THE TRANSLATION IDEOLOGY BASED ON THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES APPLIED IN THE TRANSLATION OF THE PROPER NOUNS IN CHRIS COLOMBUS AND NED VIZINNI’S HOUSE OF SECRETS NOVEL.

THE TRANSLATION IDEOLOGY BASED ON THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES APPLIED IN THE TRANSLATION OF THE PROPER

NOUNS IN CHRIS COLOMBUS AND NED VIZINNI’S HOUSE OF SECRETS NOVEL

A THESIS

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature

BY:

ESTER SUSETYA NINGSIH 12211141010

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

ii

iii

iv

SURAT PERNYATAAN

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya:

Nama : Ester Susetya Ningsih

NIM : 12211141010

Program Study: Sastra Inggris

Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Judul : The Translation Ideology Based on the Translation Strategies Applied in the Translation of the Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus and Ned Vizinni’s House Of Secrets Novel

menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah ini adalah hasil pekerjaan saya sendiri. Sepanjang pengetahuan saya, karya ilmiah ini tidak berisi materi yang ditulis oleh orang lain kecuali bagian-bagian tertetu yang saya ambil sebagai acuan dengan mengikuti tata cara dan etika penulisan karya ilmiah yang baik dan benar.

Apabila ternyata terbukti bahwa pernyataan ini tidak benar, hal ini sepenuhnya menjadi tanggung jawab saya.

v

MOTTOS

Life has knocked me down a few times. It has shown me things I never wanted

to see. I have experienced sadness and failures. But one thing is for sure…

I ALWAYS GET UP! -Unknown

Always go with the choice that scares you the most because that’s the one that is

going to help you grow. -Psychology Quote

“If someone offers you an amazing opportunity and you’re not sure you can do it, say yes – then learn how to do it later.”

-Richard Branson

Walk with the dreamers, the believers, the courageous, the cheerful, the planners, the doers, the successful people with

their heads in the clouds and their feet on the ground. Let their spirit ignite a fire within you to leave this world better

than when you found it. -Unknown

vi

DEDICATION

THIS THESIS IS DEDICATED TO:

MY BELOVED PARENTS

AND

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillahirrobbil alamiin. First of all, I want to praise Allah

Subhanahuwata’ala for the greatest blessings given upon me, so I can finally finish this thesis. Also, I am so grateful for having so many people around me who always help, support, and pray for me. They had big roles in motivating me to finish this thesis for attaining Sarjana Sastra degree. My deepest and sincerest gratitude is also dedicated to Drs. Suhaini M. Saleh, M.A. and Andy Bayu Nugroho, S.S., M.Hum., my thesis supervisors, for their guidance, advice, corrections, and suggestions during the writing process of this thesis. My gratitude is also delivered to Niken Anggraeni, M.A., my academic advisor, who always listens to my problems and gives advice related to academic scope. I also specially dedicate my sincerest and deepest appreciation to:

1. my family members, especially my beloved sisters Dina Kristina Wati and Yessy Kartika Sari who take role as my guardian after my parents passed away, and also for their supports both morally and financially to lead me strive in order to finish my study from this university;

2. Nia Juliarti, Krisna Bayu Aji, and Ulik Chodratillah for their role as data triangulators, peer reviewers and grammar checkers;

3. Novandy, who always supports me from the very beginning till the end;

4. my bestfriends, Nurul, Hesti, Zen, Febriana, Gita, Nia, Bella, Kiki, Tami, Anis, Meli, Ulik, and Krisna who always accompany me and make me laugh;

viii

5. the students of English Language and Literature class E and Translation major, with whom I have studied and done many great things together for the last four years; and

6. my seniors, especially in translation major who have sincerely supported and helped me finish this thesis.

In the end, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect, so I would appreciate all the criticisms for the betterment of the thesis given to me. Hopefully, this thesis will be useful to broaden and enrich knowledge in the translation field.

Yogyakarta, 7 October 2016

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A THESIS ... i

APPROVAL ... ii

RATIFICATION ... iii

SURAT PERNYATAAN... iv

MOTTOS ... v

DEDICATION ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LISTS OF TABLES ... xi

LIST OF FIGURES ... xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiii

ABSTRACT ... xiv

CHAPTER I ... 1

INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Research Background... 1

B. Research Focus ... 4

C. Research Objectives ... 5

D. Research Significance ... 6

CHAPTER II ... 7

A. Literature Review ... 7

1. Translation ... 7

2. Proper Nouns ... 12

3. Translation Ideology ... 23

B. Previous Related Studies ... 26

C. About the Novel... 27

x

E. Analytical Construct ... 32

CHAPTER III ... 33

A. Research Approach ... 33

B. Sources, Form, and Context of Data ... 34

C. Research Instruments ... 34

D. Technique of Data Collection ... 36

E. Data Analysis ... 36

F. Data Trustworthiness ... 37

CHAPTER IV ... 39

A. Findings ... 39

1. The Proper Nouns Categorization... 39

2. The Strategies in Translating the Proper Nouns ... 40

3. The Translation Ideology of the Translation of Proper Nouns ... 41

B. Discussion ... 42

1. Proper Nouns Categories Found in House of Secrets Novel ... 42

2. Translation Strategies used in Translating Proper Nouns in House of Secrets Novel ... 59

3. The Translation Ideology Based on the Dominant Strategy Used in Translating the Proper Nouns ... 75

CHAPTER V ... 82

A. Conclusions ... 82

1. The Proper Nouns Categories Found in House of Secrets Novel ... 82

2. The Translation Strategies Used in Translating the Proper Nouns ... 83

3. The Translation Ideology Based on the Dominant Strategy Used in Translating the Proper Nouns ... 84

B. Suggestions ... 84

1. To Translators ... 84

2. To the Students of English Literature Majoring in Translation Studies ... 85

3. To Other Researchers... 86

REFERENCES ... 87

xi

LISTS OF TABLES

Table 1. The Sample of the Data Sheet ... 35

Table 2. The Frequency and Percentage of Proper Nouns’ Category ... 40

Table 3. The Frequency and the Percentage of the Translation Strategies and Its Ideology... 41

Table 4. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Part of a Person’s Names Category ... 43

Table 5. The Example of Proper Nouns under Given or Pet Names of Animals Category ... 45

Table 6. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Geographical and Celestial Names Category ... 47

Table 7. The Example of Proper Nouns under Monuments, Buildings, Meeting Rooms Category ... 49

Table 8. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Historical Events, Documents, Laws, and Periods Category ... 50

Table 9. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Months, Days of the Week, Holidays Category ... 52

Table 10. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Groups and Languages Category .. 54

Table 11. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Religions, Deties, and Scriptures Category ... 56

Table 12. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle Models, Brand Names Category ... 58

Table 13. The Examples of the Application of Preservation Strategy ... 60

Table 14. The Examples of the Application of Addition Strategy ... 62

Table 15. The Examples of the Application of Localization Strategy ... 64

Table 16. The Examples of the Application of Globalization Strategy ... 66

Table 17. The Examples of the Application of Omission Strategy ... 68

Table 18. The Examples of the Application of Transformation Strategy ... 71

Table 19. The Examples of the Application of Creation Strategy ... 72

Table 20. The Frequency and the Percentage of Foreignization Ideology ... 76

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.A Bottom up Scheme of Domestication and Foreignization by Davies

(2003) ... 26 Figure 2. Analytical Construct ... 32

xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

A : Addition

Apn : Given or Pet Names of Animals

Avb : Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle Models, Brand Names C : Creation

CALD : Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary G : Globalization

Gec : Geographical and Celestial Names Grl : Groups and Languages

Hdp : Historical events, documents, laws, and periods KBBI : Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia

L : Localization

Mbr : Monuments, Buildings, Meeting Rooms Mdh : Months, Days of the Week and Holidays O : Omission

P : Preservation

Ppn : Part of a Person’s Names Rds : Religions, Deities, Scriptures SE : Source Expression

ST : Source Text T : Transformation TE : Target Expression TT : Target Text

xiv

The Translation Ideology Based on the Translation Strategies Applied in the Translation of the Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus And Ned Vizinni’s

House Of Secrets Novel By:

Ester Susetya Ningsih 12211141010 ABSTRACT

The aims of this research are to describe: 1) the categories of proper nouns found in Chris Columbus and Ned Vizzini’s House of Secrets novel, 2) the strategies used by the translator in translating the proper nouns, and 3) the translation ideology based on the dominant strategy which is applied in translating the proper nouns.

