INACCURACY PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH SINGULAR-PLURAL FORMS IN BRADMAN’S AND CHATTERTON’S DEADLY GAME INTO PERMAINAN MAUT
INACCURACY PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH
SINGULAR-PLURAL FORMS IN BRADMAN’S AND
CHATTERTON’S DEADLY GAME INTO PERMAINAN MAUT
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
NOFI
Student Number: 044214013
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
INACCURACY PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH
SINGULAR-PLURAL FORMS IN BRADMAN’S AND
CHATTERTON’S DEADLY GAME INTO PERMAINAN MAUT
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
NOFI
Student Number: 044214013
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
Smile to the world,
and the world will smile back
(C. Ingebrigtsen)
FOR
MY BLESSED BUDDHA,
MY BELOVED PARENTS,
MY LOVELY SISTERS,
AND THOSE WHO KEEP BELIEVING
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To begin, I would love to thank Buddha for giving me blessings to finish my thesis. This thesis would never be done without Him on my side and heart.
I would like to show my gratefulness to Sanata Dharma University for being the best place to study, to Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, S.S., M. Hum. for his patience in guiding me doing this thesis and being my interviewed, to Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. for the advices and suggestion, to all the English Letters lecturers for the willingness to improve my English skill, and to all the staffs for keeping this campus a comfort place . To Mom, Dad, and all my sisters, Pipi, Epi, Eni, Lia, Santa and Ren-ren for giving me support, love and prayers so I can do my best. I am also very thankful to have best friends like Taini, Dita Ndutz, Disti, Rini, Indree, Lutfi, Sisca, Elin, and Pita in this campus. I hope one day we can have a picnic again.
Also, I would like to thank my other friends in English Letters 2004. To my closest friends Fen-fen and Tita for the supports, to Hendra “Boy” for giving me spirit to keep moving on, to Oni for being my best cousin in happiness and sadness, and to all my friends in Palembang. I wish the best for them all.
Lastly, I would like to thank everyone whom I forgot to name. I thank them for always believing in anything that I have been doing. May God bless them all.
Nofi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………....................... i APPROVAL PAGE ...................................................................................... iiACCEPTENCE PAGE ................................................................................ iii
MOTTO PAGE …………………………………..................................…... iv
DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………….............................. v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ………………………………………................ vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………................................. vii
ABSTRACT ………………………………………….................................. ix
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………..................... x
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………….……... 20
A. Object of the Study ………………………………………......……... 20 B. Method of the Study ………………………………………....……... 21 C. Research Procedure …………………………………………..……... 212. The Inaccurate Translation of English Singular Forms ……........ 45
1. The Inaccurate Translation of English Plural Forms …..….......... 27
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS …………………………………….……....... 26
A. The Inaccurate Translated English Singular and Plural Forms in Deadly Game and Permainan Maut …………………………….….. 263. Data Analysis …………………………….…………...….……... 24
2. Data Collection …………………………….…………......…….. 23
1. Data Source ……………….……………………………..…….... 21
D. Research Framework ……………………………………….........….. 19
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………....… 1
A. Background of the Study …..……………………………………...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………...…….... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ………………………………………...….... 4 D. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………..…... 5CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ………………....…...…….... 7
A. Review of Related Studies …………………………………….…..... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ………………………………....…....… 8C. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………............... 18
6. Notes on Thinking-Aloud Protocol ……………………...........… 16
5. Notes on Functionalism in Translation …………………..........… 14
4. Theories on Indonesian Singular and Plural Nouns ...................... 12
3. Theories on English Singular and Plural Nouns ………......……. 11
2. Translation Process …………………………………................... 9
1. Translation Shift ………………………………………............… 8
B. The Effects of the Inaccuracy Problems Caused by Translation Shift …….…....................................................................................... 50
C. The Reasons of the Translator in Making Translation Shift in
Permainan Maut ...…………………………………………….....….. 56
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ……………......… 58
A. Conclusion ………………………………………………….......…… 58 B. Suggestion …………………………………..………………….…… 63BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………..………...........… 64
APPENDICES ………………………………………………..……...……. 66
Appendix 1 The Result of Questionnaire …………………..…….......… 66 Appendix 2 The Accumulation of Scores …………………..…….……. 67 Appendix 3 The Sample of Questionnaire …....……..……...…..……… 70 Appendix 4 The Result of Interview ……….…………….…..…….….. 76
ABSTRACT
NOFI. Inaccuracy Problems of Translating English Singular-Plural Forms in
Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.
