Alfisyah Liasari 11308108 ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN) SALATIGA 2015
AN ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN – ENGLISH CODE MIXING
USED IN SPOTLITE RUBRIC ON JULY-SEPTEMBER 2014
EDITIONS OF CITA CINTA MAGAZINE
A GRADUATING PAPERSubmitted to the Board Examiners as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris (S.Pd.I)
English Education Departmen of Teacher Training and Education Faculty State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga
Alfisyah Liasari
11308108
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)
SALATIGA
2015
MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN) SALATIGA
Jl. Tentara Pelajar 02 Telp (0298) 323433 Fax 323433 Salatiga 50721 Website :www.iainsalatiga.ac.id E-mail : [email protected]
DECLARATION
In the name of Allah, the most gracious and merciful.Hereby the writer declares that this graduating paper is made by the writer herself. It is not containing materials and written and has been published by other people and other people’s idea except the information from the references.
This declaration is made by the writer, and she hopes that this declaration can be understood.
Salatiga, December 15th 2015 The writer
Alfisyah Liasari 11308108
MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN) SALATIGA
Jl. Tentara Pelajar 02 Telp (0298) 323433 Fax 323433 Salatiga 50721 Website :www.iainsalatiga.ac.id E-mail : [email protected] Faizal Risdianto, S.S, M.Hum
The Lecturer in English Education Department State Institute for Islamic Studies Salatiga
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR’S NOTE
Case: Alfisyah Liasari’s Graduating Paper Dear: Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
Assalamu ‟alaikum Wr. Wb.
After reading and correcting Alfisyah Liasari’s graduating paper entitled
“AN ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN – ENGLISH CODE MIXING USED IN
SPOTLITE RUBRIC ON JULY-SEPTEMBER 2014 EDITIONS OF CITA
CINTA MAGAZINE”. I have decided and would like to propose that if it could
be accepted by Teacher Training and Education Faculty, I hope it would be examined as soon as possible.
Wassalamu ‟alaikum Wr. Wb.
Salatiga, December 15th 2015 Counselor
Faizal Risdianto, S.S, M.Hum
NIP.19750917 2008 01 1010
GRADUATING PAPER
AN ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN – ENGLISH CODE MIXING
USED IN SPOTLITE RUBRIC ON JULY-SEPTEMBER 2014
EDITIONS OF CITA CINTA MAGAZINE
WRITTEN BY:
ALFISYAH LIASARI
NIM: 113 08108
Has been brought to the Board of Examiners of English and Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty at State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga on September 26 th 2015 and hereby considered to completely the requirements of the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) in English and Education.
Board of Examiners Head : Hanung Triyoko, M.Hum., M.Ed. ............................................
Secretary : Faizal Risdianto, S.S, M.Hum ............................................ 1st Examiner : Ruwandi, S.Pd., M.A. ............................................ 2nd Examiner : Ari Setiawan, S. Pd., MM. ............................................
th
Salatiga, January 27 2016 Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty Suwardi, S. Pd., M.Pd.
NIP. 19670121 199903 1 002
MOTTO
QS. AL INSYIROH: 5-6 “So verily, with the hardship, there is relief. Verily, with the hardship, there is relief.”
QS. At-Thalaq : 3 “Whoever put their trust in Allah, He will suffice your need”
DEDICATION
This graduating paper is dedicated to:
Allah SWT Lord of the Worlds,
My beloved family, my lecturers at IAIN Salatiga, all of my friends, and the
precious one, thanks for their help, support, advice, until I accomplished this
graduating paper.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, All praises due to Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful because of His wonderful blessing and His mercy, the writer can finish this thesis successfully as one of requirement to finished study in English Department faculty of States for Institute Islamic Studies. His incredible blessings make realize that nothing is difficult in His eyes. Thanks for Your will and endless blessing in my life.
Peace and salutation always be given to our beloved Prophet Muhammad SAW that we hope his blessing in Judgment day.
However, this success would not be achieved without the support, guidance, advice, help and encouragement from individuals and institutions.
