An Analysis Of Non-Literal Meaning In Selected Song Lyrics Of The Corrs

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AN ANALYSIS OF NON-LITERAL MEANING IN SELECTED

SONG LYRICS OF THE CORRS

A THESIS

BY

SILVIANA MANGGANO

Reg. No. : 080721026

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

MEDAN


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirrahmannirrahim

Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to ALLAH SWT, the almighty, merciful and the most gracious who has blessed me with health and capability in finishing this paper. Then, I never forget to say salawat to our big prophet Muhammad SAW who has brought us to the life full of knowledge and science.

Secondly, I would like to express my appreciation to those who have given me advice, motivation, and help in accomplishing my paper. My beloved parents, Dad Syukri and Mom Aina Elida who have supported me in material, education, motivation, and always pray for me so that I am always healthy and can accomplish my paper and also my little sister and brother, Ella and Arbey, who always given me spirit. My Romeo, Tony Ardhi, who has given me love, attention, and support.

Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. as the dean of Faculty of Letters, University of

Sumatera Utara. Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum. as the head of English Literature Department who has agreed the title and proposal of my thesis and for her advice and help. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A. and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti,

M.A. as my supervisors who has spent their time in correcting this thesis and

giving advice and guidance to finish my thesis. All lecturers in English Department who have taught and given me a lot of knowledge.


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My Firing Fecah Crew, Bundo, Tha, Neni, Zai, Ndah, Chayie, Era,

Nana, Eka, and Tice who helped me some motivations and my besties kak Shinta4L4Y as the leader of Gank 4L4Y, kak Na, kak Yen, and Reni who have

given me spirit. All of my friends in English Literature Department.

Finally, I realize that this paper is far from being perfect and without any help, support, and spirit from my beloved parties, this paper could not be completed.

Medan, 2010

The Writer,

Reg. No. : 080721026 Silviana Manggano


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ABSTRAK

Penyusunan skripsi ini adalah sebagai salah satu syarat untuk menyelesaikan kuliah di Departemen Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Penulis memilih judul “An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in Selected Song

Lyrics of The Corrs” karena penulis menyadari bahwa pembahasan tentang

makna non-literal sangat menarik untuk dipelajari. Dalam skripsi ini, penulis hanya membahas tentang makna-makna yang tidak dpat dipahami secara harfiah atau bukan makna denotative, dan jenis-jenis non literal meaning yang terdapat dalam lirik-lirik lagu The Corrs. Penilitian ini bersifat penelitian kepustakaan (library research). Dalam skripsi ini, yang paling sering ditemukan adalah personifikasi dan hiperbola. Sedangkan sinekdoke, simile, dan metafora sangat jarang ditemukan. Oleh karena itu, melalui pemaparan ini penulis berharap dapat menambah wawasan dan pengetahuan pembaca tentang non-literal meaning yang terdapat dalam lirik-lirik lagu The Corrs.


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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I am, SILVIANA MANGGANO, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is made in the text of this thesis, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in the whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the paper. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed : ………..


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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : SILVIANA MANGGANO

Title of paper : An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in Selected Song Lyrics of The Corrs

Qualification : S-I/Sarjana

Study Program : English Literature Department

1. I am wiling that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the English Literature Department Faculty of Letters USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

2. I am not willing that my paper be made available for reproduction.

Signed : ……….


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……… ABSTRACT ………. AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ……… COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ………. TABLE OF CONTENTS ……….

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of The Analysis ……… 1.2. Problem of The Analysis

……….. 1.3. Objective of The Analysis

……… 1.4. Scope of The Analysis

………. 1.5. Significance of The Analysis

…….………. 1.6. Methods of The Analysis

………...………. 1.7. Review of Related Literature


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CHAPTER II RESEARCH METHOD ……… 2.1. Data Source ………….……….. 2.2. Data Collecting Method ……… 2.3. Data Analysis Method ………..

CHAPTER III LITERAL AND NON-LITERAL MEANING ……… 3.1. Types of Meaning ………. 3.2. Definition of Literal Meaning ……….. 3.3. Kinds of Non-Literal Meaning ………. 3.3.1. Personification ……… 3.3.2. Hyperbole ……….. 3.3.3. Synecdoche ……… 3.3.4. Simile ………. 3.3.5. Metaphor ………

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ……… 4.1. Findings ………. 4.1.1. Personification ……… 4.1.2. Hyperbole ……… 4.1.3. Synecdoche ………. 4.1.4. Simile ………. 4.1.5. Metaphor ……… 4.2. Analysis ……… 4.2.1. Personification ……… 4.2.2. Hyperbole ……….. 4.2.3. Synecdoche ……… 4.2.4. Simile ……… 4.2.5. Metaphor ………


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CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ………. 5.1. Conclusions ……… 5.2. Suggestions ………

BIBLIOGRAPHY .……… APPENDICES ….……….


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ABSTRAK

Penyusunan skripsi ini adalah sebagai salah satu syarat untuk menyelesaikan kuliah di Departemen Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Penulis memilih judul “An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in Selected Song

Lyrics of The Corrs” karena penulis menyadari bahwa pembahasan tentang

makna non-literal sangat menarik untuk dipelajari. Dalam skripsi ini, penulis hanya membahas tentang makna-makna yang tidak dpat dipahami secara harfiah atau bukan makna denotative, dan jenis-jenis non literal meaning yang terdapat dalam lirik-lirik lagu The Corrs. Penilitian ini bersifat penelitian kepustakaan (library research). Dalam skripsi ini, yang paling sering ditemukan adalah personifikasi dan hiperbola. Sedangkan sinekdoke, simile, dan metafora sangat jarang ditemukan. Oleh karena itu, melalui pemaparan ini penulis berharap dapat menambah wawasan dan pengetahuan pembaca tentang non-literal meaning yang terdapat dalam lirik-lirik lagu The Corrs.


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of The Analysis

People as human beings have capabilities to communicate with each other. They communicate among themselves, about their activities, and others. All the words which they communicate are called language. Language organizes the content of communication, what human beings want to talk about, into sounds that are heard or written symbols that are read.

People have various ways to talk to each others, by using spoken language, written language, or gesture. All of them have meaning and message to be conveyed by speaker to hearer. Robert (1957:18) states that language is a system of speech sounds by which human beings, communicate with one other.

The aim of speaker expresses his idea through language is to make the hearer understand through the meaning in the language. Meaning is a part of language and through language we give and take meaning. Linguistics as the study of language is an interesting study because of development and changes of language.

Semantics is one of the branches of linguistics that studies meaning, Leech (1981:5) says, “The aim of semantics is to explain and describe meaning in natural language”. The meaning of a word can be defined based on the particular context and discipline; as example, yellow is the colour between orange to bright red and green; while in the context of traffic light yellow means be careful. In informal western community it may means easily frightened.


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Meaning can be divided into literal and non-literal meaning. Literal meaning means exactly what the speaker says. Literal meaning is we mean what our words mean, as example, you are brilliant, means you are clever. Non-literal meaning is we mean something different from what our words mean. You are brilliant literally means “you are clever” but when the speaker says to somebody that has made a mistake “you are brilliant” means “you are stupid”. The goal of speaker convey his idea through language is to make the hearer understand what the speaker want to express or share. Sometimes the hearer gets the wrong interpretation because the speaker utters a word that has other meaning from the original meaning. That is called non-literal meaning.

In non-literal meaning, there are number of different ways one can speak non-literally, that is by using figures of speeches. Richard (1985:105) says, “figure of speech is a word or phrase which is used for special effect, and which does not have its usual or literal meaning”.

There are some most common kinds of figurative speech namely metaphor which compares two unlike objects and substitutes one for the other, personification is an expression of giving in inhuman thing of human qualities, hyperbole is an expression that exaggeration, simile is an expression of a comparison of two unlike object things that show similarity, synecdoche is an expression that show a part represent the whole object or idea, litotes mean saying less than is actually the case.

For examples:


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2. I will give all the love in the world.

3. Don’t want your hand this time, I will save my self. 4. He eats like a pig.

5. A glooming girl.

The first sentence is personification, the word moon is considered as having the ability of an inanimate thing that is running away. It means that the night is very dark since the moon does not shine brightly as if run away. The second sentence is hyperbole, it means that she/he will give everything to her/his beloved one. The third sentence is synecdoche. Hand here does not mean she/he does not want somebody’s hand but here hand means/refers to somebody, the use of apart to mean the whole thing. In simple the sentence means I don’t need you, I can do it alone. The fourth sentence is simile, in the expression the way of he eats is compared with a pig. A pig has a connotation with dirty, smell, and greedy. So the expression above means he eats greedily. The fifth sentence is metaphor, the word glooming means growing. The sentence means a girl which is growing adult.