Deadly Game is a novel written by Tony Bradman and Martin Chatterton
which is translated into bahasa Indonesia by Harris Setiajid entitled Permainan
Maut . In doing the translation work, the writer finds out that the translator tends to
translate the English singular-plural forms inaccurately that can result in problems.
In this thesis, the writer is discussing three main points. First is to find out and analyze the noun forms which are translated inaccurately and offer better revisions. The second point is to find out the effects of the inaccuracy which will also be expressed by some readers. The last point is to know why the translator chooses to translate the forms inaccurately.
In order to conduct the analysis, there are three important aspects that will be used. The first is to analyze the inaccurate translated English singular and plural forms by identifying two primary data, Deadly Game and Permainan Maut. Second is to find the effects of the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms which are also supported by some readers through questionnaires. The last aspect is to find out the reasons of the translator translating the English singular-plural forms inaccurately.
From the analysis, the writer finds out that there are 39 data which are translated inaccurately, in which 31 of them are the inaccurate translation of plural forms and 8 are the inaccurate translation of singular forms. It is also proved that the inaccuracy problems result in changes in meaning, perspective and atmosphere of the original story. According to the questionnaires which are distributed to five respondents, three of them argue that, regarding to singular-plural forms,
Permainan Maut is inaccurate since the inaccuracy problems can decrease the
meaning and the mental description of the real story while the other two respondents do not have the same opinion since the context and the terms used in the novel can be delivered clearly and fully to the target language readers. In fact, after conducting an interview with the translator, it is finally observed that the translator does not really realize of translating singular-plural forms inaccurately. He is trying to make the sentences effective and make the context suitable.
ABSTRAK
NOFI. Inaccuracy Problems of Translating English Singular-Plural Forms in
Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008.
Deadly Game adalah novel yang ditulis oleh Tony Bradman dan Martin
Chatterton dan diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia oleh Harris Setiajid dengan judul Permainan Maut. Dalam proses terjemahannya, penulis menemukan bahwa penerjemah cenderung menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak bahasa Inggris secara tidak akurat yang menyebabkan masalah.
Dalam skripsi ini, penulis membahas tiga poin penting. Pertama adalah menemukan dan menganalisis bentuk-bentuk kata benda yang diterjemahkan secara tidak akurat dan menawarkan revisi yang baik. Poin kedua adalah untuk mengetahui dampak-dampak dari ketidakakuratan tersebut yang juga akan didukung oleh beberapa pembaca. Poin terakhir adalah untuk mengetahui alasan penerjemah memilih untuk menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak secara tidak akurat.
Untuk melakukan semua analisis, ada tiga aspek penting yang akan dibahas. Pertama adalah menganalisa ketidakakuratan dalam menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak bahasa Inggris melalui identifikasi data primer, Deadly
Game dan Permainan Maut. Kedua adalah mengetahui dampak-dampak dari
ketidakakuratan tersebut yang juga akan diungkapkan oleh pembaca melalui kuisioner. Aspek terakhir adalah mengetahui alasan-alasan penerjemah menerjemahkan secara tidak akurat bentuk tunggal dan jamak tersebut.
Dari semua analisis, penulis menemukan bahwa ada 39 data yang diterjemahkan secara tidak akurat, yaitu 31 adalah ketidakakuratan menerjemahkan bentuk jamak dan 8 bentuk tunggal yang tidak akurat. Terbukti juga bahwa ketidakakuratan tersebut menyebabkan perubahan-perubahan pada arti, perspektif dan atmosfer pada cerita asli. Dari kuisioner yang dibagikan pada 5 responden, 3 di antaranya menyatakan bahwa, dari segi bentuk tunggal dan jamak,
Permainan Maut tidak akurat karena menyebabkan pengurangan arti dan
gambaran mental pada cerita asli sedangkan 2 responden tidak setuju karena konteks dan istilah-istilah yang digunakan dapat diterima dengan jelas dan penuh oleh para pembaca. Pada kenyataannya, setelah melakukan wawancara, ditelusuri juga bahwa penerjemah kurang menyadari telah menerjemahkan bentuk tunggal dan jamak secara tidak akurat. Penerjemah mencoba membuat kalimat yang efektif dan menyesuaikan konteks.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study English is a world language. Most people use English almost in their
everyday life. English is used mostly in communication, such as in conversation, teaching-learning process, mass media, songs, and so forth. English has also been used in literary works, especially novels.
