FIRST LANGUAGE PHONOLOGY ACQUISITION BY A TWO-YEAR-OLD MANDAILING CHILD.
FIRST LANGUAGE PHONOLOGY ACQUISITION BY A TWO – YEAR –
OLD MANDAILING CHILD
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program as the Final
Requirement for the Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
WILDAN ISKANDAR
Registration Number: 809112042
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
i
FIRST LANGUAGE PHONOLOGY ACQUISITION BY A TWO – YEAR –
OLD MANDAILING CHILD
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program as the Final
Requirement for the Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
WILDAN ISKANDAR
Registration Number: 809112042
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
i
ABSTRACT
Iskandar,Wildan. First Language Phonology Acquitision by A Two Years
Old Mandailing Child. Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Post Graduated
Program. State University of Medan. 2013
This thesis deals with First Language Phonology Acquisition by A Two Years Old
Mandailing Child. This study focused on describing First Language Phonologyl
Acquition by A Two Year Old Mandailing Child. This study was located at Jl.
Perjuangan kelurahan Bincar Padang Sidimpuan and the subject of this study was
two years old. In collecting the data this study applied documentation with audio
visual recorder as the instrument of data collecting. The technique of data analysis
used in this study was interactive technique and the data was described throug the
process. A qualitative research was conducted to enable the researcher to answer
the questions. There are three questions to be answeared namely: (1) What phones
are acquired by a two years old Mandailing child, (2) How does a two years old
Mandailing child acquired the phonology production, (3) How are the phonology
production of the words acquired by a two years old Mandailing child.
Observation was carried out to Mandailing child twice a week for three month.
The findings indicated that kinds of word are noun, adjective, verb and adverb and
the most aspect of phonology found in this study is noun. The subject acqiured the
words through interaction with his family and sometimes used body language
when he talked with his parents. The phonology production of the words acquired
by the subject with several processes out of the twelve processes.
ABSTRAK
Iskandar,Wildan. Bahasa Pertama Pemerolehan Fonologi oleh Anak Suku
Mandailing Usia Dua Tahun. Tesis . Program Linguistik Terapan Bahasa
Inggris Pasca Sarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2013
Tesis ini berkaitan dengan Bahasa Pertama Pemerolehan Fonologi oleh Anak
Suku Mandailing Usia Dua Tahun. Penelitian ini fokus dalam mendeskripsikan
Bahasa Pertama Pemerolehan Fonologi oleh Anak Usia Dua Tahun. Penelitian ini
berlokasi di Jl. Perjuangan Kelurahan Bincar Padang Sidimpuan dan subjek
penelitian ini adalah anak usia dua tahun. Dalam pengumpulan data penelitian ini
diterapkan dokumentasi dengan perekam audio visual sebagai instrumen
pengumpulan data . Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini
adalah teknik interaktif dan data digambarkan melalui proses transkripsi. Sebuah
penelitian kualitatif dilakukan untuk memungkinkan peneliti mampu menjawab
pertanyaan. Ada tiga pertanyaan yang harus dijawab yaitu: (1) Suara apa yang
diperoleh anak Mandailing usia dua tahun, (2) Bagaimana cara anak usia dua
tahun Mandailing memperoleh produksi fonologi, (3) Bagaimana proses produksi
fonologi kata-kata yang diperoleh anak Mandailing usia dua tahun . Pengamatan
dilakukan untuk anak Mandailing dua kali seminggu selama tiga bulan.Temuan
menunjukkan bahwa jenis kata-kata berupa kata benda, kata sifat, kata kerja dan
kata keterangan dan aspek yang paling banyak ditemukan dalam penelitian ini
adalah kata benda. Subjek memperoleh kata-kata melalui interaksi dengan
keluarganya dan sesekali menggunakan bahasa tubuh ketika ia berbicara dengan
orang tuanya. Produksi fonologi kata-kata yang diperoleh oleh subjek dengan
beberapa proses dari dua belas proses.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The writer would like to thank to Almighty Allah, who granted countless
blessings, knowledge and opportunities to finish this thesis.
On this special occasion, he would like to extend his sincere appreciation
to Prof.Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd., his first Adviser for her advice, valuable
time in giving the encouragement, guidence, suggestions, and for information that
has enabled him to write this thesis until it comes to its present form. He also
would like to express his special gratitude to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.,
his second Adviser, for his outstanding supervision.