This research employed mixed methods, descriptive qualitative method and quantitative method. The main method is descriptive qualitative method. Then, the data analysis is supported by simple statistic which represents quantitative analysis. The data are the original or English version of proper nouns and their Bahasa Indonesia translations found in House of Secrets novel, which are in the form of words and phrases. The key instrument of the research was the researcher, and then supported by data sheets. The trustworthiness of the research was gained by performing credibility, dependability and conformability. The trustworthiness was also gained by applying triangulations.

The results of the research showed three findings. In terms of proper nouns, there are nine categories. They are names of person, names of animals, names of geographical units, names of buildings, names of historical events, names of time units, names of groups and languages, names of religions, and names of awards and brands. Among the categories, names of person became the most frequent category which appeared 143 times (39.18%) in the novel. In terms of translation strategies, there are seven translation strategies: preservation, addition which is under foreignization ideology, and then followed by localization, globalization, omission, transformation, and creation which is under domestication ideology. The result shows that preservation strategy was the most dominant strategy since it occurred 275 times (75.34%) in the novel. Thus, the findings clearly showed that the ideological tendency of the translation of the proper nouns was foreignization since the dominant strategy which is applied was under foreignization ideology.

1

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

Children’s literature has six genres, they are: picture book, traditional literature, fiction and non-fiction, biography and autobiography, poetry and verse. Some of the genres have numbers of subgenres. The traditional literature, for example, has myths, fables, legends, and fairy tales. The fiction has fantasy, realistic fiction and historical fiction as its subgenres. All of the subgenres mentioned above contain some stories. The stories usually have some characters inside, and each character has its own name given by the author. The names of the characters grammatically can be called as the proper noun.

Newmark (1998b) divides proper nouns into five categories, they are: proper names, historical institutional terms, international institutional terms, national institutional terms and cultural terms. They can be found in some artworks of children’s literature which subgenres are fantasy or fiction, and fairy tales. Some popular artworks are translated into various languages in all over the world. Therefore, the translation process includes the translation of the proper nouns found in the artworks. Those proper nouns are treated differently, sometimes they do not need to be translated, sometimes they are directly transformed and sometimes they are added with definitions or explanations. The decisions depend on the context and their specific characteristics. These statements are in line with Klingberg (1986:43) who says that “… personal names

… without any special meanings … should not be altered.” Klingberg (1986:43) also states that, “In earlier children’s literature descriptive names were frequent … such names have to be translated”. Thus, fairy tale and the fiction are the ones in which proper nouns are frequently translated because they usually contain certain meaning.

According to the statement above, the researcher tried to find the fittest artworks for this research. The choice went to the novel entitled House of Secrets. It is a New York Times bestseller written by Chris Columbus and Ned Vizzini. Chris Columbus is a famed Hollywood director who works behind the first two Harry Potter movies and Percy Jackson: The Lightning Thief movie. Meanwhile, Ned Vizzini is a bestselling author of the teen books whose works have been translated into twenty-five languages.This novel focuses on imaginary world that contains with various numbers of proper nouns from the real to the imaginary ones. The proper nouns in this novel are translated based on the messages or meanings inside them.

For example, in this novel the researcher found the name Student Union Office which is translated into Kantor OSIS. Instead of translating the source text name into its literal meaning Kantor Serikat Pelajar or Kantor Perkumpulan Siswa, the translator prefers to pick the local-kind-of-union OSIS to translate the term Student Union. It is called localization. Then, the name of Blob-ipus is translated into si Endut-ipus. The using of the word Endut, instead of Gemuk, Gempal or Gendut, based on the consideration of the translation that the target

readers are children, so it might be more eye-catching. This kind of strategy is called localization.

Thus, from the examples above, the translator has to make a precise decision in choosing the fittest strategies in translating the proper nouns found in this novel to ensure that the messages are accurately digested by the readers. The dominant strategies that are used to translate the proper nouns can be a parameter to identify the ideological tendency of the translator toward the text. When the translator chooses to maintain the names of the proper nouns, it means that the translator wants to introduce new terms to the target readers, or it can be called as foreignization. In the contrary, when the translator decides to transform the names, it means the names are wanted to be understood easily by the target readers, so it is commonly called as domestication.

According to the described phenomenon above, the researcher decides to analyze the ideological tendency from translation strategies of the proper nouns found in House of Secrets novel. This novel provides numbers of proper nouns which are translated using various strategies, and the strategies can help the researcher in finding the ideological tendency of the translator. Thus, it is necessary for the researcher to analyze each strategy the translator used in translating proper nouns and to identify the ideological tendency of the strategies used.

The ideology of translating, based on Venuti (1995:469), is foreignization and domestication which refer to the translator’s basic orientation in operating text according to social and cultural context. Foreignization is one of the

translation ideologies that invites the readers to enter the scope of foreign cultures. Besides, domestication is oriented to target language, so the readers can get translation product based on their own culture. Foreignization ideology and domestication ideology are indeed contradictive with each other, but in its practice, it is difficult to use only one ideology. For this research, finding ideological tendency is important because the researcher is able to grasp the translator’s perspective and translator’s orientation of language, whether it is foreignization or domestication.

B. Research Focus

Translating proper nouns is a challenging task for the translator. Commonly, there are hidden aspects inside the proper nouns created by the author, so it will be difficult work for the translator to make a precise equivalent in the target text. Thus, to produce an accurate product of translation especially in translating proper nouns, the translator needs special strategies of translation.

This research focuses on categorizing the proper nouns found in the text and analyzing the strategies applied to each of them. Then, the collected strategies will show the ideological tendency of the translated text. The subject of this research is a novel entitled House of Secrets. This novel has been translated into various languages and it is addressed for children and teenagers, so the proper nouns need special treatments.

In some cases, the translator tends to foreignize the translation of proper nouns by maintaining the source’s text names and brings the readers to the source language’s culture. Different cases are found that the translator also prefers to

domesticate the translation of proper nouns by transforming the source names into the names which are more familiar in target language, so the target readers who use the language can easily understand the meaning and also the context.

Gaining the ideological tendency of the translation can be guided by tracing the translation strategies used by the translator to translate the proper nouns during the research. The various strategies employed in translating the proper nouns are considered to be worth analyzed since it can help the researcher in showing the translation ideology for this research. Based on the background and the research focus, the problems in this research are formulated as follows. 1. What are the proper noun categories found in Chris Columbus and Ned

Vizzini’s House of Secrets novel?

2. What are the strategies used by the translator in translating the proper nouns?

3. Based on the dominant strategy applied, what is the translation ideology of the translation of the proper nouns?

C. Research Objectives

The objectives of the research related to the formulation of the problems are:

a. to describe the categories of proper nouns found in Chris Columbus and Ned Vizzini’s House of Secrets novel,

b. to describe the strategies used by the translator in translating the proper nouns, and

c. to describe the translation ideology based on the dominant strategy which is applied in translating the proper nouns.

D. Research Significance

This research is expected to be significant for the following parties:

1. This research may give contribution for translation study in the topic of translating proper nouns.

2. For the students of English Language and Literature Study Program, especially for those who major in translation, this research is expected to encourage the readers to conduct the same research by using similar topic. 3. It is expected to enrich the translators’ knowledge on deciding the best

7

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is literature review, and the second part is conceptual framework. Literature review concerns in explaining about translation, translation of children’s literature, proper nouns, categorization of proper nouns, translation strategies, translation ideology, previous related studies and review of House of Secret novel. In the second part, there is conceptual framework which shows the concept used to conduct the research, and also the analytical construct which gives description on this research is conducted.

