THE STUDY OF ONOMATOPOEIA TYPES AND TRANSLATION STRATEGIES IN DON ROSA’S THE LIFE AND TIMES OF SCROOGE MCDUCK

  

i

THE STUDY OF ONOMATOPOEIA TYPES AND

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES

  IN DON ROSA’S THE LIFE

AND TIMES OF SCROOGE MCDUCK

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

SILVIA MEGA KUSUMA

  Student Number: 094214056

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2013

  

ii

THE STUDY OF ONOMATOPOEIA TYPES AND

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES

  IN DON ROSA’S THE LIFE

AND TIMES OF SCROOGE MCDUCK

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

SILVIA MEGA KUSUMA

  Student Number: 094214056

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2013

  

(Jeremiah 29:11)

For I know the plans I have for you,“ declares the LORD,

“plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you

hope and a future.

vii

  

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  My deeply gratitude is for my Great Lord, Babe Jesus Christ for His unconditional love for me. Without His grace, I would not be in Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta and reach what I could only dream before. You make me learn that everything is possible with You. I would also thank my beloved family, Papa Mama Bhe, Ko Indra and Diandul, and also Pino Bhe.

  I am very grateful to my advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for helping me doing this undergraduate thesis with his guidance, patience, caring, suggestion, correction, and jokes. I also thank my co-advisor Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum. for helping me even though this study was not conducted yet.

  My gratitude is also for Anna Fitriati S.Pd., M.Hum for helping and giving me support to finish this study.

  I would like to say thank my second family, Lion of Judah Cellgroup, especially Eel and Efra. This gratitude is also for my first friends, Richard and Wawan. My gratitude goes to my friends who always be with me since in first semester Emy, Ogeg, Yeyen, Ivan, Bryan, and Sheila. Much love I give to Yenni Zhou, PutriAnto, Mike, Ya Li-We Ya, Indra, and my solonity Adel Jupek Astari and Aldo Dongsaeng and for all who are too many to mention. I cannot also forget all of lecturers and staffs in English Letters Department, and for staffs who work in parking area, thank you very much for giving me lessons of this beautiful life.

  Above all, a prayer I send for a h elp from my Papi Han and Pe’ Welly.

  Silvia Mega Kusuma

  

viii

  TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE

  i

APPROVAL PAGE

  ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE

  iii

  STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI v MOTTO PAGE

  vi

DEDICATION PAGE

  vii

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ix ABSTRACT

  x

  ABSTRAK

  xi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A.

  1 Background of the Study B.

  3 Problem Formulation C.

  4 Objectives of the Study D.

  4 Definition of Terms

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW A.

  6 Review of Related Studies B.

  9 Review of Related Theories 1.

  9 Theory of Onomatopoeia

  a. Theory of Origin of Language i. The Pooh-pooh Theory

  9 ii. The Ding Dong Theory 10 iii. The Yo-He-Ho Theory 10 iv. The Bow Wow Theory

  11 v. The La-la Theory

  11

  b. Types of Onomatopoeia i. Direct Onomatopoeia

  11 ii. Associative Onomatopoeia 12 iii. Exemplary Onomatopoeia

  12

  2. Theory of Meaning

  a. Lexical Meaning

  14

  b. Contextual Meaning

  15 i. Grammatical Cohesion

  16 ii. Lexical Cohesion

  18

  c. Cultural Meaning of Words

  20

  3. Theory of Characteristic of Language

  21

  4. Theory of Translation Strategy

  22 C.

  25 Theoretical Framework

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A.

  26 Areas of Research B.

  26 Object of the Study

  ix C.

  26 Method of the Study i. Types of Data

  27 ii. Data Collection 28 iii. Population 29 iv. Data Analysis

  29 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A.

  31 Description of Research Data B. Analysis Results i. Onomatopoeic expression found in the comics 32 ii. The strategies applied to translate onomatopoeia expressions

  48 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION

  62 BIBLIOGRAPHY

  64 APPENDICES

  Appendix 1

  66 Appendix 2

  70 Appendix 3

  72

  x

  

ABSTRACT

  KUSUMA, SILVIA MEGA. The Study of Onomatopoeia Types and

  Translation Strategies in Don Rosa’s The Lifes and Times of Scrooge Mcduck.

  Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

  Comic is a kind of reading that has so many connoisseurs in all of the world. The story of the comic is seen through the conversation inside the balloons. Comic contains pictures and many expressions such as onomatopoeia. This undergraduate thesis discusses the onomatopoeia in The Life and Times of

  

Scrooge Mcduck by Don Rosa. The target language is comic Kisah Hidup Paman

Gober.

  For the purpose of the study, the following problems were formulated. The first problem was what types of onomatopoeia that could be found in the comic

  

The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck and its translation. Second problem was

about the strategies used in translating the onomatopoeia that had been found.

  This study was a qualitative and library research. Analysis data of this research used all the population. This comic has 7 series. The writer used all of the series.

  Based on the research analysis, following were the answer to each problem. There were 63 onomatopoeic expressions that could be found in the comic. From the data, there were 40 expressions that belong to direct onomatopoeia, 16 data belong to associative onomatopoeia, and 7 expressions belong to exemplary onomatopoeia. In analyzing the data of onomatopoeia, it could be concluded that some of expressions could not be found in the dictionaries, and some could. Other finding was that some of the phonetic transcriptions were predicted in reason that they could not be found in the dictionaries. The result for the second problem was communicative translation applied in translating the onomatopoeia words. This type of translation was supported by oblique translation techniques, its name was equivalence. There were three strategies applied. Word for word translation was applied to 13 data and 50 data was using communicative translation.

  

xi

  

ABSTRAK

  KUSUMA, SILVIA MEGA. The Study of Onomatopoeia Translation in Don

  

Rosa’s The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra

  Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013 Komik merupakan salah satu bacaan yang memiliki banyak penggemar di seluruh dunia. Kisah di dalam komik dapat dilihat melalui percakapan yang berada di dalam balon. Komik terdiri dari gambar-gambar dan banyak ekspresi seperti onomatopea. Studi sarjana ini membahas tentang onomatopea yang ada di dalam komik The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck karya Don Rosa. Bahasa targetnya adalah bahasa dari komik Kisah Hidup Paman Gober.

  Demi tujuan studi ini, berikut adalah masalah yang disusun. Masalah yang pertama adalah apa saja onomatopea yang dapat ditemukan dalam komik the Life

  

and Times of Scrooge Mcduck dan terjemahannya dalam Kisah Hidup Paman

Gober . Permasalahan yang kedua adalah strategi apa yang dipakai dalam

  menerjemahkan onomatopea yang telah ditemukan.

  Penulis menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dan kepustakaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan keseluruhan populasi dari data. Bacaan komik ini memiliki 7 seri. Peneliti menggunakan semua seri komik tersebut.

  Berdasarkan analisis penelitian, berikut adalah jawaban pada setiap masalah. Terdapat 63 ekspresi onomatopea yang didapat dalam komik. Dari data tersebut, 40 ekspresi merupakan jenis direct onomatopoeia, 16 data termasuk dalam associative onomatopoeia, dan sisanya merupakan exemplary

  

onomatopoeia . Dalam menganalisis data onomatopea, dapat disimpulkan bahwa

  terdapat beberapa ekspresi yang tidak dapat ditemukan di dalam kamus, dan beberapa dapat ditemukan. Penemuan berikutnya adalah bahwa beberapa transkripsi fonetik dari ekspresi onomatopea diprediksi oleh penulis karena tidak dapat ditemukan di dalam kamus. Hasil dari permasalahan yang kedua adalah bahwa terjemahan komunikatif diterapkan dalam menerjemahkan kata-kata onomatopea. Tipe terjemahan ini didukung dengan teknik terjemahan oblique, namanya adalah equivalence atau persamaan. Terdapat tiga strategi yang dipakai.