Hornby (1995:1133) says that a song is a piece of music with words that is sung. Song lyric is composed by a composer to expresses his feeling. The composer also use non-literal meaning to beautify his song lyric. Song lyric is one of interesting works that give the enjoyment by read or hear it, it also tells some information that expressed a deep meaning.

The Corrs is a celtic folk rock group from Dundalk, Ireland.The Corrs, an Irish quartet is composed of Andrea Jane, Caroline Georgine, Sharon Helga


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and Jim Stephen Ignatius Corr. The Corrs is one of music composer that compose many interesting song lyrics that give non-literal expression in their works.

In this thesis, the writer adopted figurative expression that are found in the selected song lyrics of The Corrs. The writer chooses the lyric as the object of her analysis because there are many figurative/non-literal meaning found in the selected song of The Corrs. The Corrs is one of the writer favorite group music.

1.2. Problem of The Analysis

In analyzing non-literal meaning in the selected song lyrics of The Corrs, there are two problems namely, they are:

• What kind of non-literal meanings found in the selected song lyrics of The Corrs?

• What is the meaning of each of non-literal meanings that found in the selected song lyrics of The Corrs?

1.3. Objective of The Analysis

By doing this thesis, the writer wants to achieve some objective that stated as follow:

• To find out the kinds of non-literal meanings that are found in the selected song lyrics of The Corrs.

• To describe meaning of the each of non-literal meanings in the selected songs lyrics of The Corrs.


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1.4. Scope of The Analysis

The writer limits the analysis only in the non-literal meaning from the selected song lyrics of The Corrs based on some figurative meaning namely personification, hyperbole, synecdoche, simile, metaphor (Kennedy (1982:584-595)). The writer chooses 16 hit songs from 3 albums of The Corrs; In Blue (2000), Best of The Corrs (2001), and Borrowed Heaven (2004) that contain many non-literal meaning. The sixteen songs are All The Love in The World, Breathless, Irresistable, One Night, Radio, Runaway, So Young, Summer Sunshine, Would You Be Happier, The Hardest Day of My Life, Make You Mine, Only When I Sleep, Black is The Colour, Forever May Not Be Long, Heart Like a Wheel, and Looking Through Your Eyes. The sixteen songs are collected because the writer assumes that they are represented enough to be the data.

1.5. Significance of The Analysis

The significances of this thesis are expected:

• To be one of the references for the students who are interested in this subject.

• To give information and description about non-literal meanings that can be found in The Corrs’ lyric.

1.6. Methods of the Analysis

In writing this thesis, the writer applies descriptive analysis and library research. Nawawi (1991:63) says that “metode deskriptif dapat diartikan sebagai


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prosedur pemecahan masalah yang diselidiki dengan menggambarkan/melukiskan keadaan subyek/obyek penelitian (seseorang, lembaga, masyarakat, dan lain-lain) pada saat sekarang berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang tampak atau sebagaimana adanya”. The writer reads some books and references that related to the subject matter, the writer collects and selects the relevant data. In analyzing the data, the writer peels several kinds of non-literal meaning which found in The Corrs selected song lyrics. The kind of datais qualitative data. Nawawi (1991:97) says that “Data kualitatif dinyatakan dalam bentuk kalimat atau uraian”. Besides that, some information are searched through web sites.

1.7. Review of Related Literature

There are two kinds of meaning in semantic; they are literal and non-literal meaning. This thesis deals with a semantic analysis, which is focused on non-literal meaning.

Peregrine (2003) words literal expressions denote what they mean according to common or dictionary usage, while words in non-literal expressions (figurative) connote additional layers of meaning.

Miller and Greenberg (1986:66) state, “Non-literal language used a means of indirect statement that says one thing in terms of another”. From the two opinions above the writer infer that in literal meaning, speaker mean something from what their words mean. In non-literal meaning, we mean something different from what our words mean.


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Kennedy (1982:584-595) says, “A figure of speech may be said to occur whenever a speaker or writer for the sake of freshness or emphasis, depart from the usual denotation of words”. He defined the figure of speech as follows:

• Metaphor is statement that one thing is something else, which in literal sense, it is not.

• Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing, an animal or abstract term(truth, nature) is made human.

• Hyperbole is a statement containing exaggeration to emphasized a point. • Metonymy is the name of the thing is substituted for that another closely

associated with it.

• Synecdoche is the use of a part of thing to stand for the whole of it or vice versa.

• Simile is a comparison of two things indicated by some connective, usually like, as, than or such resembles.

In completing this thesis, the writer also refers to some related literature from previous thesis, they are:

Idham (2003) in his thesis An Analysis of Non-literal Meaning in Obscene Language Used in Slipknot’s Selected Song, he concluded that there are 32 cases of the using non-literal meaning in the song, they are 16 cases for facetious way, 9 cases for sarcastic, 7 cases for ironic, 14 cases for exaggerated way and 2 cases for figurative way.

Salim (2005) in his thesis An Analysis of Non-literal Meaning Found in Gun’s ‘n Roses’ Lyrics, he founded there are 6 metaphors found in the song.


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Based on the finding of theses above, the writer wants to explain that my analysis focuses on the non-literal meaning in The Corrs’ selected lyrics. Actually, this analysis has same scope with theses above, that is the non-literal meaning but with different objects.


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2. RESEARCH METHOD

2.1. Data Source

Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. It deals with all linguistic aspects from words, phrases and sentences in language. Semantics is relatively of recent origin, being coined in the late 19th century from a Greek verb meaning “to signify”. The term ‘semantics’ it is a recent addition to English language.

2.2. Data Collecting Method

In this analysis, I use library research. I also take supporting materials by reading some books of semantics. I collect The Corrs’ albums and I read all the lyrics and I give the list from The Corrs’ songs. I take 16 song lyrics and they are All The Love in The World, Breathless, Irresistable, One Night, Radio, Runaway, So Young, Summer Sunshine, Would You Be Happier, The Hardest Day of My Life, Make You Mine, Only When I Sleep, Black is The Colour, Forever May Not Be Long, Heart Like a Wheel, and Looking Through Your Eyes.

2.3. Data Analysis Method

There are some steps in analyzing the sentences, they are: 1. Reading al lyrics in The Corrs’ songs that will be analyzed. 2. Giving the list to the sentences that have non-literal meaning. 3. Identifying the types of non-literal meaning found in the lyrics.

4. Interpreting the meaning of findings based on the context of each expression.


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3. LITERAL AND NON-LITERAL MEANING

3.1. Types of Meaning

A piece of language conveys its dictionary meaning, connotations beyond the dictionary meaning, information about the social context of language use, speaker’s feelings and attitudes rubbing off of one meaning on the another meaning of the same word when it has two meanings and meaning because of habit occurrence.

Broadly speaking, ‘meaning’ means the sum total of communicated through language. Words, Phrases and sentences have meanings which are studies in semantics.

Geoffrey Leech in his ‘Semantic- A Study of meaning’ (1974) breaks down meaning into seven types or ingredients giving primacy to conceptual meaning. The Seven types of meaning according to Leech are as follows.

1. Conceptual or Denotative Meaning

Conceptual meaning is also called logical or cognitive meaning. It is the basic propositional meaning which corresponds to the primary dictionary definition. Such a meaning is stylistically neutral and objective as opposed to other kinds of associative meanings. Conceptual meanings are the essential or core meaning while other six types are the peripheral. It is peripheral in as sense that it is non-essential. They are stylistically marked and subjective kind of meanings. Leech gives primacy to conceptual meaning


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because it has sophisticated organization based on the principle of contrastiveness and hierarchical structure.

Examples :

/P/ can be described as- voiceless + bilabial + plosive.

Similarly

Boy = + human + male-adult.

The hierarchical structure of ‘Boy’ = + Human + Male-Adult

Or “Boy” =Human – Male/Female-adult in a rough way.

Conceptual meaning is the literal meaning of the word indicating the idea or concept to which it refers. The concept is minimal unit of meaning which could be called ‘sememe’. As we define phoneme on the basis of binary contrast, similarly we can define sememe ‘Woman’as = + human + female + adult. If any of these attribute changes the concept cease to be the same.

Conceptual meaning deals with the core meaning of expression. It is the denotative or literal meaning. It is essential for the functioning of language. For example, a part of the conceptual meaning of ‘Needle” may be “thin”, “sharp” or “instrument”. The organization of conceptual meaning is based on two structural principles- Contrastiveness and the principle of structure. The conceptual meanings can be studied typically in terms of contrastive features.


