Metaphorical meaning of Coldplay`s Song lyrics.

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ABSTRACT

SYLVIA, MARIA MAYA. Metaphorical Meaning of Coldplay’s Song Lyrics. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

to add aesthetic value or to invite listener’s imagination, but unfortunately, they sometimes cause confusion in defining the meaning of the lyrics. This is caused by metaphoric expressions which are used to carry another meaning of the word.

The purpose of this study is to see the metaphoric meaning behind several

Coldplay’s song lyrics. This study analyzes and answers two problems: the classifications of metaphors which are used in the lyrics and the meaning of those metaphoric expressions influenced by those classifications.

In order to define the meaning of metaphoric expressions in the lyrics, this research uses semantics approach. It is divided into two parts, lexical semantics is used to define the dictionary meaning of the metaphoric expression, while metaphor analysis is used to define the metaphorical meaning of it. Both of them are completed with semantic properties to give the characteristics of metaphoric expression. The study takes nineteen parts of lyrics which contain metaphoric expression as the data.

As Coldplay’s songs mostly used free metaphoric expression made by song

writer’s creativity, but there were also some dead metaphor which were found in the form of idioms, this study concludes that the classifications of metaphors are dead metaphor and live metaphor. This study also concludes that the metaphorical meaning are different in each part of lyrics depend on the context of the song, and the certainty of the meanings were also influenced by the classifications. The metaphorical meaning are mostly used to describe a person or to express feeling. After knowing the metaphorical meaning, this research is aimed to give clearer

meaning of several Coldplay’s songs and listeners are able to use this strategy in

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ABSTRAK

SYLVIA, MARIA MAYA. Metaphorical Meaning of Coldplay’s Song Lyrics. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.

Ungkapan metafora sudah akrab di telinga masyarakat sehari-hari. Mereka ditemukan hampir di setiap aspek hidup seperti bahasa lisan, bahasa tulisan, bahasa di iklan-iklan, atau bahkan di bidang sastra. Salah satu bidang sastra yang sering menggunakan ungkapan metafora adalah lirik lagu. Hal tersebut bertujuan untuk menambah nilai estetik atau membuat pendengar berimajinasi, sayangnya, hal tersebut kadang-kadang membingungkan pendengar dalam mengartikan lirik lagu itu sendiri. Hal ini disebabkan oleh ungkapan metafora yang mengandung arti lain dari sebuah kata.

Tujuan pembelajaran ini yakni untuk menemukan apa maksud dari ungkapan metafora dalam beberapa lirik lagu Coldplay. Penelitian ini menganalisis dan menjawab dua buah rumusan masalah, yakni kasifikasi metafora yang terkandung dalam lirik-lirik lagu tersebut dan arti dari ungkapan metafora tersebut yang dipengaruhi klasifikasi metafora.

Untuk menemukan makna di balik ungkapan metafora dalam lirik-lirik lagu tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan semantik. Pendekatan tersebut dibagi menjadi dua bagian, semantik leksikal yang digunakan untuk mencari arti kamus dari ungkapan metafora, sedangkan metafora digunakan untuk mencari arti dari ungkapan metafora itu sendiri. Dua hal tersebut dilengkapi properti semantik untuk menggambarkan karakteristik dari ungkapan metafora yang ada. Penelitian ini menggunakan sembilan belas bagian lirik yang mengandung ungkapan metafora sebagai data.

Lagu-lagu Coldplay kebanyakan menggunakan ekspresi metafora bebas yang tercipta dari hasil kreatifitas pengarang lagu, tetapi ada pula metafora mati yang berbentuk idiom. Makadari itu penelitian ini menyimpulkan tipe metafora yang terkandung adalah metafora mati dan metafora hidup. Penelitian ini juga menyimpulkan makna metaforik yang terkandung berbeda-beda dalam setiap masing-masing bagian lirik tergantung dari konteks cerita dalam lagu, dan ketetapan arti dari makna tersebut dipengaruhi klasifikasi itu sendiri. Makna metaforik yang terkandung kebanyakan digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan seseorang atau mengekspresikan perasaan. Setelah mengetahui maknanya, penelitian ini berharap memberikan makna lagu Coldplay yang lebih jelas dan pendengar dapat menggunakan strategi ini untuk mengungkapkan makna ungkapan metafora.

