Pengaruh Suhu Pirolisis Terhadap Produksi Bio-char dari Pirolisis Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS)
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1] Somrat Kerdswan dan Krongkaew Laohalidanond, Renewable Energy from
Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch, Renewable Energy – Trends and Applications, hal :
123-150, ISBN 978-953-307-939-4, 2011.
[2] Irvan Fatar Manik, Rancang Bangun Instalasi Turbin Francis Pada Head
9,29 Meter Dan Uji Eksperimental Dengan Variasi Bukaan Sudu Pengarah,
Skripsi Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik USU, Medan, 2012.
[3]Sarani Zakaria, Liew, Tze Khong, Chia, Chin Hua, Pua, Fei Ling, Pin, Fan
Suet, Roslan, Rasidi, Amran, Umar Adil, Potthast Antje, Rosenau, Thomas, dan
Falk Liebner, Characterization of Fe2O3/FeOOH Catalyzed Solvolytic
Liquefaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Products, Journal of
Bioremeditation dan Biodegradation S4 : 001 ISSN: 2155-6199, 2013.
[4] M. T. Azizan, Yusup, S., Laziz, Mohd., dan M. M. Ahmad, Production of
Bio-Oil from Oil Palm’s Empty Fruit Bunch via Pyrolysis, Proceedings of the 3rd
WSEAS Int. Conf. on Renewable Energy Resources, hal : 228-233, ISSN 17905095, 2009.
[5] Mohammad Azri Sukiran, Kheang, Loh Soh, Bakar, Nasrin Abu, dan Choo
Yuen May, Production and Characterization of Bio-char from the Pyrolysis of
Empty Fruit Bunches, American Journal of Applied Sciences 8 (10) : 984-988
ISSN 1546-9239, 2011
[6] Siti Thaiyiba Shafie, Salleh, Mohammad Amran Mohd., Hang, Lau Lek,
Rahman, Md. Mukhlesur Rahman, dan Wan Alina Wan Abdul Karim Ghani,
Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on the Biochar Nutrient and Water Retention
Capacity, Journal of Purity, Utility Reaction and Enviromental Vol. 1 No. 6 hal :
323-337 ISSN : 2232-1179, 2012.
[7] Mohammad Azri Sukiran, Chin, Chow Mee, dan Nor Kartini Abu Bakar, Biooils from Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches, American Journal of
Applied Sciences 6 (5) : 869-875 ISSN : 1546-9239, 2009.
[8] Peerapon Ruengvilairat, Tanatavikorn, Harakhum, dan Vitidsant, Tharapong,
Bio-Oil Production by Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch in Nitrogen and
Steam Atmospheres, Journal of Sustinaible Bioenergy Systems 2 Scientific
Research hal. : 75-85, 2012.
68
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[9] Mohammad Azri Sukiran, Kheang, Loh Soh, Bakar, Nasrin Abu, dan Choo
Yuen May, Pyrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunches: Influences of Temperature on the
Yields and Composition of Gaseous Product, American Journal of Applied
Sciences 11 (4) : 606-610 ISSN 1546-9239, 2014.
[10] Samy Sadaka, Mahmoud A. Sharara, Amanda Asworth, Patrick Keyser, Fred
Allen, Andrew Wright. Characterization of Bio-char from Switchgrass
Carbonization . Journal Energies (Juli,2014), hal 1-9.
[11] Cora Gheorge, Cosmin Marculescu, adrian Badea, Cristian Dinca, Tiberiu
Apostol. Effect of Pyrolisis Conditions on Bio-char Production from Biomass,
2014, hal 239-241
[12] BP, BP Statistical Review of World Energy, British Petroleum, London,
2013.
[13] World Bank, World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 2012, World Bank,
Washington DC, 2013.
[14] M. Syukri Nur, Karakteristi Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Bahan Baku Bioenergi,
PT. Insan Fajar Mandiri Nusantara Bogor, 2014
[15] Departemen Pertanian, Statistik Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian Republik
Indonesia, Jakarta, 2014
[16] N. Abdullah, F. Sulaiman, dan H. Gerhausser, Characterisation of Oil Palm
Empty Fruit Bunches for Fuel Application. Journal of Physical Science, Vol. 22
(1) 1-21, 2011.
[17] N. Abdullah, dan A. V. Bridgewater, Pyrolysis Liquid Derived From Oil
Palm Empty Fruit Bunches. Journal of Physical Science Vol. 17 (2) 117-129.
2006.