Therefore, the writer would like to express the deepest gratitude to:
1. Dr. Rahmat Hariyadi, M. Pd. as the Rector of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga.
2. Noor Malihah, Ph. D. as the Head English Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of State Islamic Studies Institute (IAIN) Salatiga.
3. Mr. Faizal Risdianto, S.S, M.Hum as my graduating paper counselor who gives me knowledge and guidance to finish this graduating paper,
4. All lecturers and staff in IAIN Salatiga,
5. My beloved family. My smart mother as my second conselor, my best father who always gives encouragement and motivation, my lovely sister also my grandma. Thanks for support and praying me to be a better and successful people, no one better than you all. Hopefully I can make them happy and proud of me,
6. For someone special, who always accompany me in every time. For motivation, guidance and hundreds of helps,
7. My best friends (Dewi Yuliana, Siti Asiyah, Siti Rohmah Noviyani) who helped me in finishing this graduating paper,
8. All of my friends and everybody who cannot be mentioned one by one.
Thanks for all supports, advice, suggestion and other helps that you all give. The writer hopes that this graduating paper will be useful for everyone.
Furthermore, this graduating paper is expected to be able to provide useful knowledge and information to the readers. The writer will appreciate any details suggestion leading to the improvement of this graduating paper.
Salatiga, December 15th 2015 The Writer
Alfisyah Liasari 11308112
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ................................................................................................................. i DECLARATION ............................................................................................... ii ATTENTIVE COUNSELORS NOTE .............................................................. iii CERTIFICATION PAGE .................................................................................. iv MOTTO ............................................................................................................. v DEDICATION ................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. ix LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................. xii LIST OF CHART ........................................................................................... xiii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... xv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1 A. Background of the Problem ................................................................ 1 B. Limitation of the Problem .................................................................. 4 C. Statement of the Problem ................................................................... 4 D. Objective of the Research ................................................................... 4 E. Benefits of the Research ..................................................................... 5 F. Defition of Key Terms ....................................................................... 5 G. Review of Related Research .............................................................. 6 H. Outline Organization Research ........................................................... 7 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................... 9 A. Sociolinguistics .................................................................................. 9
B. Bilingualism .................................................................................... 11
C. Code Mixing .................................................................................... 14
1. Definition of Code Mixing .......................................................... 14
2. Forms of Code Mixing ................................................................ 16
3. Level of Code Mixing ................................................................. 21
D. Lexical Meaning .............................................................................. 22
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD .......................................................... 24 A. Type of Research .............................................................................. 24 B. Object of the Research ..................................................................... 24 C. Source of Data ................................................................................. 25 D. Method of Data Collection ............................................................... 25 E. Technique of Data Analysis ............................................................. 25 F. Data Presentation ............................................................................. 26 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ............................................ 41 A. Forms of Code Mixing ............................................................................ 41
1. The Insertion of Words ..................................................................... 41
2. The Insertion of Phrases .................................................................... 77
3. The Insertion of Idioms ................................................................... 104
4. The Insertion of Reduplications ...................................................... 106
5. The Insertion of Hybrids ................................................................. 106
6. The Insertion of Clauses ................................................................. 112
7. The Insertion of Clipping ................................................................ 112
8. The Insertion of Abbreviation ......................................................... 114
B. Counting the Number of Data ................................................................ 115