Since many English books need to be translated, translation becomes very much helpful because most people in Indonesia do not have any skill and knowledge about other language except their mother-tongue. That is why most publishers try to make the novels sold-out by translating them into Indonesian.
Translation job is not easy. Someone must have basic knowledge about his/her own culture, the mastery of mother-tongue language, the basic knowledge about the theory of translation study, and so forth. Translation, since the first time it was known, has faced many debates. Many scientists still argue on the “real” meaning of translation.
According to Bell in his book entitled Translation and Translating:
Theory and Practice, translation should cover three understandings. First is
translating as the process or the activity. Second is a translation as the product or the translated text. The third is translation as the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process (1991:19).
Translation can result in problems when a translator does not concern enough on the real message of the author. One of the examples is the rise of translation shift. Translation shift is the small linguistics changes that occur between source text (ST) and target text (TT) (Catford, 1965:73). One of the main focuses of translation shift covers a change from singular into plural forms and vice versa. One of the phenomenons of the translation shift can be seen in the translation of Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut. Here, the translator tends to translate the singular forms into plural and plural forms into singular.
One of the examples is the translation of the clause reading one of his
comics into sedang membaca komik. The problem of such case is that the idea that
the author wants to say is not delivered correctly. The phrase one of his comics which is translated into komik changes in message. The author actually wants to say that Jake has many comics and he is reading one of them. In fact, the translator changes the message that Jake seems to have only one comic.
According to the writer, this phenomenon is worth to study because this shift might change the meaning of the source text. The occurrence of meaning changing that is caused by translation shift is very serious. It can cause two significant problems. First is the rise of the different aspect between the author’s idea and the reader’s perspective toward the idea. What the writer means here is that when an author decides to use a word, in consideration of singular and plural forms, he already has his own idea what the story will be.
The goal of the translator is to communicate to the receptor audience the same information and the same mood as was conveyed by the original document to the original audience (Larson, 1984:421).
If there is a shift in the target text, the readers, anyway, will receive a different idea. They may simply find the story boring than what the author wants to expect from them.
The second problem is that by a shift, a translator may find that the translation work is easy because in this case he prefers choosing to shift some words rather than trying to find a relevancy in language between the word in the source text and target text. Meaning to say, the translator may consider a translation shift as his second alternative when he thinks a word will be heard awkward when it is translated into other language as what it is supposed to be.
English and Indonesian language have equivalence, especially in singular and plural forms. If for example there is a word eyes in English, by considering the equivalence to Indonesian language, it is better to say sepasang mata, instead of translating the word into its singular form mata although Indonesian people widely consider mata as plural form.
From all the arguments about the study of translation above, the writer wants to study further about translation. The topic “Inaccuracy in Translating English Singular and Plural Forms in Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut” will focus on the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms. The writer finds that the translator tends to translate the English singular and plural forms inaccurately, and because of the inaccuracy matters the writer also identifies that it gives some effects toward the original story. That is why the writer thinks that this thesis is worth studying.
There will be some findings on the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms and the effects toward its original story. In the discussion later, it will also be observed the reasons of the translator translating English singular and plural forms inaccurately.
B. Problem Formulation
In order to guide and limit the points of discussion and make the writing clear, some questions which are related to the topic have been prepared. The questions are formulated as follows.
1. What are the English singular and plural forms translated inaccurately found in the translation of Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into
Permainan Maut ?
2. How do the inaccurate English singular and plural forms affect the original story Deadly Game?
3. Why does the translator tend to translate the English singular and plural forms inaccurately in the translated novel Permainan Maut?
C. Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems above, there are three objectives of the study. First is to identify the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms in the translation of Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game into Permainan Maut. Second is to find the effects of the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms toward the original novel Deadly Game. The last is to know the reasons why the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms is made by the translator in the translated novel Permainan Maut.
D. Definition of Terms
Some words related to the research will be defined in order to help the writer analyze the topic. In this part, the writer will use some sources in order to give the most appropriate definition of the specific terms.
Translation
According to Catford in A Linguistics Theory of Translation, translation is “The replacement of textual material in one language (the source language, SL), by equivalent textual material in one language (the target language, TL).” (1965:20)
Larson states that translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the target language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of the second language by way of semantic structure (1984:3).
Nida in Principles of Translation as Exemplified by Bible Translation states that translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in meaning and secondly in style (1969:12).
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation is a process in which the message of one language (source language) is transmitted into another language.
Translation Shift
Vinay and Darbelnet (in Newmark’s A Textbook of Translation, 1988) define translation shift or transposition as a translation procedure involving a change in grammar from source language into target language. What is meant by “change” include the change from singular into plural, adjective into noun, and vice versa, passive voice into active voice.
Catford (1965:73) defines translation shift as the small linguistic changes that occur between source text and target text.
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies Yunita Wulansari in her undergraduate thesis entitled Translation Strategies in Overcoming Cultural Problems in Translating Mangunwijaya’s Burung-Burung Camar into the Weavebirds discusses some cultural nouns which
exist in Indonesian culture are untranslatable. She states that there are 48 Javanese culture-bound expressions which are found in the novel, based on concrete and abstract equivalences. The concrete concepts found are names of species that are not common in the TL, types of food, location, tool, clothes, etc. The abstract concepts are calendar system in Javanese, nobility title, traditional games, art, belief and superstition, etc. (2007:57-59).
Another study is from Henny Waty in The Problems of Translating Inyik
Lunak Si Tukang Cenang, Jakarta Sunyi Sekali di Malam Hari, and Mata Yang
Indah in the Anthology Mata yang Indah. She discusses the difficulties in
translating some words in Indonesian culture which do not have equivalent in English. Some words which are close to the Indonesian culture, e.g. gembong,
lepau, oplet, muhrim, dangdut and malam lebaran do not have the equivalent in
English because they only exist in Indonesian. That is why the English words are inappropriate in meaning. She states some factors referring to the above problems, such as different culture, the consideration of the same function, the lack of the specific terms in TL, the difference in expressive meaning, semantically complex, the lack of the target background, and omission of words or idea (2004: 64-67).
From the review of studies above, it can be clearly seen that the above writers are discussing a similar topic, that is the difficulties of translating cultural terms in Indonesian language. While in this thesis, the writer discusses the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms into Indonesian that can give effects to the original story.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Translation Shift
Catford in his book entitled A Linguistics Theory of Translation states that the small linguistics changes that occur between source text and target text is called translation shift (1965:73).
The term “translation shifts” means “departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL). A shift is said to occur if, in a given TT, a translation equivalent other than the formal correspondent occurs for a specific SL element.
Catford states that there are two major types of translation shifts. They are level shifts and category shifts. By a shift of level we mean that an SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level.
ST : That young woman in red is the director’s wife. (=phrase) TT : Wanita muda yang bergaun merah itu istri Pak Direktur. (=clause) Tou in A Step into Translatics mentions four major types of category shift (2003:7).
1. Structure (order) shift ST : A white house modifier + headword
- TT :Rumah putih headword modifier
2. Class shift ST : Medical faculty adjective + noun TT : Fakultas kedokteran noun + noun
3. Unit shift ST : A thinking person word as modifier + headword TT : Orang yang berpikir headword + clause as modifier
4. Intra-system shift
- ST : Many teachers modifier plural noun
- TT : Banyak guru modifier singular noun
2. Translation Process
Nababan in Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris defines a process of translation as the activities which are done by a translator when he/she transmits a message from a source language (SL) into a target language (TL) (1999:24).
The process of translation consists of three phases which are (1) analyzing the SL, (2) transmitting the message, and (3) restructuring.