A. Literature Review 1. Translation

Translation is an influential phenomenon in human life. This phenomenon is related to languages which exist in this world. There are many countries in the world, and usually each country has language which is different from other countries. Thus, translation, as a process in turning source text (ST) into target text (TT), is needed as a bridge to make a certain language understandable for people who use different languages in different countries.

a. Definitions of Translation

Translation is a complicated task since the meaning of the source-language text should be conveyed to the target-source-language readers. In other words, translation can be defined as transferring the meaning and form of the

text in source language into the meaning and form of the text in target language. Translation by Electronic Cambridge Dictionary is defined as something which is translated, or process of translating something, from one language to another. Then, the goal of a translator should be to produce a translation that has the same meaning as the source-language text, but is expressed in the natural form of the target language.

Newmark (1981: 7) indicates that translation is a craft that attempts to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message or statement in another language. Also, he views translation as a science, a skill, an art, and a matter of taste. As a science, translation includes the knowledge and the assessment of the facts and the language that describes them; as a skill, translation contains the appropriate language and acceptable usage; as an art, translation differentiates good writing from bad and involves innovative, intuitive and inspired levels; and lastly, viewing translation as a matter of taste includes the fact that the translator resorts to his/her own preferences; so, the translated text varies from one translator to another. Kelly (2005:25) defines translation as the skill of understanding the source text and rendering it in the target language by using the register, the background knowledge, and other language resources according to the intended purpose.

From all the definitions of translation proposed by the theorists, the researcher chooses the definition of translation as proposed by Kelly (2005:25) because from the definition, he sees translation as a skill which has to be owned by the translator in rendering meaning from source text into

target text. This skill requires background knowledge of both texts, so the translator can transfer the text exactly based on its intended purpose.

In this research, the skill is used as the translator’s decision to use certain strategy in rendering texts. The strategies which are used can trace the ideological tendency of the translator. It is possible for the translator to introduce foreign language and culture to the target reader, and then it would be called as foreignization. Also, translator can decide to choose domestication in order to make the translated texts close to the target language and culture. Thus, it can be concluded that the researcher chooses definition of translation by Kelly (2005:25) because it can represent its relation with the topic of this research.

b. Types of Translation

Based on Jacobson (1959/2000) in Venuti (2000:114), there are three types of translation:

1) Inter-lingual translation, or rewording

It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other languages. It means that inter-lingual translation is the translation which refers to different languages, whether bilingual or multilingual. In this type of translation, the messages of a certain language are transferred into different language. This translation can be done for written texts or spoken texts, for example: books, novels, movies, etc.

2) Intra-lingual translation, or translation proper

It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. It deals with making things clear by rephrasing a text or expression in the same language. Paraphrasing a poem in the same language and simplifying a novel are some of the examples of intra-lingual translation. Since there is only one language involved in this type of translation, it is also called as monolingual translation.

3) Inter-semiotic translation, or transmutation

It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign system. It involves transferring the essence of the original, for example written texts into music, painting or film. There is transfer of message from the shapes of symbol and sign into the language and vice versa.

The analysis for this research will be done by engaging two novels which are served in two different languages. The novel is originally written in English and then translated into Bahasa Indonesia. Since the novels related to two different languages, they can be called as bilingual translation. Thus, this research is conducted under the inter-lingual translation.

c. Translation of Children’s Literature

Translation of children's literature is a significant area of study, due to the fact that books for children have always been written by authors who come from various countries and use different languages. Children's literature is usually understood to a book which intentionally read by children. There are a

lot of children’s literatures which are translated and they are still read in all over the world. Children's literature deserves a special attention because it plays a fairly important role in children's growing-up process. According to Jiang and Zhao (2013:946) the language of children's literature is featured by accuracy, simplicity, vividness and rhyme. Its educational function suggests that too much language variation and untraditional ways would mislead children.

Klingberg (1986:45) argues that there are four pedagogical goals when children’s books are translated: (1) to make more literature available to children, (2) to further international outlook and understanding of the young readers, (3) to give the readers, especially children, a text that they can understand, and (4) to contribute to the development of the readers’ set of values. Klingberg (1986:45) maintains that goals (1) and (2) require close adherence to the original text, while (3) and (4) require cultural context adaptation to facilitate understanding or to modify the content so that it conforms to the set of values of the target culture. In other words, goals (1) and (2) require more adequacy-oriented translation or foreignization of the target text, while (3) and (4) require more acceptability-oriented translation, or domestication. Thus, it is a must for the translator of children's literature to consider his/her orientation by adopting the most applicable strategies according to the children’s language ability so that they could easily achieve the messages of the texts.

2. Proper Nouns

a. Definitions of Proper Nouns

Proper nouns are the special words that usually indicate sex, age, history, specific meaning, cultural connotations, animals, companies, festivals,

names of persons and geographical places. It is in line with the definition given in The Oxford Concise English Dictionary (2001) proper name is “a name for an individual person, place, or organization having an initial capital letter”. Some scholars also have their own definition of proper nouns. Fernandes (2006) says that in literary works proper names are used as “dense signifiers in the sense that they contain in themselves clues about the destiny of a character or indicates of the way the storyline may develop”. Nord (2003:183) in Jaleniauskienė & Čičelytė (2009:31) states that “proper names may be non-descriptive, but they are obviously not non-informative”. It can be explained that proper names can tell about the referent gender, age, or geographical origin.

Finally, the researcher chooses the definition of proper nouns proposed by Nord (2003:184). He defines name as the word(s) by which an individual referent is identified, that is to say, the word(s) whose main function is/are to identify, for instance, an individual person, animal, place, or thing. Then, related to translation of proper nouns, he says that proper nouns may be non-descriptive, but they are informative. Then, it means that if the information is explicit, as in a descriptive name, the name can be translated, but if the information is implicit, the translator can ignore it unless he/she intends to add

some information. This definition will help the researcher in analyzing the translated proper nouns in the novel.

b. Proper Nouns Categories

Some theorists draw different categorizations and below are the categorizations presented by Frank (1972) and Howard (2009:2). Frank, in Modern English (1972), categorizes proper nouns into six categories. He lists six categories of proper nouns which are names of person, names of geographical units, names of nationalities and religions, names of holiday, names of time units, and words for personification as can be seen below.

1) Names of Person

The names of person category cover names of single person including real name, nick name, imaginary name or descriptive name. This category also includes family names, occupation and position treated as the name of the bearer of that position.

2) Names of Geographical Units

Frank (1972) states that geographical units can be any names of entities, such as: countries, cities, rivers, etc.

3) Names of Nationalities and Religions

According to Merriam-Webster's Learner's Electronic Dictionary, nationality has a meaning as national status; or it can be meant as membership in a particular nation. The word religion means an organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, and rules used to worship a god or a group of gods. It is an interest, a belief, or an activity that is very important to a person or group.

4) Names of Holidays

Based on Merriam-Webster's Learner's Electronic Dictionary, holiday means a day on which one is exempt from work; specifically: a day marked by a general suspension of work in commemoration of an event.

5) Names of Time Units

Time is a moment, hour, day, or year as indicated by a clock or calendar. It is an appointed, fixed, or customary moment or hour for something to happen, begin, or end. This definition is taken from Merriam-Webster's Learner's Electronic Dictionary.

6) Words used for personification

Personification means the attribution of human nature or character to animals, inanimate objects, or abstract notions, especially as a rhetorical figure. It is the representation of a thing or abstraction in the form of a person, as in art. Also, it has a meaning as the person or thing embodying a quality or the like; an imaginary person or creature conceived or figured to represent a thing or abstraction.