He is also grateful to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., the Head of
English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., the
Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and all lecturers of the
English Applied Linguistics Study Program for the valuable knowledge they have
transferred to him. In particular, he would like to give his special thanks to his
reviewers and examiners Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D., Dr. Eddy Setia,
M.Ed., TESP., Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum., for their valuable inputs in the
process of making this thesis in this present form
The writer is also indebted thank fullness especially to Lurah, Dinas
Hasibuan who permitted him to cunduct the research in Kelurahan Bincar Kota
Padang Sidimpuan.
He would like to express his sincere appreciation and love to his parents,
Syahrul Hadi Lubis and Nisma Sari Nasution, for all of the memory, love, advice
and bless which has helped his more to finish his study and his wife, Rika Sri
Devi, S.Pd.i., for his fidelity, love, understanding and care without complaining
for less attention given to her during finishing this study.
Medan 9 Januari 2014
Wildan Iskandar
NIM: 809112042
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ i
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study ................................................. 1
1.2 The Problems of the Study ..................................................... 6
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ................................................... 7
1.4 The Scope of the Study........................................................... 7
1.5 The Significance of the Study ................................................ 7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Language ................................................................................ 9
2.2 Language Acquisition ........................................................... 10
2.3 Kinds of Words..................................................................... 15
2.4 Phonology ............................................................................. 17
2.5 Phonemes in Languages ....................................................... 18
2.5.1 Consonants ................................................................. 19
2.5.2 Consonants in Indonesian Language ......................... 24
2.5.3 Vowels ....................................................................... 25
2.5.4 Vowels in Indonesian Language ............................... 25
2.6 Phonological Process ............................................................ 26
i
2.7 Phonological Production ...................................................... 31
2.8 Process in Child Phonology.................................................. 34
2.9 The Acquisition of Syllable Structure and Stress ................. 37
2.10 Previous Relevant Studies .................................................. 38
2.11 Conceptual Framework ...................................................... 40
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 The Research Design ............................................................ 42
3.2 The Location of the Study .................................................... 42
3.3 The Subject of the Study ...................................................... 42
3.4 The Technique of Collecting the Data.................................. 43
3.5 The Instrument of Collecting the Data ................................. 43
3.6 The Technique of Data Analysis .......................................... 44
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, THE RESEACH FINDINGS AND
DISCUSSION
4.1 Data Analysis........................................................................ 45
4.1.1 Kind of Sound Acquired by A Two Years Old Mandailing
Child ...................................................................................... 45
4.1.2 The Way A Two Years Old Mandailing Child Acquired
The Phonological Acquisition ............................................... 47
4.1.3 The Phonological Acquisition of A Two Years Old
Mandailing Child ................................................................... 48
4.2 The Findings ......................................................................... 71
4.3 Discussion............................................................................. 72
ii
CHAPTER V CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions .......................................................................... 75
5.2 Suggestions ........................................................................... 76
REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 77
APPENDIX….....................................................................................................81
iii
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 1. The Example of A Two Year Old Child’s Words ........................... 14
Table 2. Indonesian Language Consonants ................................................... 24
Table 3. Indonesian Language Vowels ......................................................... 26
Table 4. The Process of Reduction Data ...................................................... 45
Table 5. Substitution Process-Stopping ........................................................ 48
Table 6. Substitution Process-Fronting ......................................................... 51
Table 7. Assimilatory Process-Voicing......................................................... 55
Table 8. Syllable Structure – Cluster Reduction ........................................... 59
Table 9. Syllable Structure – Deletion of Final Consonant .......................... 63
Table 10. Syllable Structure – Deletion of Unstressed Syllable ..................... 64
Table 11. Syllable Structure – Reduplication ................................................. 67
i
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
A Child needs two years to acquire the language since he was born until
he/she can use the language in his/her daily life. A child is born with having no
knowledge about any single word. She or he acquires the language through a
process of acquiring, starting immediately from birth (Clark, 2003:1). This
acquiring process of course is not done as a formal way which is always
conducted in the class where the baby learns any field of subject by the help of the
teacher. It means that the child acquires the language with their own ability
without the process of teaching.
A Childis an individual who spends most of his time for learning.
Therefore a common statement in society told that childhood is a time when a
child spends mostly with studying and observing everything new in his/her life.
That learning session is a process of studying and structuring language in which
they will need to interact with society around them. Learning for a child does not
mean like learning at school but learning means the process of acquiring the
language.
Since language is the most important aspect in communicating within the
surrounding society, it is duty for someone to learn and develop his/her language.
Then it becomes an interesting statement that human being is born without
knowing how to communicate to the others (Gillen, 2003). The Child can develop
his way of communication by the help of his environment such as things in his
2
surrounding and human being like mother, father, brother or sister. The child
develops the way of how to talk by hearing and imitating the sounds of the
surrounding people.