  

Word for word diterapkan pada 13 data dan 50 data menggunakan communicative

translation.

xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Many people know that poetry and novel are categorized as literary works. Due to the reason that there are some people who cannot enjoy literary works by

  reading novel or poetry, it will be more interesting if they can enjoy it in pictures, comics for example. Since the comic fans are not only from the country that the favorite comics were published, these works were translated into the re aders‟ language.

  What makes reading become interesting is that there are pictures telling about the story made by the creator. There are also some expressions that ilustrate the sounds which appear inside the story. These expressions are called onomatopoeia. Onomatopoeia is often used in comics. Onomatopoeia itself is a very interesting study of language due to the naming of the sounds in every language in the world that are usually varied.

  The fact about onomatopoeia is that it is different in every country. Japan comic is famous in the world, especially in United States, Europe, and Southeast Asia . They call it as manga. There must be also onomatopoeia in manga. Fr English people and Japanese, for instance, what they hear may not be the same. This case could happen in Indonesian too. Crow of rooster, for example, will show us how people with different native language hear the sound and say the spelling of it. Its sound

  2 in English is cockadoodledoo, Japanase is kokekkoko while in Indonesia is

  

kukuruyuk . The sound of knocking the door in English goes to knock-knock, but in

Indonesian, it is tok-tok.

  Transferring the idea and meaning from source language into target language may not be easy. The idea is not only transferring the words into words, but also the culture that is carried by the language itself. Onomatopoeia is phenomenon that is wholly related to culture. In translating the words of onomatopoeia, the way to translate is important. Meaning to say, translation strategies are the key to deliver the meaning succesfully.

  To deliver the message of the comic‟s author, the translator must translate into the compact sentences, considering that the space given is limit due to the screen of the comic is comic strips. In this study, it is hoped that researchers can learn in translating the target language into the compact source translation so that the message still can be delivered well, understandable, readable, and accurate for the readers to enjoy the comic itself.

  One of Don Rosa‟s works is Donald Duck and Scrooge Mcduck. These comics were translated into so many different languages in the world, including Indonesian. There is no doubt that onomatopoeia also appears in this comic, since this comic tells about the life of animal, which is duck, living like a human being.

  By reading of the comic of Don Rosa entitled The Life and Times of

Scrooge Mcduck, there are many interesting points, especially in onomatopoeia.

  Following is the example:

  3 Source Text English

  Crack

  Target Text Indonesian Ctar In this context, the character whipped the horse so that it made a sound of Crack in English and it is translated into Ctar Indonesian. Indonesian people are not accustomed to hear the whipping of the whip as Crack, but Ctar.

  Another example that was found is that there is no translation in the onomatopoeia words from the Source Text into the Target Text. In one of the pages from the Source Text, there is onomatopoeia foof which shows the effect of the changing of the character into another using magic, but in the Target Text, there is no translation on it. Beside those examples, there are still a lot of the phenomena of onomatopoeia translation occur in this translation. Because of the phenomenon, the writer was intended to find the translation strategy.

B. Problem Formulation

  There are two questions formulated in this study. The first question relates to the onomatopoeic expression found, while the second question concerns with the translation strategy. Those two questions are: 1.

  What are the types of onomatopoea expressions in The Life and Times of

  

Scrooge Mcduck and their translation in Kisah Hidup Paman Gober?

2.

  What are the strategies used by the translator in translating onomatopoeic expressions?

  4

  C. Objectives of the Study

  There are two objectives of the study. This is to answer problems that formulated by the writer. An object may have its own types and kinds.

  Onomatopoeia has its types as well. This study is conducted to find out the types of the onomatopoeia which is found in the comic The Life and Times of Scrooge

  Mcduck.

  This study is about translation where the source language of onomatopoeic expression was translated into target language. Therefore the second objective is to identify the translation strategy that was used by the translator in transferring the idea and meaning of the English onomatopoeia into Indonesian.

  D. Definition of Terms

  It is important to make one understanding about the study. This is built to avoid misunderstanding on certain terms as key words of the study. Therefore, the definition about the title of this study must be explained.

