TEXTUAL MEANING IN SONG LYRICS.

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

STATEMENT

I hereby certify that this research paper is completely my own work, except where due references are made in the text, and that it contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or institution.

Bandung, January 2013

Edwan Ali Firdaus 0706032

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillah I was able to finish this research paper. In writing this paper, I was alone in typing the research, but I was never truly alone because during the completion of this research paper, there are many contributions and supports from many people. This research paper will never exist without them. Therefore, I would like to express my sincerely and big appreciation to all of them.

This research paper was carried out under the academic supervision of Iwa Lukmana, M.A., Ph,D. as first supervisor. Therefore, I would like to express my sincere gratitude for his patience, guidance, support, and suggestion. My sincere gratitude is also due to Budi Hermawan, M.P.C. as my co-supervisor for inspiring me in each aspect of this research paper.

I also would like to express my gratitude to my parents (Jenal Lukmanulhakim and Eti Hayati), brother (Muhammad Iqbal Haqiqi), future wife (Nazmi Maulida), Iman Hilmansyah, Adie Wirahardi K, Barokah Family, friends, and best friends for their understanding, support, encouragement, patience, and never-ending prayers.. Thank you for everything. God Blesses you all, Aamiin.

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

PREFACE

Alhamdulillahirabbil’ alamiin, It is only Allah SWT, The Most Gracious, The Most Merciful, who deserves to be praised by all creatures Who allows me to

complete the research paper entitled “Textual Meaning in Song Lyrics” I won‟t ever let myself turn away from Him since I do realize I will never ever find any space to hide from His sight .Blessing and peace are heading to Muhammad SAW, who is The Greatest Messenger and The Noblest Leader.

This research paper is composed originally for the purpose of partially fulfilling the requirements of SarjanaPendidikan degree. The process of writing this research paper inquires me to understand many aspects that are needed in academic writing. For the reason, this condition leads me into condition in which I deserve to be crowned „S.Pd.‟ as a title written after my name. Nevertheless, this process has enriched me with many things that force me to think profoundly for the rest of my life. Hopefully, the lesson from this process makes me well-prepared to face real-life situations outside campus.

Many efforts have been done and this is the best I can do up to now. I do realize that the process of learning should not be plunged in one phase. This is not the end of my learning process. Any weakness in any part of this writing suggests the limitation of my thinking ability at present. Later, it must be a truthful lesson for me to do better. I do hope this research paper may become a beneficial contribution for the reader.

Bandung, December 2013

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS

Statement……....iii

Acknowledgements...iv

Preface...v

Table of Contents...vi

List of Tables...vii

List of Appendices...ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2 Statements of the problems ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3 Purposes of the Study ... 3

1.4 Research Methodology... 3

1.5 Organization of the Paper... 4

CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 5

2.1 Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) ... 5

2.2 Theme and Rheme ... 8

2.2.1 Types of Theme... 8

2.3 Song Lyrics ... 17

2.4 Realated Study ... 20

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 22

3.1 Objective of the Study ... 22

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

3.3 Data Collection ... 23

3.4 Data Analysis ... 24

CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 27

4.1 The Themes in the Lyrics ... 27

4.1 Interpersonal Theme... 28

4.1 Textual Theme ... 29

4.1 Topical Theme ... 33

4.1 Tendency in the Used of Themes ... 35

4.2 The Realization of Topical Theme ... 35

4.2.1 Noun Phrase as Topical Theme... 37

4.2.2 Pronoun as Topical Theme ... 39

4.2.3 Circumstance as Topical Theme ... 42

4.2.4 Nominalization as Topical Theme ... 42

4.2.5 Question Words as Topical Theme ... 43

4.2.6 Process as Topical Theme ... 44

4.3 The The Messages in the Lyrics ... 45

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 49

5.1 Conclusions ... 49

5.2 Suggestions ... 50

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Types of Theme 9

Table 3.1 Sample of Realization of Topical Theme in lyrics 26 Table 4.1 Distribution of Theme in the song lyrics 27 Table 4.2 Realization of Textual Theme in all lyrics 29 Table 4.3 Realization of Topical Theme in all lyrics 36

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Instrument – Dream Theater Song Lyrics Appendix 2 The Final Result of the Analysis of the Lyrics

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

This chapter contains introduction which discusses background of the study, statement of the problems, proposes of the study, research methodology, and organization of the paper.

1.1. Background of the Study

Human beings communicate in a host of complex ways. Of all the forms

of communication, music‟s unique approach to connecting people seems to

effortlessly unite generations, faiths and cultures. Over the years, music has been both evolutionary and revolutionary, evoking the same timeless emotions.

