Translation Ideology In The Process Of Translation Of The 8th Habit By Stephen R. Covey Into Bahasa Indonesia
TRANSLATION IDEOLOGY IN THE PROCESS OF
TRANSLATION OF THE 8TH HABIT BY STEPHEN
R. COVEY INTO BAHASA INDONESIA
DISERTASI
Oleh
ROSWANI SIREGAR
NIM: 108107007
Program Doktor (S3) Linguistik
FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2015
TRANSLATION IDEOLOGY IN THE PROCESS OF
TRANSLATION OF THE 8TH HABIT BY STEPHEN
R. COVEY INTO BAHASA INDONESIA
Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Doktor dalam Program
Doktor Linguistik pada Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara di bawah
pimpinan Pejabat Rektor Universitas Sumatera Utara Prof. Subhilhar, Ph.D.
untuk dipertahankan di hadapan Sidang Terbuka Senat
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Oleh
ROSWANI SIREGAR
NIM : 108107007
Program Doktor (S3) Linguistik
FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2015
Judul Disertasi
: TRANSLATION IDEOLOGY IN THE PROCESS OF
TRANSLATION OF THE 8TH HABIT BY STEPHEN
R. COVEY INTO BAHASA INDONESIA
Nama Mahasiswa : Roswani Siregar
Nomor Pokok
: 108107007
Program Studi
: Doktor (S3) Linguistik
Menyetujui
Komisi Pembimbing
(Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.)
Promotor
(Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.)
Ko-Promotor
(Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.)
Ko-Promotor
Ketua Program Studi,
Dekan,
(Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D)
(Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A)
HASIL PENELITIAN DISERTASI INI TELAH DISETUJUI
UNTUK DI UJI DALAM SIDANG TERBUKA DAN DITERIMA OLEH
PROGRAM STUDI LINGUISTIK FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
Oleh
Promotor
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
Ko-Promotor
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
Mengetahui,
Ketua Program Studi Linguistik
Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 195409161980032003
Diuji pada Ujian Disertasi Terbuka (Promosi)
Tanggal: 24 Agustus 2015
PANITIA PENGUJI DISERTASI
Ketua
: Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
USU Medan
Anggota
: Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
USU Medan
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
USU Medan
Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D.
UNIMED Medan
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.
UNIMED Medan
Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP
USU Medan
Dr. Roswita Silalahi, M.Hum.
USU Medan
Dengan Surat Keputusan Pejabat Rektor Universitas Sumatera Utara
Nomor
: 1098/UN5.1.R/SK/SSA/2015
Tanggal
: 09 Juli 2015
TIM PROMOTOR
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini berhubungan dengan analisis terhadap ideologi penerjemahan dan
kualitas terjemahan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi ideologi
penerjemahan; 2) mengetahui bagaimana terjadinya metode penerjemahan dari
teks sumber ke teks sasaran; dan 3) menilai pengaruh ideologi penerjemahan
terhadap kualitas terjemahan buku The 8th Habit ―Melampaui Efektifitas,
Menggapai Keagungan‖ yang diterjemahkan oleh Wandi S. Brata. Jenis
penelitian ini adalah kualitatif-deskriptif yang berfokus pada analisis produk
terjemahan. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah teks buku, informan, dan
catatan wa wancara dari informan kunci dan responden. Data terdiri dari kata,
frasa, klausa dan kalimat dikumpulkan dengan teknik purposive sampling.
Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah teks Bab 5 dari The 8th Habit
―Melampaui Efektifitas, Menggapai Keagungan‖ dan versi bahasa Inggrisnya
Chapter 5 of The 8th Habit - From Effectiveness to Greatness oleh Stephen R.
Covey. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner untuk
mengetahui kualitas penerjemahan yang dikelompokkan ke dalam 3 kategori,
yaitu Keakuratan, Keberterimaan, dan Keterbacaan. Informan kunci dalam
penelitian ini terdiri dari linguis, penerjemah berpengalaman, praktisi bisnis, dan
mahasiswa fakultas Ekonomi. Data penelitian berjumlah 430 pasang data
(bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Indonesia). Hasil analisis menunjukkan ada sembilan
teknik penerjemahan yang digunakan. Kesembilan teknik tersebut berikut
frekuensinya adalah sebagai berikut: teknik harafiah (181), teknik penambahan
(105), teknik penghilangan (33), teknik borrowing (32), teknik modulasi (27),
teknik transposisi (24), Ekivalensi (21), calque (5), dan adaptasi (2). Secara
teoretis, tiga dari teknik penerjemahan (harfiah, borrowing, dan calque)
berorientasi pada teks sumber, sementara kelima lainnya (penambahan,
penghilangan, modulasi, transposisi, ekivalensi dan adaptasi) berorientasi pada
teks sasaran. Selanjutnya, teknik penerjemahan yang berorientasi pada teks
sumber disebut sebagai ideologi foreinisasi, sedangkan yang berorientasi pada
teks sasaran disebut sebagai ideologi domestikasi. Temuan penelitian ini
menunjukkan proporsi antara foreinisasi dan domestikasi masing-masing 50.70%
dan 49.30%. Sementara hasil dari penilaian kualitas terjemahan menunjukkan
rata-rata tingkat keakuratan terjemahan adalah 86.51%, tingkat keberterimaan
terjemahan 94.15%, dan tingkat keterbacaan sebesar 95.58%. Maka sehubungan
dengan kualitas penerjemahan dapat disimpulkan bahwa ideologi, metode, dan
teknik penerjemahan merupakan aspek yang saling berkaitan dala m menentukan
keakuratan, keberterimaan dan keterbacaan suatu hasil terjemahan.