  Onomatopoeia. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary reports the

  onomatopoeia is derived from the Greek onoma which means „name‟ and poiein which means „to make‟. Based on Khweler Literary Terms, it is the use of sounds that are similar to the noise they represent for a rhetorical or artistic effect.

  Translation Strategy. It is not easy in translating the onomatopoeic

  expression. It is because of the different cultural background underlying the translator. There may be some onomatopoeic expressions which are not translated in Indonesian lexically. This becomes one of the reasons why translation strategy

  5 is needed. Moreover, Loescher (1991:8) defines translation strategy as “a potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it.” This translation of onomatopoeia will face a problem if there is no lexically meaning in the Indonesian dictionary.

  Balloon. According to Comicraft Glossary of Lettering Terms

  , balloon is circular shape used to contain speech in comic book. It s ometimes refferred to as “Bubble”.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter contains three parts. The review of related studies talks about the review from other researchers that help the writer in conducting the research. After the review of related studies is review of related theories. In this subchapter,

  the review will contain the theories that have relation with this research. The last

  part is theoretical framework. Each review of studies and theories are the key in analyzing the problems which have been formulated and to find out how the progress of this study different from other studies.

A. Review of Related Studies

  As stated previously, comics are different from other works, such as novels or short stories. There is only a limited space for the author in delivering the conversation. Therefore, the authors should write the dialogue concisely and efficient. To study on the onomatopoeia translation, the writer must understand not only in the linguistic field, but also in the extra linguistics field, which is about the comic.

  The study the writer found is from Bara Diska Putra Krisnanto entitled The

  

Intended Meaning of Smurf Words in Smurf Comic Strips ( 2010). Krisnanto stated

  that the readers must have cultural background knowledge and social background knowledge in order to prevent the misunderstanding of reading the comic (Krisnanto, 2010, X). Kristanto found that the word smurfs contain different vocabularies. This reveals that a language used in comic has certain purposes to

  

6

  7 convey the author‟s idea in delivering the story to be imaginative and fascinating. It is also important for Krisnanto in interpreting the intended meaning of the word

  

smurfs in the comic. The readers know that they must understand the words in the

  comic strips in relation to what the pictures is shown about. There must be relation between the meaning of the vocabulary given in the comic strips and the pictures, and these all must be suitable. The difference from this study is that the writer analyses onomatopoeia, while Krisnanto analysed the meaning of the word

  smurfs in the comic.

  Another research about translation of onomatopoeia has been also conducted by Hiroko Inose, entitled Translating Japanese Onomatopoeia and

  

Mimetic Words (2010). Inose who collected the source of the onomatopoeic and

  mimetic expression in his research used novel Sputnik No Koibito by Haruki Murakami. He identified the method used in translating Japanese onomatopoeic and mimetic expression into Spanish and English. He found 300 cases which are extracted and nine methods by using adverbs, adjectives, verbs, noun, idioms, onomatopoeia in the target language, explicative phrases, combination of words and omission. The method which is analyzed uses some of examples, considering its effectiveness in transmitting the meaning of the original expressions. Inose‟s research is almost similar with the writer‟s research which conducted about the onomatopoeia and translation strategies in comic. The writer in this study tries to find the types of onomatopoeia, which is different from Inose who identifies through nine methods.

  8 The study which helps the writer is about the translation strategy. It is used in order to find out the other researcher in analyzing the study of translation strategy. The study was conducted by Nella Fitri Maya Juwita, entitled The

  

Translation Strategies Employed by the Translators in Translating English

Business Management Terms into Indonesian (2009). In this research, Juwita

  intends to know what English terms in business management that are translated into Indonesian and what strategies used by the translator. She found 600 terms taken from various glossaries of English business management terms. She found that the translator used more than one strategy. The strategies include direct

  

translation, combination of direct translation and naturalization, naturalization,

and descriptive translation. This research has relation with this study of

onomatopoeia due to the fact that the writer is going to find out the strategy in

translating the onomatopoeic expression found in the text.