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“Woman = + Human, -Male, + Adult”. On the contrary, word

“Boy” can be realized as:-

“Boy = “+ human, + male, - Adult”.

By the principle of structure, larger units of language are built up out smaller units or smaller units or smaller units are built out larger ones.

The aim of conceptual meaning is to provide an appropriate semantic representation to a sentence or statement. A sentence is made of abstract symbols. Conceptual meaning helps us to distinguish one meaning from the meaning of other sentences. Thus, conceptual meaning is an essential part of language. A language essentially depends on conceptual meaning for communication. The conceptual meaning is the base for all the other types of meaning.

2. Connotative Meaning

Connotative meaning is the communicative value of an expression over and above its purely conceptual content. It is something that goes beyond mere referent of a word and hints at its attributes in the real world. It is something more than the dictionary meaning. Thus purely conceptual content of ‘woman’ is +human + female+


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adult but the psychosocial connotations could

be ‘gregarious’, ‘having maternal instinct’ or typical (rather than invariable) attributes of womanhood such as ‘babbling’,’

experienced in cookery’, ‘skirt or dress wearing ‘etc. Still

further connotative meaning can embrace putative properties of a referent due to viewpoint adopted by individual, group, and society as a whole. So in the past woman was supposed to have attributes like frail, prone to tears, emotional, irrigational, inconstant , cowardly etc. as well as more positive qualities such gentle, sensitive, compassionate, hardworking etc. Connotations vary age to age and society to society.

As example :

Old age ‘Woman’ - ‘Non-trouser wearing or sari wearing’ in

Indian context must have seemed definite connotation in the past. Present ‘Woman’---- Salwar/T-shirt/Jeans wearing.

Some times connotation varies from person to person also. As example :

Connotations of the word ‘woman’ for misogynist and a person of feminist vary.

The boundary between conceptual and connotative seems to be analogous. Connotative meaning is regarded as incidental, comparatively unstable, in determinant, open ended, variable according to age, culture and individual, whereas conceptual


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meaning is not like that . It can be codified in terms of limited symbols.

3. Social Meaning

The meaning conveyed by the piece of language about the social context of its use is called the social meaning. The decoding of a text is dependent on our knowledge of stylistics and other variations of language. We recognize some words or pronunciation as being dialectical i.e. as telling us something about the regional or social origin of the speaker. Social meaning is related to the situation in which an utterance is used.

It is concerned with the social circumstances of the use of a linguistic expression. For example, some dialectic words inform us about the regional and social background of the speaker. In the same way, some stylistic usages let us know something of the social relationship between the speaker and the hearer.

For example :

“I ain’t done nothing”.

The line tells us about the speaker and that is the speaker is probably a black American, underprivileged and uneducated.

Another example :

“Come on yaar, be a sport. Don’t be Lallu”.


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Stylistic variation represents the social variation. This is because styles show the geographical region social class of the speaker. Style helps us to know about the period, field and status of the discourse. Some words are similar to others as far as their conceptual meaning is concerned. But they have different stylistic meaning. For example, ‘steed ’, ‘horse and ‘nag’ are synonymous. They all mean a kind of animal i.e. Horse. But they differ in style and so have various social meaning. ‘Steed’ is used in poetry; ‘horse’ is used in general, while ‘nag’ is slang. The word ‘Home’ can have many use also like domicile ( official), residence (formal) abode (poetic) , home (ordinary use). connotative meaning plays a very vital role in the field of semantics and in understanding the utterances and sentences in different context.

4. Affective or Emotive Meaning

For some linguists it refers to emotive association or effects of words evoked in the reader, listener. It is what is conveyed about the personal feelings or attitude towards the listener.

Examples :

‘home’ for a sailor/soldier or expatriate and ‘mother’ for a motherless child, a married woman (esp. in Indian context) will

have special effective, emotive quality.

In affective meaning, language is used to express personal feelings or attitude to the listener or to the subject matter of his discourse.


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I.A. Richards argued that emotive meaning distinguishes literature or poetic language from factual meaning of science. Finally it must be noted that affective meaning is largely a parasitic category. It overlaps heavily with style, connotation and conceptual content. 5. Reflected Meaning

Reflected meaning and collocative meaning involve interconnection. At the lexical level of language, reflected meaning arises when a word has more than one conceptual meaning or multiple conceptual meaning. In such cases while responding to one sense of the word we partly respond to another sense of the word too. Leech says that in church service ‘the comforter and the Holy Ghost ’refer to the third in Trinity. They are religious words. But unconsciously there is a response to their non-religious meanings too. Thus the ‘comforter’ sounds warm and comforting while the ‘Ghost’ sounds ‘awesome’ or even ‘dreadful’. One sense of the word seems to rub off on another especially through relative frequency and familiarity (e.g. a ghost is more frequent and familiar in no religious sense).

In poetry too we have reflected meaning as in the following lines :

‘Are limbs so dear achieved, are sides, Full nerved still warm-too hard to stir’

Owen here uses ‘dear’ in the sense of expensiveness. - But the sense of beloved is also eluded.


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Another examples :

“The could not but be gay In such jocund company”

The word ‘gay’ was frequently used in the time of William Wordsworth but the word now is used for ‘homosexuality’.

In such type cases of multiple meaning, one meaning of the word pushes the other meaning to the background. Then the dominant suggestive power of that word prevails. This may happen because of the relative frequency or familiarity of the dominant meaning. This dominant meaning which pushes the other meaning at the background is called the reflected meaning.

Reflected meaning is also found in taboo words. For examples are terms like erection, intercourse, ejaculation. The word ‘intercourse’ immediately reminds us of its association with sex (sexual intercourse). The sexual association of the word drives away its innocent sense, i.e. ‘communication’. The taboo sense of the word is so dominant that its non-taboo sense almost dies out. In some cases, the speaker avoids the taboo words and uses their alternative word in order to avoid the unwanted reflected meaning. For example, as Bloomfield has pointed out, the word ‘Cock’ is replaced by speakers, they use the word ‘rooster’ to indicate the general meaning of the word and avoid its taboo sense. These words have non-sexual meanings too. (E.g. erection of a building,


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ejaculate-throw out somebody) but because of their frequency in the lit of the physiology of sex it is becoming difficult to use them in their innocent/nonsexual sense. Thus we can see that reflected meaning has great importance in the study of semantics.

6. Collocative Meaning

Collocative meaning is the meaning which a word acquires in the company of certain words. Words collocate or co-occur with certain words only e.g. Big business not large or great.Collocative meaning refers to associations of a word because of its usual or habitual co-occurrence with certain types of words. ‘Pretty’ and ‘handsome’indicate ‘good looking’.

However, they slightly differ from each other because of collocation or co-occurrence. The word ‘pretty’ collocates with – girls, woman, village, gardens, flowers, etc.

On the other hand, the word ‘handsome’ collocates with – ‘boys’

men, etc. so ‘pretty woman’ and ‘handsome man’. While

different kinds of attractiveness, hence ‘handsome woman’ may

mean attractive but in a mannish way. The

verbs ‘wander’ and ‘stroll’ are quasi-synonymous- they may have almost the same meaning but while ‘cows may wonder into another farm’, they don’t stroll into that farm because ‘stroll’ collocates with human subject only. Similarly one ‘trembles with fear’ but ‘quivers with excitement’. Collocative meanings need to be


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invoked only when other categories of meaning don’t apply. Generalizations can be made in case of other meanings while collocative meaning is simply on idiosyncratic property of individual words. Collocative meaning has its importance and it is a marginal kind of category.

7. Thematic Meaning

It refers to what is communicated by the way in which a speaker or a writer organizes the message in terms of ordering focus and emphasis .Thus active is different from passive though its conceptual meaning is the same. Various parts of the sentence also can be used as subject, object or complement to show prominence. It is done through focus, theme (topic) or emotive emphasis. Thematic meaning helps us to understand the message and its implications properly. For example, the following statements in active and passive voice have same conceptual meaning but different communicative values.

For example :

a. Mrs. Smith donated the first prize

b. The first prize was donated by Mrs. Smith.

In the first sentence “who gave away the prize” is more important, but in the second sentence “what did Mrs. Smith gave


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The first suggests that we already know Mrs. Smith (perhaps through earlier mention) its known/given information while it’s new information.

Alternative grammatical construction also gives thematic meaning. Example :

a. He likes Indian good most.

b. Indian goods he likes most.

c. It is the Indian goods he likes most.

Like the grammatical structures, stress and intonation also make the message prominent. For example, the contrastive stress on the word ‘cotton’ in the following sentence give prominence to the information.

a. John wears a cotton shirt

b. The kind of shirt that john wears is cotton one.