CHAPTER V. CLOSURE .............................................................................. 118 A. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 118 B. Suggestion ............................................................................................ 119 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................ 120 APPENDIXS CURRICULUM VITAE
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Data Presentation .......................................................................... 27Table 4.1 The Difference Written and Spoken Abbreviation ....................... 114Table 4.2 The Frequency of Data Form of Code Mixing ............................. 116LIST OF CHART
Chart 4.1 Analysis Noun Phrase Travel Blogger ........................................... 78 Chart 4.2 Analysis Noun Phrase Jogging Track ............................................ 79 Chart 4.3 Analysis Noun Phrase Mobile Appreciation Programme .............. 80 Chart 4.4 Analysis Noun Phrase Sound Recognition .................................... 81 Chart 4.5 Analysis Noun Phrase Quick Guidance ......................................... 82 Chart 4.6 Analysis Noun Phrase Product Reviews ....................................... 83 Chart 4.7 Analysis Noun Phrase Tutorial Videos ......................................... 84 Chart 4.8 Analysis Noun Phrase Beauty Bloggers ........................................ 85 Chart 4.9 Analysis Noun Phrase High Heels ................................................ 85 Chart 4.10 Analysis Noun Phrase Slides Sandals ......................................... 86 Chart 4.11 Analysis Noun Phrase Birkenstock-Inspired Sandals .................. 87 Chart 4.12 Analysis Noun Phrase Double Strap Sandals .............................. 88 Chart 4.13 Analysis Noun Phrase Street Style .............................................. 89 Chart 4.14 Analysis Noun Phrase No Tug Hair Ties .................................... 90 Chart 4.15 Analysis Noun Phrase Long-term Relationship .......................... 91 Chart 4.16 Analysis Noun Phrase Brand Ambassador .................................. 92 Chart 4.17 Analysis Noun Phrase Coffee Break ........................................... 92 Chart 4.18 Analysis Noun Phrase Curcuit Training ...................................... 93 Chart 4.19 Analysis Noun Phrase Bike to Work .......................................... 94 Chart 4.20 Analysis Noun Phrase Shredded Jeans ........................................ 95 Chart 4.21 Analysis Noun Phrase Nail Art ................................................... 95 Chart 4.22 Analysis Noun Phrase Dark Comedy .......................................... 96
Chart 4.23 Analysis Noun Phrase Video Cover ............................................ 97 Chart 4.24 Analysis Noun Phrase Fine Dining ............................................. 98 Chart 4.25 Analysis Noun Phrase First Class ............................................... 99 Chart 4.26 Analysis Noun Phrase Executive Chef ........................................ 99 Chart 4.27 Analysis Noun Phrase Fortune Readers .................................... 100 Chart 4.28 Analysis Noun Phrase Hard Disk ............................................. 101 Chart 4.29 Analysis Noun Phrase PC Desktop ........................................... 102 Chart 4.30 Analysis Noun Phrase Mini Tower ........................................... 103 Chart 4.31 Analysis Adverbial Phrase Effortlessly Chic ............................ 104
ABSTRACT
Liasari, Alfisyah. 2015. An Analysis of Indonesian – English Code Mixing Used in Spotlite Rubric on July - September 2014 Editions of Cita Cinta Magazine.
Graduating Paper. English Education Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education. State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. December 2015. Counselor: Faizal Risdianto, S.S, M.Hum Nowadays, English code mixing occurred in society was influenced by the global spread of English. Their habit to use English in their daily life will accidentally reflect into their language. They use code mixing in order to make their communication easier. The trend of using code mixing is also happened in magazine. This study aims at describing codes mixing used in Cita Cinta Magazine. The problems are what the form of code mixing, lexical items and the lexical meaning of code mixing, also the most dominant form of Indonesian - English code mixing that used in Cita Cinta Magazine. The writer uses descriptive qualitative approach as method for analyzing the data. The writer collects the data by reading the selected articles on Spotlite Rubrics in Cita Cinta Magazine and selecting sentence that consists of Indonesian-English code mixing. It was identified that English insertion are in the form word, phrase, hybrid, word reduplication, and idiom, also clipping and abbreviation. The writer looked for the lexical items and lexical meaning of code mixing that used in Cita Cinta Magazine. than in Cita Cinta magazine most dominant inserting of noun word. The implication of this graduating paper in English teaching is focused in vocabulary. The achievements of this research are expected to be additional source of code mixing study and it is meant to conduct and develop such a research in the code mixing field.
Key word: Sociolinguistics, Indonesian–English Code Mixing, Cita Cinta
Magazine.CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Problem Human being lives in this world has a role as an individual creature, but
also has a role as social creature. People have a role as social creature which means people cannot live alone. They need other people to fulfill their need and help them solve their problems. To communicate with others they need language as a means communication. By using language people can express idea, experiences, thought, wants, hopes, feeling and so on to other. When two or more people communicate with each other in speech we can call the system of communication that they employ a code, in most cases that code will be something we may also want to call language (Wardhaugh, 2006:1).