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METAPHORICAL MEANING OF COLDPLAY’S SONG

LYRICS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

MARIA MAYA SYLVIA Student Number: 114214017

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2011

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METAPHORICAL MEANING OF COLDPLAY’S SONG

LYRICS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

MARIA MAYA SYLVIA Student Number: 114214017

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2011

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vii

DON’T QUIT

YOU’RE ALREADY IN PAIN

YOU’RE ALREADY HURT

GET A REWARD FROM IT

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For

Lord Jesus Christ

my Parents, and my Brother

as a Grateful Present

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This page is written to offer gratitude for the one and only God I trust, Lord Jesus Christ that because of His grace, I could finish this thesis and my college journey for almost 4 years. I also thank my familyfor their support, either verbal or financial, especially for my parents, Ir.Antonius Hendrarsono and

Drh.Andriyani I also thank my only brother, Johanes Andrianto Santoso, S.T.

for his support so that I could finish this thesis.

After that, I would like to thank Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S. as my advisor in the making process of this thesis. Thank you for always giving me best suggestion so that I could accomplish this undergraduate thesis at the right time. My second gratitude is expressed to my co-advisor,Dr. Francis Borgias Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for the good suggestions, and all the lecturers and staffs of English Letters Department of Sanata Dharma University who helped me a lot during finishing my study.

Last but not least, my greatest gratitude goes for my dearest partner, Oxky Setiawan Wibisono, S.T. for his accompaniment during my ups and downs in the making process of this thesis, thank you for all your support. I also thank all my friends who I could not mention each of their names for the presence during my college life, thank you for giving me support and happiness to keep up in this thesis.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... v

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... vi

MOTTO PAGE ... vii

DEDICATION PAGE ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

ABSTRACT ... xi

ABSTRAK ... xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 4

C. Objective of the Study ... 4

D. Definition of Terms ... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES A. Review of Related Studies ... 7

B. Review of Related Theories ... 10

1. Semantics ... 10

2. Lexical Semantics ... 10

3. Metaphor ... 11

C. Theoretical Framework ... 17

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study... 19

B. Approach of the Study ... 20

C. Method of the Study ... ₂₁

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS A. The Classifications of Metaphor ... 23

1. Dead Metaphor ... 23

2. Live Metaphor ... 25

B. The Meaning of The Metaphoric Expressions Influenced by The Classifications... ₂₇

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 54

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 56

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ABSTRACT

SYLVIA, MARIA MAYA. Metaphorical Meaning of Coldplay’s Song Lyrics. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

Metaphoric expressions have been so familiar in people’s daily life. They are found in almost every aspects of life such as spoken language, written language, language in advertisement, or even in the literature field. Texts of the literature fields which often use metaphoric expression are song lyrics. They have a purpose to add aesthetic value or to invite listener’s imagination, but unfortunately, they sometimes cause confusion in defining the meaning of the lyrics. This is caused by metaphoric expressions which are used to carry another meaning of the word.

The purpose of this study is to see the metaphoric meaning behind several Coldplay’s song lyrics. This study analyzes and answers two problems: the classifications of metaphors which are used in the lyrics and the meaning of those metaphoric expressions influenced by those classifications.

As Coldplay’s songs mostly used free metaphoric expression made by song writer’s creativity, but there were also some dead metaphor which were found in the form of idioms, this study concludes that the classifications of metaphors are dead metaphor and live metaphor. This study also concludes that the metaphorical meaning are different in each part of lyrics depend on the context of the song, and the certainty of the meanings were also influenced by the classifications. The metaphorical meaning are mostly used to describe a person or to express feeling. After knowing the metaphorical meaning, this research is aimed to give clearer meaning of several Coldplay’s songs and listeners are able to use this strategy in order to define metaphoric expression’s meaning.