Thus sentences or pairs of sentences with similar conceptual meaning differ their communicative value. This is due to different grammatical constructions or lexical items or stress and intonations. Therefore they are used in different contents.

“Ten thousand saw I at a glance”

Wordsworth here inverts the structure to focus on ‘ten thousand”.

Sometimes thematic contrast i.e. contrasts between given and new information can be conveyed by lexical means.


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Example :

a. John owns the biggest shop in London

b. The biggest shop in London belongs to John.

c. The ways we order our message also convey what is important and what not. This is basically thematic meaning.

Associative Meaning:

Leech uses this as an umbrella term for the remaining 5 types of meanings( connotative, social, affective, reflective and collocative).All these have more in common with connotative than conceptual meaning. They all have the same open ended, variable character and can be analyzed in terms of scales or ranges ( more/less) than in either or contrastive terms. These meanings contain many imponderable factors. But conceptual meaning is stable. CONCEPTUAL MEANING or Sense Logical, cognitive, or denotative content ASSOCIATIVE

MEANING

CONNOTATIVE MEANING

What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to STYLISTIC

MEANING

What is communicated of the social circumstances of language use

AFFECTIVE MEANING

What is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer

REFLECTED MEANING

What is communicated thorough association with another sense of the same expression

COLLOCATIVE MEANING

What is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word THEMATIC MEANING What is communicated by the way in which the message is

organized in terms of the order and emphasis Seven types of meaning (Leech 1974)


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Other authors, of course, use a different classification of meaning. If we extend our interest beyond onomatology we may distinguish lexical and grammatical meaning, which is a distinction corresponding to Aristotle's material and formal meaning. Lexical meaning then is the meaning as discussed in onomatology and grammatical meaning, also called structural meaning, is of three kinds: (i) morphological meaning, (ii) the meaning of the minor parts of speech, (iii) the meaning linked with grammatical functions, eg 'subject-of', (iv) the meaning associated with sentence types, eg declarative.

When the relationship between naming units and the extralinguistic reality is

considered we may come across terms used in the above paragraphs (conceptual, denotative, cognitive and basic meaning) and across other terms, eg referential meaning (the naming unit refers to an item of extralinguistic reality), factual meaning, objective meaning, descriptive meaning. When the relationship between language and the emotional, personal state of the speaker is considered, the terms used are attitudinal, emotive, and expressive meaning, all corresponding to affective meaning in Leech's system. Contextual meaning is another term for collocative meaning. Phonetic meaning is connected with sound symbolism and phonological meaning is connected with alliteration and rhyme in poetry.

TERMS, technical, scientific, linguistic etc, differ from non-terms in that their conceptual meaning is well defined and in that they have no connotative, affective and other secondary meaning. Terms can be used in isolation.


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Similarity of meaning is the only principle according to which the

paradigmatic features of naming units can be put into relationship. The terms used in the description are polysemy, homonymy, paronymy, hyponymy, synonymy and antonymy. Although polysemy is a feature of an individual naming unit and the other five are features connected with the relationships between naming units they are linked together. Polysemy was mentioned in the previous chapter (crane, duše) and so was homonymy (bank, kolej). If we take crane - jeřáb as an example of polysemy, we might separate the meanings of 'bird' and 'device' because the metaphor between the two is no longer visible as the shapes of the modern lifting devices are not similar to the bird. The result of this separation would be two homonyms. If we take bank and kolej as examples of homonymy, we might disregard the origin and the meaning of bank as 'institution', 'raised ground' and 'row of objects' and of kolej as 'rut, rails' and 'hall of residence' and join them in one polysemous naming unit, as the Collins Cobuild dictionaries did in their first editions.

While polysemy, homonymy, synonymy and antonymy function on the

horizontal level, hyponymy functions on the vertical level because it imposes hierarchical structure on sections of the vocabulary. Hyponyms are members of a paradigm defined by a hyperonym, also called a superordinate. Scarlet, vermilion andcrimson are immediate hyponyms of red, the hyperonym, because their meanings are included in the meaning of red: scarlet 'a vivid red colour, sometimes with an orange tinge', vermilion 'a bright red to reddish-orange


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three. Hyponymy is not an absolute feature because in taxonomical structures we can choose several levels, eg in the animal kingdom we can take the subphylum ('podkmen') of vertebrates('obratlovci') and move either upward in the structure to the phylum of chordates ('strunatci') or downward to the classes (leaving out the

divisions 'oddělení', which are too technical for the our purpose): eg fishes,

amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals. If we continue downward we reach the breed of the already mentioned the English setter as one of the hyponyms of setter.

Hyponymy does not operate systematically outside the systems of

scientific taxonomy because there are many gaps, asymmetries and indeterminacies in the natural languages. LYONS (1968.456) gives the following example: there is no superordinate term in English of which all the colour-words are co-hyponyms becausecoloured is sometimes in contrast with white (laundry, race, chalks) as well as with transparent (liquid). Lyons also quotes come, go, person, thing, event as lexical items with very general application. If they were regarded as hyperonyms the numbers of hyponyms would run into hundreds and thousands.

A word is a synonym 'if it or one of its senses shares with another word

or sense of a word one or more elementary meanings' (Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus). The elementary meaning of nose is 'the prominent part of the human face that bears the nostrils and covers the nasal passage'. This elementary meaning is shared by beak 'a hooked nose', conk - British slang word for


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'nose', proboscis 'elephant's trunk' or 'long flexible nose of the tapir', schnozzle - American slang word based on Yiddish, smeller, sneezer - slang words, snout - British derogatory slang word. The lists show that there is no absolute, total synonymy and that to the elementary meaning is added the description of the shape, or the typical bearer of the part of body, or a stylistic meaning. The lists also show similarities in the use of metaphor in English and in Czech.

Near-synonyms are words which are closely related with the members of a synonym group (or, in other words, a semantic field), eg the verb mix has a number of synonyms such as admix, blend, fuse, make up, merge, mingle etc and a number of near-synonyms, or related words, such as associate, combine, join, link, unite.

The relationships between near-synonymic members of a semantic field are shown in the following tables. The first one, based on Leisi, deals with various types of sounds and their causes.

The inner circle (I) gives the most general terms, sound and noise,

without any connection to a cause. The next circle II links the sound and the cause. The words outside the circle (III) refer to the cause only, the sound being irrelevant. The words in III then do not belong to the field proper. (The diagram does contain all types of sounds, among those missing are eg crackle, crunch, jingle, ring, splash, squelch, tick, tinkle.)


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Pairs of words which are opposite in meaning are traditionally

called antonyms. Some words have a single opposite, eg the opposite of large is small and the opposite of small is large. A very frequent type of antonymy is based on negation, eg charming charmless, legal illegal, like v. dislike, like adj. - unlike, polite - impolite. Polysemous words and words with complex meaning may have two antonyms, eg the adjective single in the meaning of 'being without a spouse' (Cz. svobodný) has the opposite married and in the meaning of 'one as distinguished from two or more or all others' (Cz. jediný) has multiple as an opposite. We find similar relationships in cheap - costly, expensive, precious, noble; late - early, prompt, punctual; long - short, brief; lose - gain, win; loud - low, soft. On the whole, only a very small proportion of words has antonyms. There are no words of opposite meaning to cemetery, engine, feather, gin, pudding, puppet, to whistle etc.

Near-antonyms are words which are clearly contrastable with the

members of a synonym group, eg divide, part, separate, sever are near-antonyms, or contrasted words, of the verb mix and its synonyms.

In the area traditionally called antonymy, LYONS (1968.460-70)

distinguishes three types of 'oppositeness' of meaning: antonymy, complementarity and converseness. Antonymy is a relation limited to gradable items. Complementarity is a type of oppositeness which holds between pairs of non-gradable words such as single: married, male : female. The words in these


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pairs are complementaries because the denial of one implies the assertion of the other and the assertion of one implies the denial of the other.

Lyons (1977:2) says that “the meaning can be, distinguished by the technique of substituting other words in the same context and inquiry whether the resulting sentences are equivalent. Dongoran (1991:1) says that the meaning is ideas or concept, which can be transferred from the mind of the speaker to the mind of the hearer by embodying them, as it was, in the forms of language or another. Nikelas (1988:231) says that meaning is a complex phenomenon involving relationship between a language and the mind of its speakers and the practical use to which it is put.

3.2. Definition of Literal Meaning

In studying semantics, there are two kinds of meaning, they are literal and non-literal meaning. Siregar (1992) says, “if we speak literally, than we mean what our words mean”.