[18] N. Abdullah, dan F. Sulaiman, The Oil Palm Wastes in Malaysia, Biomass
Now – Sustainable Growth and Use, ISBN: 978-953-51-1105-4, InTech, 2013.
[19] Anjireddy Bhavanam dan R. C. Sastry, Biomass Gasification Process in
Downdraft Fixed Bed Reactors: A Review. International Journal of Chemical
Engineering and Applications, Vol. 2 No. 6, 2011.
69
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[22] A. E. Putun,, Apaydin, E., dan E. Putun, Bio-oil Production from Pyrolysis and
Steam Pyrolysis of Soybean-cake: Product Yields and Composition. Journal of
Energy 27, hal. : 703-713, ISSN: 0360-5442, 2002.
[23] Andres Santiago Basso, Effect of Fast Pyrolysis Biochar on Physical and
Chemical Properties of A Sandy Soil. Graduate Dissertation Iowa State
University, 2012.
[24] O. Onay, Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature and Heating Rate on The
Production of Bio-oil and Char from Safflower Seed by Pyrolysis, Using a WellSwept Fixed-Bed Reactor. Journal of Fuel Processing Technology 88, hal. : 523531, ISSN: 0378-3820, 2007.
[28] Nataliya Kulyk. “Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Biochar Application in the
U.S. Cereal Crop Cultivation.” Capstone Project, Center for Public Policy and
Administration, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2012, hal. 23 – 24.
[29] Mohd Taufik Tahir, B. Mohamd, The Production Of Bio Oil Through Batch
Pyrolysis Process, Thesis Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources
Engineering University of Malaysia Pahang, 2009.
[30] D. Mohan, Pittman Jr., C.U., dan P. H. Steele, Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass
for Bio-oil: A Critical Review. Journal of Fuels, 20 (3), hal. 848–889,
DOI: 10.1021/ef0502397, 2006.
[31] Lim Khor, K.O., dan Z.A. Zainal, Characterization of Bio-Oil: A By-Product
from Slow Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches. American Journal of
Applied Sciences 6 (9): 1647-1652, ISSN 1546-9239, 2009.
[32] Bembga Bevan Nyakuma, Arshad Ahmad., Anwar Johari., Tuan Amran
Tuan Abdullah. Torrefaction of Pelletized Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches. The
21st International Symposium on alcohol Fuels-21st ISAF, (Johor Baru,2012), hal
1-5
[35] Wilen, C., Stahlberg, P., Sipila, K., Ahokas, J., London, X. (1987).
Pelletization and Combustion of Straw. Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1987.
[36] California Pellet Mill.co, The Pelleting Process. 2011
[37] R. Jannasch, Y Quan dan R Samson. A process and energy Analized off
Pelleting Switchgrass. Resources efficient Agricultultural productian. 2001
70
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[38] CEFIC, Test Method of Activated Carbon, European Council of Chemical
Manufacturers Federations, France, 1986.
[39] ASTM D 1762-84, “Standard Method of Chemical Analysis of Wood
Charcoal,” American Society of the International Association for Testing and
Materials, 1990 : hal. 292-293.
[40] Sartorius. Manual of Weighing Aplication, Part I: Density. Weighing
Techonlogy,1999), hal 28-29
[41] Balatinecz, J.J. (1983). The Potential of Densification in Biomass Utilization.
Plenum Press, London.
[42] Thomas Miles,
Standard Test Method for Determination of Moisture
Content of Particulate Wood Fuels Using a Microwave Oven (ASTM,2006), hal
1-2
[43] Peter McKendry, “Energy Production from Biomass (Part 1): Overview of
Biomass,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 83 Elsevier 2002 : hal. 37 – 46.
[44] Akwasi A. Boateng, Charles A. Mullen, Neil M. Goldberg, Kevin B. Hicks,
Colleen M. McMahan, Maureen C. Whalen, Katrina Cornish. “Energy-dense
Liquid Fuel Intermediates by Pyrolysis of Guayule (Parthenium argentatum)
Shrub and Bagasse,” Journal of Fuel, Vol. 88 Elsevier 2009 : hal. 2207 – 2215.
[45] Engineering Toolbox (2016). Fuels – Higher Calorific Value. Diakses 23
November 2016, dari The Engineering Toolbox.
www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-caloric-values
[46] Christie J. Geankoplis, Transport Process and Unit Operations (New Jersey:
Prantice-Hall International, Inc., 1993), hal. 236 dan 855.