One of the experts of the language acquisition says that the language
acquisition for all children all over the world is the same at each chronological age
along the development of language (Kormos, 2006). It means that the acquisition
of the language by the children normally have the same stages namely at the age
of four months, the children starts crying, cooing, and chuckling. At the age of six
to nine months, the children start babbling. At the age twelve to eighteen months
is their early words, commands and responding to “no”. One can predict what
developmental features should be present. A fourteen-month-old child, for
example, may utter /naena/ for banana, while the two-year-old child may say
/baena/, and the three- year-old child may finally say banana. When children learn
a first language, they could build on preexisting notions of what to represent with
knowledge as well as prior notions of communications, or children start to learn
the language from having no words at all till they can discover what is represented
in language (Clark, 2003). It means that the language acquired by the children is
done by their own selves and they can do it by the help of their surrounding
environment.
The acquisition of children might also be affected by the properties of each
language. For example the language feature could influence the order in which
children acquire each system of the language and could also make some parts of
the language harder or easier to acquire. The acquisition could also be affected by
3
the social of interaction and cognitive development. Those factors could
determine whether language learners follow the same path, detect and use the
same patterns, and make the same inferences about meanings during acquisition,
then how actually children get their language faculty especially on their
phonological acquisition.
This is one of the examples of the phonology acquisition. A child wanted
to say the word “ikan”, he said [i:kaŋ] in stead of [i:kan] when he saw his mother
brought some fish after shopping while pointing the fish with his finger. This is
one of the ways in which a child is trying to communicate with the environment
surround. Yet the most interesting phenomenon here is, the phonology process
underlying the word formation produced by child. It can be seen that a child‟s
speech/pronunciation is different from the one produced by adult. The word „ikan‟
which should be pronounced as [i:kan], somehow is changed by a child into
[i:kaŋ]. The process of change in pronouncing [i:kan] becomes [i:kaŋ] is
interesting for the writer.
From this phenomenon, it can be known that a child seems to have their
own words by simplifying the way of an adult in expressing a word, which they
catch as the input of their phonology system, whenever they got a difficulty in
pronouncing well the adult‟s word. Though child‟s word is different fromadult‟s,
yet they share the same meaning, so that adult and child are still be able to
communicate to each other in some ways. The writer, then, believes that
investigating this phonological process issue through the word production of a
4
child is interesting to do. Thus, that kind of case is the main background for this
study to be observed.
In order to do this study, a two-year-old child has been observed. For that
purpose, an intended person for the subject of this study should be found. His
name is Hafidz Al-Farisi Lubis, he is a Mandailingnese. A two-year-old
Mandailing child is decided to be observed and investigated since there is an
overview states that most children begin to produce recognizable words at the
same points in the second year.
Second year in children language development is considered as a phase
where their ability in producing words and sounds grows rapidly overlapping their
first years. Furthermore this study has revealed the process of phonological
acquisition which occurred in a Mandailing child who is entering second year of
his life. Through this study the writer has tried to find the vocabularies of a two
years old child whether at the age of two, he acquires nouns, adjectives, verbs or
adverbs, the vocabularies which are acquired by him also be determined which
word class is the more dominantly produced.
While doing the observation of acquiring the phonology production, the
process of acquiring the language also be taken care. Then to analyze and identify
the words produced by the two-year-old Mandailing child and their classification
based on Ingram theory, which involve: substitution, assimilation, and syllable
structure process. Before this age, children pass through a period in which speechlike-sounds are produced, with no obvious link to words in the adult language
(Gillen, 2003). It is also believed that second year is a golden phase for child in
5
learning and developing their language. And what makes the researcher chose
Hafidz Al-Farisi is since he is one of the son of the writer‟sbrother, it is believed
that the observation and investigation much more accurate and easier. In addition,
Hafidz Al-Farisi Lubis is familiar with the writer therefore he has not be shy to
speak out by the time he is being observed. That is one of the reason why the
writerinterests to do this research, besides he is very keen on the phonological
production of child and he loves children so much and wonder of how they could
speak.
This study used one of the theory of first language acquisition which
covers also children‟s language development especially phonological acquisition
in analyzing the case. For the appropriate theory, the study used the theory that is
delivered by Ingram (1989) who describes about the phonological processoccurs
in child. He sees that this process as consisting of a universal set of hierarchically
ordered procedures used by children to simplify speech (Fletcher and Garman,
1986). In other book, Ingram also stated that children acquire phonological system
of adult by creating their own structure, and later on change it if their knowledge
about adult‟s phonological system is getting better (Chaer, 2003).