Literal meaning is a meaning without any other meanings besides the lexical meaning or the surface meaning of words or sentences. Therefore, there will be no differences between the linguistic meaning and speaker meaning. Sometimes, a hearer is easy to understand what someone means. But in particular condition, there are possibilities that are the hearer might have difficulties to understand the utterance although what the speaker means is what the word really means lexically because there is no limitation of the hearer’s ability. This


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particular reason is related to whether the speaker uses his/her sentences without any hidden meaning in his/her sentences. It is reasonable to call it literal meaning.

The literal meaning is according to the letter scriptures, adhering to fact, not figurative or metaphorical, being without exaggeration or embellishment and based on the exact sense and characterized by a concern mainly with fact. The examples below illustrate the literal meaning:

a. She loves swimming. b. He is eating a pasta.

c. My aunt is an English teacher in TBI.

All the sentences above are literal meaning and easy to understand as long as the writer intends them as what they really mean lexically.

There will be no important difference between linguistic meaning and the speaker meaning. If a speaker is always speaking literally it means what his words mean. But it does not mean that everyone can understand the utterance what the speaker intends what the word really mean lexically. The listener would enrich his vocabulary.

In other words, literal meaning also means true meaning. For example, someone is saying “She is a beautiful girl”. In the case of literal meaning, the speaker really means that the girl is beautiful. The speaker means exactly what his words mean without having hidden meaning or particular intention when saying the words.


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3.3. Definition of Non-Literal Meaning

Non-literal meaning is included as a part of communication which is directly meant as an activity that occurs when there is no conversation between speaker and hearer. To make the communicative conversation, it is necessary for the speaker to give her/his intentional meaning and, in the same time, the hearer accepts the speaker’s intension and responds the sense by giving the intentional meaning in return with words or sentences as the reaction. But when all of those aspects do not come, the predictable result that probably happens is the conversation may not continue any longer and it will be automatically stopped. Therefore, before making further steps in conversation of non-literal meaning, both of the communicants must concern to those aspect above and understand the context that is sentences atmosphere being expressed.

Non-literal meaning occurs when the speaker means different from what the words or sentences really mean. In other word, when the speaker speaks a word and a sentence, which implies the different meaning from its real meaning and that is the time for the speaker to speak non-literally. In addition, the word or sentence which is spoken by the speaker had hidden meaning besides the lexical meaning.

Before having the conversation which has non-literal meaning in it, it is important for the hearer to know or understand the context of the atmosphere of the sentences being expressed it is quite difficult to understand the meaning without any understanding to the context of the sentences atmosphere. Misunderstanding might happen when the hearer cannot get the speaker’s idea. It


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possibly happens, because non-literal meaning is way to express someone’s idea abstractly or imaginatively and it might be the special way to express the idea which seems very innovative and better for human’s ear.

Non-literal meaning is not always used for imaginative or abstract way in expressing the idea, but it also has a certain purpose behind the lexical meaning. Non-literal meaning might be the best way to substitute any offensive words or the replacement of unpleasant words for some people.

3.4. Kinds of Non-Literal Meaning

Language in application may be divided into two ways, written and spoken. When we use one of those ways, of course it is because we intend to reveal something to other people or there is a meaning in what is spoken or written.

There are several meanings commonly found, and those meanings are divided in speaker meaning and linguistic meaning. Sometimes, word is needed by speaker in producing an utterance because it is necessary to be done when the speaker wants to express something different from it really means, and that is time when the speaker speaks non-literally.

In particular situation, we have to understand the different function of the meaning of words in order to have the right and clear understanding. For examples :


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b. I keep my clothes in the closet

In (a), ‘keep’ means continuous activity, in (b), ‘keep’ means putting something in a place.

3.4.1. Personification

Personification is the figure of speech in which a thing, an animal, or an abstract term (truth, nature) is made or the object are likely considered as having human since human characteristics are attached to the objects themselves. In Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (2000) states that personification is the arbitrary of human qualities to an inanimate object. The representing of the imaginary creatures or things as having human personalities, intelligence, and emotion

“Personification consists in giving the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or an idea (Perrine, 1973). Personification is a special form of metaphor that pictures inanimate things to act, speak, or talk like humans. An example of personification is in the quotation of Keat’s Personification of autumn as a harvester “sitting careless on a granary floor” or “on a half-reaped furrow sound asleep” (Perreine, 1973). Shaw (1972:283) says that “Personification is a figure of speech in which abstractions, animals, ideas, and inanimate objects are having human form, character, traits, or sensibilities”. For example; “the wind speaks in whisper”. It is already know that “speaks” is the characteristics of human, and able to speak, it needs the articulatory organ to make it possible which the wind does not has. Therefore this characteristic is given to personify the inanimate object.


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Another example of the uses personification is “my heart says yes”. The word “say” can be interpreted literally as an activity of a person to express the person’s idea. But according to the sentence above, this activity is done by ‘heart’, which is an inanimate object. Although, the idea of the sentence above is non-literally meant as an expression of agreement of something.

3.4.2. Hyperbole

The word hyperbole itself derived from Greek. It is from two words, hyper means over and balle means to throw. Hyperbole is one of the exaggerated way which consist of exaggerated statement which is not mean to be literally. Whereas exaggerated way is an expression to make something looks bigger or greater than it really is. In Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary, hyperbole is indicated as a way of describing something in order to make it sound bigger, smaller, better, worse, etc. than it really is. For example, “I miss you like crazy”, here it does not really become crazy person but the strong feeling of miss someone or it may mean “I miss you so much”. Another example of hyperbole is “I’m dying again”. Dying is connected with or happening at the time of somebody’s death. In addition, it happen to people only once in life. It is impossible to say, “I’m dying again” as if ever happen before. “Dying” here may means that the feeling of unpleasant, useless, and hopeless. So the sentence may means “I feel unpleasant, hurt, and disappointed.


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3.4.3. Synecdoche

“Synecdoche is a term derived from Greek word Synekdechesthai that means ‘receiving together’” (Keraf, 1984). Synecdoche is a kind of figurative language that mentions part of a thing to signify the whole thing or uses the whole to signify the part. Shakespeare uses synecdoche when he says that the cuckoo’s song is unpleasing to “married ear”, for he means “a married man” (Perrine, 1973).

Synecdoche is a kind of non-literal meaning, which states one thing partly instead of its universe or vice versa. Keraf in Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa (1991:142) says “sinekdoke adalah semacam gaya bahasa yang mempergunakan sebagian dari sesuatu hal untuk menyatakan keseluruhan (pars pro toto) atau mempergunakan keseluruhan untuk menyatakan sebagian (totum pro parte)”.

Based on those definition above, we notice that synecdoche is a kind of figurative language that uses the name of a part of something as the name of its whole part or vice versa. Synecdoche can be divided into two kinds, they are:

1. A part is used to mean the whole of the thing.

For example: “All eyes on you”.

The word “all eyes” represent “the people or public”, not only the eyes of the people but also the whole of their body, since eyes are part of human body.

2. The whole is used to mean a part.


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In this sentence, Italy and England are used as substitution of some players of both countries.

3.3..4. Simile

Simile is an explicit and direct comparison of similarities of two different objects. Simile is usually characterized by the use of as or like to mark the comparison between the objects (Keraf, 1984). Perrine (1973) adds that in simile the comparison can also be expressed by some other words such as than, similar to, resembles, or seems. The sentence “her lips are like a red coral” is a classic example of simile where the writer compares someone’s lips to a coral, whose colour is red. Siregar (1992:12) says, “Simile is a comparison between two objects using ‘like’ or ‘as’”. For examples:

Your eyes like the stars. You are as fresh as daisy. Your braveness as a lion.

In the first sentence, it does not mean that your eyes like stars. The writer wants to compare your eyes and the stars. In literal, we can say that you eyes is beautiful or you have beautiful eyes. In the second sentence, the writer wants to compare you and daisy. The writer wants to compare the freshness between you and fresh flower like daisy. In literal, it becomes you are fresh like a fresh daisy. In the third sentence, the writer wants to compare you with lion. In literal, we can say that you are a strong and brave person like a lion.

A simile is not just an ordinary comparison. If you say “my bag is like your bag” or “I run as other boy run” you are not making a simile. Such


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comparison are important and necessary in daily conversation, but they are literal. A simile must compare two basic things that are found to be alike in one respect.

3.3.5. Metaphor

Metaphor is the way to express the idea by using the substitution words with the similar qualities as the representation of first object which is substituted. It describes one thing or idea by using words usually use of something else. The use of similar qualities does not mean one object is like another.

For example of metaphor “she hide from mortal eyes”. If we think about mortal, we may consider it as a kind of dangerous thing as the eye. In this case, the word mortal used to express the idea of someone who is having a sharp looking. Another example is “Departing summer hath assumed”. The word departing emphasizes a condition means by gone. Metaphorically it may mean that a situation where the season was by gone or change with other season.