Katakunci: ideologi, metode, teknik, kualitas, penerjemahan, buku motivasi
i
ABSTRACT
This research deals with the investigation of the influence of translation ideology
on translation quality. The objectives of this study are: 1) to find out the
translation ideology; 2) to find out the realization of translation method from
source text to target text; 3) to assess the influence of translation ideology on
translation quality of Bab 5 - The 8th Habit ―Melampaui Efektifitas, Menggapai
Keagungan‖. The type of this study is descriptive-qualitative that focuses on
translation product analysis. The source of data are text-books, informants, and
interview of key informants and respondent. The collecting of data that consist of
word, phrase, clause and sentence was done with purposive sampling technique.
The sampling of this study are text of Chapter 5 of The 8th Habit - From
Effectiveness to Greatness by Stephen R. Covey and its translation version in
Bahasa Indonesia: Bab 5 - The 8th Habit ―Melampaui Efektifitas, Menggapai
Keagungan‖. The collecting of data used questionnaire to find out the translation
quality which was measured into 3 categories, namely Accuracy, Acceptability
and Readability of translation. The key informants are linguist, translation experts,
business practitioner and Economics‘ students. The sample of the study is 430
data pairs of both text (English and Indonesian). The finding showed nine
translation techniques identified in this study. Those techniques and its frequency
are as follows: Literal (181), Addition (105), Omission (33), Borrowing (32),
Modulation (27), Transposition (24), Equivalence (21), Calque (5), and
Adaptation (2). Theoretically, three of these techniques (literal, borrowing and
calque) are oriented to source text while the rest (Addition, Omission,
Modulation, Transposition, Equivalence, and Adaptation) are oriented to target
text. Further, techniques that oriented or tend to source text is referred to
foreignization, while the techniques that oriented to target text is referred to
domestication.The finding revealed that the proportion both foreignization and
domestication respectively 50.70% and 49.30%. The result of translation quality
showed that the average of translation accuracy is 86.51%, acceptability 94.19%
and readability 95.58%. Thus, overally the translation ideology, method, and
techniques are intertwine aspects that influence the translation quality. Those
aspect contributed to accuracy, acceptability and readibility of translation product.
Keywords: translation, ideology, method, technique, quality, motivation
book.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah hirobbil alamin . Finally I could finish my dissertation. First
of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and prays to Allah SWT, the
Almighty and The Most Mercifull, for all blessings and graces, without which I
would have never finished this dissertation.
I also express my deep gratitude to Acting Rector of the University of
Sumatera Utara, Prof. Subhilhar, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of
Sumatera Utara, Medan; the Former Rector of USU Prof. Dr. Syahril Pasaribu,
DTM&H, M.Sc (CTM), Sp.A(K); and Prof. Dr. Erman Munir, M.Sc.,Ph.D the
Director of Graduate School, University of Sumatera Utara who gave me the
opportunity to continue my study at the Linguistic Study Program.
During the dissertation research at the Department of Lingustics Faculty of
Humanity, Postgraduate Program at the University of Sumatera Utara (USU),
Medan, I have really been fortunate to have Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, MA, Ph.D as
my supervisor for her encouragement along the progress of my dissertation. She
wisely counseled me not to attempt a broader analysis of all aspects of the data
from multiple source texts, but to limit myself to analise several examples of
representative, strong data. Her relentless help is unforgetable and worthy.
On this occasion I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to Dr.
Syahron Lubis, MA for his valuable comments, which offered great help for the
improvement of my work, and Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, MS who suggested to read
articles on translation studies in addition to the books on translation studies. The
articles provided me with important information to resolve the problems in my
dissertation research. Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed, TESP who gave me guidance to do
the research in a detailed, critical, and deeply insightful manner. As well as to my
examiners: Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd, Prof. Amrin Saragih, Dr. Roswita
Silalahi, M.Hum for their valuable insight that contribute to completion of this
work.
Moreover, I‘m deeply indebted to the head of the Department of Linguistics,
Post Graduate Studies at USU, Prof. Tengku Silvana Sinar, MA, Ph.D for her
contribution of knowledge, time and encouragement, as well as arranging the
―Sandwich-like‖ Program 2011 that I attended at the Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Hong Kong. The insightful advice was given by Prof. T. Bell, Ph.D
and Prof. Zubaidah Ibrahim Bell who were the translation lecturers of the writer,
and Prof. Christian Matthissen, as the researcher‘s Sandwich Program 2011
Advisor for his helping with consultation during the researcher‘s Sandwich Like
Program.
I feel really grateful to the members of the committee of Penelitian
Disertasi Doktor Tahun 2015 who gave me financial support to finish my
dissertation. Also to all the other members of The Department of Linguistics,
Faculty of Humanity, Postgratduate Program at the University of Sumatera Utara
(USU), with whom I‘ve had the opportunity to interact in the last four years. My
sincere thanks to my classmates such as Milisi Sembiring, Yulia Arfanti, Martha
Pardede, Erika Sinambela, Sutarno, Marzaini Manday, Nuzwaty.