Generally, music consists of two elements, sounds as the primary and lyrics as the secondary (Dallin 1994). Lyrics have significant contributions to the music itself although as the second element of the music. Lyrics give the audience deep understanding about the message contained in the song; in other words, lyrics clarify the message contained in the song.

According to Dallin (1994), “lyrics are written as a form of interaction between the writer and the listeners. Most of the times, they carry a message (whatever that might be) with the purpose of motivating the listeners, at least, to think about it. Such a purpose and form of interaction are embedded in the cultural context of these people, according to their musical preferences, time, etc”. Every song has its message. The appeal and effectiveness of the song to the

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

listener is dependent on the lyrics. The message contained in a song lyric can be delivered depending on how the writer put the words in the lyrics (Bertoli-Dutra and Bissaco, 2006: 1053).

Lyrics have been researched from several points of view. For example, lyrics have been studied in intercultural communication by Fock (2010) who find that micro music and world music have a relation with multicultural discourse. In general linguistics, Cespedes (2005) has studied the meaning and communication in popular music. Another study was conducted by Bertoli-Dutra and Bissaco (2006) who studied the Theme in the U2 songs. They find that the most frequent Theme is „I‟, followed by „you‟and „the‟ which implies the desire of the author for a conversation.

Their study focuses on Themes used in the song lyrics, different with the present study. This present study more specifically seeks to examine Topical Themes used in the song lyrics.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

This study is conducted to answer these following questions: 1. What Themes are realized in Dream Theater lyrics?

2. How are Topical Themes realized in Dream Theater lyrics?

3. How are the messages constructed in selected song lyrics from Dream

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 1.3. Purposes of the Study

Based on the questions formulated above, the purposes of the study are: 1. to examine the Themes used in the Dream Theater lyrics.

2. to find how the Topical Themes are realized in Dream Theater lyrics.

3. to find how the messages are constructed in selected song lyrics from Dream

Theater‟s “Scenes From A Memory.

1.4. Research Methodology

Qualitative approach is used in this study. Fraenkel and Wallen (1990: 10)

state that “qualitative approach is employed when a researcher wants to acquire a

holistic depiction of what actually happens in particularly circumstances or situation. Further this study also employed descriptive method. According to Arikunto (1996:234), it has no intention to prove any hypothesis, but to examine and describe the representation of social events that are found in the data sources. Descriptive quantification is also employed in this study. As Alwasilah (2008) stated, descriptive quantification is used to support the quality of descriptions and to make better understanding of the study.

The data for this study are in the form of song lyrics of Dream Theater‟s

Scene From A Memory album (1999). There are three lyrics for this study downloaded from dreamtheater.net on 16th ofJune 2012. The data are analyzed in terms of their Theme and rheme using Halliday Theme and Rheme analytical framework (2004) which was then developed among others by Eggins (2004). Finally the results hopefully can answer the research questions.

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 1.5. Organization of the Paper

This paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction. It contains introduction which discusses background of the problem, statement of the problem, aims of the study, research design, and organization of the paper. Next chapter is the theoretical foundation. This chapter contains theoretical foundations, which serve as a basis for investigating the research problem and other related literatures. After that, the third chapter is the methodology. This chapter explains the methodology of the study that focuses on objectives of the study, data sources, data collection, and framework of data analysis. The next chapter is the fourth chapter which discusses findings and discussion. This chapter reports the results of the study. And the last chapter contains conclusion and recommendations.

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

CHAPTER 3

RESERCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design used in conducting this research. More specifically, it describes the research problem, research design, data collection, and data analysis.

3.1. Research Problem

The purposes of the study are to find out the Themes used and the most frequent Topical Themes in Dream Theater lyrics. Therefore, the present study is intended to investigate the following questions:

1. What Themes are realized in Dream Theater lyrics?

2. How are Topical Themes realized in Dream Theater lyrics?

3. How are the messages constructed in selected song lyrics from Dream Theater‟s “Scenes From A Memory”?

3.2. Research Design

Qualitative approach was used in this study. Fraenkel and Wallen (1990: 10) state that “qualitative approach is employed when a researcher wants to acquire a holistic depiction of what actually happens in particularly circumstances or situation. Further this research also employed descriptive method. According to Arikunto (1996:234), it has no intention to prove any hypothesis, but to examine

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

and describe the representation of social events that are found in the data sources. Descriptive quantification is also employed in this study. Alwasilah (2008) stated that descriptive quantification is used to support the quality of descriptions and to make better understanding of the study.