  The above studies have the same topic about comic and translation. The study of onomatopoeia translation is different from the studies above in the language which is analyzed; it is Indonesian and English, while the study above is in Japanese and English. The translation strategy will also be different, because this onomatopoeic expression is not always stated in the dictionary. Therefore, the translation strategies must be different from the study above conducted by Juwita.

  This research on onomatopoeia translation in Don Rosa‟s The Life and Times of

  

Scrooge Mcduck (1996) is a new research; therefore it will be very helpful if any

other students want to develop the study of this research.

  9

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Onomatopoeia

  Due to the purpose of understanding the translation of onomatopoeia expression, the writer searched some theories in conducting this study. For beginning, it is important to understand the meaning of onomatopoeia. The

  

Merriam Webster Dictionary reports the onomatopoeia is derived from the Greek

onoma

  which means „name‟ and poeiein which means „to make‟. This term is also called as sound symbolism.

a. Theory of Origin of Language

  To help the classification of onomatopoeic expression found in the comic, we must first know the theory of onomatopoeia. To understand when the onomatopoeic expressions built, the theories of the origin of the language are needed. Here are some theories of origin of the language according to David Crystal in the book The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (289, 1987): i.

   The Pooh-Pooh Theory

  This theory is also determined as „Interjectional Theory‟ which suggests that the language come from expression of human emotion, such as pain, anger, happy, or other (Yule:2006).

  According to Darwin in, human feelings such as pain, disgust, or contempt create a tendency to contract all the muscles of the body, including face and lips to produce a sound, such as the interaction „ouch‟ indicating of pain.

  This may be not too hard to be analyzed, because it is shown mainly on the comic. For example found in The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck (1996) is

  10 ”yipes” which is translated into “huaaaaa”. In this context, the character in the comic was yelling.

ii. The Ding-Dong Theory

  This theory tries to determine the relationship between the sounds and the senses of word. Speech arises because people react to the stimuli in the world around them and spontaneously produce sounds which in same way reflected to the enviro nment (Crystal: 1987). For example the utterance „byebye’ followed by waving hands that indicates „good bye‟.

iii. The Yo-He-Ho Theory This theory underlines the development of language in social context.

  Language is produced because of human physical effort, such as people work together (Crystal: 1987). However, when people get a command-sound they will do strong body movement and automatically produce rhythmical yells. The example found in Rosa‟s comic is when the character in this comic wants to engrave; the onomatopoeic expression shown is “chip-chip” translating into “krik- krik”.

  iv. Bow-wow Theory

  This theory was proposed by Max Muller from German. He states that the simplest word is imitative of natural sounds, such as „cuckoo‟, which is then originated as t he name of bird and „bow-wow’ which is originated as the dog‟s bark becomes the name of dog. This theory is also supported by Jespersen on his book entitled „Language, Its Nature, Development and Origin‟ by giving the chronological theory. First the lower animals are original enough to cry and roar,

  11 and then man comes and makes a language for himself by imitating his inferiors. Sounds which are produced without any meaning can be used to designate the creature itself to have communication. This is also found in this comic. The onomatopoeic expression of “aroooooo” is translated into “auuuuuu”. This sound imitates the voice of wolf.

  v. The La-la Theory

  This theory was proposed by Otto Jespersen, The Danish Linguist, in Chrystal‟s The Cambridge of Encyclopedia of Language (1987). He felt that if any single factor was going to initiate human language, it would arise of the romantic side of life-sounds associated with love, play, poetic feeling, perhaps even song. The gap between the emotional and the rational aspects of speech expression would still have to be accounted for.

b. Types of Onomatopoeia

  As what Kate Burridge said in her book, Blooming English (2002), words are symbolic. It means there is a meaning in each of words. Since onomatopoeia is denoting sound, there is also meaning inside it. Different from the theory of the origin of onomatopoeia, Hugh Bredin in Elin Dofs‟ Onomatopoeia and Iconicity,

  

A Comparative Study of English and Swedish Animal Sounds suggests three types

of onomatopoeia.