Every translating activity starts with an SL analysis. An SL analysis consists of a reading activity to understand the content of the text and the linguistics and the extra linguistics elements. Linguistics elements are the language elements such as sentence pattern, clause, phrase, word, etc., while extra linguistics elements consist of elements outside the language, that is the socio- cultural of the SL.
After understanding the meaning and the structure of the SL, a translator can know the message of the text. The next step is to transmit the message into the TL. In this phase, a translator has to find the equivalent word between SL and TL. This process is also known as mental process because it occurs in the translator’s mind. After that, the translator transmits the message into the TL orally or written.
The last phase is restructuring. It is a process in which a translator must pay attention to the language of TL to find the accurate information with the SL.
Also, he/she has to pay attention to the target readers of the translated text. Bell in Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice draws the process of translation as follows.
Memory Source language
Analysis text Semantic representation
Target language Synthesis text
Figure 1. The translation process
The model shows the transformation of an SL text into TL text by means of processes which take place within memory: (1) the analysis of one language- specific text (the SL text) into a universal (non-language-specific text) semantic representation, and (2) the synthesis of the semantic representation into a second language-specific text (the TL text) (1991:21).
3. Theories on English Singular and Plural Nouns
Murphy in English Grammar In Use summarizes some rules on the use of singular and plural form (1985:156). i. We use some nouns only in the plural, e.g.:
trousers jeans shorts ii. We don’t often use the plural of person (‘persons’). Instead we use people.
iii. These nouns end in –s but they are not usually plural:
mathematics physics news
iv. Some singular nouns are often used with a plural verb:
government family audience
v. Sometimes we use a plural noun with a singular verb. We do this when we talk about sum of money, a period of time, a distance:
five thousand pounds
Leech and Svartvik in A Communicative Grammar of English also state some points on singular and plural use (1975:252). i. the nouns which are singular are: (a) Singular count nouns, i.e. nouns denoting ‘one’, e.g. a boy, the table.
(b) Mass nouns, e.g. advertising, music. (c) Proper nouns, e.g. Mars, the Thames. The only nouns which normally occur in the plural are plural count nouns, i.e. nouns denoting ‘more than one’, e.g. two boys, the tables. ii. The regular plural is formed by adding –s or –es to the singular. But special mention must be made of:
(a) some nouns which end in –s but are singular, e.g. news, names of diseases (measles, mumps); subject names in –ics (classics,
linguistics ), some games (billiards, dominos), some proper nouns (Athens, Brussels).
(b) Some nouns which occur only in the plural, e.g. cattle, people, police, the Middle Ages .
4. Theories on Indonesian Singular and Plural Nouns
According to Effendi in Panduan Berbahasa Indonesia dengan Baik dan
Benar , Indonesian language does not use any affix to express plural forms.
Reduplication is one marker to express plurality (1995:115-119).
(1) Kegiatan-kegiatan itu bermanfaat bagi pembinaan minat baca masyarakat.
(2) Para pelajar diberi kesempatan mengikuti kursus-kursus itu. The words kegiatan-kegiatan in (1) and kursus-kursus in (2) are reduplication and meaning plural, more than one activity and more than one course. This case of reduplication is called complete reduplication, as can be seen in the words kapal-kapal and ships in English form (Oplt, 1966:263). If the reduplication words are deleted becoming kegiatan and kursus, the plural meaning will lose and singular meaning will arise (Effendi, 1995: 116).
Sometimes reduplication is not used to express plurality. Some words describing plural form can be used before the noun without any reduplication.
(3) Para pengarang menolak gagasan seperti itu. (4) Banyak rumah yang hancur dilanda lahar panas. (5) Berapa pertanyaan yang dikemukakan guru itu? (6) Tidak semua kegiatan dilakukannya dengan baik.
(7) Berbagai masalah didiskusikan dalam pertemuan itu. The words pengarang in (3), rumah in (4), pertanyaan in (5), kegiatan in
(6), and masalah in (7) are not reduplicated, but each expresses plurality because those words are preceded by words related to numbers, those are para, banyak,
berapa, semua, and berbagai.