Ingram (1989) states thatphonological process includes: Substitution
process, assimilation process, and syllable structure process. Through that
phonological process theory, can be understood how the process of phonological
acquisition happens. Based onIngram‟s theory, the writer also tried to analyze
sounds that are produced by the two-year-old Mandailing child according to
manner of articulation of sound, referred articulatory phonetics which deals with
6
where and how actually sounds are produced in human‟s speech organs
(Ladefoged, 1975).
This study is aimed at find it whether there is a chance to apply the theory
of Ingram to the process of phonological acquisition of a two year old Mandailing
child, what sound or phoneme are acquired andhow the processes of phonology is
in a two-year-old Mandailing child.
Chomsky in (Dardjowidjojo, 2000)stated that language is actually not a
process which is done by the children, yet happens to them. Still on the same
book, He said that human being has a, what he called, Faculties of the Mind. It is
spaces of abstract intelligent within the mind of human being. And one of those
spaces is allocated for the using and acquiring of language. Thus, by analyzing
and moreover understanding the phonological process occurred in a two-year-old
Mandailing child, It is expected that people will have description inside their mind
about how child‟s speech is formed.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
In relation to the background of this study, the problems of this study are
formulated as follows.
1) What phones are acquired by a two years old Mandailing child?
2) How does a two years old Mandailing child acquire the phonology
production?
3) How are the phonology productions of the words acquired by a
two years old Mandailing child?
7
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the above problems, the objectives of the study are
formulated as follows.
1 To find out phones are acquired by a two yearsoldMandailing child.
2 To describe how a two years old Mandailing child acquires the
phonology production?.
3 To describe the phonology productions of the words acquired by a
two years old Mandailing child.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study attempts to investigate the phonology production of the first
language by a two-year-old Mandailing child. The aspects that has been observed
in this study are the words‟ production of the child, the way the child acquires the
words of the first language and to describe the phonology production. But the
main aspect that has been observed in this study is the phonology production of
the first language he acquires.
1.5 The Significances of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to be significantly relevant to
theoretical and practical aspects.
Theoretically, the research findings are expected to enrich the theory of
language acquisition, especially the language acquisition by a two-year-old
Mandailing child. This study is considered useful initially to provide the
8
information about language acquisition by a two-year-old Mandailing child when
he/she utters the language in the situation especially about the first language
phonological production of a child. Consequently, it given a better understanding
and a new insight on how language acquisition is related to the aspect of language
acquisition study. This contribution
given tentative framework for a
comprehensive analysis of language acquisition by a two-year-old Mandailing
child.
Practically, since this research is focused on the language phonological
production by a two-year-old Mandailing, it is useful for lecturer of language
acquisition to use the research result of the language phonology production by a
two-year-old Mandailing child to the students of University. This study is also
useful for the parents whose child is in his/her two years old. They may have
knowledge about the acquisition phonological production when their child is in
two years old, and also they known what to do if the child does not able to speak
at the age of two years old. The last is this study is hoped to be useful for the next
researchers when they do any further research about language phonology
acquisition.
75
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
1) A two years old Mandailing child acquired and mastered some aspects of
phonology such as noun, verb, adverb and adjective and mostly covered
noun. It happened because naturally, a child at the age of two-year-old
mostly cover the acquisition of language from its surrounding
environment.
2) A two years old Mandailing child acquired the language by interacting
with surrounding environment mostly consist of things whether it is living
things or dead things, and in expressing the language in his daily life, the
child hardly used body language or gesture, he used it in a certain time in
order to help him deliver the meaning of what he is about to speak to his
co-speaker.
3) A two years old Mandailing child acquired his phonology production step
by step for the unclear phone production to the clearer ones at other next
occasion. Phonological process which are found in the phonology
production with several processes they are; substitution processes namely
stopping and fronting processes. The assimilatory process namely voicing
process, then the last syllable structure process, the processes which are
covered in this process are; cluster reduction process, deletion of final
consonant, the deletion of unstressed syllable and reduplication.
76
5.2 Suggestions
In relations to the conclusions, suggestions are offered as the following;
1. Parents need to know the way of
children acquire the language and
masters some aspects of phonology, in order to help them managing their
utterances during having interaction with their children since children need
a very perfect model of language use.
2. Other researchers who want to conduct futher research to know more
about the language acquisition on child and it not going to be only limited
on a two-year child but also to the child at different age in order to enrich
the knowledge of language acquisition in general and language production
in specific.
3. Playgroup’s teachers should learn how the way childreen acquire the
language because children’s phonological acquisition actually occurred
naturally within their self, when they are in learning situation. In case,
teachers find that children fail to product accepted phonology acquisition,
they improve the words directly.