Finally, I want to thank my parents Alm. Maclum Siregar and Basrah
Rangkuti, who planted the seed of education in my childhood. Their love and
cherish is the great encouragement for this achievement. Also for my brother Syamsul Bahri Siregar; my brother-in-law Dr. Azwan Hakmi Lubis, Sernaiton
Purba; and my beloved sisters Asliany Siregar, Yusnani, and Mardiana who
inspire, encourage and fully support me through every trial that came my way.
The researcher realizes that this study still has the weakness and it is far
from being perfect, but hopefully it has benefit for all readers.
May Allah SWT always be with us. Amin.
Medan, June 2015
Roswani Siregar
NIM. 108107007
CURRICULUM VITAE
I.
PERSONAL DETAILS
Name
NIP
Place/Date of Birth
Occupation
Office Address
Office Telp.
Home Address
Email
Telp/Mobile No.
II.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Dra. Roswani Siregar, M.Hum
P. Siantar / 4 Dec. 1959
Lecturer at Al-Azhar University, Medan
Jl. Pintu Air IV No. 214 Kwala Bekala Medan
(061) 8361911
Jl. Karya Wisata Perum. Graha Johor No. B4
Medan
: roses_air@yahoo.com
: 0813 8491 4448
FORMAL EDUCATION
1. SMA Negeri III P. Siantar – Graduated 1977
2. S1 (Bachelor of Arts) University of Sumatera Utara Medan – Graduated
1982
3. S2 (Postgraduated of Linguistic Program) University of Sumatera Utara
– Graduated 2009
4. S3 (Doctorate student, Concentrate on Translation) University of
Sumatera Utara
III. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCES
1.
1984 – 2006
2.
1997 – 2004
3.
1987 – 2005
4.
1994 – 1997
5.
6.
2010 – present
2010 – present
7.
2012 – 2014
8.
2013 – present
: Lecturer at Law Faculty - Pancasila University,
Jakarta
: Lecturer at Economic Faculty – Pancasila
University, Jakarta
: Lecturer at Akademi Bahasa Asing (ABA) Cikini,
Jakarta
: Lecturer at Law Faculty – University Krisna Dwi
Payana, Jakarta
: Lecturer at Al-Azhar University, Medan
: Lecturer at Economic Faculty, University of
Sumatera Utara, Medan
: Lecturer at Nursing Faculty, University of
Sumatera Utara, Medan
: Lecturer at Engineering Department , University of
Sumatera Utara, Medan
IV. SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION, SEMINAR & PAPER
1. The Prominent Figures and Theories in Translation, 2014. IOSR
Journals and Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 19 : Issue 1 (Version
– 7).
2. Domestication and Foreignization in The Process of Translation The 8 th
Habits Stephen R. Covey, 2015. IOSR Journals and Humanities and
Social Science. Vol. 20 : Issue 4 (Version – II).
3. Domestication and Foreignization in The Process of Translation The 8 th
Habits Stephen R. Covey. International Conference: Empowering Local
Wisdom in Support of Nations Identity. Medan, 2014.
4. Language and Translation: Analysis of Technical Terms and Meaning in
Translation Products: Contract Document Translation Case Study.
Building The National Character Through Teaching Use of Language.
International Seminar. P. Siantar, 2014.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRAK .................................................................................................
i
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................... iii
CURRICULUM VITAE ............................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ vii
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................... x
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER
I :
INTRODUCTION .......................................................
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Background of Study .............................................
Problems of Study ..............................................
Objectives of Study ..............................................
Scope of Study ......................................................
Significance of the Study ......................................
Terms Clarification ................................................
1
1
11
12
13
13
14
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONCEPTS .... 19
2.1
Theoretical Framework ...........................................
2.1.1 Translation ....................................................
2.1.2 Theory of Translation ...................................
2.1.2.1 Translation Procedures .......................
2.1.2.2 Equivalence inTranslation...................
2.1.2.3 Shift in Translation ...........................
2.1.3 Ideologies of Translation ..............................
2.1.4 Translation Method .......................................
2.1.5 Translation Techniques .................................
2.1.5.1 Direct Translation Techniques ...........
A. Borrowing Technique ..................
B. Calque .........................................
C. Literal Translation .........................
2.1.5.2 Oblique Translation Techniques .......
A. Transposition ................................
B. Modulation ...................................
C. Equivalence .................................
D. Adaptation ...................................
E. Compensation ...............................
19
19
27
31
35
41
41
51
55
56
56
57
57
57
58
58
59
59
60
2.1.6 Translation Quality Assessment ....................
2.1.6.1 Accuracy ...........................................
2.1.6.2 Readability ........................................
2.1.6.3 Naturalness .......................................
2.1.6.4 Comprehension Test ..........................
2.1.6.5 Consistency .......................................
2.1.7 Translation and Culture..................................
2.1.8 Translatability and Untranslatability ............
2.1.9 Relevant Researches ......................................
2.1.10 Leadership and Motivation Textbook ............
2.2 Conceptual Framework ...............................................
CHAPTER III :
RESEARCH METHOD
............................................ 101
3.1 Research Design ...................................................
3.2 Data and Data Source ............................................
3.2.1 Data .............................................................
3.2.2 Source of Data .............................................
3.3 Technique of Collecting Data ...............................
3.3.1 Translation Accuracy Questionnaire .............
3.3.2 Translation Acceptability Questionnaire ........
3.3.3 Translation Readability Questionnaire ..........
3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ...................................