Most of them firstly used their mother tongue to communicate to their family and society. The study that related to human or society and language is called sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society (Hudson: 1980). One of linguistics branches that has a lot of cases to be analyzed is sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is a term including the aspects of linguistics applied toward the connections between language and society, and the way how to use it in different social situations. It ranges from the study of the wide variety of dialects across a given region down to the analysis between the way men and women speak one to another. Sociolinguistics often shows us the humorous realities of human speech and how a dialect of a given language can often describe the age, sex, and social class of the speaker; it codes the social function of a language.
In the process of time, languages develop and have many changes and variations depending on its influence. In the large society, people need to master international language to communicate people in the entire world. Moreover, it is also possible for the bilingual or multilingual people use more than one code or language in communication. One of the language phenomenon especially in the study of bilingualism problems is called code mixing (Holmes, 2001:35).
English as one of the international language has a great influence to the most Indonesians. Not only in speaking, but also in writing many people often mix the English into Indonesian language. This condition is called code mixing because the condition where people use more than one language in the same topic.
Code mixing is the use more than language that speakers or writers mix two codes or more language in discourse, the main characteristics in code mixing are relaxed situations and informal situation (Nababan, 1986:32).
As an illustration the writer presents a little bits sentence which describes the reality of language used in which afterward the reality of language use can be categorized as code mixing. The sentence is as follows:
1. Akibatny aambisi tersebut hanya sebatas tekad saat melihat fashion spread Cara Delevingne, hehehe.
(A result the ambition was limited to determination when viewing the fashion spread Cara Delevingne, hehehe.)
2. Sebagai presenter acara olahraga, Franda identik dengan gaya sporty.
(As a sports presenter, Franda identical with sporty style). According to Chaer and Agustina (2004:154), the above example is called code mixing. Code mixing is use of language units from one language to another to expand the variety of style or language; including the usage of words, phrase and clauses. Code mixing can be seen in spoken and written language. Code mixing in the form of written language can be found in texts such as: newspaper, magazine, novel, internet media and etc. One kind of written language that is much influenced by English is a magazine. Magazine is one of mass media that printed and published every certain time (every month, every week, and every day). The magazine is categorized into different kinds: business magazine, fashion magazine, healthy, technology, sport, and entertainment magazine. There is much information that can be got from magazine.
Cita Cinta magazine is a single woman reading age of 20-30 years in order to become an independent person and modern, but still respect tradition. Cita Cinta reader is a reader who has just entered a new world, from the campus to the world of work. They start financially independent. Cita Cinta also establish the identity of the reader solutions. It is published twice a month.Sometimes the editor mixes and uses several languages to inform their readers in some rubrics. Practical format and contents as well as the dynamic lifestyle of modern single woman.
The phenomenon of mixing English in some rubrics of this magazine make the writer interested to understand about the forms of code mixing and the lexical meaningin Cita Cinta magazine deeply. From the explanation above the writer titles this research as “AN ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN – ENGLISH CODE MIXING USED IN SPOTLITE RUBRIC ON JULY-SEPTEMBER 2014 EDITIONS OF CITA CINTA MAGAZINE”.
B. Limitation of the Problem
In this research the writer will analyze the Indonesian - English code mixing that occurred in Cita Cinta magazine July-September 2014 Edition. The writer describes about forms of code mixing, the lexical meaning and the most dominant form of Indonesian - English code mixing in the Spotlite rubric of Cita Cinta magazine.
C. Statement of the Problem
The problem to be examined in the present study is formulated as follows:
1. What are the forms of code mixing in the Spotlite rubric of Cita Cinta magazine?
2. What are the lexical meanings of code mixing that found in the Cita Cinta magazine?
3. What is the most dominant form of Indonesian - English code mixing used in the Spotlite rubric of Cita Cinta magazine?