77
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University Press.
Yin, R. K. 1984. Case study research: Design and methods. Newbury Park, CA:
Sage.
OLD MANDAILING CHILD
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program as the Final
Requirement for the Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
WILDAN ISKANDAR
Registration Number: 809112042
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
i
FIRST LANGUAGE PHONOLOGY ACQUISITION BY A TWO – YEAR –
OLD MANDAILING CHILD
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program as the Final
Requirement for the Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
WILDAN ISKANDAR
Registration Number: 809112042
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2013
i
ABSTRACT
Iskandar,Wildan. First Language Phonology Acquitision by A Two Years
Old Mandailing Child. Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Post Graduated
Program. State University of Medan. 2013
This thesis deals with First Language Phonology Acquisition by A Two Years Old
Mandailing Child. This study focused on describing First Language Phonologyl
Acquition by A Two Year Old Mandailing Child. This study was located at Jl.
Perjuangan kelurahan Bincar Padang Sidimpuan and the subject of this study was
two years old. In collecting the data this study applied documentation with audio
visual recorder as the instrument of data collecting. The technique of data analysis
used in this study was interactive technique and the data was described throug the
process. A qualitative research was conducted to enable the researcher to answer
the questions. There are three questions to be answeared namely: (1) What phones
are acquired by a two years old Mandailing child, (2) How does a two years old
Mandailing child acquired the phonology production, (3) How are the phonology
production of the words acquired by a two years old Mandailing child.
Observation was carried out to Mandailing child twice a week for three month.
The findings indicated that kinds of word are noun, adjective, verb and adverb and
the most aspect of phonology found in this study is noun. The subject acqiured the
words through interaction with his family and sometimes used body language
when he talked with his parents. The phonology production of the words acquired
by the subject with several processes out of the twelve processes.
ABSTRAK
Iskandar,Wildan. Bahasa Pertama Pemerolehan Fonologi oleh Anak Suku
Mandailing Usia Dua Tahun. Tesis . Program Linguistik Terapan Bahasa
Inggris Pasca Sarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2013
Tesis ini berkaitan dengan Bahasa Pertama Pemerolehan Fonologi oleh Anak
Suku Mandailing Usia Dua Tahun. Penelitian ini fokus dalam mendeskripsikan
Bahasa Pertama Pemerolehan Fonologi oleh Anak Usia Dua Tahun. Penelitian ini
berlokasi di Jl. Perjuangan Kelurahan Bincar Padang Sidimpuan dan subjek
penelitian ini adalah anak usia dua tahun. Dalam pengumpulan data penelitian ini
diterapkan dokumentasi dengan perekam audio visual sebagai instrumen
pengumpulan data . Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini
adalah teknik interaktif dan data digambarkan melalui proses transkripsi. Sebuah
penelitian kualitatif dilakukan untuk memungkinkan peneliti mampu menjawab
pertanyaan. Ada tiga pertanyaan yang harus dijawab yaitu: (1) Suara apa yang
diperoleh anak Mandailing usia dua tahun, (2) Bagaimana cara anak usia dua
tahun Mandailing memperoleh produksi fonologi, (3) Bagaimana proses produksi
fonologi kata-kata yang diperoleh anak Mandailing usia dua tahun . Pengamatan
dilakukan untuk anak Mandailing dua kali seminggu selama tiga bulan.Temuan
menunjukkan bahwa jenis kata-kata berupa kata benda, kata sifat, kata kerja dan
kata keterangan dan aspek yang paling banyak ditemukan dalam penelitian ini
adalah kata benda. Subjek memperoleh kata-kata melalui interaksi dengan
keluarganya dan sesekali menggunakan bahasa tubuh ketika ia berbicara dengan
orang tuanya. Produksi fonologi kata-kata yang diperoleh oleh subjek dengan
beberapa proses dari dua belas proses.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The writer would like to thank to Almighty Allah, who granted countless
blessings, knowledge and opportunities to finish this thesis.
On this special occasion, he would like to extend his sincere appreciation
to Prof.Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd., his first Adviser for her advice, valuable
time in giving the encouragement, guidence, suggestions, and for information that
has enabled him to write this thesis until it comes to its present form. He also
would like to express his special gratitude to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.,
his second Adviser, for his outstanding supervision.
He is also grateful to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., the Head of
English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., the
Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and all lecturers of the
English Applied Linguistics Study Program for the valuable knowledge they have
transferred to him. In particular, he would like to give his special thanks to his
reviewers and examiners Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D., Dr. Eddy Setia,
M.Ed., TESP., Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum., for their valuable inputs in the
process of making this thesis in this present form
The writer is also indebted thank fullness especially to Lurah, Dinas
Hasibuan who permitted him to cunduct the research in Kelurahan Bincar Kota
Padang Sidimpuan.