3.5 Technique of Presenting the Analysis ...................
3.6 The Trustworthiness of the Study ..........................
CHAPTER IV :
60
62
63
63
63
64
64
71
74
95
98
101
102
102
103
104
106
107
108
108
111
111
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS .......................... 114
4.1 Translation Techniques ..........................................
4.1.1 Literal Technique............................................
4.1.2 Borrowing ......................................................
4.1.3 Equivalence ...................................................
4.1.4 Calque .............................................................
4.1.5 Modulation......................................................
4.1.6 Addition ..........................................................
4.1.7 Omission .........................................................
4.1.8 Adaptation ......................................................
4.1.9 Transposition ...................................................
4.2 Translation Method ...............................................
4.3 Translation Ideology ................................................
4.4 Translation Quality ...................................................
4.4.1 Translation Accuracy .....................................
A. Accurate Translation ..................................
B. Less Accurate Translation ...........................
C. Innacurate Translation ...............................
D. Translation Accuracy Overview .................
114
117
122
124
126
128
131
134
136
137
139
141
142
143
144
148
150
151
4.4.2 Translation Acceptability Level ....................
A. Acceptable Translation ...............................
B. Less Acceptable Translation .......................
C. Unacceptable Translation ...........................
D. Translation Acceptability Overview ...........
4.4.3 Translation Readability Level .......................
A. High Readability ........................................
B. Moderate Readability ..................................
C. Poor Readability ........................................
D. Readability Level Overview ......................
152
153
155
157
158
159
159
161
162
163
CHAPTER V. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ......................................... 164
5.1 Translation Techniques .............................................
5.2 Translation Method .....................................................
5.3 Translation Ideology ...................................................
5.4 The Influence of Translation Ideology on Translation
Quality ........................................................................
CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATION AND
SUGGESTIONS ............................................................
6.1 Conclusions ............................................................
6.2 Implications .................................................................
6.3 Suggestions ..............................................................
164
178
180
183
187
187
188
189
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 191
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Participant Research Consent for Translation Accuracy
Questionnaire .......................................................................
Translation Accuracy Questionnaire ..................................
Participant Research Consent for Translation
Acceptability Questionnaire ................................................
Translation Acceptability Questionnaire ............................
Participant Research Consent for Readability Level
Questionnaire .......................................................................
Readability Level Questionnaire .........................................
199
200
240
241
281
282
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1
Assessment Criteria of Translation Accuracy Level .......... 106
Table 3.2
Assessment Criteria of Translation Acceptability Level .... 107
Table 3.3
Assessment Criteria of Translation Readability Level ....... 108
Table 4.1.
Identified Translation Techniques and Frequency ................. 116
Table 4.2.
Data Pairs Identified as Literal Translation Techniques in
the form of word ..................................................................... 118
Table 4.3.
Data Pairs Identified as Literal Translation Techniques in
the form of clause ................................................................... 119
Table 4.4.
Data Pairs Identified as Literal Translation Techniques in
the form clauses and sentences .............................................. 120
Table 4.5
Identified Data Pairs that Consist of Borrowing Technique .. 125
Table 4.6
Identified Data Pairs that Consist of Equivalent Technique .. 124
Table 4.7
Identified Data Pairs Use Calque Technique ......................... 127
Table 4.8
Identified Data Pairs that Consist of Modulation Technique 129
Table 4.9. Identified Data Pairs that Consist of Addition Technique .... 132
Table 4.10. Identified Data Pairs used Part Omission Technique ............. 134
Table 4.11 Identified Data Pairs used Deletion Technique ...................... 135
Table 4.12. Identified Data Pairs Used Adaptation Technique ................. 136
Table 4.13. Identified Data Pairs Used Transposition Technique ............ 138
Table 4.14. Translation Techniques and Emphasis .................................. 139
Tabel 4.15. Literal technique identified as Accurate Translation ............ 145
Tabel 4.16 . Data Pairs Categorized as Less Accurate Translation ........... 148
Tabel 4.17. Data Pairs Identifed as Inaccurate Translation ..................... 150
Table 4.18. Distribution of Accuracy Level .............................................. 151
Table 4.19. Some of Data Pairs of Acceptable Translation ...................... 154
Table 4.20 Less Acceptable Translation .................................................. 156
Table 4.21 Data Pairs Catoegorized as Unacceptable
Translation ....... 157
Table 4.22. Distribution of Translation Acceptability .............................. 158
Tabel 4.23. Some of Data Pairs of High Readability Target Text ............ 160
Table 4.24. Some of Moderate Readability Data Pairs ............................ 161
Table 4.25 Average Distribution of Readability Text .............................. 163
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Newmark's Diagram of Translation Methods ................