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ABSTRAK

SYLVIA, MARIA MAYA. Metaphorical Meaning of Coldplay’s Song Lyrics. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Music cannot be separated from people’s daily life. People listen to music mostly during their daily activity such as cooking, taking shower, hanging out with relations, or even sleeping. They love music because sometimes it represents their feeling. Music represents emotions. Each feeling and each state of mind has it own inherent sound and rhythm, and these have their objective counterpart in music (Hanslick, 1957:18). Music contains several properties such as rhythm, melody, tone, and song lyrics. As one of important properties to attract listeners, song lyrics give certain atmosphere to the song and support the song writer to deliver the song’s message. Just like poetry, beautiful words in song lyrics affect listeners to imagine the story behind the song. As stated in An Invitation to Poetry by Jay Parini, it depends in language for their effects and it uses it to create images, gather certain rhythms, and employ figures of speech like metaphors and similes.

Many musicians have their own style in writing song lyrics and one of that musicians is Coldplay. Coldplay is a groupband who comes from United Kingdom and carries British pop-rock genre in their existence. This band has four members who are Chris Martin as lead vocalist, Jonny Buckland as lead guitarist, Guy Berryman as bassist, and Will Champion as drummer. Coldplay has experienced several name changing from Pectoralz and Starfish, but finally

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Coldplay became their fortune name in 1998. After their long journey as musician, they already have six albums which are mostly the best seller album worldwide.

As one of the famous musicians, Coldplay has several strategies to attract their listeners. One of their strategies to attract their fans is creating good songs that contain easy-listening melody and attractive lyrics. Coldplay is one of musicians who often uses metaphoric expressions in their song lyrics. Metaphoric expressions are found in song lyrics in order to add an aesthetic value which makes it more poetic as a literary work. If music, therefore, is to be treated as an art, it is not our feelings but our imagination which must supply the aesthetic tests (Hanslick, 1957: 12). One of Coldplay’s song that contains metaphoric expressions is A Sky Full of Stars as follow:

‘cause you’re a sky full of stars ‘cause you light up the path

Those lyrics contain extension meaning besides what is stated lexically as phrases which is usually called as metaphorical meaning.

Before this present study goes further to the explanation of metaphorical meaning, a little description about metaphor is going to be explained first. Metaphor is a part of figurative language which characteristic is to compare one thing to another thing with similar meaning. On the other hand, metaphor defines the extension meaning besides the lexical one. According to Parini, a metaphor is a comparison that suggests one thing is similar to another. The

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extension meaning besides the lexical or in other word is dictionary meaning, is called metaphorical meaning.

As Coldplay uses many metaphoric expressions for their songs, sometimes it creates confusion while defining the meaning of the songs. Their lyrics which contain many metaphoric expressions are not only amazing but also confusing. It leads researcher to conduct this present study. This study is aimed to see the metaphorical meaning of metaphoric expression found in several Coldplay’s song lyrics. Besides, this study is also aimed to see how metaphorical meaning is influenced by the classification of metaphor. Semantic approach is used because it focuses on language meaning and it is also used to find out lexical and metaphorical meaning of the song lyrics. After that, this study expects to give clearer meaning from the song lyrics so that it becomes more understandable for the listeners.

This study focuses on the song lyrics which contain metaphoric expressions. The song lyrics which contain metaphoric expression are the data which analyzed yo see their another represent images beside what stated lexically. The identification of metaphor, as stated in Meanings and Metaphors: Activities to practice figurative language by Gillian Lazar, is made between two apparently dissimilar things, so that some of the characteristics of the one are ‘carried over’ to the other. For example, star is lexically said as the light which shines in sky at night, on the other hand star can be used to call celebrities or shining entertainers.