He would like to express his sincere appreciation and love to his parents,
Syahrul Hadi Lubis and Nisma Sari Nasution, for all of the memory, love, advice
and bless which has helped his more to finish his study and his wife, Rika Sri
Devi, S.Pd.i., for his fidelity, love, understanding and care without complaining
for less attention given to her during finishing this study.
Medan 9 Januari 2014
Wildan Iskandar
NIM: 809112042
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ i
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study ................................................. 1
1.2 The Problems of the Study ..................................................... 6
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ................................................... 7
1.4 The Scope of the Study........................................................... 7
1.5 The Significance of the Study ................................................ 7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Language ................................................................................ 9
2.2 Language Acquisition ........................................................... 10
2.3 Kinds of Words..................................................................... 15
2.4 Phonology ............................................................................. 17
2.5 Phonemes in Languages ....................................................... 18
2.5.1 Consonants ................................................................. 19
2.5.2 Consonants in Indonesian Language ......................... 24
2.5.3 Vowels ....................................................................... 25
2.5.4 Vowels in Indonesian Language ............................... 25
2.6 Phonological Process ............................................................ 26
i
2.7 Phonological Production ...................................................... 31
2.8 Process in Child Phonology.................................................. 34
2.9 The Acquisition of Syllable Structure and Stress ................. 37
2.10 Previous Relevant Studies .................................................. 38
2.11 Conceptual Framework ...................................................... 40
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 The Research Design ............................................................ 42
3.2 The Location of the Study .................................................... 42
3.3 The Subject of the Study ...................................................... 42
3.4 The Technique of Collecting the Data.................................. 43
3.5 The Instrument of Collecting the Data ................................. 43
3.6 The Technique of Data Analysis .......................................... 44
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, THE RESEACH FINDINGS AND
DISCUSSION
4.1 Data Analysis........................................................................ 45
4.1.1 Kind of Sound Acquired by A Two Years Old Mandailing
Child ...................................................................................... 45
4.1.2 The Way A Two Years Old Mandailing Child Acquired
The Phonological Acquisition ............................................... 47
4.1.3 The Phonological Acquisition of A Two Years Old
Mandailing Child ................................................................... 48
4.2 The Findings ......................................................................... 71
4.3 Discussion............................................................................. 72
ii
CHAPTER V CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions .......................................................................... 75
5.2 Suggestions ........................................................................... 76
REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 77
APPENDIX….....................................................................................................81
iii
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 1. The Example of A Two Year Old Child’s Words ........................... 14
Table 2. Indonesian Language Consonants ................................................... 24
Table 3. Indonesian Language Vowels ......................................................... 26
Table 4. The Process of Reduction Data ...................................................... 45
Table 5. Substitution Process-Stopping ........................................................ 48
Table 6. Substitution Process-Fronting ......................................................... 51
Table 7. Assimilatory Process-Voicing......................................................... 55
Table 8. Syllable Structure – Cluster Reduction ........................................... 59
Table 9. Syllable Structure – Deletion of Final Consonant .......................... 63
Table 10. Syllable Structure – Deletion of Unstressed Syllable ..................... 64
Table 11. Syllable Structure – Reduplication ................................................. 67
i
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
A Child needs two years to acquire the language since he was born until
he/she can use the language in his/her daily life. A child is born with having no
knowledge about any single word. She or he acquires the language through a
process of acquiring, starting immediately from birth (Clark, 2003:1). This
acquiring process of course is not done as a formal way which is always
conducted in the class where the baby learns any field of subject by the help of the
teacher. It means that the child acquires the language with their own ability
without the process of teaching.
A Childis an individual who spends most of his time for learning.
Therefore a common statement in society told that childhood is a time when a
child spends mostly with studying and observing everything new in his/her life.
That learning session is a process of studying and structuring language in which
they will need to interact with society around them. Learning for a child does not
mean like learning at school but learning means the process of acquiring the
language.
Since language is the most important aspect in communicating within the
surrounding society, it is duty for someone to learn and develop his/her language.
Then it becomes an interesting statement that human being is born without
knowing how to communicate to the others (Gillen, 2003). The Child can develop
his way of communication by the help of his environment such as things in his
2
surrounding and human being like mother, father, brother or sister. The child
develops the way of how to talk by hearing and imitating the sounds of the
surrounding people.