  According to Hugh Bredin, there are three types f onomatopoeia.

i. Direct onomatopoeia.

  As he says, this type of onomatopoeia can occur if the words fulfill two criterias. First criteria is that if the denotation of a word is a class of

  12 sounds. The second is the sound of the word resembles a member of the class. Simply to say that if the sound of the onomatopoeia words resemble to the sound that it names. For example, hiss and moan.

ii. Associative onomatopoeia

  This type of onomatopoeia occurs whenever the sound of a word resembles a sound associated with whatever it is that the word denotes.

  For other information, none of these words has a sound that resembles the objects or actions that they denote. For example, cuckoo.

iii. Exemplary onomatopoeia

  Exemplary onomatopoeia relies on the amount and character of the physical work used by a speaker in uttering a word. Bredin said that words such as nimble and dart require less muscular and pulmonary effort than do sluggish and slothful, so that they become one of the examples of exemplary onomatopoeia. When it comes to talk about the pulmonary and muscular, it means that in pronouncing the word, energy is needed. Pulmonary is related to lungs.

  Lungs are one of motors for vocal vibration (Wise in Introduction

  toPhonetics , 1957: 37). The other motors for vocal vibration are larynx,

  pharynx, and mouth. They all become one unit of vocal vibrators and functioned for pronouncing the sound, and then so-called as musical instruments. Therefore, when an onomatopoeia word needs to be pronounced and it uses one or more vocal vibrators, it could be an exemplary onomatopoeia.

  13

2. Theory of Meaning

  It is important to consider in the extra linguistic field, which is comic. To understand the meanings onomatopoeic expressions‟ meaning in the comic strips, the readers have to understand the context in the comic strips. Looking comics as an integral language on the one hand, and as a partnership of words and pictures on the other.

  This is very interesting that interpretation of the readers are also needed, that is why in translating the onomatopoeic expression must be careful in order to deliver the imagination and the content between the pictures and the story.

  In categorizing the onomatopoeia, the writer provides some theory of type of the Onomatopoeia or Symbolic Meaning. According David Crystal (1987), there are several attempts have been made to find specific correspondences between sounds and meaning. For example, in several languages an association has been suggested between close vowels (especially [i]) and smallness, and an open vowels (especially [a]) and largeness, as in English teeny, little, bit, slim. On the other hand, there are several counter-examples to this tendency, example big vs small.

  In translating the onomatopoeic expression in the comic, the writer must be able in understanding the meaning of the onomatopoeic expression in the Source Text. There are certain types of meaning. Contextual Meaning and Lexical Meaning will help the writer in analyzing this research.

  14

a. Lexical Meaning

  Lexical meaning refers to the dictionary definition. It is the meaning of the term in common usage. The first step in translating each vocabulary is by looking at the dictionaries. If the vocabularies are found, it can be called as lexical. Onomatopoeic words have many synonyms, such as ba-dooomm and baaa-dooow which have meaning the sound of explosion. They are often multi meaning as well such as poink which has some meanings as the bouncing sound or the sound of small metallic hit.

  There are several ways in lexical meaning. The first is Homonyms. As what Fromkin said in her book, An Introduction to Language (2000), “knowing a word means knowing both its sounds and its meaning” means that sound and meaning have relation. Homonyms or homophones in this context focus in the pronunciation. When two or more words have the same pronunciations but different in meanings, they will be called as homonyms. Word tale and tail are the examples of it. They are pronounced as [te

  ɪ l], but in meaning, they are different. According to Oxford dictionary, tale means a story created using the imagination, especially one that is full of action and adventure. Meanwhile, tail means the part that sticks out and can be moved at the back of the body of a bird, an animal or a fish.

  Homonyms are different from homographs. Homographs are words that spelt the same but different meaning. Word tear in tear in the eye and a tear in

  

her blouse is spelt the same, but has different meaning. There is also polysemy,

  which happens when a word has multiple meanings that are related conceptually

  15 or historically. Bear is polysemus, because it has several meanings „to tolerate‟, „to carry‟, and „to support‟.