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Besides metaphoric expression, lexical meaning is also important in the earlier process to find the metaphorical meaning. Lexical meaning is the meaning which inherently exists in a word regardless of any other context. Just like what Abdul Chaer said in Leksikologi & Leksikografi Indonesia, lexical meaning means the word’s meaning itself. The simple way to explain it is using several examples such as the word ‘chair’ simply means a tool to sit on made from plastic, wood, or iron. Another example is ‘rabbit’ which means an animal with long ears and eats carrot. On the other hand, in order to analyze the metaphorical meaning of metaphoric expressions, the appropriate explanation of the song’s context also supports the analysis.

B. Problem Formulation

In order to analyze the meaning of metaphoric expression in Coldplay’s song lyrics, this following question will be answered:

1. What classifications of metaphor are used in Coldplay’s songs? 2. What are the meaning of the metaphoric expressions?

C. Objectives of the Study

This present study distinguishes the objective into two parts. The first to find out the classification of metaphor used in the song lyrics by relating it to the metaphoric expressions found. The second objective is to find out the metaphorical meaning of the metaphorical expressions in the song lyrics influenced by those classifications of metaphor.

By analyzing through the way which has been explained above, this present study expects that the metaphorical meaning of the metaphoric expressions are

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not being misinterpreted into lexical meaning. On the other hand, this present study also expects that the present study’s readers can apply the strategies to analysis metaphorical meaning.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding on certain terms, definition of several words will be explained here.

The word that is mentioned quite much in this study is semantics. Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning (Palmer, 1976: 1). Meaning can be said as a definition of words, but it is not simply what is stated on dictionary. Meaning of a word is based on many linguistic features such as phonology, morphology, and syntax because it covers many aspects of language in the way they should be described. The semantic feature which is used in the process of conducting this present study is lexical semantics.

Lexical meaning is meaning of a word which is based on dictionary (Djajasudarma, 1993:34). So, it shows the literal meaning of the word. In order to make it simple, a concrete example to describe lexical meaning is the meaning of rabbit is an animal with long ears and a small tail.

Metaphor is the other word that is mentioned quite much in previous parts of this present study. A metaphor is actually one part of linguistic features in semantic field. Metaphor is a word which appears with literal meaning and one or more transferred meaning (Palmer, 1976: 103). It can be said that a metaphor uses different words to describe something without going out of the context. For example, a person wants to describe rich people without telling exactly what he

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or she is meant to say. In order to tell the same description, she or he may use people with fancy car and a mansion on his pocket to describe the word rich. Other terms related to metaphor which is mentioned quite much are metaphoric expression and metaphorical meaning. Metaphoric expression is the expression which contains metaphor in it, while metaphorical meaning is the extension meaning beside the literal meaning of the expression.

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7 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

This part discusses about several similar topics with this study which have been done by some researchers. The review of other studies is including the topics, the focuses, the theories used, and the different part from this study.

1. “Metaphors in English and Indonesian Football News as Found in The Jakarta Post and Harian Kompas from 15 to 31 March 2010” by Haryo Dimasto Kristiyanto

Kristiyanto’s thesis discusses about metaphoric expression that is used in football news. He chose newspaper both in English and Indonesian to analyze each metaphor he found and divided them based on the characteristics. The Jakarta Post and Harian Kompas were chosen as his source to collect all the metaphoric expressions he needed.

His purpose to conduct the study was he realized that metaphor has

been a concept in human’s mind and he wanted to analyse what metaphors are usually used in football context. By using reduction and presentation methods, he expected to recognize the kinds of metaphor used in football terms.

This present study has different focus from Kristiyanto’s thesis. While his thesis focuses on dividing the kinds of metaphoric expressions used in football terms by grouping them based on their characteristic, this study

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beside focuses on the type of metaphoric expressions, it also focuses on the meaning of it by using symbol’s interpretation. This study also expects to find another similar expressionsthat may replace the original expressions stated in the lyrics.

2. “The Accuracy, Acceptability, and Translation Strategies of Indonesian Metaphors Translation in Twilight” by Yoana Gita Pradny Lengari

Lengari’s thesis discusses about the metaphor translation from source language into target language. As many expressions stated differently in each country, there is also difference in some expressions between English and Indonesian language. According to Lengari, analysing the metaphor translation becomes interesting because it is hard enough to ignore the different culture concept of in expressing words.