One of the experts of the language acquisition says that the language
acquisition for all children all over the world is the same at each chronological age
along the development of language (Kormos, 2006). It means that the acquisition
of the language by the children normally have the same stages namely at the age
of four months, the children starts crying, cooing, and chuckling. At the age of six
to nine months, the children start babbling. At the age twelve to eighteen months
is their early words, commands and responding to “no”. One can predict what
developmental features should be present. A fourteen-month-old child, for
example, may utter /naena/ for banana, while the two-year-old child may say
/baena/, and the three- year-old child may finally say banana. When children learn
a first language, they could build on preexisting notions of what to represent with
knowledge as well as prior notions of communications, or children start to learn
the language from having no words at all till they can discover what is represented
in language (Clark, 2003). It means that the language acquired by the children is
done by their own selves and they can do it by the help of their surrounding
environment.
The acquisition of children might also be affected by the properties of each
language. For example the language feature could influence the order in which
children acquire each system of the language and could also make some parts of
the language harder or easier to acquire. The acquisition could also be affected by
3
the social of interaction and cognitive development. Those factors could
determine whether language learners follow the same path, detect and use the
same patterns, and make the same inferences about meanings during acquisition,
then how actually children get their language faculty especially on their
phonological acquisition.
This is one of the examples of the phonology acquisition. A child wanted
to say the word “ikan”, he said [i:kaŋ] in stead of [i:kan] when he saw his mother
brought some fish after shopping while pointing the fish with his finger. This is
one of the ways in which a child is trying to communicate with the environment
surround. Yet the most interesting phenomenon here is, the phonology process
underlying the word formation produced by child. It can be seen that a child‟s
speech/pronunciation is different from the one produced by adult. The word „ikan‟
which should be pronounced as [i:kan], somehow is changed by a child into
[i:kaŋ]. The process of change in pronouncing [i:kan] becomes [i:kaŋ] is
interesting for the writer.
From this phenomenon, it can be known that a child seems to have their
own words by simplifying the way of an adult in expressing a word, which they
catch as the input of their phonology system, whenever they got a difficulty in
pronouncing well the adult‟s word. Though child‟s word is different fromadult‟s,
yet they share the same meaning, so that adult and child are still be able to
communicate to each other in some ways. The writer, then, believes that
investigating this phonological process issue through the word production of a
4
child is interesting to do. Thus, that kind of case is the main background for this
study to be observed.
In order to do this study, a two-year-old child has been observed. For that
purpose, an intended person for the subject of this study should be found. His
name is Hafidz Al-Farisi Lubis, he is a Mandailingnese. A two-year-old
Mandailing child is decided to be observed and investigated since there is an
overview states that most children begin to produce recognizable words at the
same points in the second year.
Second year in children language development is considered as a phase
where their ability in producing words and sounds grows rapidly overlapping their
first years. Furthermore this study has revealed the process of phonological
acquisition which occurred in a Mandailing child who is entering second year of
his life. Through this study the writer has tried to find the vocabularies of a two
years old child whether at the age of two, he acquires nouns, adjectives, verbs or
adverbs, the vocabularies which are acquired by him also be determined which
word class is the more dominantly produced.
While doing the observation of acquiring the phonology production, the
process of acquiring the language also be taken care. Then to analyze and identify
the words produced by the two-year-old Mandailing child and their classification
based on Ingram theory, which involve: substitution, assimilation, and syllable
structure process. Before this age, children pass through a period in which speechlike-sounds are produced, with no obvious link to words in the adult language
(Gillen, 2003). It is also believed that second year is a golden phase for child in
5
learning and developing their language. And what makes the researcher chose
Hafidz Al-Farisi is since he is one of the son of the writer‟sbrother, it is believed
that the observation and investigation much more accurate and easier. In addition,
Hafidz Al-Farisi Lubis is familiar with the writer therefore he has not be shy to
speak out by the time he is being observed. That is one of the reason why the
writerinterests to do this research, besides he is very keen on the phonological
production of child and he loves children so much and wonder of how they could
speak.
This study used one of the theory of first language acquisition which
covers also children‟s language development especially phonological acquisition
in analyzing the case. For the appropriate theory, the study used the theory that is
delivered by Ingram (1989) who describes about the phonological processoccurs
in child. He sees that this process as consisting of a universal set of hierarchically
ordered procedures used by children to simplify speech (Fletcher and Garman,
1986). In other book, Ingram also stated that children acquire phonological system
of adult by creating their own structure, and later on change it if their knowledge
about adult‟s phonological system is getting better (Chaer, 2003).