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4. THE ANALYSIS OF NON- LITERAL MEANING IN SELECTED SONG LYRICS OF THE CORRS

4. 1. The Data

4.1.1. Personification

1. My imagination just stole me away (A15)

2. So can’t you see I’m tortured, oh can’t you hear my pain (C11) 3. My heart aches with a hunger (D4)

4. Sharing summer kisses and city sounds (E3) 5. Wondering why my mind plays tricks (E17) 6. We are chasing the moon (G5)

7. Where our dreams collide (J6) 8. When the daylight takes you (K10) 9. It reaches through my skin (L7) 10. My sleeping cry (L39)

11. Open your heart, baby leave with me, don’t be afraid (N17)

4.1.2. Hyperbole

1. I live my dreams but it’s not all they say (A4) 2. Then I’ll give… all the love in the world (A10) 3. Just to get you through the loneliest days (A12) 4. And the nights grow colder (A26)

5. Go on, go on, leave me breathless (B1) 6. The daylight’s fading slowly (B3)


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7. Don’t want you for the weekend, don’t want you for a day (C2) 8. It’s indefinable, it’s magical, illogical (C8)

9. I’ll be your summer rain (C13)

10. It can take you places, like never before (C24) 11. With a full glass and an empty heart (E5)

12. But you are in my head, swimming forever in my head (E7) 13. Tangled in my dreams, swimming forever… (E8)

14. Caught up in a distant dream I try (E14) 15. I would runaway with you (F6)

16. On these lazy summer days (G17) 17. You’ve been keeping me warm (H6) 18. In coffee city, we borrowed heaven (H9)

19. Do you ever think you’re someone else inside, when no one understands you are (I3)

20. And wanna disappear inside a dream but never wanna wake up (I4)

21. Leave, love you wave goodbye (J14) 22. When loving you is my finest hour (J21) 23. Leaving you, the hardest day of my life (J22) 24. I feel empty inside (J27)

25. I’m falling for you everyday (K5)

26. I’, aching for you only I’ll never tire (K17) 27. Oh and when life defies you (K26)


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28. You’ll never go astray (K28) 29. Fly with me, loose reality (K30)

4.1.3. Synecdohe

1. Wondering, waiting for the day to fade away (K1) 2. You’ll find that you can’t stand to be away (K24) 3. I love my love and well he knows (M5)

4. Its out of our hands, we can’t stop what we had begun (P12)

4.1.4. Simile

1.Just like I need you (the way I see you) (C5)

2.And I want you to see me, like no one before (C6)

3.My faith in love is like blood, it flows in everyone (N12)

4.Some say the heart is just like a wheel (O1)

4.1.5.Metaphor

And suddenly I know why life is worthwhile, that’s what I see through your eyes (P7&8)

4.2. The Analysis

4.2.1. Personification

1. My imagination just stole me away

Imagination is not human, it is not real and it is in our brain. It’s

impossible if imagination can really stole someone. So, the sentence above may mean that she/he is enjoying her/his fantacy.


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Pain is not human, unseen, and it can’t be heard by people. But we only can feel it. So “hear my pain” may mean that she/he wants her/his beloved one feel her/his sadness.

3. My heart aches with a hunger

Heart is life (it is beating) but it can’t talk or walk. The sentence above may mean that had lost her/his beloved one.

4. Sharing summer kisses and city sounds

City is not human, it cannot move or talk. So the sentence above may mean that couple which expressed their love with sharing each other.

5. Wondering why my minds plays tricks

As we know mind is nit human and it can play anything. The

sentence above may mean that she/he had been fool by her/his imagination.

6. We are chasing the moon

The sentence above is not really mean that they will chase the moon, because moon is up in the sky and human is on earth, so it is impossible to catch or case the moon. The literal meaning is they are looking for happiness, where they belong to and feel comfortable.


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7. Where our dreams collide

As we know, dream is imagination and it is not real. The word “collide” here means loose. So the sentence may mean that they lost their hope of something.

8. When the daylight takes you

Daylight is not human, it can do any activities, and it is impossible to take people. The sentence above may mean that her/his beloved one doing some activities outside the house.

9. It reached through my skin

“it” here mean love. The sentence above may mean that she/he really feel the love so that it make her/his happy and comfortable.

10. My sleeping cry

As we know sleep is kind of activity, it is not human. The word “sleeping cry” is not really mean that she/he is crying while sleep, but it may mean that she/he really need her/his beloved one.

11. Open your heart, bay leave with me, don’t be afraid

Heart is part of our body and it is in our body. We can really open

our heart because we will need the surgery to open it. So the literal meaning is someone try to make her/his believe or trust him and receive his love.


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4.2.2. Hyperbole

1. I live my dream but it’s not all they say

Dream is imagination, it is not human and it is not real. The word “live my dream” is not mean that we really live and do activities in a dream. The sentence above may mean that she/he is dreaming/imagining something.

2. Then I’ll give… all the love in the world

The world “give all the love in the world” is not really mean that

we have to gathered all the love in the world and give it to our beloved one. The sentence above may mean that she/he will give everything to her/his beloved one.

3. Just to get you through the loneliest days

Day is not human and it cannot feel alone like human. The word” loneliest days” here is not mean that the day is really quiet. The literal meaning may mean that she/he wants her/his beloved one also feel her/his sadness.

4. And the nights grow colder

Night is not human, it can be grow or feel the cold. The sentence above may mean that she/he is alone and need her/his beloved one to accompany her/him.


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The sentence above is not really mean that someone has no breath. The literal meaning may mean that her/his beloved one had left her/him and makes she/he does not have spirit to live her/his life.

6. The daylights fading slowly

It is impossible if the sun lose its colour. The sentence above may mean that she/he had lost her/his spirit.

7. Don’t want you for the weekend, don’t want you for a day

The sentence above is not really mean that she/he does not need her/his beloved one. The literal meaning may mean that she/he want to have/be with her/his beloved one completely (not in temporary condition, but in permanent condition).

8. It’s indefinable, it’s magical, illogical

The word “magic” here it is not really mean that something made by magic. The literal meaning may mean that she/he is really impressed by her/his beloved one.

9. I’ll be your summer rain

“Summer rain” here may mean that is her/his beloved one in a trouble/problem, she/he will always support and make her/his beloved one calm down.

10.It can take you places, like never before

The word “it” here mean love. But the sentence above is not really mean that love can bring or take you from to place to another


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place. The literal meaning may mean that with love we can learn everything or even the new thing that we never done before.

11.With a full glass and an empty heart

As we know heart is in our body, it fulfill with blood and liquid. If our heart is empty, it means that we had died. The sentence above may mean that she/he is lonely, eventhough in a crowd.

12.But you are in my head, swimming forever in my head

Head is part of our body, we cannot swim in our head. The literal meaning may mean that she/he always think about her/his beloved one.

13.Tangled in my dreams, swimming forever…

The word “tangled in my dreams” is not really mean that someone is fighting in a dream, because dream is not real. The sentence above may mean that she/he is dreaming of her/his beloved one.

14.Caught up in a distant dream I try

The sentence above is not really mean that someone is trap in a dream. The literal meaning may mean that she/he cannot receive/accept the reality/fact and always shadowed by her/his dream.

15. I would runaway with you

“Runaway” here is not really mean that someone is really run and leave the city. The sentence above may mean that she/he want to spent her/his life with her/his beloved one.


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16.On these lazy summer days

“Day” is not human which can be lazy to do something. The literal meaning may mean that the day which we can relax.

17.You’ve been keeping me warm

The word “warm” here is not really mean that someone is warmed you as a fire or someone is next to the fire so you can feel warm. The sentence above may mean that she/he feels comfortable with her/his beloved one.

18. In coffee city, we borrowed heaven

We do not even know where heaven is, in our imagination is beautiful place which made by ALLAH Swt. So the literal meaning may mean that they are having fun in some place.

19.Do you ever think you’re someone else inside, when no one understands you are

The sentence above may mean that she/he want to be a different personality because no one believe her/him.

20.And wanna disappear inside a dream but never wanna wake

It is impossible to get in a dream and lost in it. Dream is an imagination, we cannot go inside a dream. The literal meaning is she/he cannot receive/accept the fact that happen to her/him.


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The sentence above may mean that she/he can accept the reality that her/his beloved one leave her/him with all of her/his heart and soul.

22.When loving you is my finest hour

The literal meaning is her/his beloved one is really mean to her/him, but she/he must brake up/leave her/his beloved one.