53
Figure 2.2 Conceptual Framework ................................................. 100
Figure 3.1 Data Analysis Process (Miles and Huberman (1984:23). 110
Figure 4.1
Translation Method Orientation ........................................ 140
Figure 4.2. Translation Accuracy Level .............................................. 151
Figure 4.3. Translation Acceptability Level ........................................ 158
Figure 4.4. Target Text Readability Level .......................................... 163
Figure 5.1. Translation Method Orientation of The 8th Habit ............. 178
Figure 5.2. Translation Quality of The 8th Habit ................................. 185
TRANSLATION OF THE 8TH HABIT BY STEPHEN
R. COVEY INTO BAHASA INDONESIA
DISERTASI
Oleh
ROSWANI SIREGAR
NIM: 108107007
Program Doktor (S3) Linguistik
FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2015
TRANSLATION IDEOLOGY IN THE PROCESS OF
TRANSLATION OF THE 8TH HABIT BY STEPHEN
R. COVEY INTO BAHASA INDONESIA
Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Doktor dalam Program
Doktor Linguistik pada Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara di bawah
pimpinan Pejabat Rektor Universitas Sumatera Utara Prof. Subhilhar, Ph.D.
untuk dipertahankan di hadapan Sidang Terbuka Senat
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Oleh
ROSWANI SIREGAR
NIM : 108107007
Program Doktor (S3) Linguistik
FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2015
Judul Disertasi
: TRANSLATION IDEOLOGY IN THE PROCESS OF
TRANSLATION OF THE 8TH HABIT BY STEPHEN
R. COVEY INTO BAHASA INDONESIA
Nama Mahasiswa : Roswani Siregar
Nomor Pokok
: 108107007
Program Studi
: Doktor (S3) Linguistik
Menyetujui
Komisi Pembimbing
(Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.)
Promotor
(Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.)
Ko-Promotor
(Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.)
Ko-Promotor
Ketua Program Studi,
Dekan,
(Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D)
(Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A)
HASIL PENELITIAN DISERTASI INI TELAH DISETUJUI
UNTUK DI UJI DALAM SIDANG TERBUKA DAN DITERIMA OLEH
PROGRAM STUDI LINGUISTIK FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
Oleh
Promotor
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
Ko-Promotor
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
Mengetahui,
Ketua Program Studi Linguistik
Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 195409161980032003
Diuji pada Ujian Disertasi Terbuka (Promosi)
Tanggal: 24 Agustus 2015
PANITIA PENGUJI DISERTASI
Ketua
: Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
USU Medan
Anggota
: Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
USU Medan
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
USU Medan
Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D.
UNIMED Medan
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.
UNIMED Medan
Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP
USU Medan
Dr. Roswita Silalahi, M.Hum.
USU Medan
Dengan Surat Keputusan Pejabat Rektor Universitas Sumatera Utara
Nomor
: 1098/UN5.1.R/SK/SSA/2015
Tanggal
: 09 Juli 2015
TIM PROMOTOR
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D.
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini berhubungan dengan analisis terhadap ideologi penerjemahan dan
kualitas terjemahan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi ideologi
penerjemahan; 2) mengetahui bagaimana terjadinya metode penerjemahan dari
teks sumber ke teks sasaran; dan 3) menilai pengaruh ideologi penerjemahan
terhadap kualitas terjemahan buku The 8th Habit ―Melampaui Efektifitas,
Menggapai Keagungan‖ yang diterjemahkan oleh Wandi S. Brata. Jenis
penelitian ini adalah kualitatif-deskriptif yang berfokus pada analisis produk
terjemahan. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah teks buku, informan, dan
catatan wa wancara dari informan kunci dan responden. Data terdiri dari kata,
frasa, klausa dan kalimat dikumpulkan dengan teknik purposive sampling.
Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah teks Bab 5 dari The 8th Habit
―Melampaui Efektifitas, Menggapai Keagungan‖ dan versi bahasa Inggrisnya
Chapter 5 of The 8th Habit - From Effectiveness to Greatness oleh Stephen R.
Covey. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner untuk
mengetahui kualitas penerjemahan yang dikelompokkan ke dalam 3 kategori,
yaitu Keakuratan, Keberterimaan, dan Keterbacaan. Informan kunci dalam
penelitian ini terdiri dari linguis, penerjemah berpengalaman, praktisi bisnis, dan
mahasiswa fakultas Ekonomi. Data penelitian berjumlah 430 pasang data
(bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Indonesia). Hasil analisis menunjukkan ada sembilan
teknik penerjemahan yang digunakan. Kesembilan teknik tersebut berikut
frekuensinya adalah sebagai berikut: teknik harafiah (181), teknik penambahan
(105), teknik penghilangan (33), teknik borrowing (32), teknik modulasi (27),
teknik transposisi (24), Ekivalensi (21), calque (5), dan adaptasi (2). Secara
teoretis, tiga dari teknik penerjemahan (harfiah, borrowing, dan calque)
berorientasi pada teks sumber, sementara kelima lainnya (penambahan,
penghilangan, modulasi, transposisi, ekivalensi dan adaptasi) berorientasi pada
teks sasaran. Selanjutnya, teknik penerjemahan yang berorientasi pada teks
sumber disebut sebagai ideologi foreinisasi, sedangkan yang berorientasi pada
teks sasaran disebut sebagai ideologi domestikasi. Temuan penelitian ini
menunjukkan proporsi antara foreinisasi dan domestikasi masing-masing 50.70%
dan 49.30%. Sementara hasil dari penilaian kualitas terjemahan menunjukkan
rata-rata tingkat keakuratan terjemahan adalah 86.51%, tingkat keberterimaan
terjemahan 94.15%, dan tingkat keterbacaan sebesar 95.58%. Maka sehubungan
dengan kualitas penerjemahan dapat disimpulkan bahwa ideologi, metode, dan
teknik penerjemahan merupakan aspek yang saling berkaitan dala m menentukan
keakuratan, keberterimaan dan keterbacaan suatu hasil terjemahan.