Then, the second categorization is proposed by Howard (2009). Howard (2009) in Capitalizing Proper Nouns has categorized the proper nouns into nine categories. All of the categories are explained as follows.

1) Part of a Person's Name

This category includes persons first and last names, e.g., James A. Garfield, Chester Alan Arthur (Howard, 2009). In this research, it includes

nicknames, occupation, family names, and all names related to person’s names.

Example: Brendan Walker knew the house was going to be terrible.

2) Given or Pet Names of Animals

It is a category which encompasses nicknames and names given to animals, e.g., Trigger, Lassie (Howard, 2009). In other words, it is category for animals’ names.

Example: “She. Calico. Light brown with white spots. Her name’s Misty.” 3) Geographical and Celestial Names

This category refers to all place names and names of celestial bodies, e.g., Red Sea, Alpha Centauri (Howard, 2009). It covers names of countries, cities, addresses, and places which exist on earth, also things which exist in space. Example: A car honked on Sea Cliff Avenue behind them.

4) Monuments, Buildings, Meeting Rooms

This category includes names of buildings build in order to remind of famous person or event, and names of places where the meetings take place, e.g., the Taj Mahal; Grant's Tomb; Room 222 (Howard, 2009). This category also includes names of companies, hospital, campuses and schools as part of buildings’ names.

Example: Diane led the Walkers into the living room, which had a stunning view of the Golden Gate Bridge.

5) Historical Events, Documents, Laws, and Periods

It is a category which includes the names that bear a historical importance, e.g., the Civil War, the Hatch Act, the Reformation (Howard, 2009). It means that this category covers the names of era or periods of time, and events happened in the past. Also, it includes any events, documents, books, laws, and others which have relation with names of events.

Example: Brendan had seen the Sopwith in history books about World War I.

6) Months, Days of the Week, Holidays

This category refers to the names of time units, e.g., Monday, Easter, December (Howard 2009). The names of holidays are also included in this category since they are related to a certain point of time.

Example: Date of first visit: March sixteenth, 1899.

7) Groups and Languages

This category encompasses groups’ names and names of languages, e.g., Myopia Hunt Club, the Republicans, French, National Football League (Howard, 2009). Names of groups cover ethnical groups or tribes, sport teams, etc.

Example: “A couple of amateur occult nerds digging up a Native American grave.”

8) Religions, Deities, Scriptures

This category refers to the various religious terms, e.g., God, Christ, the Bible (Howard, 2009). All of the religion terms are included under this category.

Example: “But they didn’t tell me your Christian names.”

9) Awards, Vehicles, Vehicle Models, Brand Names

It is a vast category including such words as: the Nobel 9 Peace Prize, Eagle Scout, Ford Escort, the Bismarck Kleenex (Howard, 2009). This category covers names which have relation with awards names, vehicles names, brand names.

Example: The Walker family stepped out of their Toyota, bumping into one another.

From the two categorizations mentioned, the researcher chooses Howard’s (2009:2) categorization to be the most suitable categorization which covers various proper nouns found in the novel that will be analyzed. The researcher considers that the categorization proposed by Howard (2009:2) is more complete and more up-to-date than Frank’s (1972) categorization. Thus, the researcher uses the categorization from Howard (2009) for this research.

c. Translation of Proper Nouns

Shirinzadeh & Mahadi (2014:8) stated that proper nouns are regarded so simple that they might be taken for granted in translation explorations. Some may believe that they should not be translated in transmitting source texts to target texts. But, it is not the case; if one looks at present translations, he will notice that different strategies might be applied for translating proper nouns. They might often be problematic in translation especially in the course of rendition between different cultures. It is in line with Pour (2009:1) who states that rendering proper nouns is not certainly a simple task as it can be

problematic in the act of translation; furthermore, translators have to be very careful when they want to translate proper nouns.

Different ways of translating proper nouns are posed by some researchers in different studies, which express the choices a translator has for translating proper names regarding the context in which a proper noun is used and some other factors. There are two different theorists who have proposed their theorists related to strategies used in translation of proper nouns. First, Vermes (2003:93-94) model of translating proper nouns can be seen below:

1) Transference

Transference is the strategy used which the translator makes use of the source text proper noun without applying any changes in the target languages (Vermes, 2003).

2) Substitution

This strategy is used when the translator uses the conventional correspondent of the source language noun in the target language (Vermes, 2003).

3) Translation

Translation strategy is used when the noun is rendered in the target text by the translator (Vermes, 2003).

4) Modification

Modification is the strategy of using a substitute in the target text for the original noun which is not related or just partly related to the source language noun conventions or logic (Vermes, 2003).

5) Omission

It is the strategy where the translator substitutes the SL noun or part of it with none in the TL (Vermes, 2003).

6) Addition

Addition is the strategy in which the translator will use expansion in the translation of the source language noun (Vermes, 2003).

7) Generalization

It is strategy which the translator uses a super-ordinate noun instead of using the source language noun (Vermes, 2003).

8) Transference plus phonetic adaptation

Transference plus phonetic adaptation is the strategy that can be applied by the translator to transfer the source text name into the target text but with phonetic adaptations so as to match it with the TL conventions (Vermes, 2003).

Second, Eirlys E. Davies (2003:65) proposed seven translation strategies taking into consideration in translation of Cultural Specific Items (CSIs) including proper nouns that can be seen below.

1) Preservation

Preservation occurs when the translation of the source text term remains the same. The terms existing in the source text are transferred directly without any further explanations; they can be copied or literally translated. Based on Davies’ (2003) categorization, there are two types of preservation. preservation of form which occurs when a translator may simply decide to

maintain the source text term in the translation, for example, the name Ron Weasley which is also translated as Ron Weasly (Davies, 2003), and preservation of content which occurs when the actual English words are not preserved, but where a cultural reference receives a literal translation, with no further explanation, for example, the name Moony is translated into Luna which have close meaning in source language (Davies, 2003).

Example: SE (Source Expression): “It’s truly the most amazing house, Mrs. Walker,” Diane chirped on speaker.

TE (Target Expression): “Rumah itu sungguh sangat menakjubkan, Mrs. Walker,” celoteh Diane di telepon.

2) Addition

This strategy occurs when “a translator may decide to keep the original item but supplement the text with whatever information is judged necessary” (Davies, 2003:78). The additional information can be written within the text in the form of adjectival descriptions or explanations and outside the text in the form of explanatory footnotes and glosses.

Example: SE: He’d seen this plane too; it was what the Red Baron flew in old movies.

TE: Dia juga pernah melihat pesawat ini, pesawat yang diterbangkan Red Baron—si penerbang pesawat tempur legendaris asal Jerman—dalam film-film tua.

3) Omission

Omission appears when a problematic CSI is left out in the translation so that the readers have no idea of its existence (Davies 2003: 79). In other

words, the translator can simply removes the original noun or part of the noun in the translated noun. Omission can be employed in the translation of CSI due to three reasons according to Davies (2003). First of all, omission can be used when the translator cannot find the equivalent in the TL. Secondly, omission may be used as a reasoned decision of a translator. Finally, omission is used when the translation by explanation or paraphrase gives “a prominence it did not posses in the original” (Davies, 2003).

Example: SE: But, when she saw the truck, she realized it wasn’t Spartan like self-denying; it was Spartan like a citizen of ancient Sparta, with a plumed helmet for a logo.

TE: Tapi, ketika melihat truknya, dia baru sadar arti spartan disini bukan hidup susah, melainkan warga Sparta Kuno, dengan helm berjambul sebagai logonya.

4) Globalization

Davies (2003) defines this translation strategy as “the process of replacing culture-specific references with ones which are more neutral or general”, e.g., mint hamburgers-bonbons a la menthe (Davies, 2003). In other words, this more neutral or general words are used in globalization strategy since they are more accessible to various readers with multicultural backgrounds.

Example: SE: If the Big One comes and the house falls off the cliff, it’s designed to hit the ocean and drift away.