23.Leaving you the hardest day of my life

“Day” is not human, it cannot be touched or carried. The sentence above may mean that she/he still love her/his beloved one but she/he must let her/his beloved one go.

24.I feel empty inside

“Empty” here is not really mean that nothing in our body. The literal meaning is she/he is lonely.

25.I’m falling for you deeper everyday

The word “fall” here is not really mean that someone fall from some high place and get wound. The literal meaning may mean that she/he more loving her/his beloved one.

26.I’, aching for you only I’ll never tire

“Aching” here is not really mean hurt or suffering of something. The word “aching” mean need or addicted of love. The sentence above may mean that she/he will always need and love her/his beloved one.


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“Life” is not human, it cannot walk or talk or ask us to do something. The literal meaning is she/he will always support her/his beloved one no matter what happen.

28.You’ll never go astray

“Astray” here is not really mean that someone go to somewhere, get lost, and cannot go back home. The sentence above may mean that she/he makes sure her/his beloved one will never regret for choosing her/him.

29.Fly with me, loose reality

As we know, we as a human cannot fly like a bird. The literal meaning is she/he wants her/his to let her/his burden and enjoy life with her/him.

4.2.3. Synecdoche

1. Wondering, waiting for the day to fade away

The word “fade” here means the change of time. So the sentence may mean that she/he is waiting for the time of her/his beloved one’s back.

2. You’ll find that you can’t stand to be away

“Stand” here refers to help and love. The literal meaning is she/he

tell her/his beloved one that her/his beloved one cannot life alone without her/his love and help.


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3. I love my love and well he knows

The word “love” here refers to someone. So the sentence above may

mean that she/he love someone and the one is already know that she/he is love her/him.

4. Its out of our hands, we can’t stop what we have begun

“Hand” here mean out of control (without further thought). The

literal meaning is what they have been done is out of their control.

4.2.4. Simile

1. Just like I need you (the way I see you)

The sentence above may mean that she/he need each other (the love and the careless).

2. And I want you to see me, like no one before

The sentence above may mean that she/he wants her/his beloved one

accept her/his just the way she/he is.

3. My faith in love is like blood, it flows in everywhere.

The literal meaning is she/he could love everyone, no matter the

occupation, the skin colour, the races, etc. 4. Some say the heart is just like a wheel

As we know wheel is round, it can be turn over. The sentence may

mean that someone’s feeling can change, sometimes she/he is happy and the other time she/he can feel sad.


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4.2.5. Metaphor

And suddenly I know why life is worthwhile, that’s what I see trough your eyes

We cannot learn about life by looking someone’s eyes. Metaphorically, it may mean that someone (her/his beloved one) brings happiness to her/his life.


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5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1. CONCLUSIONS

Lyric is the part of the song in which particular circumstances contained and expressed non-literal meanings. Lyric is commonly used to express the feelings, ideas, thought, and expression of the composer.

Lyrics which are consisting of non-literal meaning can make the lyrics itself more interesting in analyzing it.

It is not easy to understand the meaning of non-literal meaning because the reader should be able to recognized the kinds of non-literal meaning first then the context of non-literal meaning when it used in the song.

After analyzing the non-literal meaning in The Corrs song lyrics, the writer can draw some conclusions as follows :

1. There are 49 cases of non-literal meaning found in the articles, they are :

11 cases of personification or 84%, 29 cases of hyperbole or 5%, 4 cases of synecdoche or 5%, 4 cases of simile or 5%, and 1 case of metaphor or 1%.

2. The most dominant type of non-literal meaning is hyperbole which is represent 29 cases from 49 cases.

Based on this analysis, the writer concludes that is important to study and to understand about literal and non-literal meaning. If not, there will be


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misunderstanding or misinterpretation the meaning in which the composer wants to convey in their works.

5.2. SUGGESTIONS

The writer thinks it is very interesting to study and analyze meaning especially non-literal meaning in the song lyrics. Besides it can increase the vocabulary, we can increase our knowledge about meaning. Meaning is not as simple as the reader thought, because it is important to understand not only the idea but also the context of the words, phrases or sentences where the meaning exist.

For English learners who are interesting in analyzing the non-literal meaning, the writer suggests that learners cannot separated the text without understanding the whole text and context since they are related one another.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Djajasudarma, Dr. T. Fatimah. 1993. Semantik I : Pengantar ke Arah Ilmu Makna. Bandung : PT. REFIKA.

--- 1999. Semantik II : Pemahaman Ilmmu Makna. Bandung : PT.REFIKA.

Halliday, M.A.K. et al. 1992. Bahasa, Konteks, dan Teks. Gadjah Mada University.

Hurford, James R. 1983. Semantics : a Coursebook. Cambridge University Press. Jackson, Howard. 1988. Words and Their Meaning. London: Longman.

Katz, Jerrold J. 1971. Semantic Theory. Harper & Row Pubishers.

Leech, Geofrey. N. 1974. Semantic- A Study of meaning. London : Longman Group Limited.

Lehmann, Winfred P. 1972. Historical Linguistics. Texas : The University of Texas.

Pateda, Prof. Dr. Mansoer. 1985. Semantik Leksikal. Gorontalo : PT. Rineka Cipta.

Saeed, John I. 1997. Semantic. Blackwell Publisher.

http//kapanlagi.com/artis/the_corrs, accesed on 21 May 2010, 12.21 PM.

http//phil.muni.cz./angl/englishdigit/nada&Milan/…/anomat_211ntf, accesed on 1 Desember 2010, 09.43 PM.

http//universeofenglish.blogspot.com, accesed on 1 Desember 2010, 09.00 PM. http//Wikipedia/wk/the_corrs.com, accessed on 7 February 2010, 10.10 AM.


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APPENDICES

Data A

All The Love In The World

1. I'm not looking for someone to talk to 2. I've got my friend, I'm more than O.K. 3. I've got more than a girl could wish for 4. I live my dreams but it's not all they say

5. Still I believe (I'm missing) I'm missing something real 6. I need someone who really sees me...

7. (Don't wanna wake...) Don't wanna wake up alone anymore 8. Still believing you'll walk through my door

9. All I need is to know it's for sure 10. Then I'll give... all the love in the world 11. I've often wondered if love's an illusion 12. Just to get you through the loneliest days 13. I can't criticize it

14. I have no hestitaion

15. My imagination just stole me away 16. (Still...) Still I believe

17. (I'm missing) I'm missing something real 18. I need someone who really sees me...

19. (Don't wanna wake...) Don't wanna wake up alone anymore 20. Still believing you'll walk through my door

21. All I need is to know it's for sure 22. Then I'll give... all the love in the world 23. Love's for a lifetime not for a moment 24. So how could I throw it away

25. Yeah I'm only human 26. And nights grow colder

27. With no-one to love me that way


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29. (Don't wanna wake...) And i won't wake up alone anymore 30. Still believing you'll walk through my door

31. You'll reach for me and I'll know it's for sure 32. Then I'll give all the love in the world

33. (Don't wanna wake up alone anymore...) 34. Fade out

Data B Breathless

1. Go on, go on, leave me breathless 2. Come on...

3. The daylight's fading slowly 4. but time with you is standing still 5. I'm waiting for you only

6. The slightest touch and I'll feel weak 7. I cannot lie

8. From you I cannot hide 9. I'm losing the will to try 10. Can't hide it (can't hide it) 11. Can't fight it (can't fight it) 12. So...

13. Go on, go on, come on leave me breathless 14. Tempt me, tease me until I can't deny this 15. loving feeling, make me long for your kiss 16. Go on, go on

17. Yeah, come on...

18. And if there's no tomorrow 19. And all we have is here and now 20. I'm happy just to have you

21. You're all the love I need somehow 22. It's like a dream


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24. I never want to wake up 25. Don't lose it (don't lose it) 26. Don't leave me (don't leave me)

27. Go on, go on, come on leave me breathless 28. Tempt me, tease me until I can't deny this 29. loving feeling, make me long for your kiss 30. Go on, go on

31. Yeah, come on... 32. And I can't lie

33. From you I cannot hide 34. I've lost my will to try 35. Can't hide it (can't hide it) 36. Can't fight it (can't fight it) 37. So...

38. Go on, go on, come on leave me breathless 39. Tempt me, tease me until I can't deny this 40. loving feeling, make me long for your kiss 41. Go on, go on

42. Yeah, come on...

43. Go on, go on, come on leave me breathless (leave me breathless) 44. Go on, go on, come on leave me breathless (leave me breathless) 45. Go on, go on, come on leave me breathless (leave me breathless) 46. Go on, go on

Data C Irresistable

1. you're irresistable, you're mine

2. dont want you for the weekend, dont want you for a day 3. dont need a love divided, dont want to feel this way. 4. see i want you to need me, (the way that i need you) 5. just like i need you (the way i see you)

6. and i want you to see me, like no-one before chorus:


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7. you're irresistable, you're natural, and physical 8. it's indefinable, it's magical, illogical.