She used more about translation strategies to conduct her thesis like the accuracy and acceptability strategies. She also used questioner method to collect the data she needed to analyse the accuracy and the acceptability parts.

Though this present study and Lengari’s thesis focus on metaphoric expressions, there is a different which located in the problem that should be analysed. While Lengari’s thesis focuses on its accuracy and acceptability, this present study focuses on the type of metaphoric expressions and the other words that may change the original metaphoric expression of the lyrics whether it uses another kinds of metaphor or uses literal words that suit the previous expressions.

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3. “Symbols and Metaphors as Means of Revealing the Author’s

Unconsciousness in Kahlil Gibran’s The Prophet: A study of Analytical Psychology” by Hapsari Retnaningtyas

Retnaningtyas’s thesis discusses about the relation between the metaphor that Kahlil Gibran used in his literary works to his psychological

unconsciousness. As symbols that found in Kahlil Gibran’s works are important to define what his work’s purpose for the readers, it is also

important as a data to reveal the author’s unconsciousness in conducting the

works.

Retnaningtyas used collection method for her supporting data in psychoanalytical theory, symbols, and metaphors. After finding the data that she needed, she began to relate the meaning of metaphors and symbols to

Kahlil Gibran’s biography and analysed his psychology.

Though this present study and Retnaningtyas’s thesis have the same method which is finding the interpretation of symbols and metaphors in the data, they both have different focuses in the end. While Retnaningtyas thesis aimed to analyse author’s unconsciousness, this present study expects to find the type of metaphor and define the meaning of metaphoric expressions in the lyrics so that listeners will understand the song without guessing the meaning.

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B. Review of Related Theories 1. Semantics

Palmer described semantics in Semantics: Second Edition as the scientific study of language and a part of linguistics. Semantics is a linguistic study which focuses on the meaning of sentences, phrases, or words. Meanwhile, the determination of meaning is influenced by many aspects such as how a sentence is formed, which is called as a study of syntax or how a context influence the meaning which is called pragmatics. There is a scope of semantics called naming (Palmer, 1976: 17). The process of naming is to give name or label to a particular object. This process is usually used by children to learn the language at their earlier age. This term becomes an aspect to explain lexical meaning of the metaphoric expressions.

2. Lexical Semantics

Lexical semantics is a branch of semantics which focuses in literal meaning of words, phrases, or sentences. Lexical meaning is usually called

as dictionary meaning. Word’s meaning is simply taken from dictionary

without any influence of other context. Abdul Chaer said in Leksikologi & Leksikografi Indonesia said that lexical meaning is the word’s meaning

itself. The meaning will be appropriate with word’s reference, concept,

and the image of the word literaly. The concrete example is a tool to write made from wood which can be simply described as a pencil. Another example is a tool to make a call is described a cellphone.

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According to Ferdinand de Saussure, how meaning is analyzed is by using the signifier and signified (Palmer, 1976:24). The signifier is the word which basically known daily and the signified is the word refers to or stands for.

Signifier Signified

Word The representation image

Example:

Rabbit An animal with long ears

Word The representation image

3. Metaphor

Another term which semantics used is metaphor. Metaphor is part of figurative language which characteristic is to compare something with another thing that has similar meaning. Metaphor does not show the real meaning directly, in other words, it says beyond what it is written on text.

Metaphor where a word appears to have both a ‘literal’ meaning and one

or more ‘transferred’ meanings (Palmer, 1976: 103).

Metaphor

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Example:

Rainbow

A natural phenomenon A positive lesson after experiencing bad things Literal Meaning Transferred Meaning

Actually, there is no relation between the literal meaning and

transferred meaning of ‘rainbow’. The reason why ‘rainbow’ can be used

to symbolize positive lesson after experiencing bad things is because the characteristic of rainbow which comes after the rain. After the rainbow comes out, the joy fulfils the atmosphere. The transferred meaning is acceptable if its concepts appropriate with the literal meaning. That is why semantic properties also takes role in giving characteristics of each meaning to relate the literal and transferred meaning.