Katakunci: ideologi, metode, teknik, kualitas, penerjemahan, buku motivasi
i
ABSTRACT
This research deals with the investigation of the influence of translation ideology
on translation quality. The objectives of this study are: 1) to find out the
translation ideology; 2) to find out the realization of translation method from
source text to target text; 3) to assess the influence of translation ideology on
translation quality of Bab 5 - The 8th Habit ―Melampaui Efektifitas, Menggapai
Keagungan‖. The type of this study is descriptive-qualitative that focuses on
translation product analysis. The source of data are text-books, informants, and
interview of key informants and respondent. The collecting of data that consist of
word, phrase, clause and sentence was done with purposive sampling technique.
The sampling of this study are text of Chapter 5 of The 8th Habit - From
Effectiveness to Greatness by Stephen R. Covey and its translation version in
Bahasa Indonesia: Bab 5 - The 8th Habit ―Melampaui Efektifitas, Menggapai
Keagungan‖. The collecting of data used questionnaire to find out the translation
quality which was measured into 3 categories, namely Accuracy, Acceptability
and Readability of translation. The key informants are linguist, translation experts,
business practitioner and Economics‘ students. The sample of the study is 430
data pairs of both text (English and Indonesian). The finding showed nine
translation techniques identified in this study. Those techniques and its frequency
are as follows: Literal (181), Addition (105), Omission (33), Borrowing (32),
Modulation (27), Transposition (24), Equivalence (21), Calque (5), and
Adaptation (2). Theoretically, three of these techniques (literal, borrowing and
calque) are oriented to source text while the rest (Addition, Omission,
Modulation, Transposition, Equivalence, and Adaptation) are oriented to target
text. Further, techniques that oriented or tend to source text is referred to
foreignization, while the techniques that oriented to target text is referred to
domestication.The finding revealed that the proportion both foreignization and
domestication respectively 50.70% and 49.30%. The result of translation quality
showed that the average of translation accuracy is 86.51%, acceptability 94.19%
and readability 95.58%. Thus, overally the translation ideology, method, and
techniques are intertwine aspects that influence the translation quality. Those
aspect contributed to accuracy, acceptability and readibility of translation product.
Keywords: translation, ideology, method, technique, quality, motivation
book.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah hirobbil alamin . Finally I could finish my dissertation. First
of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and prays to Allah SWT, the
Almighty and The Most Mercifull, for all blessings and graces, without which I
would have never finished this dissertation.
I also express my deep gratitude to Acting Rector of the University of
Sumatera Utara, Prof. Subhilhar, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of
Sumatera Utara, Medan; the Former Rector of USU Prof. Dr. Syahril Pasaribu,
DTM&H, M.Sc (CTM), Sp.A(K); and Prof. Dr. Erman Munir, M.Sc.,Ph.D the
Director of Graduate School, University of Sumatera Utara who gave me the
opportunity to continue my study at the Linguistic Study Program.
During the dissertation research at the Department of Lingustics Faculty of
Humanity, Postgraduate Program at the University of Sumatera Utara (USU),
Medan, I have really been fortunate to have Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, MA, Ph.D as
my supervisor for her encouragement along the progress of my dissertation. She
wisely counseled me not to attempt a broader analysis of all aspects of the data
from multiple source texts, but to limit myself to analise several examples of
representative, strong data. Her relentless help is unforgetable and worthy.
On this occasion I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to Dr.
Syahron Lubis, MA for his valuable comments, which offered great help for the
improvement of my work, and Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, MS who suggested to read
articles on translation studies in addition to the books on translation studies. The
articles provided me with important information to resolve the problems in my
dissertation research. Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed, TESP who gave me guidance to do
the research in a detailed, critical, and deeply insightful manner. As well as to my
examiners: Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd, Prof. Amrin Saragih, Dr. Roswita
Silalahi, M.Hum for their valuable insight that contribute to completion of this
work.
Moreover, I‘m deeply indebted to the head of the Department of Linguistics,
Post Graduate Studies at USU, Prof. Tengku Silvana Sinar, MA, Ph.D for her
contribution of knowledge, time and encouragement, as well as arranging the
―Sandwich-like‖ Program 2011 that I attended at the Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Hong Kong. The insightful advice was given by Prof. T. Bell, Ph.D
and Prof. Zubaidah Ibrahim Bell who were the translation lecturers of the writer,
and Prof. Christian Matthissen, as the researcher‘s Sandwich Program 2011
Advisor for his helping with consultation during the researcher‘s Sandwich Like
Program.
I feel really grateful to the members of the committee of Penelitian
Disertasi Doktor Tahun 2015 who gave me financial support to finish my
dissertation. Also to all the other members of The Department of Linguistics,
Faculty of Humanity, Postgratduate Program at the University of Sumatera Utara
(USU), with whom I‘ve had the opportunity to interact in the last four years. My
sincere thanks to my classmates such as Milisi Sembiring, Yulia Arfanti, Martha
Pardede, Erika Sinambela, Sutarno, Marzaini Manday, Nuzwaty.