71
Universitas Sumatera Utara
72
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[1] Somrat Kerdswan dan Krongkaew Laohalidanond, Renewable Energy from
Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch, Renewable Energy – Trends and Applications, hal :
123-150, ISBN 978-953-307-939-4, 2011.
[2] Irvan Fatar Manik, Rancang Bangun Instalasi Turbin Francis Pada Head
9,29 Meter Dan Uji Eksperimental Dengan Variasi Bukaan Sudu Pengarah,
Skripsi Departemen Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik USU, Medan, 2012.
[3]Sarani Zakaria, Liew, Tze Khong, Chia, Chin Hua, Pua, Fei Ling, Pin, Fan
Suet, Roslan, Rasidi, Amran, Umar Adil, Potthast Antje, Rosenau, Thomas, dan
Falk Liebner, Characterization of Fe2O3/FeOOH Catalyzed Solvolytic
Liquefaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Products, Journal of
Bioremeditation dan Biodegradation S4 : 001 ISSN: 2155-6199, 2013.
[4] M. T. Azizan, Yusup, S., Laziz, Mohd., dan M. M. Ahmad, Production of
Bio-Oil from Oil Palm’s Empty Fruit Bunch via Pyrolysis, Proceedings of the 3rd
WSEAS Int. Conf. on Renewable Energy Resources, hal : 228-233, ISSN 17905095, 2009.
[5] Mohammad Azri Sukiran, Kheang, Loh Soh, Bakar, Nasrin Abu, dan Choo
Yuen May, Production and Characterization of Bio-char from the Pyrolysis of
Empty Fruit Bunches, American Journal of Applied Sciences 8 (10) : 984-988
ISSN 1546-9239, 2011
[6] Siti Thaiyiba Shafie, Salleh, Mohammad Amran Mohd., Hang, Lau Lek,
Rahman, Md. Mukhlesur Rahman, dan Wan Alina Wan Abdul Karim Ghani,
Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on the Biochar Nutrient and Water Retention
Capacity, Journal of Purity, Utility Reaction and Enviromental Vol. 1 No. 6 hal :
323-337 ISSN : 2232-1179, 2012.
[7] Mohammad Azri Sukiran, Chin, Chow Mee, dan Nor Kartini Abu Bakar, Biooils from Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches, American Journal of
Applied Sciences 6 (5) : 869-875 ISSN : 1546-9239, 2009.
[8] Peerapon Ruengvilairat, Tanatavikorn, Harakhum, dan Vitidsant, Tharapong,
Bio-Oil Production by Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch in Nitrogen and
Steam Atmospheres, Journal of Sustinaible Bioenergy Systems 2 Scientific
Research hal. : 75-85, 2012.
68
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[9] Mohammad Azri Sukiran, Kheang, Loh Soh, Bakar, Nasrin Abu, dan Choo
Yuen May, Pyrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunches: Influences of Temperature on the
Yields and Composition of Gaseous Product, American Journal of Applied
Sciences 11 (4) : 606-610 ISSN 1546-9239, 2014.
[10] Samy Sadaka, Mahmoud A. Sharara, Amanda Asworth, Patrick Keyser, Fred
Allen, Andrew Wright. Characterization of Bio-char from Switchgrass
Carbonization . Journal Energies (Juli,2014), hal 1-9.
[11] Cora Gheorge, Cosmin Marculescu, adrian Badea, Cristian Dinca, Tiberiu
Apostol. Effect of Pyrolisis Conditions on Bio-char Production from Biomass,
2014, hal 239-241
[12] BP, BP Statistical Review of World Energy, British Petroleum, London,
2013.
[13] World Bank, World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 2012, World Bank,
Washington DC, 2013.
[14] M. Syukri Nur, Karakteristi Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Bahan Baku Bioenergi,
PT. Insan Fajar Mandiri Nusantara Bogor, 2014
[15] Departemen Pertanian, Statistik Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian Republik
Indonesia, Jakarta, 2014
[16] N. Abdullah, F. Sulaiman, dan H. Gerhausser, Characterisation of Oil Palm
Empty Fruit Bunches for Fuel Application. Journal of Physical Science, Vol. 22
(1) 1-21, 2011.
[17] N. Abdullah, dan A. V. Bridgewater, Pyrolysis Liquid Derived From Oil
Palm Empty Fruit Bunches. Journal of Physical Science Vol. 17 (2) 117-129.
2006.