D. Objective of the Research
Based on the research background and statement of the problem, the study is aimed at:
1. Finding out the forms of code mixing in Spotlite rubric of Cita Cinta magazine.
2. Finding out the lexical meaning of Indonesian-English code mixing that found in the magazine.
3. Finding out the form of English-Indonesian code mixing mostly are used in the Spotlite rubric of Cita Cinta magazine.
E. Benefits of the Research
By conducting this research, the writer expects that this study can give beneficial for both theoretically and practically:
1. Theoretically Generally it allows readers to larger their knowledge about sociolinguistics especially about code mixing phenomenon in our society especially in magazine / media.
2. Practically The finding of the research make the student’s interest in learning English especially in vocabullary skill. Improving the teaching method in the English teaching learning process of vocabullary. This research also can be the alternative way to teach vocabullary skill to improve the students’ vocabullary skill.
F. Definition Of Key Terms
In order to avoid misinterpretation and unnecessary and misunderstanding of the terms underlie the title, the terms are clarified as follows:
1. Code Mixing Conversational code mixing involves the deliberate mixing of two languages without an associated topic change (Wardaugh, 1992:107). Other definition is added by Suwito (1985:75) that code mixing is employing two or more languages by means of inserting the elements of a language to another which is consistently used. While Muysken (2000:2) defined code mixing as all cases where lexical items and grammatical features from two languages appear in one sentence.
In this case, code mixing is considered as an alternation of two languages including grammatical and lexical in one sentence, both Indonesian and English.
2. Cita Cinta Magazine Cita Cinta magazine is one of a young magazine in Indonesia, dedicated to a single woman reading age of 20-30 years who has just entered a new world, from the campus to the world of work. The rubrics in magazine including spotlite, leisure & entertainment, artikel and so on. There are about 148 pages. It is published by PT Bina Favorit Press and the address is in HR Rasuna Said Street Kav 32-33 Jakarta 12910.
G. Review of Related Research
The writer finds that many of graduated students have done some researches which has a relation in terms of problems, research methodology and findings in the topic of code mixing that help the writer in doing research paper but in different objects and aspect, also ways in applying the theories.
The first research is “A Descriptive Analysis Of Indonesian – English Code Mixing Used In Jsyk Rubric Published On May-July 2012 Edition Of Cosmogirl Magazine” by Siti Rohmah Noviyani, the student of State Islamic Institute of Salatiga. She described about the forms and The factors influencing code mixing used in Cosmogirl magazine. The related previous researches above explain forms code mixing in written language. Then the writer extracted to explain forms and lexical meaning code mixing used in Cita Cinta magazine.
Another previous research is “Linguistics Study Of Code Mixing Used In Expose Rubric Of Teen Magazine At 281-288”. Written by Maghfiratul Munawaroh, she is on of the students of State Islamic Institute of Salatiga. She issued form of code mixing and about the lexical items used in magazine.
According to the researchers above, there are similarities about explaining lexical items of the writer’s research, but the writer research explain more clearly about classification of morpheme.
The last one is “The Analysis Of Indonesian-English Codes Mixing Used In “Marmut Merah Jambu” Novel” by Ari Saputro, the student of State Islamic Institute of Salatiga. In his research, he discussed about the morphological and syntactic form of code mixing, also the lexical meaning of code mixing that used in novel. The similarity between this research and the previous research is the field of code mixing and data analysis. The differences are the data sources and the analysis. In this research the writer explaining lexical items used in Spotlite rubric of Cita Cinta magazine not on the novel.
H. Outline Organization Research
This research is organized into five chapters. Chapter I is introduction which presents the background of the problem, limitation of the problem, statements of the problem, objective of the research, benefit of the research, review of previous research, clarification or definition of key term, and paper organization.
Chapter II presents review of related theory. It consists of theories underlying the study. Discussion some theories about code mixing. Chapter III shows research method and data presentation. This chapter discusses code mixing found in Cita Cinta magazine and the methodological aspects of the study. It deals with type of the research, object of the research, data source, method of collecting data, and technique of analysis data.