9. So make-you-mineable, 10. You're mine

11. so cant you see im tortured, oh cant you hear my pain? 12. if youd just let me show you (show you)

13. i'll be your summer rain

14. then you'll feel that you want me (the way i feel it) 15. just like i want you ( the way i want you)

16. and you know nothings better, 17. its like nothing before

chorus:

18. you're irresistable,you're natural, and physical 19. its indefinable, magical, illogical,

20. so make-you-mine-able, 21. you're mine

22. now you feel what im feeling (dont you feel what im feeling) 23. dont you know that its more (it can take you places)

24. it can take you places, like never before chorus:

25. you're irresistable, you're natural, and physical. 26. its indifineable, magical, and illogical,

27. so make-you-mine-able, 28. your mine.

Data D One Night

1. Long day and I'm ready, 2. I'm waiting for your call, 3. Cos I've made up my mind. 4. My heart aches with a hunger, 5. And a want that you were mine, 6. No, I can not deny.

7. So for one night, 8. Is it alright,


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9. That I give you....

10. My Heart, My Love, My Heart, 11. Just for one night.

12. My Body, My Soul, 13. Just for one night. 14. My Love, My Love, 15. For one night. 16. One Night 17. One Night

18. When morning awakes me, 19. Well I know I'll be alone, 20. And i feel i'll be fine

21. So dont you worry about me. 22. I'm not empty on my own, 23. For inside, I'm alive, 24. That for one night, 25. It was so right, 26. That I gave you....

27. My Heart, My Love, My Heart 28. Just for one night

29. My Body, My Soul 30. Just for one night 31. My Love, I Loved 32. For one night 33. One Night 34. One Night 35. For one night 36. It was so right 37. That I gave you

38. My Heart, My Love, My Heart 39. Just for one night

40. My Body, My Soul 41. Just for one night 42. My Love, I Loved 43. For one night


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44. We Loved, One Night 45. One Night

46. One Night Data E

Radio

1. It’s late at night, and I’m feeling down... 2. There are couples standing on the street 3. Sharing summer kisses and city sounds... 4. So I step inside, for a glass of wine. 5. With a full glass and an empty heart,

6. I search for something to occupy my mind...

7. But you are in my head, swimming forever in my head, 8. Tangled in my dreams, swimming forever...

9. So I listen to the radio (listen to the radio)

10. All the songs we used to know (listen to the radio) 11. So I listen to the radio (listen to the radio)

12. Remember where we used to go

13. Now its morning light, and it's cold outside, 14. Caught up in a distant dream I try

15. And think that you are by my side... 16. So I leave my bed, and I try to dress, 17. Wondering why my mind plays tricks 18. And fools me into thinking you are there 19. But you're just in my head,

20. Swimming forever in my head,

21. Not lying in my bed, just swimming forever... 22. So I listen to the radio (listen to the radio)

23. All the songs we used to know (listen to the radio) 24. So I listen to the radio (listen to the radio)


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26. I listen to the radio (listen to the radio)

27. All the songs we used to know (listen to the radio) 28. I listen to the radio (listen to the radio)

29. Remember how we used to go

30. You are in my head, swimming forever in my head

31. Tangled in my dreams, swimming forever (swimming forever) 32. Swimming forever...

33. So I listen to the radio (listen to the radio)

34. All the songs we used to know (listen to the radio) 35. So I listen to the radio (listen to the radio)

36. Remember where we used to go 37. I listen to the radio (listen to the radio)

38. All the songs we used to know (listen to the radio) 39. I listen to the radio (listen to the radio)

Data F Runaway

1. Say it's true, there's nothing like me and you 2. Not alone, tell me you feel it too

3. And I would runaway 4. I would runaway, yeah 5. I would runaway

6. I would runaway with you (Chorus)

7. Cause I have fallen in love 8. With you, no never have

9. I'm never gonna stop falling in love, with you 10. Close the door, lay down upon the floor

11. And by candlelight, make love to me through the night 12. Cause I have runaway

13. I have runaway, yeah 14. I have runaway, runaway 15. I have runaway with you .

(Chorus) .


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16. And I would runaway 17. I would runaway, yeah 18. I would runaway

19. I would runaway with you .

(Chorus) Data G So Young

1. We are taking it easy 2. Bright and breezy 3. We are living it up 4. Just to fine and dandy 5. We are chasing the moon 6. Just running wild and free 7. We are following through 8. Every dream, and every need

9. And it really doesn’t matter that we don’t eat 10. And it really doesn’t matter that we don’t sleep 11. It really doesn’t matter, it really doesn’t matter at all 12. ‘Cause we were so young then

13. We are so young, so young now 14. And when tomorrow comes 15. We’ll just do it all again 16. We are caught in a haze 17. On these lazy summer days

18. We’re spending all of our nights just 19. A-laughing and kissing, yeah

20. No it really doesn’t matter if we don’t sleep 21. No it really doesn’t matter if we don’t sleep 22. It really doesn’t matter at all

23. And it really doesn’t matter that we don’t eat 24. And it really doesn’t matter that we don’t sleep


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37. In bed I lie 38. No need to cry 38. My sleeping cry 40. Hawaiian high

Data M

Black Is The Colour

1. Black is the colour of my true loves hair 2. His lips are like some roses fair

3. He has the sweetest smile and the gentlest hands 4. And I love the ground where on he stands 5. I love my love and well he knows

6. I love the ground where on he goes 7. I wish that day would soon come 8. When he and I can be as one

9. I go to the Clyde and I mourn and weep 10. For satisfied I never sleep

11. I write him letters just a few short lines 12. And I suffer death ten thousand times

13. Black is the colour of my true loves hair 14. His lips are like some roses fair

15. He has the sweetest smile and the gentlest hands 16. And I love the ground whereon he stands

17. I love the ground whereon he stands


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Data N

Forever May Not Be Long Enough

1. forever may not be long enough for my love

2. i have a will but i'm lost inside your time

3. if you could, would you come with me to the other side?

4. forever may not be long enough

5. forever may not be long enough

6. forever may not be long enough for this love

7. forever

8. forever

9. forever

10. this world is never enough, and I'm not givin up

11. my faith in love is like blood, i'd spill it freely for some

12. my faith in love is like blood, it flows in everyone


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14. forever may not be long enough for you to know

15. just how far i'd travel, just how far i would go

16. open your heart and everything will be alright

17. open your heart, baby leave with me, don't be afraid

18. forever!

19. forever may not be long enough

20. forever may not be long enough

21. forever may not be long enough

22. forever may not be long enough

Data O

Heart Like A Wheel

1. Some say the heart is just like a wheel 2. When you bend it you can't mend it 3. And my love for you is like a sinking ship 4. My heart is on that ship out in mid-ocean 5. They say that death is a tragedy

6. It comes once and then it's over

7. But my one only wish is for that deep dark abyss 8. For what's the use of living with no true lover


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10. That can break a human being 11. and turn him inside out 12. That can break a human being 13. and turn him inside out

14. When harm is done no love can be won 15. I know it happens frequently

16. What I can't understand please 17. God hold my hand

18. Is why it should have happened to me

19. And it's only love and it's only love 20. That can break a human being 21. and turn him inside out 22. That can break a human being 23. and turn him inside out

24. Some say the heart is just like a wheel 25. When you bend it you can't mend it 26. And my love for you is like a sinking ship 27. My heart is on that ship out on mid-ocean 28. And it's only love and it's only love 29. And it's only love it is only love 30. And it's only love it is only love 31. And it's only love it is only love


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Data P

Looking Through Your Eyes

1. Look at the sky tell me what do you see 2. Just close your eyes and describe it to me 3. The heavens are sparkling with starlight tonight 4. That's what I see through your eyes

5. I see the heavens each time that you smile 6. I hear your heartbeat just go on for miles 7. And suddenly I know why life is worthwhile 8. That's what I see through your eyes

9. That's what I see through your eyes

10. Here in the night, I see the sun

11. Here in the dark, our two hearts are one

12. Its out of our hands, we can't stop what we have begun 13. And love just took me by surprise, looking through your eyes

14. I see a night I wish could last forever 15. I see a world we're meant to see together 16. And it is so much more than I remember 17. More than I remember

18. More than I have known

19. Here in the night, I see the sun

20. Here in the dark, our two hearts are one


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22. And love just took me by surprise, looking through your eyes 23. Looking through your eyes