The word metaphor came from Greek word which means “to

transfer”. It is appropriate with the characteristic of metaphor which basically comparing one thing to another thing. According to F.R. Palmer in Semantics: Second Edition, metaphor is a condition where a word has a literal meaning and more transferred meanings. However, metaphor is the way where an object, subject, or something is described with other

extension meaning. For example, ‘My home is a prison’, the home is not

literally a prison, but perhaps there are too many rules in that home which makes it feel like a prison. The simplest way to describe a metaphor is the [first thing] is a [second thing]. In order to give appropriate description, an

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appropriate context is also needed in comparing the first thing and the other thing.

According to another figure, I.A. Richard in The Philosophy of Rhetoric, metaphor is described as having two parts, the tenor and the vehicle. Tenor refers to the concept, object, or person meant, while vehicle refers to the image that carries the other meaning of the comparison. For example, in the famous metaphoric expression by William Shakespeare

“All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players”, the

world is the tenor and a stage is the vehicle. Tenor and vehicle are used to distinguish the metaphoric expression which are compared to make it easier to be recognized.

How metaphor works is basically stronger than the other figurative language such as simile or analogy. As metaphor describes A is B, A automatically has attributes or characteristics about B, and B automatically becomes A. Unlike simile, it describes A is like B. As A is just look liked B, A is not automatically B, and B does not automatically become A. If A

and B are described using example, it has to be ‘That rude man is a trash’ in metaphor, but in simile it has to be ‘That rude man is like a trash’. That

is the strength of metaphor that it can change an idea of something by bringing new meaning.

The idea of metaphor usually recognizes by using something as a symbol for comparison. The use of symbol is to create image beyond what stated directly. In An Invitation to Poetry, a symbol is simply the extension

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of a metaphor to include things beyond its immediate field or scope. He also says that symbol is used to control a reader’s imagination, to stimulate specific areas of brain so as to call up a definite range of emotions.

Metaphor in song lyrics is usually used in order to make the listeners imagine what the song writer is saying about because metaphor is used usually to create the lyric more dramatic and more beautiful. That what Coldplay’s song lyrics also do. It uses several symbols for example stars and heaven to make the listeners imagine what the song writer is telling about. That is why a symbol which is identically used by metaphor is very important to make the story in the lyric alive.

The value which is contained in a metaphor is when there is another meaning in a word beside its lexical meaning or dictionary meaning. Metaphor is a representation idea of something, but sometimes people have to deal with difficulties in defining meaning of metaphoric expression. The main point is the extended meaning appropriates the first meaning whether the concept or the characteristics of it. That is why metaphor sometimes uses other attributes to make it easier in defining the extended meaning. One of the attributes which is often found in defining metaphoric meaning is symbol.

Metaphor is usually known by symbolization of some expression. For example, in the metaphoric expression ‘My home is a prison’. In this example, the word home is compared to the prison where they have different meaning in dictionary, but a prison can be used to describe a home

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somehow. In this metaphoric expression, a prison which means a building to which people are legally committed as a punishment for a crime or while awaiting trial based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, is used to symbolize a home where it is usually described as permanent place to stay peacefully with families.

The symbolization in metaphoric expression is used in order to create image beyond what an expression is said lexically. As stated by Jay Parini in An Invitation to Poetry, symbol is simply the extension of a metaphor to include things beyond its immediate field or scope. Besides, a

symbol also controls reader’s imagination to define metaphor meaning

based on the context of the story they heard or read.

On the other hand, there is also classifications of metaphor. In her book entitled Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence, Larson distinguished metaphor into two classifications, they are dead metaphor and live metaphor.

Dead metaphor is a figurative language which its usage has already been popular. People are already familiar with the expressions because it is a kind of conventional and it is also used as daily expression. The point why dead metaphor expressions were formed or their comparison do not longer become the main concern because they are used in daily usage. When a dead metaphor is used, the person listening or reading does not thing about the primary sense of the words, but only about the idiomatic sense directly (Larson, 1998: 274).