Based on the definition above, the research methodology employed in this research was descriptive qualitative method since the data were indirectly measurable and in the form of words. The study has applied with the purpose of investigating the discourse features that were found in the selected song lyrics. The data has analyzed using Halliday Theme and Rheme analytical framework to find out the textual meaning of the selected songs‟ lyrics.

3.3. Data Collection

The data for this study are in the form of song lyrics of the Dream Theater. The lyrics were downloaded from dreamtheater.net on 16th of June 2012. The song lyrics that were analyzed were chosen purposely, that is, by defining the song lyrics that are most relevant to the present study. As Maxwell (1996:69) states that one of the goals in purposeful sampling is to capture the heterogeneity in the population, in this case are Dream Theater‟s song lyrics. In addition, the lyrics that were selected were merely the lyrics that were written by the Dream Theater members. The aims in sampling are to gain information that will be the basic of the theory. That is why qualitative research does not employ random sampling that is the most effective technique of sampling in quantitative research. Qualitative research tends to employ purposive sampling. Purposive sampling is

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

able to gain the completeness and the depth of information in facing the reality (Sutopo, 2002 cited in Wulan 2008).

In taking sample, the study employed purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling is a non-random technique of drawing sample based on certain criteria conformed to the research purpose. Sample of this research were the lyrics by Dream Theater which was composed in the 1999. The lyrics that had been taken were as follows; Through My Words, Through Her Eyes, and The Spirit Carries On. These three lyrics were composed by John Petrucci and Jordan Rudess (1999), while “Through My Words” and “The Spirit Carries On” were composed by both of them (1999) and “Through Her Eyes” was composed by Jordan Rudess (1999).

3.4. Data Analysis

The collected data are analyzed using Theme and Rheme analytical framework proposed by Halliday (2004). In analyzing the lyrics, the study applied several steps: first, the song lyrics were divided into clauses. The second step was carried out to identify the Topical Themes using the Hallidayan Theme and Rheme analytical framework (2004) which is developed among others by Eggins (2004). A string of words are considered a Topical Theme if appear in the beginning of the clause and occupy one transitivity functions as exemplified below.

Where did we come from?

Topical Theme Rheme

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

In the above example, the question word „where‟ is a Topical Theme because question word „where‟ function as circumstance and it appears in the beginning of the clause and also occupy one transitivity functions. As mentioned by Eggins (2004), question words which initiate questions will function as Topical Themes.

If I die tomorrow textual topical

THEME RHEME

example 3.2

In the above example, the conjunction „if‟ is a Textual Theme because conjunction „if‟ function as conjunctive adjunct. As mentioned by Eggins (2004), conjunctive adjunct is textual Theme element.

Don`t weep at my grave interpersonal topical

THEME RHEME

example 3.3

In the example above, the Interpersonal Theme is finite „don‟t‟. The finite is the primary auxiliary „do‟ combined with negative polarity. As mentioned by Eggins (2004), primary auxiliaries are included as finite, and finite is one of the Interpersonal Theme elements.

The third step was carried out to see the tendency in the use of Theme. In the fourth step, the analysis focuses on Topical Theme in order to see the most frequent Topical Themes appear in the lyrics. Here is an example of the Topical Theme analysis.

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

Table 3.1 Sample of Realization of Topical Theme in the First Lyrics

No. Types of Topical

Theme Realization

Song 3

f %

1. Noun Phrase

My questioning mind 1 2.7%

Victoria 1 2.7%

Life 1 2.7%

The spirit 1 2.7%

2. Pronoun

We 1 2.7%

That 2 5.4%

You 1 2.7%

I 17 45.95%

It 1 2.7%

What 3 8.11%

They 1 2.7%

6. Question words Where 2 5.4%

Why 1 2.7%

7. Process

Move 1 2.7%

Be 1 2.7%

Weep 1 2.7%

Let 1 2.7%

TOTAL 37 100%

The last step was carried out to interpret the messages from the song lyrics based on the distribution of Topical Theme supported by distribution of Textual and Interpersonal Themes.

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter presents the conclusions which are taken from the findings and discussions in the previous chapter. This chapter also presents some suggestions for further studies.

5.1. Conclusions

There are several conclusions that have been reached in this research. First, Topical Theme is the most frequent Theme in the three song lyrics which appears 74 times (69.81%) and mostly in the form of pronoun, followed by Textual Theme which appears 28 times (26.42%) and mostly in the form of conjunction and Interpersonal Theme which appears 4 times (3.77%). It is found that Topical Theme is mostly appears in all song lyrics. It can be said as the common phenomenon if the Topical Theme as the most frequent one because as Gerot and Wignell (1994) said that the Topical Theme is usually but not always appear in the clause. Textual Theme appears as the second order with 28 emergences (26.42%). Potentially the existence of Textual Themes in the lyrics has intention to make the listeners enjoy the songs without having interpret the meaning or relationship between clauses their self. The last one is Interpersonal Theme. Interpersonal Themes only appear 4 times in all song lyrics and only appear in the third lyrics ‘The Spirit Carries On’. Potentially, the writers tend to slightly impersonalize a personal matter in order to make the lyric more ‘grand’.