TE: Jika terjadi Gempa Besar dan rumah ini jatuh dari tebing, strukturnya dirancang untuk mengempas ke lautan dan mengapung.

5) Localization

Localisation occurs when a translator “instead of aiming for ‘cultural -free’ descriptions, […] may try to anchor a reference firmly in the culture of the target audience” (Davies, 2003). In other words, this translation strategy is used when culture-specific references are replaced by ones that are more familiar to the target readers. Davies also added that localisation does not contain any strangeness of the foreign text and thus, does not cause any misunderstanding for the TT readers.

Example: SE: “A couple of amateur occult nerds digging up a Native American grave.”

TE: “Sepasang pecandu ilmu gaib amatir yang menggali kuburan orang Indian.”

6) Transformation

Transformation may be used because the translator’s or editor’s “willingness to wrestle with possible obscurity” (Davies, 2003). The meaning and the form of the target text are rather different from the source language text. This strategy also includes the substitution of the source language names into one equivalent name which exist in the target language.

Example: SE: “... an overgrown tree out in front and a bunch of snoopy neighbours who were going to look at the Walkers and whisper,”

TE: “... pohon gondrong diluar, serta sekelompok tetangga ingin tahu yang akan memandang keluarga Walker dan berbisik,”

7) Creation

Creation appears when “translators have actually created CSIs not present in the original text” (Davies, 2003). In other words, this strategy is used when there is a recreation of name from the source language to be one which is firmly or totally different from the source language.

Example: SE: Eleanor put down Gladius Rex and picked up The Heart and the Helm, a book about pirates.

TE: Eleanor meletakkan Gladius Rex dan memungut Kendali Juru Mudi, buku tentang bajak laut.

From the explanation above, the translation strategies proposed by Davies (2003) are finally used by the researcher for this research. These strategies are listed by taking into consideration translations of CSIs including proper nouns (Davies, 2003). This strategy can help the researcher in finding the ideological tendency of the translation of proper nouns because some of them represent the foreignization or domestication ideology. For example, preservation and addition strategies are covered by foreignization ideology, and other strategies are covered by domestication ideology. Therefore, Davies’ (2003) seven strategies of translation are relevant with this research.

3. Translation Ideology

a. Definition of Translation Ideology

According to the ideas of Abrams (2004) cited in Shandra (2014), ideology is the dominant product of interest of the society, not a single vision or way of thinking of member of a society. He defines ideology as the beliefs,

values, and ways of thinking that human beings comprehend and they take to be reality. Therefore, there is relation between the common definitions of ideology with definition of ideology in translation. As Schäffner (2003:23) claims that all translations are ideological since "the choice of a source text and the use to which the subsequent target text is put are determined by the interests, aims, and objectives of social agents".

The terms ‘translation ideology’ covers the tendency, consideration and interest of the translation that can be reflected by the application of translation strategy. In other words, ideology, in translation, influences the translator in choosing translation strategies in translating texts which have cultural background. Thus, the ideology can be meant as the translator’s orientation either to source culture, or to the target culture.

b. Foreignization and Domestication Ideology in Translation

Foreignization and domestication terms were introduced and explained by Lawrence Venuti in his book, The Translator’s Invisibility which published in 1995. Venuti (1995) is concluding two translation tendencies expected by the society. Those tendencies, however, showing a serious contrast; on one hand it is believed that a good translation is a translation which holds the source language and culture, or commonly called as foreignization, while in another hand it is believed that a good translation has to close to the target language and culture, or recognized as domestication. Venuti (Katan, 1999:156), regards foreignization as a means to take “the reader over to the foreign culture, making him or her see the (cultural and linguistic)

differences.” Meanwhile, Venuti regards domestication as the ideology that conform[s] to values currently dominating target-language culture, taking a conservative and openly assimilations approach to the foreign, appropriating it to support domestication canons, publishing trends, political alignments.

From the brief explanation above, it can be concluded that foreignization can be called as source language approach. It takes the target reader towards the source text, and highlights the identity of the source text. This ideology tries to send the reader abroad, so the readers can feel the atmosphere of the original language culture. Different from foreignization, domestication can be called as target language approach. It is translator’s way to adjust the element of the source language with the condition of the target language. Generally speaking, there will be difficulties in understanding the situation because of the cultural difference between the source language and target language. Then the translation can be done by turning the text into the familiar translation culture of the reader. This ideology also can be mentioned as reader-to-author approach which allows the translation to be read and understood easily by the readers. The ideas of translation ideology also can be seen from the theory proposed by Davies (2003) as drawn in Figure 1.

Figure 1.A Bottom up Scheme of Domestication and Foreignization by Davies (2003)

The bottom up scheme as drawn in Figure 1 as proposed by Davies (2003) shows that the ideology in certain text can be traced from the strategies employed by the translator. The scheme shows that preservation and addition strategy are under foreignization ideology, while localization, transformation, and creation are under domestication ideology. The globalization and omission strategies are changeable since they can be under foreignization or domestication ideology, based on the contextual consideration. Therefore, in this research, globalization and omission strategies are placed under domestication ideology since all of the analyzed data under these strategies tend to domestication.

B. Previous Related Studies

This research is guided by the previous studies which analyze the notions of foreignization and domestication in film translation conducted by a researcher, Ligita Judickaitė (2009), and also a study conducted by Erys Shandra (2014) which assessed the ideological tendency of proper nouns traced from the techniques which are applied. Both studies help the researcher gains any suitable sources related to the research and also comparing the final

result to the previous studies, whether it will be in line or the opposite. The former which was conducted by Ligita Judickaitė (2009) was analyzing the notions of foreignization and domestication applied to film translation: analysis of subtitles in cartoon Ratatouille. The analysis is related to English culture-specific items and their translation strategies used in cartoon Ratatouille. The latter study was conducted by Erys Shandra (2014), an English Language and Literature student of State University of Yogyakarta which analyzed ideological tendency assessed from the translation techniques applied through the proper nouns in Joanne k. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone and its bahasa Indonesia translation Harry Potter dan Batu Bertuah.

C. About the Novel

House of Secrets is published by HarperCollins on April 23rd, 2013. This is one of New York Times bestsellers novel written by famed Hollywood director Chris Columbus (director of first two Harry Potter films and Percy Jackson: The Lightning Thief) and bestselling author of the acclaimed teen books Ned Vizzini (his work has been translated into twenty-five languages). This novel has 496 pages. Fantasy, adventure/action, and family are well-combined as its genre. This is a suitable novel for children in the age of 8-12 years old. J. K. Rowling comments that this novel is hailed as “a breakneck, jam-packed roller coaster of an adventure”.

The story is about siblings Brendan, Eleanor, and Cordelia Walker whom once had everything they want, but everything totally changed when

Dr. Walker, their father, lost his job. Then, the family must relocate to an old Victorian house. The house is formerly the home of novelist Denver Kristoff. Inside the house, there are book collections of Denver Kristoff which are magical. Each Kristoff’s books have imaginary world that brought the Walkers to unexpected journey. This novel focuses on imaginary world inside the books of Denver Kristoff which have visited by the Walkers. This novel is fit for this research because it contains various numbers of proper nouns, from the real or imaginary world which are brought and created by the author’s illusion, which can be analyzed by the researcher.

D. Conceptual Framework

In this research, the definition of translation proposed by Kelly (2005:25) is chosen since he defines translation as the skills of translator. One of the skills which become significant to support this research is decision making skill. It will affect the translation in choosing the strategies that will be used to translate proper nouns. Then, from the most frequent strategies used to translate the proper nouns, the researcher can identify the ideological tendency of the translator.

As for the type of translation, the researcher directly shows and chooses Jacobson (1959/2000) in Venuti (2000:114) this research. His three types of translation are common in translation studies. As the analysis for this research will be done by engaging two novels which are served in two different languages, it can be said that it is bilingual translation. Accordingly, this research is under the inter-lingual type of translation.