Finally, I want to thank my parents Alm. Maclum Siregar and Basrah
Rangkuti, who planted the seed of education in my childhood. Their love and
cherish is the great encouragement for this achievement. Also for my brother Syamsul Bahri Siregar; my brother-in-law Dr. Azwan Hakmi Lubis, Sernaiton
Purba; and my beloved sisters Asliany Siregar, Yusnani, and Mardiana who
inspire, encourage and fully support me through every trial that came my way.
The researcher realizes that this study still has the weakness and it is far
from being perfect, but hopefully it has benefit for all readers.
May Allah SWT always be with us. Amin.
Medan, June 2015
Roswani Siregar
NIM. 108107007
CURRICULUM VITAE
I.
PERSONAL DETAILS
Name
NIP
Place/Date of Birth
Occupation
Office Address
Office Telp.
Home Address
Telp/Mobile No.
II.
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Dra. Roswani Siregar, M.Hum
P. Siantar / 4 Dec. 1959
Lecturer at Al-Azhar University, Medan
Jl. Pintu Air IV No. 214 Kwala Bekala Medan
(061) 8361911
Jl. Karya Wisata Perum. Graha Johor No. B4
Medan
: roses_air@yahoo.com
: 0813 8491 4448
FORMAL EDUCATION
1. SMA Negeri III P. Siantar – Graduated 1977
2. S1 (Bachelor of Arts) University of Sumatera Utara Medan – Graduated
1982
3. S2 (Postgraduated of Linguistic Program) University of Sumatera Utara
– Graduated 2009
4. S3 (Doctorate student, Concentrate on Translation) University of
Sumatera Utara
III. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCES
1.
1984 – 2006
2.
1997 – 2004
3.
1987 – 2005
4.
1994 – 1997
5.
6.
2010 – present
2010 – present
7.
2012 – 2014
8.
2013 – present
: Lecturer at Law Faculty - Pancasila University,
Jakarta
: Lecturer at Economic Faculty – Pancasila
University, Jakarta
: Lecturer at Akademi Bahasa Asing (ABA) Cikini,
Jakarta
: Lecturer at Law Faculty – University Krisna Dwi
Payana, Jakarta
: Lecturer at Al-Azhar University, Medan
: Lecturer at Economic Faculty, University of
Sumatera Utara, Medan
: Lecturer at Nursing Faculty, University of
Sumatera Utara, Medan
: Lecturer at Engineering Department , University of
Sumatera Utara, Medan
IV. SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION, SEMINAR & PAPER
1. The Prominent Figures and Theories in Translation, 2014. IOSR
Journals and Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 19 : Issue 1 (Version
– 7).
2. Domestication and Foreignization in The Process of Translation The 8 th
Habits Stephen R. Covey, 2015. IOSR Journals and Humanities and
Social Science. Vol. 20 : Issue 4 (Version – II).
3. Domestication and Foreignization in The Process of Translation The 8 th
Habits Stephen R. Covey. International Conference: Empowering Local
Wisdom in Support of Nations Identity. Medan, 2014.
4. Language and Translation: Analysis of Technical Terms and Meaning in
Translation Products: Contract Document Translation Case Study.
Building The National Character Through Teaching Use of Language.
International Seminar. P. Siantar, 2014.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRAK .................................................................................................
i
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................... iii
CURRICULUM VITAE ............................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ vii
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................... x
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER
I :
INTRODUCTION .......................................................
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Background of Study .............................................
Problems of Study ..............................................
Objectives of Study ..............................................
Scope of Study ......................................................
Significance of the Study ......................................
Terms Clarification ................................................
1
1
11
12
13
13
14
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONCEPTS .... 19
2.1
Theoretical Framework ...........................................
2.1.1 Translation ....................................................
2.1.2 Theory of Translation ...................................
2.1.2.1 Translation Procedures .......................
2.1.2.2 Equivalence inTranslation...................
2.1.2.3 Shift in Translation ...........................
2.1.3 Ideologies of Translation ..............................
2.1.4 Translation Method .......................................
2.1.5 Translation Techniques .................................
2.1.5.1 Direct Translation Techniques ...........
A. Borrowing Technique ..................
B. Calque .........................................
C. Literal Translation .........................
2.1.5.2 Oblique Translation Techniques .......
A. Transposition ................................
B. Modulation ...................................
C. Equivalence .................................
D. Adaptation ...................................
E. Compensation ...............................
19
19
27
31
35
41
41
51
55
56
56
57
57
57
58
58
59
59
60
2.1.6 Translation Quality Assessment ....................
2.1.6.1 Accuracy ...........................................
2.1.6.2 Readability ........................................
2.1.6.3 Naturalness .......................................
2.1.6.4 Comprehension Test ..........................
2.1.6.5 Consistency .......................................
2.1.7 Translation and Culture..................................
2.1.8 Translatability and Untranslatability ............
2.1.9 Relevant Researches ......................................
2.1.10 Leadership and Motivation Textbook ............
2.2 Conceptual Framework ...............................................
CHAPTER III :
RESEARCH METHOD
............................................ 101
3.1 Research Design ...................................................
3.2 Data and Data Source ............................................
3.2.1 Data .............................................................
3.2.2 Source of Data .............................................
3.3 Technique of Collecting Data ...............................
3.3.1 Translation Accuracy Questionnaire .............
3.3.2 Translation Acceptability Questionnaire ........
3.3.3 Translation Readability Questionnaire ..........
3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ...................................