Chapter IV reports the finding of the research. It provides the data classification, analysis and interpretations of findings. Chapter V observes conclusions and suggestions. It includes the conclusion and suggestions to other researcher who like to contribute such study.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In this chapter, the writer writes some reviews of references related to the
study which are used as a framework of data analysis. The theories will be used for the underlying requirement to solve the problems. The writer has done some literature review in sources, such as books and scientific papers.
A. Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics study the relationship between language and society. It is interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts, and sociolinguistics concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning (Holmes, 2001: p.1).
According Wardhaugh sociolinguistics is the study of the social uses of language, and the most productive studies in the four decades of sociolinguistics research have emanated from determining the social evaluation of linguistic variants. These are also the areas most susceptible to scientific methods such as hypothesis-formation, logical inference, and statistical testing (Wardhaugh, 2006: p.11).
Sociolinguistics is the study of indiscipline are working on the problems of language in relation to social issues (Suwito,1985:4). Appel in Suwito (1985:4) sociolinguistics is the study of language and language use in relation to society and culture. While Hymes (1975 in Suwito) more focused on its usefulness in terms of opinion, that the sociolinguistics can be used as clues about the possible use of linguistic data and analysis in other disciplines related to social life, and conversely, the use of social data and analysis in the linguistic. It also can be said that sociolinguistics learns and discusses the aspects of language society.
Especially for variation in language which is related to the social factors.
The relationship between linguistic choices and the social context in which they are made is sometimes easiest to see when different languages are involved.
The first focuses on multilingual speech communities and describes some of the ways in which social considerations affect language choice. But there is plenty of language variation in monolingual communities too, and it is just as socially meaningful. The second focuses on social features of the language user. It explores the range of social information conveyed about participants by their linguistic choices within one language. The third focus shifts to the uses of language, and the influence on language of the social context in which it is used and the functions it expresses.
Sociolinguistics uses for practical life very much, because the languages as a tool of human verbal communication, of course have certain rules on its usage.
Sociolinguistics provide knowledge on how to use language in a certain aspect or social terms. Sociolinguistics will guide us in communicating with language, variety of language or style of what language should we use when we talk to a certain person. In language teaching at school, sociolinguistics also have a big role. Language study internally will be produce objectively descriptive language in the form of shape grammar book.
B. Bilingualism
Every human being belongs to many different speeches and perhaps language communities. Although the different languages (he knows) are used in communication with different interlocutors or for different purposes, a speaker may nevertheless borrow terms form one language to use in another. At the frontiers of a language community-whether a region, nation or ethnic group - each language or dialect may be affected by another language or dialect used by different-or even same – people living close together. A useful distinction here is that between social bilingualism (or multilingualism), in which essentially, monolingual communities may live in close contact with each other, and individual bilingualism, where everybody has more than one language (Ager 1990: 7).
Mackey (1968:557) revealed bilingualism level that is meant to distinguish a persons level of ability in second language acquisition. Ability levels can be seen from the mastery of speaker to the aspect of grammatical, lexical, semantic and style is reflected in the four language skills: listening, reading, speaking and writing. Many elements are ruled by speakers the higher levels of bilingualism, the less control of the elements that lower of the bilingualism.
Therefore, bilingualism is the habit of using two languages in the interaction with other people. If we think about the capability of the people who are use two language or more, we are called bilingualism (Nababan, 1993:27). In other word, applying bilingualism implicates the people must have bilingual before they can apply bilingualism (Nababan, 1993:28). This situation can be seen in big cities of Indonesia, there are many young generations dont use their parents vernacular actively and use Indonesia language practically and it also happens in other developing countries of Asia and Africa.
In fact the occurrence of bilingualism in the society brings a positive and negative attribute. Wardaugh (1986:68) describes this phenomena as a mixture of ones feeling when discover someone who is fluent in several languages. It can be mixture of admiration and envy, a feeling of superiority a respected marking etc.
Wardaugh (1992: 99) explained that the important thing is that bilingualism and multilingualism are normal in many parts of the world that people in those parts would view any other situation as strange and limiting. There is a long history in certain western societies of people actually ‘looking down’ on those who are bilingual.