Translation of children's literature is a significant area of study because there are many books for children that have been written by authors from various countries and use different languages. According to translation of children’s literature, Klingberg (1986:45) argues that there are four pedagogical goals when children’s books are translated: (1) to make more literature available to children, (2) to further international outlook and understanding of the young readers, (3) to give the readers a text that they can understand, and (4) to contribute to the development of the readers’ set of values. Goals number 1 and 2 tend to foreignization, while goals number 3 and 4 lead to domestication.

‘The word(s) by which an individual referent is identified, that is to say, the word(s) whose main function is/are to identify, for instance, an individual person, animal, place, or thing’ is stated by Nord (2003:184). This definition then chosen by the researcher for this research. The researcher sees its close relation with translation of translation since he said that proper nouns may be non descriptive, but they are informative. It means that if the information is explicit, as in a descriptive name, the name can be translated, but if the information is implicit, the translator can ignore it unless he/she intends to add some information.

The choice of translation strategy can reflect the ‘translation ideology’ which covers the tendency, consideration and interest of the translation. Venuti (1995) is concluding two translation tendencies. Those tendencies, however, showing a serious contrast; on one hand it is believed that a good

translation is a translation which holds the source language and culture, or commonly called as foreignization, while in another hand it is believed that a good translation has to close to the target language and culture, or recognized as domestication.

The aims of this research are to investigate three important points of objectives, i.e. the proper nouns categories which are found in House of Secrets novel, the strategies used by translator in translating the proper nouns, and then the ideology tendency of the translated proper nouns based on the dominant strategies which are applied.

To answer the first research questions, the researcher uses the nine categories of proper nouns proposed by Howard (2009:2). His categorization covers; 1) part of person’s names, 2) given or pet names of animals, 3) geographical and celestial names, 4) monuments, buildings, meeting rooms, 5) historical events, documents, laws, and periods, 6) months, days of the week, holidays, 7) groups and languages, 8) religions, deities, scriptures, 9) awards, vehicles, vehicles models, brand names. These nine categories of proper nouns are commonly found in literature texts, especially in the novel House of Secrets. Thus, the categorization of proper nouns is needed to classify all of the proper nouns which are found in the novel, so they can be analyzed for this research.

The second and third questions are about the strategies used in translating proper nouns and ideological tendency of the translated proper nouns based on the dominant strategies which are applied. Then, it is the

researcher task to find the appropriate theory to solve these two questions. It has been decided that the researcher chose translation strategies proposed by Davies (2003:65). Her translation strategies are preservation, addition, localization, transformation, globalization, omission, and creation. These seven strategies are related to ideology of translation which is foreignization and domestication. Foreignization ideology covers preservation and addition, while localization, transformation, globalization, omission and creation are under domestication ideology. In the end, the researcher can see the ideological tendency of the translation of the proper nouns by tracing the most-used strategy in translating the proper nouns.

E. Analytical Construct

Figure 2. Analytical Construct

Translation Strategies 1.Localization 2.Globalization 3.Omission 4.Transformation 5.Creation 1. Preservation 2. Addition Domestication Foreignization

Translation of the Proper nouns Translation Inter-lingual Translation Inter-semiotic Translation Intra-lingual Translation Bilingual Translation Multilingual Translation Target Text

House of Secrets

Source Text

House of Secrets

Proper Nouns

Proper Nouns Categories

1.Part of a person's name 2.Given or pet names of animals 3.Geographical and celestial

names

4.Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms

5.Historical events, documents, laws, and periods

6.Months, days of the week, holidays

7.Groups and languages 8.Religions, deities, scriptures 9.Awards, vehicles, vehicle

models, brand names Translation Ideologies

Translation Strategies

(Davies: 2003) Proper Nouns Categories

33

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

A. Research Approach

This research employed mixed methods, both descriptive qualitative method and quantitative method. Mixed method research is a research designed (or methodology) in which the researcher collects, analyzes, and mixes (integrates or connects) both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or a multiphase program of inquiry (Creswell, 2003). The purpose of this method of research is that the combination of both qualitative research and quantitative research provide a better understanding of a research problem or issue than either research approach alone. This research focused on categorizing the proper nouns found in House of Secrets novel. The analysis allowed this research to set up categories and count occurrences belong to each category. Then, the collected data were recommended to be counted using a simple statistics.

The qualitative research applied descriptive analysis and process in which facts and (or) individual ideas of the researcher were gained to achieve a general conclusion from specific situations. The quantitative data then complemented qualitative data in terms of giving precise frequency of proper nouns occurrence. This combination was held to attempt the investigation of the ideological tendency as proposed by Venuti (2003) that domestication and foreignization of the translation of proper nouns in House of Secrets can trace the strategies employed by the translator.

B. Sources, Form, and Context of Data

The sources of the data were House of Secrets novel by Chris Columbus and Ned Davinci and its Indonesian translated novel entitled House of Secret by Lulu Fitri Rahman. The data of this research were the proper nouns which exist in the analyzed novel. The data were in the form of words and phrases which are found in the expressions or sentences inside the text or paragraph as the context of data. The novels were chosen because they have enough adequate data in the form of proper nouns which can be observed for this research.

C. Research Instruments

There were two instruments involved in this research. The key instrument was the researcher who took an action as the planner, data collector, data analyzer, and data reporter. The secondary instrument was the data sheet. It was in the form of a table presented below.

35

Table 1. The Sample of the Data Sheet

Notes:

Ppn : Part of a person’s name Grl : Groups and languages G : Globalization

Apn : Given or pet names of animals Rds : Religions, deities, scriptures O : Omission Gec : Geographical and celestial names Avb : Awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand

names

T : Transformation Mbr : Monuments, buildings, meeting

rooms

P : Preservation C : Creation

Hdp : Historical events, documents, laws, and periods

A : Addition ST : Source Text

Mdh: Months, days of the week, holidays L : Localization TT : Target Text

Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories

Translation Strategies

Foreig-nization

Domestication

ST TT

P

pn

Apn Ge

c

Mbr Hdp Mdh Gr

l

R

ds

Avb

A P L G O T C

001/1/1/Pa/SP/F Brendan Walker

Brendan Walker  

002/1/1/Pa/SP/F Diane Dobson Diane Dobson  

D. Technique of Data Collection

There are many kinds of technique in collecting data in qualitative research. Those are interview, focus group, or observation (Vanderstoep & Johnston, 2009: 200).

Meanwhile, the process of collecting the data took the following steps: a. reading and giving highlight the proper nouns in the source text, b. reading and giving highlight the proper nouns in the target text,

c. classifying the proper nouns by splitting them up into the nine categories, and

d. comparing and analyzing the data in the source and the target text to figure out the strategies applied.

At the end, the most frequent strategies employed were seen and the ideological tendency of the text was finally detected.

E. Data Analysis

After finishing the technique of the data collection, the researcher finally got the raw data to analyse. The relation between data collection and data analysis is inseparable since when the researchers collected the data, they actually have started conducting data analysis. The remaining steps of data analysis of data are described in the following steps.

1. Categorizing

After getting the raw data, the researcher made a categorization system in form of table. The table contained lists of categorization of the proper nouns.

2. Classifying

The next step to do after categorizing was putting the proper nouns with based on their types or categories along with their strategies.

3. Analysing

After the classifying finished, the researcher started to analyse the data. 4. Discussing

After analysing and getting the data finding, the researcher did not only confirm the findings to some employed theories, but the researcher also elaborated to ensure that the findings answered the objectives of the research.

5. Reporting

The last step was reporting the findings and discussion gained from the research.