  There are also synonyms meaning words have the same meaning but different spelling or sound different. One of the examples is the words annoy and

  

bother which mean to make somebody angry. Different from synonyms,

  antonyms are the opposite in meaning. Big vs small is the example. Red, blue,

  

black, white are hyponyms. It is a set of words whose relationship is general to

more specific.

  Three more lexical meanings are metonyms, retronyms, and proper names. A metonym is a word used in place of another word or expression to convey the same meaning. Retronyms are expression that would once have been redundant.

  Proper names mean a language‟s shortcuts. Crown which refers to monarchy is the example of metonyms. Silent movie is a retronym because in the past all movies were silent, whereas nowadays all of movies are now not silent, even though there are some movies which are silent. The last example is White House which is to name official residence of US President. White house is example of proper names.

b. Contextual Meaning

  If lexical meaning focuses on the lexical features of the word, in this contextual meaning focuses on the text. Contextual meaning is the meaning of word in particular situations and certainly in different kind of context. It might be a reason, justification, assumption, explanation, or other function of the context.

  The context of sound may often provide enough clues to comprehension.

  16 Onomatopoeic words are considered as symbolic language; therefore, the meaning depends on the context in which it is used. More than one level of their meaning is expressed (Crystal: 1987). Therefore, different interpretation appears when someone tries to find out the meaning of onomatopoeic words.

  Due to the fact that this thesis is about translation, theory of translation is needed. First is about the definition. According to Nida and Taber, translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondy in terms of styles (Nida and Taber, 1982). The definition is changing from one state or form to another, to turn into one‟s own or another‟s language (The Merriam-Webster Dictionary).

  Contextual context is included in contextual meaning. In pragmatics, context is very essential. This study needs co-text theory in order to know the references pointed and due to the reason that the study uses comic as the text. There are some aspects that should be considered in co-text or contextual contexts analysis. The context of the text itself covers grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion.

i. Grammatical cohesion

  Cohesion is relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text. Grammatical cohesion is the cohesion which is affected by the logical and structural rules. These following are the types of grammatical cohesion.

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  a. Reference

  This is an act which a speaker uses linguistic forms to enable the hearer to identify something. In referring something, we may use time deixis, person deixis, and other deixis. When there is no previous mention of the referent in the text, exophoric reference is used. If there is a referring expression links with another item within the same text, it is called endophoric reference. In endophora, there are two kinds, Anaphora and Cataphora. While anaphora is used for something referring backward, cataphora is used for referring forward.

  b. Substitution

  Substitution in this co-text is the replacement of one item by another. Joan Cutting in his book, Pragmatic and Discourse said that “As with endophoric reference, substitution holds the text together and avoid repetition”. If we may take a look at the example below:

  Little baby oh so small One day you will be big and tall

  I watch you while you laugh and play My love for you grows everyday

  I tell you this with my whole heart I love you just the way you are

  (L

  

ay 2013)

  From the poem, the substitution used is in the second line. The word “you” substitutes “little baby” in the first line. The advantage of using

  18 substitution is for reducing repetition which somehow will be impacted for the readers to feel bored because of the use of the words repetition.

c. Ellipsis

  Ellipsis is a little bit different from the substitution. Even the purpose is the same with the previous kind of co-text, which is to avoid repetition; ellipsis‟s way is to omit the repetitious and unnecessary words.

  “He is afraid of you,” Yossarian said. “He‟s afraid you‟re going to die of pneumonia.” “He‟d better be afraid,” Chief White Halfoat said. A deep low laugh rumbled through his massive chest. “I will, too, the first chance I get. You just wait and see.”