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 5.2. Suggestions

After drawing some conclusions, there are several suggestions that may be useful for teachers and further studies. For teachers, this study can be used as a tool to analyze songs that will be used as a media in teaching English. It is possible that if this study had made the Thematic Analysis not exclusively on the clause level, but on the text level, this study would have gotten different results. This study could also have gotten different results if this study had considered the Theme+Rheme equation or even if this study had analyzed the other two meta-functions, but this was not the intention of this study.

Further studies are recommended to analyze song lyrics consisting different issues. It is beneficial to find the differences of music groups, songs and meaning in each issue, for instance the humanity issue and socio-political issue. Hopefully, the present study will give a contribution for the listeners of the music to read and listen carefully and critically.

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu References

Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. 2008. Pokoknya Kualitatif: Dasar-dasar Merancang dan

Melakukan Penelitian Kualitatif. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.

Arikunto,S. (1996). Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktek. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Ciipta.

Bertoli-Dutra,P and Bissaco, C.M. (2006). In the Name of Love – Theme in U2 Songs. 33rd International Systemic Functional Congress.

Cespedes, Julian. (2005). Musical Meaning and Communication in Popular

Music. University of Sheffield.

Dallin, R. (1994). Approaches to Communication through Music. David Foulton

Publishers. Retrieved on June 05, 2012, from

http://www.southdowns.nhs.uk/index.cfm?request=c2007985.

Eggins, S. (2004). An introduction to systemic functional linguistics (2nd edition).

Continuum International Publishing Group.

Fock, Eva. (2010). Micro Musics, World Music and the Multicultural Discourse. University of Copenhagen.

Fraenkel, J.R. and Wallen, N.E. (1990). How to Design and Evaluate Research in

Education. New York,NY: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved on June 15, 2012, from

http://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk. Gerot and Wignell. (1994). Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Antipodean

Educational Enterprises.

Griffee, D.T. (1992). Songs in Action. Prentice Hall Publisher.

Halliday, M.A.K and R. Hasan. (1989). Language, context, and text: aspects of

language in a social-semiotic perspective (2nd edition). Deakin University

Press/Oxford University Press.

Halliday, M.A.K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar (2nd edition).

Edward Arnold.

Hallidy, M.A.K and Matthiessen,C.M.I.M. (2004). An introduction to functional

grammar (3rd edition). Edward Arnold.

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

able to gain the completeness and the depth of information in facing the reality (Sutopo, 2002 cited in Wulan 2008).

In taking sample, the study employed purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling is a non-random technique of drawing sample based on certain criteria conformed to the research purpose. Sample of this research were the lyrics by Dream Theater which was composed in the 1999. The lyrics that had been taken were as follows; Through My Words, Through Her Eyes, and The Spirit Carries On. These three lyrics were composed by John Petrucci and Jordan Rudess (1999), while “Through My Words” and “The Spirit Carries On” were composed by both of them (1999) and “Through Her Eyes” was composed by Jordan Rudess (1999).

3.4. Data Analysis

The collected data are analyzed using Theme and Rheme analytical framework proposed by Halliday (2004). In analyzing the lyrics, the study applied several steps: first, the song lyrics were divided into clauses. The second step was carried out to identify the Topical Themes using the Hallidayan Theme and Rheme analytical framework (2004) which is developed among others by Eggins (2004). A string of words are considered a Topical Theme if appear in the beginning of the clause and occupy one transitivity functions as exemplified below.

Where did we come from?

Topical Theme Rheme

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

In the above example, the question word „where‟ is a Topical Theme because question word „where‟ function as circumstance and it appears in the beginning of the clause and also occupy one transitivity functions. As mentioned by Eggins (2004), question words which initiate questions will function as Topical Themes.

If I die tomorrow textual topical

THEME RHEME

example 3.2

In the above example, the conjunction „if‟ is a Textual Theme because conjunction „if‟ function as conjunctive adjunct. As mentioned by Eggins (2004), conjunctive adjunct is textual Theme element.

Don`t weep at my grave interpersonal topical

THEME RHEME

example 3.3

In the example above, the Interpersonal Theme is finite „don‟t‟. The finite is the primary auxiliary „do‟ combined with negative polarity. As mentioned by Eggins (2004), primary auxiliaries are included as finite, and finite is one of the Interpersonal Theme elements.