A bilingual situation can produce still other effects on one or more of the languages involved. As we have just seen, it can lead to loss, e.g. language loss among immigrants. But sometimes it leads to diffusion; that is certain features spread from one language to the other (or others) as a result of the contact situation, particularly certain kinds of syntactic features. One linguistic consequence, however, is that there has been some convergence of the languages that are spoken in the village so far as syntax is concerned, but vocabulary differences have been maintained. It is vocabulary rather than syntax which now serves to distinguish the groups and the variety of multilingualism that has resulted is a special local variety which has developed in response to local needs.
(Wardhaugh, 2006:100).
Kridalaksana (1982:26) in Ohoiwutun divided bilingualism into three categories, there are: coordinate bilingualism, compound bilingualism and sub- ordinate bilingualism. The first is coordinate bilingualism, language usage in this phenomenon the speaker use two languages or more separately. A bilingual coordinate when use one language doesnt show the elements of another language. When the speaker switching to another language, a system mixing does not occurs. For instance who master English and Indonesian language, when he speak with foreigner he speaks English but after that he switches his language into mother language Indonesia (Ohoiwutun, 2007:67).
The second type is compound bilingualism, speaking uses two or more language system is integrated. A bilingual compound, often disrupt the elements of both languages are mastered. For example, bilingual compound may happen when Indonesian people work in Malaysia, sometimes they use Indonesian language. The third type of bilingualism is sub-ordinate bilingualism. This happen to person or community that uses two or more language system separately.
Usually, there is still a process of translation. Bilingual sub-ordinate often mixed the first language concepts in a second language or foreign language studies, which is being learned. This often occurs in the conversation among second language learner, they still translate some vocabularies or sentences that they speak. For example we always find Indonesian student who learn foreign language (Ohoiwutun, 2007:67).
W.F. Mackey explained as a switch between two or more languages by the same speaker/people. The condition and situation will be faced determine the switches of languages chosen. According to Hamers and Blanc (2000:6) as follow: “The concept of bilingualism is refer to the state of a linguistic community in which two languages are in contact with the result that two codes can be used in the same interaction and that a number of individuals are bilingual” Based on the explanation above the writer concludes that bilingualism is a habit of using two different languages to interact with others that aimed to make understandable in their communication. Bilingual is a functional ability that has a person to use second language in their interactions. In many parts of the world the bilingual ability is usual, moreover a monolingual individual regarded as a misfit person that has not an important ability. In bilingual situation, a speaker usually change language or utterance, it depends on context and situation. According to Wardaugh (1992: 103) bilingualism results code switching and code mixing phenomenon. It happens when a speaker requires a particular language to switch or mix one language to another.
C. Code Mixing
1. Definition of Code Mixing Code mixing as a language phenomenon is frequently occurs in multilingual and bilingual society. Several scholars have attempted to define code mixing. Wardaugh (1992:106) introduces a theory that: “Code mixing occurs when conversant uses both languages together to extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of single utterances.”
Other definition is added by Suwito (1985:75) that code mixing employs two or more languages by means of inserting the elements of a language to another which is consistently used. While Muysken defined code mixing as all cases where lexical items and grammatical features from two languages appear in one sentence. Trudgill (2003: 23) gave explanation: “The process whereby speakers indulge in code-switching between languages of such rapidity and density, even within sentences and phrases that is not really possible to say at any given time which language they are speaking.” It is also emphasized by Trudgill that: “Sociolinguistics explanation for this behavior normally concentrates on the possibility, through code-mixing as a strategy, of projecting two identities at once, for example that a modern, sophisticated, educated person and that of a loyal, local patriot.”
Further, Wardaugh (1992:106) also explain that code mixing used as a sophisticated language and a source of pride, “Conversational code mixing involved the deliberate mixing of two languages without an associated topic change. Conversational code mixing is not just a haphazard mixing of two languages brought by laziness or ignorance or some combination of these. Rather, it requires conversant to have a sophisticated knowledge of both languages and to be acutely aware of community norms. These norms require that both languages be used in this way so that conversant can show their familiarity or solidarity. The ability to mix code in this way is now often a source of pride.”