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The simple way to understand the explanation above is by providing example. In the clause leg of the table, there is no relation between leg and table, but how come the bottom part of a table which has function as prop can be called as leg? This famous expression is the example of the common usage of dead metaphor and people use it easily without thinking how the expression was formed because its familiarity in daily life.

On the other hand, dead metaphor is also used to call idioms. Idiom is also a common figurative expression which its usage is found daily. That is why dead metaphor is considered the same as idioms. An idiom is a dead metaphor. That is, the person using it no longer thinks of the comparison on which it was based (Larson, 1998: 274). Besides, Larson also said that dead metaphor is a part of idiomatic constructions of the lexicon of the language.

Another figure who said that a dead metaphor is an idiom is Weston W. Fields in his study entitled The Translation of Biblical Live and Dead Metaphor and Similes and Other Idioms. A dead metaphor may be defined simply as a fixed idiom, a metaphor which has become so much part of the language that the original impetus for its usage may even forgotten (http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/gtj/02-2_191.pdf)

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certain familiar expressions, it is often used to create readers or listeners’

imagination in reading poems or listening to music. Live metaphors, on the other hand, are those which are constructed on the spot by the author or speaker to teach or illustrate (Larson, 1998: 274).

As live metaphor is made based on creativity of an author, readers or listeners sometimes are forced to think harder in defining the meaning of the expressions. Authors use certain image or symbol to add aesthetic

value in describing something. For example, the expressions of ‘You are my rainbow’, ‘Her skin is silk’, and ‘I love you to the moon and back’.

Live metaphor also takes role in song lyrics which mostly similar to poems. In this study, live metaphor exists in song lyrics in order to create

listeners’ imagination about the song’s meaning by related it to the context

of the songs. A live metaphor, on the other hand, is one which is understood only after paying special attention to the comparison which is being made (Larson, 1998: 274).

C. Theoretical Framework

The theoretical reviews applied in this undergraduate thesis are theory on the definition of lexical semantics and metaphor. They are the basic understanding of the topic which is discussed in this study. The first problem can be answered by the classification of metaphor by Mildred L. Larson. This study also uses the theory of signifier and signified by Ferdinand de Saussure to describe the process of defining the lexical meaning and metaphor definition by Palmer to describe the process of

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defining the metaphorical meaning of the expressions. The semantic properties are also used in order to answer the second problem completely by strengthen the characteristics of lexical and metaphorical meaning found.

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19 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study

This part presents the description of the object of the study which includes what data is going to be analyzed and what linguistic elements contained. The object of this study is the metaphoric expressions found in the song lyrics. The data are taken from 19 parts of lyrics which taken from 15 different Coldplay’s songs. The data are presented as follow:

No. Song Titles Song Lyrics

1. Magic You’re such a precious jewel

2. A Sky Full of Stars You’re such a heavenly view

3. A Sky Full of Stars Cause you’re a sky full of stars

4. True Love The fire would sparkle in your eyes

5. A Message And I’m on fire for you, clearly

6. True Love When I was yours and you were blind

7. Warning Sign And you were an island to discover

8. Clocks You are home where I wanted to go

9. Till Kingdom Comes For you I’d wait till kingdom comes

10. Sparks My heart is yours

11. Swallowed in the Sea You put me in a shelf and kept me for

yourself

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13. Yes But night makes a fool of us in daylight

14. Christmas Lights Got all kinds of poison in my blood

15. Yes Yeah, we were dying of frustration

16. Miracles I blossom and die

17. Trouble A spider web it’s tangled up with me

18. Lost You might be a big fish in a little pond

19. Us Against the World In my heart, she left a hole

B. Approach of the Study

In order to analyze meaning, this undergraduate thesis uses semantics approach. The approach is also used to answer the problems which are formulated in the first chapter. Semantics approach is the scientific study of language and a part of linguistics which focuses on the meaning of the sentences, phrases, or words (Palmer, 1976:1). It explains the process of the metaphor states other meanings besides what is written literally. This undergraduate thesis also uses lexical semantics to define the literal meaning of the metaphoric expressions and uses metaphor to define the metaphorical meaning itself. The last term, the semantic properties are used to compare the characteristic between the lexical meaning and the metaphorical one in order to strengthen the meaning.