F. Data Trustworthiness

As stated by Moleong (2001), there are four criteria of validity and reliability to obtain the trustworthiness of the data. They are credibility, transferability, dependability, and conformability. In this research, the trustworthiness was gained by using credibility, dependability and conformability. Credibility is concerned with the accuracy of the data. In achieving credibility, the researcher performed deep and detailed observation on the data and applied theories from experts of translation, such

as, Howard (2009), Davies (2003), etc to confirm the research data, so the data can be regarded credible. The researcher read the novel comprehensively and confirmed selected data which are in line with the research questions.

Then, dependability refers to the stability and track ability of the changes in data over time and conditions. The researcher examined both the process and the product of the research for consistency to achieve the degree of dependability. To gain dependability of the data, the researcher used the triangulation technique. There are four main types of triangulation; by sources, by methods, by researchers and by theories. In this research, only sources and theories applied. The sources are in the form of the original and Bahasa Indonesia version of novel House of Secrets. For the theories, the researcher checks some books, journals, article, undergraduate thesis and some internet sources related to the research.

Finally, conformability aims to measure how far findings and interpretation of the data which have been analyzed. The overall thesis including its appendix was checked separately by three English Language and Literature students, Krisna Bayu Aji whose major is Translation Studies, Nia Juliarti whose major is Linguistics, and Ulik Chodratillah whose major is Literature. Then, the results of the triangulated data were discussed and consulted with the thesis supervisors, they are Drs. Suhaini M. Saleh, M.A and Andy Bayu Nugroho, M.Hum. Both of them give advice regarding the mistakes occurred inside the thesis.

39 CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A. Findings

In this research, there are three findings according to three research objectives. It is about the proper nouns categorization, application of the translation strategies, and the translation ideology based on the dominant strategy applied in translating the proper nouns. The findings are shown in the form of tables which contain frequency and percentage to support the analysis of the data.

1. The Proper Nouns Categorization

From the research, there are 365 proper nouns found inside 223 pages of House of Secret novel. The categorizations of the proper nouns based on the categorization proposed by Howard (2009). There are nine categories of proper nouns; 1) part of a person's name (Ppn), 2) given or pet names of animals (Apn), 3) geographical and celestial names (Gec), 4) monuments, buildings, meeting rooms (Mbr), 5) historical events, documents, laws, and periods (Hdp), 6) months, days of the week, holidays (Mdh), 7) groups and languages (Grl), 8) religions, deities, scriptures (Rds), 9) awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names (Avb). All of the categories of proper nouns were found in the House of Secrets novel. Thus, Table 2 below shows the frequency and percentage of the number of each category of proper nouns which exist in House of Secret novel.

Table 2. The Frequency and Percentage of Proper Nouns’ Category

No. Proper Nouns Category Frequency Percentage

1. Part of a person's name (Ppn) 143 39.18%

2. Given or pet names of animals (Apn) 8 2.19%

3. Geographical and celestial names (Gec) 49 13.42%

4. Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms (Mbr) 16 4.38%

5. Historical events, documents, laws, and periods

(Hdp)

38 10.41%

6. Months, days of the week, holidays (Mdh) 7 1.92%

7. Groups and languages (Grl) 29 7.95%

8. Religions, deities, scriptures (Rds) 8 2.19%

9. Awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names

(Avb)

67 18.36%

Total 365 100%

From Table 2, it can be seen that all of the proper noun categories proposed by Howard (2009) exist in the text. Part of a person's names (Ppn) has the highest frequency with 143 occurrences or 39.18% out of 365 proper nouns, so it becomes the most frequent category which is found in the text. It is followed by awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names (Avb) which occur 67 times (18.36%), geographical and celestial names (Gec) occur 49 times (13.42%), historical events, documents, laws, and periods (Hdp) occur 38 times (10.41%), groups and languages (Grl) occur 29 times (7.95%), monuments, buildings, meeting rooms (Mbr) occur 16 times (4.38%), given or pet names of animals (Apn) occur eight times (2.19%), religions, deities, scriptures (Rds) occur eight times (2.19%), and months, days of the week, holidays (Mdh) occur seven times (1.92%).

2. The Strategies in Translating the Proper Nouns

Since this research uses the translation strategies as proposed by Davies (2003), the researcher finds that all of the seven strategies; preservation, addition, localization, globalization, omission, transformation and creation, are used by the

translator in translating the proper nouns in the text. Table 3 below shows the frequency and percentage of the strategies employed by the translator in translating the proper nouns in House of Secrets novel.

Table 3. The Frequency and the Percentage of the Translation Strategies and Its Ideology

No. Translation Strategies

Frequency Percentage Ideology of Translation

Frequency Percentage

1. Preservation 275 75.34% Foreignization 286 78.35%

2. Addition 11 3.01%

3. Localization 9 2.47% Domestication

79 21.65%

4. Globalization 6 1.64%

5. Omission 6 1.64%

6. Transformation 51 13.98%

7. Creation 7 1.92%

365 100% 365 100%

It is shown in Table 3 that the seven strategies proposed by Davies (2003) are used by the translator in translating the proper nouns in the text. Preservation becomes the most frequent strategy since it is applied 275 times (75.34%) out of 365 occurrences. It is followed by transformation strategy which is employed 51 times (13.98%). Addition strategy is used 11 times (3.01%), while localization strategy is employed nine times (2.47%). Then, it is continued by creation strategy which is applied seven times (1.92%), and the last two strategies are omission strategy which is only used six times (1.64%), and also globalization strategy which is only applied six times (1.64%).

3. The Translation Ideology of the Translation of Proper Nouns

Foreignization and domestication are known as translation ideologies and each ideology covers some translation strategies. Foreignization ideology covers two strategies namely preservation and addition. Domestication ideology shares five strategies namely localization, globalization, omission, transformation, and

creation. From the 365 data findings as shown in Table 3, there are 286 data (78.35%) lead to foreignization ideology and 79 data (21.65%) tend to domestication ideology. Thus, foreignization ideology means that the translator wants to maintain the source language in order to introduce new terms to target readers.

B. Discussion

The discussion part contains the analysis of the data which are obtained in this research. The analysis will be divided into three parts based on the formulated problems in the first chapter. The first part is the analysis of the categorization of the proper nouns found in the House of Secrets novel, second part is the analysis of the translation strategies applied in translating the proper nouns, and the third part is the analysis of translation ideology based on the strategies employed in translating the proper nouns.

1. Proper Nouns Categories Found in House of Secrets Novel

The categorization of proper nouns used in this research is the categorization proposed by Howard (2009). There are nine categories, namely; (1) part of a person's name, (2) given or pet names of animals, (3) geographical and celestial names, (4) monuments, buildings, meeting rooms, (5) historical events, documents, laws, and periods, (6) months, days of the week, holidays, (7) groups and languages, (8) religions, deities, scriptures, (9) awards, vehicles, vehicle models, brand names. Then, the result shows that the most frequent category which exists in House of Secrets novel is part of a person's name while the most

infrequent category is months, days of the week, holidays. The further explanation can be seen in the discussion below.

a. Part of a Person’s Names

From 365 proper nouns found in this research, there are 143 proper nouns belong to part of a person's names category. Howard (2009) stated that this category includes persons first and last names, e.g., James A. Garfield, Chester Alan Arthur. It also includes nicknames, occupation, family names, and all names related to person’s names. In this research, the researcher found that the names under this category are mostly translated by using preservation strategy. From 143 proper nouns under this category, 125 names are translated by using preservation strategy, four names are translated by applying addition strategy, three names are rendered by using localization strategy, two names are rendered by employing omission strategy, six names are transferred by using transformation strategy, and three names are translated by applying creation strategy. Globalization strategy is not used in translating the proper nouns under this category. The list of names under this category can be seen in Table 4 below.