(8) Pabrik yang besar-besar telah dibangun di negara itu. (9) Bermacam-macam buku yang dipamerkan dalam pameran itu. The words pabrik in (8) and buku in (9) express plurality although they do not reduplicate. This is because these words are followed by other reduplicated words besar-besar and bermacam-macam. Sometimes there are words in Indonesian language which are in singular form but meaning plural, as in (10) and (11).
(10) Rakyat berjuang mempertahankan kemerdekaan. (11) Masyarakat di kampung itu bergotong-royong membangun jembatan.
Oplt states that sometimes reduplication can appear with the addition of the suffix –an to express collective terms.
buah (fruit) buah-buahan (fruits) daun (leaf) daun-daunan (leaves)
Some nouns, when fully reduplicated, change their meaning although sometimes the meaning is similar or related.
mata (eyes) langit (sky) mata-mata (spy) langit-langit (palate)
5. Notes on Functionalism in Translation
ne of the most recent developments in translation
According to Chosefu, o
theory is the emergence of “Functionalist” approaches to translation. These
approaches emphasize the purpose or the function for which a translation is needed as
the main criterion that determines how a translation is to be done
(http://academic.sun.ac.za).Nord explains that in an ideal situation of translation, a client approaches a translator for a service. The client gives as many details as possible about the translation purpose, explaining the addressees, time, place, preferred medium, and the function of the translation. Nord also explains that the detailed information, which the client gives, constitutes a translation brief or commission. According to Nord, the translation brief specifies the kind of translation that is expected by the client.
However, the translator’s role is considered as very crucial in the translation process, because he or she is ostensibly the expert in the translation and should be responsible for ensuring that the assignment given in the translation brief is done satisfactorily. Nord explains that the translator studies the translation brief and gives advice regarding the viability of the translation in view of the specifications given in the client. The other point raised by Nord is that whereas the translation brief specifies what kind of translation is needed, this brief has to be negotiated between the client and the translator. Nord also states that translators are not obliged to meet all the demands of the clients, but they have a moral responsibility not to deceive them. Therefore the translator is required to be loyal to the specifications of the client without violating the original intentions of the source text (ST) author.
Nord, therefore, places an emphasis on two things: the client’s specifications in the translation brief and the need for the translator to maintain loyalty to both the client and the author of the ST. That is what constitutes the “function-plus-loyalty” model.
Nord’s functionalist model implies that acceptability of a mother tongue
translation can be achieved if the translator harmonizes the desired functions of the
target text with the original communicative functions of the source text. Nord’s
functionalist model also implies that a translation that is done with total disregard of
the expectations of the target language community may be irrelevant to the actual
needs of the clients and therefore unacceptable.6. Notes on Thinking-Aloud Protocol
Campbell in Translation into the Second Language states the definition on TAP procedure.
By psychological modelling of the translation process, I mean attempts to infer mental constructs from empirical data. This could be done by mapping the inferred mental constructs in translators of different levels of ability, or longitudinally in student translators (1998:6).
Another definition comes from Dancette in Comprehension in the
Translation Process: An Analysis of Thinking-Aloud Protocol collected in
Dollerup and Lindegaard’s Teaching Translation and Interpreting 2.When dealing with protocols, it is necessary to be aware of the fact that protocols, even when they are combined with questionnaires and interviews, are only a posteriori and clumsy and possibly false justification for a performance (1994:120).
As stated by Hom in Thinking Aloud Protocol that although the main benefit of TAP is a better understanding of the user's mental model and interaction with the product, other benefits can be gained as well. For example, the terminology the user uses to express an idea or function should be incorporated into the product design or at least its documentation (jthom.best.vwh.net /usability/thnkalod.htm).
A paper entitled Using Protocol Analysis to Explore the Creative
Requirements Engineering Process
states that there are two kinds of approaches to data collection in protocol analysis, they are concurrent and retrospective (http://epress.anu.edu.au). Concurrent protocols are generated when the problem solver verbalizes their thoughts while working on a specific task. First, the problem solver is trained to verbalize his or her thoughts using a thinking aloud technique. Second, with a given task, the problem solver verbalizes his or her thoughts while working on a given task. The process is video and/or audio taped, and transcribed. As a result, a thinking-aloud concurrent protocol acts as the generator of the data source, which is then later coded and analyzed.