Code mixing also expresses as solidarity markers and an established community norm, “Such conversational code-mixing is often used by bilinguals, primarily as a solidarity marker and has become an established community norm in the Puero Rican community in the New York City. However, a speaker who mixes codes in this way in conversation with a friend or acquaintance will almost certainly shift entirely to English when addressing a monolingual English-speaking person or entirely to Spanish when addressing a complete stranger who is obviously of Spanish origin.” (Wardaugh, 19.00.92:108)
In terms of definition from Bhatia and Ritchie (2004) in Eunhee Kim (2006), code mixing refers to the mixing of various linguistic units (morphemes, word, modifiers, phrases, clauses, and sentences) primarily from two participating grammatical system within a sentence.
In other hand, Wienreich (1953:73) in Muysken gave opinion that code mixing can be a sign of lack of bilingual proficiency and interference. Holmes states that code-mixing suggests the speaker is mixing up codes indiscriminately or perhaps because of the incompetence, where as the switches are very well-motivated in relation to the symbolic or social meanings of the two codes (1992: 50).
However, for some speakers, code mixing is the unmarked code in certain circumstances (Myers-Scotton 1993 in Muysken). Neither does it reflect limited proficiency in either of the languages involved. Rather, speakers who code mix fluently and easily tend to be quite proficient bilinguals (Poplack 1980, Nortier 1990) in Muysken.
Based on the definitions above, it can be concluded that code mixing is considered as an alternation of two languages including grammatical and lexical in one sentence, in this case Indonesian and English.
2. Forms of Code Mixing Suwito (1985:78) split up code mixing into six: insertion of words, insertion of phrases, insertion of hybrids, insertion of word reduplication, insertion of idioms, and insertion of clause. A further explanation will be explained as follows: a. The insertion of words The insertion of words means adding English words inside
Indonesian utterances. Katamba (1997:10) said that word is formed by combining two or more word bases to form a new lexical item. In addition, Bauer (1988:25) states that a word is a unit, which is in print, in bounded spaces on both sides. According to Suwito (1985: 78), the insertion of words were classified into eight groups, they are: the insertion of noun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjunction, preposition and exclamation. Here is the example: “Yap, RM memang berhasil menjadi salah satu program TV utama di Korea
serta memiliki fanbase yang kuat di seluruh dunia-termasuk Asia.”
(Yep, RM indeed successfully become one of the major TV programs in Korea and has a strong fanbase around the world-including Asia).
In the sentence, fanbase including noun word category.
b. The insertion of phrases Lyons (1968:171) defines a phrase as any group of words which is grammatically equivalent to a single word and which doesn’t have its own subject and predicate. There are 5 types of phrase proposed by Quirk (1985: 60- 65): noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, prepositional phrase. The example is: “Menu ini ditujukan khusus bagi penumpang first class pada penerbangan
Hongkong-London mulai bulan September hingga Desember 2014.”
(This menu devoted exclusively for first class passengers on a hongkong- london flight start september until december 2014.) In the sentence, first class including noun phrase category . First => Modifier Class => Head Noun
c. The insertion of hybrids In this case is a combination between pieces of Indonesian word and
English word. Mikhail Bakhtin in Patricia Seed conveyed that hybrid is an utterance that belongs by its grammatical and compositional makers to a single speaker but that actually contains mixed within it two utterances by social differentiation, or by some other factor and become unconsciously mixed. Hybrid can be classified into two types, they are hybrid of affixation and hybrid of phrase.
1) Hybrid of affixation This type is formed from two components, they are Indonesian affixes and English word. This kind of hybrid must contain English and
Indonesian elements in order to form transformational word. Next the researcher classifies the affixation into two: Indonesian prefixes + English word and English word + Indonesian suffixes. The example is:
“Softcake-nya mengandung protein telur dan karbohidrat, sedangkan marshmallow-nya dapat meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh.”
(Softcake containing eggs protein and carbohydrates, while its marshmallow can increase immune.) In the sentence, softcake-nya including suffix hybrid category. Softcake => English word
- nya => Indonesian suffixes 2) Hybrid of phrase