3.5 Technique of Presenting the Analysis ...................
3.6 The Trustworthiness of the Study ..........................
CHAPTER IV :
60
62
63
63
63
64
64
71
74
95
98
101
102
102
103
104
106
107
108
108
111
111
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS .......................... 114
4.1 Translation Techniques ..........................................
4.1.1 Literal Technique............................................
4.1.2 Borrowing ......................................................
4.1.3 Equivalence ...................................................
4.1.4 Calque .............................................................
4.1.5 Modulation......................................................
4.1.6 Addition ..........................................................
4.1.7 Omission .........................................................
4.1.8 Adaptation ......................................................
4.1.9 Transposition ...................................................
4.2 Translation Method ...............................................
4.3 Translation Ideology ................................................
4.4 Translation Quality ...................................................
4.4.1 Translation Accuracy .....................................
A. Accurate Translation ..................................
B. Less Accurate Translation ...........................
C. Innacurate Translation ...............................
D. Translation Accuracy Overview .................
114
117
122
124
126
128
131
134
136
137
139
141
142
143
144
148
150
151
4.4.2 Translation Acceptability Level ....................
A. Acceptable Translation ...............................
B. Less Acceptable Translation .......................
C. Unacceptable Translation ...........................
D. Translation Acceptability Overview ...........
4.4.3 Translation Readability Level .......................
A. High Readability ........................................
B. Moderate Readability ..................................
C. Poor Readability ........................................
D. Readability Level Overview ......................
152
153
155
157
158
159
159
161
162
163
CHAPTER V. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ......................................... 164
5.1 Translation Techniques .............................................
5.2 Translation Method .....................................................
5.3 Translation Ideology ...................................................
5.4 The Influence of Translation Ideology on Translation
Quality ........................................................................
CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATION AND
SUGGESTIONS ............................................................
6.1 Conclusions ............................................................
6.2 Implications .................................................................
6.3 Suggestions ..............................................................
164
178
180
183
187
187
188
189
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 191
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Participant Research Consent for Translation Accuracy
Questionnaire .......................................................................
Translation Accuracy Questionnaire ..................................
Participant Research Consent for Translation
Acceptability Questionnaire ................................................
Translation Acceptability Questionnaire ............................
Participant Research Consent for Readability Level
Questionnaire .......................................................................
Readability Level Questionnaire .........................................
199
200
240
241
281
282
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1
Assessment Criteria of Translation Accuracy Level .......... 106
Table 3.2
Assessment Criteria of Translation Acceptability Level .... 107
Table 3.3
Assessment Criteria of Translation Readability Level ....... 108
Table 4.1.
Identified Translation Techniques and Frequency ................. 116
Table 4.2.
Data Pairs Identified as Literal Translation Techniques in
the form of word ..................................................................... 118
Table 4.3.
Data Pairs Identified as Literal Translation Techniques in
the form of clause ................................................................... 119
Table 4.4.
Data Pairs Identified as Literal Translation Techniques in
the form clauses and sentences .............................................. 120
Table 4.5
Identified Data Pairs that Consist of Borrowing Technique .. 125
Table 4.6
Identified Data Pairs that Consist of Equivalent Technique .. 124
Table 4.7
Identified Data Pairs Use Calque Technique ......................... 127
Table 4.8
Identified Data Pairs that Consist of Modulation Technique 129
Table 4.9. Identified Data Pairs that Consist of Addition Technique .... 132
Table 4.10. Identified Data Pairs used Part Omission Technique ............. 134
Table 4.11 Identified Data Pairs used Deletion Technique ...................... 135
Table 4.12. Identified Data Pairs Used Adaptation Technique ................. 136
Table 4.13. Identified Data Pairs Used Transposition Technique ............ 138
Table 4.14. Translation Techniques and Emphasis .................................. 139
Tabel 4.15. Literal technique identified as Accurate Translation ............ 145
Tabel 4.16 . Data Pairs Categorized as Less Accurate Translation ........... 148
Tabel 4.17. Data Pairs Identifed as Inaccurate Translation ..................... 150
Table 4.18. Distribution of Accuracy Level .............................................. 151
Table 4.19. Some of Data Pairs of Acceptable Translation ...................... 154
Table 4.20 Less Acceptable Translation .................................................. 156
Table 4.21 Data Pairs Catoegorized as Unacceptable
Translation ....... 157
Table 4.22. Distribution of Translation Acceptability .............................. 158
Tabel 4.23. Some of Data Pairs of High Readability Target Text ............ 160
Table 4.24. Some of Moderate Readability Data Pairs ............................ 161
Table 4.25 Average Distribution of Readability Text .............................. 163
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Newmark's Diagram of Translation Methods ................
53
Figure 2.2 Conceptual Framework ................................................. 100
Figure 3.1 Data Analysis Process (Miles and Huberman (1984:23). 110
Figure 4.1
Translation Method Orientation ........................................ 140
Figure 4.2. Translation Accuracy Level .............................................. 151
Figure 4.3. Translation Acceptability Level ........................................ 158
Figure 4.4. Target Text Readability Level .......................................... 163
Figure 5.1. Translation Method Orientation of The 8th Habit ............. 178
Figure 5.2. Translation Quality of The 8th Habit ................................. 185