  (Heller‟s Catch 22,

  <www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/3167.Joseph- Heller> )

  The omission used in the text above is place in the last direct speech “I will, too.” The proper sentence will be “I will die of pneumonia too.” Therefore, the words omitted are “die of pneumonia”.

ii. Lexical Cohesion

  Lexical cohesion is the cohesive effect achieved by the selection of vocabulary (Halliday, 1976). There are four kinds of lexical cohesion. Repetition, superordinates, synonyms, and general words belong to it.

a. Repetition

  This is the most common form from the lexical cohesion. We can put example from the short story of “Chrysanthemum”.

  19 The child put the pale chrysanthemums to her lips, murmuring: „Don‟t they smell beautiful!‟ Her mother gave her a short laugh. „No.‟ She said, „not to me. It was chrysanthemums when I married him, and chrysanthemums when you were born, and he first time hey ever brought him home drunk, he‟d got brown chrysanthemums in his button- hole.‟

  The aim of using repetition in the text above is to emphasize the meaning of chrysanthemums for the character, and this has no disadvantage of make the text boring, because the main purpose is to make a focus point of what the author or the writer wants to tell about.

  b. Synonyms

  Synonyms are the use of another word that means the same or almost the same. For example, some use phrase watching over instead of keep an eye.

  c. Superordinates

  It is an „umbrella‟ or general terms of certain things. For example, blackbird for bird.

  d. General Words

  General word is the umbrella term that can cover almost everything. This can be general nouns such as „thing‟, „stuff‟, „place‟, „person‟, „woman‟, „man‟, and so on. The important of using co-text is intended in the form of the text, which is in this study used form of comic. The co-text helps the references of the onomatopoeic words refer to what it points to.

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c. Cultural Meaning of Words

  As what Mildred L Larson said in his book, Meaning Based Translation

  

(1984:431), culture is a complex of believe, attitudes, values, and rules which a

group of people share. It can be concluded that people have their own culture.

  Language is also one of the cultures had by a group of people. A word in one group of people may have same or different meaning.

  It is not only the language that is different. It is not also different in every country, but even in every region, language and culture could be different.

  Indonesia has many cultures. We can see one of the differences from the using of color of the flag for a sign of the death. Color red will be used in Solo, white in Yogyakarta, yellow in Lampung, and so on. This is a proof that language can be seen from anything including color.

  It is no need argument about the differences of culture. Due to the fact that translation is transferring the idea of one language to another language, every translator cannot easily forget about the culture brought by its language. If we take a look at the word “pig”, the use of this word in Papua Guinea and in Jewish is different, even though the object is the same. For people in Jewish, they understand “pig” has a connotation meaning of unclean, however people in Papua Guinea signify “pig” as a wealth. The people of a given culture look at things from their own perspectives (Larson, 1984:137). The perspective in translating the onomatopoeia lies in the hearing of the speaker. For people in Indonesia, they cannot say “bark”, because what they usually hear is “guk”.

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3. Characteristics of Language Theory

  In translating the language, knowing the characteristic of language which affect translation is needed. According to Mildred L. Larson, in his book entitled

  

Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence (1984),

  there are three characteristics which have a very direct bearing on principles of translation:

  a. Meaning Components

  Meaning components are “packaged” into lexical items, but they are “packaged‟ differently in one language than in another. Meaning components is sometimes called as plurality, for example the English

• –s.

  b. Same Meaning Components

  The same meaning component will occur in several surface structure lexical items (forms). In English, the word „sheep‟ occurs. However, the words „lamb‟, „ram‟, and „ewe‟ also include the meaning „sheep‟.

  c. Alternative Meaning

  One form will be used to represent several alternative meanings. Most words have more than one meaning. There will be a primary meaning-the one which usually comes to mind when the word is said in isolation-and secondary meanings-the additional meanings which a word has in context with other words.

4. Theory of Translation Strategy

  It is not easy in translating the onomatopoeic expression. It is because of the different cultural background underlying the translator. There may be some onomatopoeic expressions which are not translated in Indonesian lexically. This

  22 becomes one of the reasons why translation strategy is needed. Moreover, Loescher (1991:8) defines translation strategy as "a potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it." This translation of onomatopoeia will face a problem if there is no lexically meaning in the Indonesian dictionary.