Retrospective protocols conduct interviews with the problem solver after the problem solving process, usually immediately. During the interview, the problem solver is asked to recall his or her activities. Interviews are audio and/or videotaped and transcribed. The generated retrospective protocols serve as data for later coding and analysis to reconstruct the problem solving process and gain insight into what happened during the process.
According to Ruuskanen in Creating the ‘Other’: A Pragmatic in Nababan’s Arah Penelitian Penerjemahan, generally a
Translation Tool
professional translator already has a description about the target text readers, and sometimes when interviewed or asked to fill a questionnaire, there is a possibility that some things which are expressed by the translator are different from what he did when doing a translation work (http://iasiuns.blogspot.com).
C. Theoretical Framework
This research aims at answering the problems that have been stated previously. In this part, the application of the theories on the research will be explained. Theories on translation shift, translation process, theories on English singular and plural nouns and theories on Indonesian singular and plural nouns are to answer the first question. The first theory discusses the explanation and the types of shift in translation. The second theory describes the process of translating an SL text into TL text. The third and the fourth theories explain the basic rules and usage of English singular and plural form and Indonesian singular and plural nouns.
The second question is dealt with the effects of the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural form into Indonesian. The previous analysis is needed in answering the question. Also, as a supportive data, the writer needs the opinions of some readers whether they consider Permainan Maut is accurate or not regarding the singular-plural forms. That is why some notes on functionalism in translation are used. It is used as guidance to get the reaction of the readers and to know their comments about the inaccuracy data through questionnaire, how it gives effect toward the original story.
In answering the third question, the writer will use some notes on thinking-aloud protocol as basic guidance to conduct an interview with the translator of the novel. These notes can help the writer find out the methodology of the translator in translating Deadly Game and at the same time find out the reasons of making translation shift in Permainan Maut.
D. Research Framework
To make clear the steps and the goal of this thesis, the writer has provided a diagram to describe the flow of the research.
TT ST
Permainan Maut Deadly Game
Data compilation STplural
→ TTsingular STsingular
→ TTplural Readers:
Translator R1= English lecturer in Sanata
Dharma University R2= English lecturer in Duta
Wacana Christian University R3+R4= English Letters students R5= English instructor in Adista
Aviation Training Center Reasons of Inaccuracy Effects of making shift analysis inaccuracy
Meaning shift Translation shift Accurate/inaccurate
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study Since the thesis is trying to identify the inaccuracy in translating English
singular and plural forms, to find the effects of the inaccuracy toward its original story, and to know the reasons why the translator tends to make the inaccuracy, the data needed are the source novel Deadly Game which is written by Tony Bradman and Martin Chatterton and the translated version Permainan Maut by Harris Setiajid.
The writer uses a short story by Tony Bradman and Martin Chatterton entitled Deadly Game. This novel consists of 105 pages, and is published by Egmont Books Limited, London in 2004. The Indonesian version Permainan
Maut is translated by Harris Hermansyah Setiajid and published by Kanisius
Yogyakarta in 2004.Bradman’s and Chatterton’s Deadly Game is a thriller story. It tells about a little boy named Jake who is very bad to his sister, Hannah. One day he refuses playing with her, and that makes her very angry. She then wishes that her imaginary friend can replace her brother by touching the Heart Stone. It does happen. The story ends with the trial of killing Jake by Hannah’s imaginary friend. At last, Jake can be a brother for Hannah again and he promises that he will be very nice to Hannah and his parents.
B. Method of the Study
The thesis will use three data sources which cover three aspects. The first aspect is the identification of the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms in both novels. In this aspect, the writer is positioned as a linguist in which the analysis will be segmental. The first aspect will also help the writer to find the effects that arise. To support the argument, the second aspect, that is conducting a questionnaire distribution, is used to summarize the general effects of the inaccuracy problems toward its original story stated by the readers. The last aspect includes an interview with the translator to find out the reasons of the inaccuracy in translating English singular and plural forms.
C. Research Procedure
1. Data Source
To support the writer in answering the questions which were formulated, there would be three main sources that were used in this thesis.