribution
Shortcuts in judging others
•
Selective Perception :
People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their
interests, background, experience and attitudes.
•
Halo Effect :
Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a
single charecteristics.
•
Contrast Effect :
Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are effected by
comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or
lower on the same characteristics.
•
Projection :
Attributing one's own characteristics to other people.
•
Stereotyping :
Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which
that persons belongs.
Perceptual organization
•
It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognizable
and identifiable patterns and whole objects.
•
Certain factors are considered to be important contributors on
assembling, organizing and categorizing information in the human
brain. These are
-
Figure ground
Perceptual grouping
Figure-Ground Illustration
• Field-ground differentiation
– The tendency to distinguish
and focus on a stimulus that
is classified as figure as
opposed to background.
PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
• Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a
meaningful and recognizable pattern.
•
It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be
inborn.
• Some factors underlying grouping are
-continuity
-closure
-proximity
-similarity
Persepsi
Persepsi terhadap bentuk
Persepsi terhadap kedalaman
Persepsi terhadap konstansi
Persepsi terhadap gerak
Perception
•Perceptual Organization
•Perceptual Constancies
•Depth and Dimension
•Perceptual Set
•The World of Illusions
Perceptual Organization
Reversible Figures
– Drawings that one can
perceive in different
ways by reversing
figure and ground.
• Gestalt Psychology
– School of thought
rooted in the idea that
the whole is different
from the sum of its
parts.
Perceptual Organization
Gestalt Laws of Grouping
• Proximity
– Seeing 3 pair of lines in A
• Similarity
– Seeing columns of
orange and red dots in B
• Continuity
– Seeing lines that connect
1 to 2 and 3 to 4 in C
• Closure
– Seeing a horse in D
Perceptual Organization
Identifying Objects
• Geons (geometric
icons) are simple 3D
component shapes.
• A limited number are
stored in memory.
• Geons are combined
to identify essential
contours of objects.
Perceptual Constancies
• Size Constancy
– The tendency to view an object as
constant in size despite changes in the
size of the retinal image.
• Shape Constancy
– The tendency to see an object as keeping
its form despite changes in orientation.
Perceptual Constancies
The Ames Room
• A specially-built room
that makes people seem
to change size as they
move around in it
• The room is not a
rectangle, as viewers
assume it is.
• A single peephole
prevents using binocular
depth cues.
Perceptual Constancies
Shape Constancy
• Even though these images cast shadows of
different shapes, they still are seen as
round.
Depth and Dimension
• Depth Perception
– The use of visual cues to estimate depth and
distance.
• Convergence
– A binocular cue involving the turning inward of
the eyes as an object gets closer.
• Binocular Disparity
– A binocular cue whereby the closer an object is,
the more different the image is in each retina.
Depth and Dimension
Monocular Depth Cues
– Distance cues that enable the perception of depth
with one eye.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Relative Image Size
Texture Gradient
Linear Perspective
Interposition
Atmospheric Perspective
Relative Elevation
Familiarity
Depth and Dimension
• Devised by Eleanor Gibson
and Richard Walk to test
depth perception in infants
and animals.
• Provides visual illusion of a
cliff.
• Caregiver stands across the
gap.
• Babies are not afraid until
about the age they can
crawl.
The Visual Cliff
Perceptual Set
• What is seen in the center figures depends on the
order in which one looks at the figures:
– If scanned from the left, a man’s face is seen.
– If scanned from the right, a woman’s figure is seen.
Perceptual Set
Context Effects
• The same physical
stimulus can be
interpreted differently
depending on
perceptual set, e.g.,
context effects.
• When is the middle
character the letter B
and when is it the
number 13?
The World of Illusions
The Müller-Lyer Illusion
– Illusion in which
the perceived
length of a line
is altered by the
position of other
lines that
enclose it
The World of Illusions
The Ponzo Illusion
– Illusion in which the
perceived line length
is affected by linear
perspective cues.
• Side lines seem to
converge
• Top line seems farther
away
– But the retinal images of
the red lines are equal.
Extrasensory Perception
• ESP refers to the ability to perceive
stimuli that are outside the 5 senses
– Telepathy: the ability to read minds
– Clairvoyance: the ability to perceive objects
or events
– Precognition: the ability to predict the future
– Psychokinesis: the ability to move objects
© 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E