The third step was carried out to see the tendency in the use of Theme. In the fourth step, the analysis focuses on Topical Theme in order to see the most frequent Topical Themes appear in the lyrics. Here is an example of the Topical Theme analysis.

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

Table 3.1 Sample of Realization of Topical Theme in the First Lyrics

No. Types of Topical

Theme Realization

Song 3

f %

1. Noun Phrase

My questioning mind 1 2.7% Victoria 1 2.7% Life 1 2.7% The spirit 1 2.7%

2. Pronoun

We 1 2.7%

That 2 5.4%

You 1 2.7%

I 17 45.95%

It 1 2.7%

What 3 8.11%

They 1 2.7%

6. Question words Where 2 5.4%

Why 1 2.7%

7. Process

Move 1 2.7%

Be 1 2.7%

Weep 1 2.7%

Let 1 2.7%

TOTAL 37 100%

The last step was carried out to interpret the messages from the song lyrics based on the distribution of Topical Theme supported by distribution of Textual and Interpersonal Themes.

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter presents the conclusions which are taken from the findings and discussions in the previous chapter. This chapter also presents some suggestions for further studies.

5.1. Conclusions

There are several conclusions that have been reached in this research. First, Topical Theme is the most frequent Theme in the three song lyrics which appears 74 times (69.81%) and mostly in the form of pronoun, followed by Textual Theme which appears 28 times (26.42%) and mostly in the form of conjunction and Interpersonal Theme which appears 4 times (3.77%). It is found that Topical Theme is mostly appears in all song lyrics. It can be said as the common phenomenon if the Topical Theme as the most frequent one because as Gerot and Wignell (1994) said that the Topical Theme is usually but not always appear in the clause. Textual Theme appears as the second order with 28 emergences (26.42%). Potentially the existence of Textual Themes in the lyrics has intention to make the listeners enjoy the songs without having interpret the meaning or relationship between clauses their self. The last one is Interpersonal Theme. Interpersonal Themes only appear 4 times in all song lyrics and only

appear in the third lyrics ‘The Spirit Carries On’. Potentially, the writers tend to

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

5.2. Suggestions

After drawing some conclusions, there are several suggestions that may be useful for teachers and further studies. For teachers, this study can be used as a tool to analyze songs that will be used as a media in teaching English. It is possible that if this study had made the Thematic Analysis not exclusively on the clause level, but on the text level, this study would have gotten different results. This study could also have gotten different results if this study had considered the Theme+Rheme equation or even if this study had analyzed the other two meta-functions, but this was not the intention of this study.

Further studies are recommended to analyze song lyrics consisting different issues. It is beneficial to find the differences of music groups, songs and meaning in each issue, for instance the humanity issue and socio-political issue. Hopefully, the present study will give a contribution for the listeners of the music to read and listen carefully and critically.

Edwan Ali Firdaus, 2013

Textual Meaning In Song Lyrics

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

References

Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. 2008. Pokoknya Kualitatif: Dasar-dasar Merancang dan

Melakukan Penelitian Kualitatif. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.

Arikunto,S. (1996). Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktek. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Ciipta.

Bertoli-Dutra,P and Bissaco, C.M. (2006). In the Name of Love – Theme in U2 Songs. 33rd International Systemic Functional Congress.

Cespedes, Julian. (2005). Musical Meaning and Communication in Popular

Music. University of Sheffield.

Dallin, R. (1994). Approaches to Communication through Music. David Foulton Publishers. Retrieved on June 05, 2012, from http://www.southdowns.nhs.uk/index.cfm?request=c2007985.

Eggins, S. (2004). An introduction to systemic functional linguistics (2nd edition).

Continuum International Publishing Group.

Fock, Eva. (2010). Micro Musics, World Music and the Multicultural Discourse. University of Copenhagen.

Fraenkel, J.R. and Wallen, N.E. (1990). How to Design and Evaluate Research in

Education. New York,NY: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved on June 15, 2012, from

http://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk. Gerot and Wignell. (1994). Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Antipodean

Educational Enterprises.

Griffee, D.T. (1992). Songs in Action. Prentice Hall Publisher.

Halliday, M.A.K and R. Hasan. (1989). Language, context, and text: aspects of

language in a social-semiotic perspective (2nd edition). Deakin University

Press/Oxford University Press.

Halliday, M.A.K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar (2nd edition).

Edward Arnold.

Hallidy, M.A.K and Matthiessen,C.M.I.M. (2004). An introduction to functional

grammar (3rd edition). Edward Arnold.