Table 4. The Examples of Proper Nouns under Part of a Person’s Names Category

No. Code ST TT

1. 003/1/1/Ppn/SP/F Mrs. Walker Mrs. Walker

2. 024/3/4/Ppn/ST/D the Walkers keluarga Walker

3. 028/4/7/Ppn/SP/F Dr. Jake Walker Dr. Jake Walker

Example number 1 and 3 in Table 5 are considered part of persons’ names since they are referred to persons who become characters in the text. Example number 1 is designed with title Mrs, while example number 3 is designed with title Dr. In the text, Mrs. Walker (example number 1) is told as the mother of

Brendan Walker, Cordelia Walker and Eleanor Walker, the main characters in the text, and also the wife of Dr. Jake Walker (example number 3). Meanwhile, Dr. Jake Walker (example number 3) is told as the father of Brendan Walker, Cordelia Walker and Eleanor Walker, the main characters in the text, and also the husband of Mrs. Walker (example number 1). These names are applying preservation strategy, in which the data example number 1 and 3 are simply preserved into the target language. Both of these names are having no connotative meaning, thus it is the translator’s consideration to maintain the given names. The using of preservation strategy to translate these names has made them remains foreign to the target readers because the translated names in example number 1 and 3 tend to be foreignized.

In example number 2, the name the Walkers is also included to the part of person’s name category. As stated before, names under this category can be represented in the form of a single person name and also name of a group of people, including family name as the given example in example number 2. In English as the source language, names which are begun with determiner “the” and followed by letter –s commonly refer to family names, which are considered equivalent to the term keluarga in the target language, Bahasa Indonesia. According to the existing of the equivalent term that can replace the source text term, the researcher considers that the translator transfers the name the Walkers by applying transformation strategy into keluarga Walker. As explained in the Chapter II, transformation strategy occurs when the names of the source language are altered or distorted, or when an equivalent names in the target language occur

replacing the foreign name from the source language. As the result, the transformation strategy brings the name closer to the target reader’s culture and tends to domestication ideology.

b. Given or Pet Names of Animals

It is a category which encompasses nicknames and names given to animals, e.g., Trigger, Lassie (Howard, 2009). In other words, it is a category for animals’ names. The researcher found that there are eight names which are considered under this category. The examples of given or pet names of animals which are found in the analyzed text can be seen in Table 5 below.

Table 5. The Example of Proper Nouns under Given or Pet Names of Animals Category

No. Code ST TT

1. 034/5/8/Apn/SP/F Misty Misty

2. 242/101/199/Apn/SP/F Scooby-Doo Scooby-Doo

3. 267/112/225/Apn/SP/F Mickey Mouse Mickey Mouse

In example number 1, the name Misty is considered as pet names of animals since it is a name of a horse. The name is transferred to the target text by applying preservation strategy. It is calico horse, and it is female. The translator chooses to preserve the form of the name since it just the name of an animal and has no any significant meaning. The application of this strategy made the name to be known as a foreign name by the target readers. Thus, this translating strategy leads into foreignization ideology.

The names Scooby-Doo and Mickey Mouse in example number 2 and 3 are well known among the target readers since they are names of animals’ character in serial cartoon or animation movies. Scooby-Doo is a male dog which appears in

Scooby-Doo film series which are Warner Bros’ production. While Mickey Mouse is a male mouse which becomes main character in Mickey Mouse film series which are produced by Walt Disney. The names are very famous among the children and adults audiences, so the translator decides to transfer the names by maintaining them without any changes. This employment of preservation strategy is considered as the way to lead the translated names into foreignization ideology.

c. Geographical and Celestial Names

Howard (2009) stated that this category refers to all place names and names of celestial bodies, e.g., Red Sea, Alpha Centauri. It covers names of countries, cities, addresses, and places which exist on earth, also things which exist in space. Geography, based on CALD, is the study of the systems and processes involved in the world's weather, mountains, seas, lakes, etc. In this research, there are 49 proper nouns belong to the geographical and celestial names category. The researcher found that the 49 names under this category are mostly translated by using preservation strategy. There are 31 names which are translated by using preservation strategy. Then, one name are translated by applying addition strategy, one name is transferred by using localization strategy, two names are rendered by using globalization strategy, one name is rendered by employing omission strategy, twelve names are transferred by using transformation strategy, and one name is translated by applying creation strategy. The examples of geographical and celestial names which are found in the analyzed text can be seen in Table 6 below.

125 Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Ppn Apn Gec _Mb

r Hd p M d h

Grl Rds Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication A P L G O T C 345/200/403/Hdp/SP/

F

Game of Thrones

Game of

Thrones  

346/200/405/Ppn/SP/F Maleficent Maleficent  

347/200/405/Ppn/SP/F Paculla Annia Paculla Annia  

348/208/422/Mbr/ST/ D

Leaning Tower of Pisa

Menara Miring

Pisa  

349/209/424/Hdp/SP/

F Avengers Avengers  

350/209/424/Ppn/ST/ D

Alexander the Great

Alexander

Agung  

351/209/424/Ppn/SP/F Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler  

352/209/425/Avb/SP/

F Xlerator Xlerator  

353/216/438/Mbr/SP/

F Alta Vista Alta Vista  

354/217/440/Ppn/SP/F Plato Plato  

126 Code

Proper Nouns Proper Nouns Categories Strategies

ST TT

Ppn Apn Gec _Mb

r Hd p M d h

Grl Rds Avb

Foreig-

nization Domestication A P L G O T C 356/218/442/Ppn/SP/F Anderson

Cooper

Anderson

Cooper  

357/219/443/Hdp/SP/

F Duck Soup Duck Soup  

358/220/448/Gec/SO/ D

San bloody

Fransisco San Fransisco  

359/221/449/Hdp/ST/ D

Treaty of Utrecht

Perjanjian

Utrecht  

360/221/449/Avb/SP/

F Idol Idol  

361/221/450/Avb/SP/

F Corvette Corvette  

362/221/450/Gec/SP/F California Street

California

Street  

363/221/450/Mbr/SP/

F Days Inn Days Inn  

364/223/453/Gec/ST/

D Baker Beach Pantai Baker  

365/223/453/Gec/SP/F Pacific Pasifik  

127 B. Surat Pernyataan Triangulasi

SURAT PERNYATAAN TRIANGULASI

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya: Nama : Krisna Bayu Aji

NIM : 12211141021

Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Jurusan : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Universitas : Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

menyatakan bahwa saya telah melakukan triangulasi data pada karya tulis ilmiah (skripsi) dari mahasiswa:

Nama : Ester Susetya Ningsih NIM : 12211141010

Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Judul : The Translation Ideology Based on The Translation Strategies Applied in The Translation of The Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus

And Ned Vizinni’s House Of Secrets Novel

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenar – benarnya dan semoga dapat dipergunakan sebagai mana mestinya.

Yogyakarta, 7 Oktober 2016 Triangulator

128

SURAT PERNYATAAN TRIANGULASI

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya: Nama : Nia Juliarti

NIM : 12211141024

Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Jurusan : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Universitas : Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

menyatakan bahwa saya telah melakukan triangulasi data pada karya tulis ilmiah (skripsi) dari mahasiswa:

Nama : Ester Susetya Ningsih NIM : 12211141010

Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Judul : The Translation Ideology Based on The Translation Strategies Applied in The Translation of The Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus

And Ned Vizinni’s House Of Secrets Novel

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenar – benarnya dan semoga dapat dipergunakan sebagai mana mestinya.

Yogyakarta, 7 Oktober 2016 Triangulator

129

SURAT PERNYATAAN TRIANGULASI

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya: Nama : Ulik Chodratillah

NIM : 12211141003

Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Jurusan : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Universitas : Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

menyatakan bahwa saya telah melakukan triangulasi data pada karya tulis ilmiah (skripsi) dari mahasiswa:

Nama : Ester Susetya Ningsih NIM : 12211141010

Program Studi : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni

Judul : The Translation Ideology Based on The Translation Strategies Applied in The Translation of The Proper Nouns in Chris Colombus

And Ned Vizinni’s House Of Secrets Novel

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenar – benarnya dan semoga dapat dipergunakan sebagai mana mestinya.

Yogyakarta, 7 Oktober 2016 Triangulator