Ingram (1989) states thatphonological process includes: Substitution
process, assimilation process, and syllable structure process. Through that
phonological process theory, can be understood how the process of phonological
acquisition happens. Based onIngram‟s theory, the writer also tried to analyze
sounds that are produced by the two-year-old Mandailing child according to
manner of articulation of sound, referred articulatory phonetics which deals with
6
where and how actually sounds are produced in human‟s speech organs
(Ladefoged, 1975).
This study is aimed at find it whether there is a chance to apply the theory
of Ingram to the process of phonological acquisition of a two year old Mandailing
child, what sound or phoneme are acquired andhow the processes of phonology is
in a two-year-old Mandailing child.
Chomsky in (Dardjowidjojo, 2000)stated that language is actually not a
process which is done by the children, yet happens to them. Still on the same
book, He said that human being has a, what he called, Faculties of the Mind. It is
spaces of abstract intelligent within the mind of human being. And one of those
spaces is allocated for the using and acquiring of language. Thus, by analyzing
and moreover understanding the phonological process occurred in a two-year-old
Mandailing child, It is expected that people will have description inside their mind
about how child‟s speech is formed.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
In relation to the background of this study, the problems of this study are
formulated as follows.
1) What phones are acquired by a two years old Mandailing child?
2) How does a two years old Mandailing child acquire the phonology
production?
3) How are the phonology productions of the words acquired by a
two years old Mandailing child?
7
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the above problems, the objectives of the study are
formulated as follows.
1 To find out phones are acquired by a two yearsoldMandailing child.
2 To describe how a two years old Mandailing child acquires the
phonology production?.
3 To describe the phonology productions of the words acquired by a
two years old Mandailing child.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study attempts to investigate the phonology production of the first
language by a two-year-old Mandailing child. The aspects that has been observed
in this study are the words‟ production of the child, the way the child acquires the
words of the first language and to describe the phonology production. But the
main aspect that has been observed in this study is the phonology production of
the first language he acquires.
1.5 The Significances of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to be significantly relevant to
theoretical and practical aspects.
Theoretically, the research findings are expected to enrich the theory of
language acquisition, especially the language acquisition by a two-year-old
Mandailing child. This study is considered useful initially to provide the
8
information about language acquisition by a two-year-old Mandailing child when
he/she utters the language in the situation especially about the first language
phonological production of a child. Consequently, it given a better understanding
and a new insight on how language acquisition is related to the aspect of language
acquisition study. This contribution
given tentative framework for a
comprehensive analysis of language acquisition by a two-year-old Mandailing
child.
Practically, since this research is focused on the language phonological
production by a two-year-old Mandailing, it is useful for lecturer of language
acquisition to use the research result of the language phonology production by a
two-year-old Mandailing child to the students of University. This study is also
useful for the parents whose child is in his/her two years old. They may have
knowledge about the acquisition phonological production when their child is in
two years old, and also they known what to do if the child does not able to speak
at the age of two years old. The last is this study is hoped to be useful for the next
researchers when they do any further research about language phonology
acquisition.
75
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
1) A two years old Mandailing child acquired and mastered some aspects of
phonology such as noun, verb, adverb and adjective and mostly covered
noun. It happened because naturally, a child at the age of two-year-old
mostly cover the acquisition of language from its surrounding
environment.
2) A two years old Mandailing child acquired the language by interacting
with surrounding environment mostly consist of things whether it is living
things or dead things, and in expressing the language in his daily life, the
child hardly used body language or gesture, he used it in a certain time in
order to help him deliver the meaning of what he is about to speak to his
co-speaker.
3) A two years old Mandailing child acquired his phonology production step
by step for the unclear phone production to the clearer ones at other next
occasion. Phonological process which are found in the phonology
production with several processes they are; substitution processes namely
stopping and fronting processes. The assimilatory process namely voicing
process, then the last syllable structure process, the processes which are
covered in this process are; cluster reduction process, deletion of final
consonant, the deletion of unstressed syllable and reduplication.
76
5.2 Suggestions
In relations to the conclusions, suggestions are offered as the following;
1. Parents need to know the way of
children acquire the language and
masters some aspects of phonology, in order to help them managing their
utterances during having interaction with their children since children need
a very perfect model of language use.
2. Other researchers who want to conduct futher research to know more
about the language acquisition on child and it not going to be only limited
on a two-year child but also to the child at different age in order to enrich
the knowledge of language acquisition in general and language production
in specific.
3. Playgroup’s teachers should learn how the way childreen acquire the
language because children’s phonological acquisition actually occurred
naturally within their self, when they are in learning situation. In case,
teachers find that children fail to product accepted phonology acquisition,
they improve the words directly.
77
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