[18] N. Abdullah, dan F. Sulaiman, The Oil Palm Wastes in Malaysia, Biomass
Now – Sustainable Growth and Use, ISBN: 978-953-51-1105-4, InTech, 2013.
[19] Anjireddy Bhavanam dan R. C. Sastry, Biomass Gasification Process in
Downdraft Fixed Bed Reactors: A Review. International Journal of Chemical
Engineering and Applications, Vol. 2 No. 6, 2011.
69
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[22] A. E. Putun,, Apaydin, E., dan E. Putun, Bio-oil Production from Pyrolysis and
Steam Pyrolysis of Soybean-cake: Product Yields and Composition. Journal of
Energy 27, hal. : 703-713, ISSN: 0360-5442, 2002.
[23] Andres Santiago Basso, Effect of Fast Pyrolysis Biochar on Physical and
Chemical Properties of A Sandy Soil. Graduate Dissertation Iowa State
University, 2012.
[24] O. Onay, Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature and Heating Rate on The
Production of Bio-oil and Char from Safflower Seed by Pyrolysis, Using a WellSwept Fixed-Bed Reactor. Journal of Fuel Processing Technology 88, hal. : 523531, ISSN: 0378-3820, 2007.
[28] Nataliya Kulyk. “Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Biochar Application in the
U.S. Cereal Crop Cultivation.” Capstone Project, Center for Public Policy and
Administration, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2012, hal. 23 – 24.
[29] Mohd Taufik Tahir, B. Mohamd, The Production Of Bio Oil Through Batch
Pyrolysis Process, Thesis Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources
Engineering University of Malaysia Pahang, 2009.
[30] D. Mohan, Pittman Jr., C.U., dan P. H. Steele, Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass
for Bio-oil: A Critical Review. Journal of Fuels, 20 (3), hal. 848–889,
DOI: 10.1021/ef0502397, 2006.
[31] Lim Khor, K.O., dan Z.A. Zainal, Characterization of Bio-Oil: A By-Product
from Slow Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches. American Journal of
Applied Sciences 6 (9): 1647-1652, ISSN 1546-9239, 2009.
[32] Bembga Bevan Nyakuma, Arshad Ahmad., Anwar Johari., Tuan Amran
Tuan Abdullah. Torrefaction of Pelletized Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches. The
21st International Symposium on alcohol Fuels-21st ISAF, (Johor Baru,2012), hal
1-5
[35] Wilen, C., Stahlberg, P., Sipila, K., Ahokas, J., London, X. (1987).
Pelletization and Combustion of Straw. Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1987.
[36] California Pellet Mill.co, The Pelleting Process. 2011
[37] R. Jannasch, Y Quan dan R Samson. A process and energy Analized off
Pelleting Switchgrass. Resources efficient Agricultultural productian. 2001
70
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[38] CEFIC, Test Method of Activated Carbon, European Council of Chemical
Manufacturers Federations, France, 1986.
[39] ASTM D 1762-84, “Standard Method of Chemical Analysis of Wood
Charcoal,” American Society of the International Association for Testing and
Materials, 1990 : hal. 292-293.
[40] Sartorius. Manual of Weighing Aplication, Part I: Density. Weighing
Techonlogy,1999), hal 28-29
[41] Balatinecz, J.J. (1983). The Potential of Densification in Biomass Utilization.
Plenum Press, London.
[42] Thomas Miles,
Standard Test Method for Determination of Moisture
Content of Particulate Wood Fuels Using a Microwave Oven (ASTM,2006), hal
1-2
[43] Peter McKendry, “Energy Production from Biomass (Part 1): Overview of
Biomass,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 83 Elsevier 2002 : hal. 37 – 46.
[44] Akwasi A. Boateng, Charles A. Mullen, Neil M. Goldberg, Kevin B. Hicks,
Colleen M. McMahan, Maureen C. Whalen, Katrina Cornish. “Energy-dense
Liquid Fuel Intermediates by Pyrolysis of Guayule (Parthenium argentatum)
Shrub and Bagasse,” Journal of Fuel, Vol. 88 Elsevier 2009 : hal. 2207 – 2215.
[45] Engineering Toolbox (2016). Fuels – Higher Calorific Value. Diakses 23
November 2016, dari The Engineering Toolbox.
www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-caloric-values
[46] Christie J. Geankoplis, Transport Process and Unit Operations (New Jersey:
Prantice-Hall International, Inc., 1993), hal. 236 dan 855.
71
Universitas Sumatera Utara
72
Universitas Sumatera Utara