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C. Method of the Study

In order to make the analyzing process better, the method which is used to conduct this study is distinguished into two other parts. Those method are described as follow:

1. Data Collection

The data is taken from Coldplay’s song lyrics. First, this study chooses several parts of lyrics from different titles which contain metaphoric expressions. After that, those metaphoric expressions which had been collected are made into a list. To make it structured better, the data are put into different classifications of metaphor where they are suitted on.

2. Data Analysis

The classification of metaphor based on the data should be determined first. This section is done in order to see its influence to the metaphorical meaning seen through the classification. After the classification is made, this present study continues to analyze the metaphorical meaning of each metaphoric expression. The steps start from defining lexical meaning of the metaphoric expression. After that, it continues to define metaphorical meaning by seeing the relation of the context of the song and characteristics of each lexical and metaphorical meaning.

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The example was taken from a metaphoric expression You're such a precious jewel in Coldplay’s Magic.

Precious jewel Expensive gems which makes it so worth to be kept

Signifier Signified

Lexically, precious jewel means expensive things wore by women in order to make them more fancy and beautiful. The semantic properties of precious jewel which are found based on its lexical meaning are described as follow:

Precious jewel= + beautiful + worth - human

The next step is defining metaphor meaning of metaphoric expression precious jewel. It is not so different with the lexical semantics one. The same example, precious jewel, which contained metaphoric expressionis used to describe a human while lexically precious jewel is a jewellery. So, this metaphoric expression describes a human who is so beautiful and precious because she is compared to a jewel.

Precious jewel

Expensive gems Beautiful and worth woman which is worth to be kept

Literal meaning Transferred meaning

+ beautiful Precious jewel= + worth

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23 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter discusses the answer of the problems which have been presented in the first chapter. According to the problem formulation, this research divides metaphoric expressions which are found in Coldplay’s song lyrics into several types.

A. The Classifications of Metaphors

In order to narrow the scope of metaphor’s classifications which found in Coldplay’s song lyrics, this study used types of metaphor which are presented by Mildred L. Larson. In her book entitled Meaning-Based

Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence, Larson

distinguished metaphor into two classifications, they are dead metaphor and live metaphor. The description of both classifications of metaphor include their placement based on the song lyrics are as follow:

1. Dead Metaphor

Dead metaphor is a figurative language with popular usage. It uses conventional or daily expression so that people are familiar with it. People do not longer put their attention to the point why dead metaphor expressions were formed because they are used in daily usage. When a dead metaphor is used, the person listening or reading does not thing about the primary sense of the words, but only about the idiomatic sense directly (Larson, 1998: 274).

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Dead metaphor is also used to call idioms. Idiom is also a common figurative expression which its usage is found daily. That is why dead metaphor is considered the same as idioms. An idiom is a dead metaphor. That is, the person using it no longer thinks of the comparison on which it was based (Larson, 1998: 274).

Another figure who said that a dead metaphor is an idiom is Weston W. Fields in his study entitled The Translation of Biblical Live and Dead Metaphor and Similes and Other Idioms. A dead metaphor may be defined simply as a fixed idiom, a metaphor which has become so much part of the language that the original impetus for its usage may even forgotten (http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/gtj/02-2_191.pdf)

This study finds several common idioms which exists in Coldplay’s song lyrics, they are:

No. Song Title Song Lyrics Idiom Meaning Source 1. Till

Kingdom Comes

For you, I’d wait till the kingdom comes

till the kingdom comes

forever or for a long time

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs (2002)

2. Swallowed

in the Sea

You put me in a shelf and kept me for yourself put me in a shelf to cause someone not to be available Cambridge Dictionary of American Idioms (2003)

3. Yes But night

makes a fool of us in daylight makes a fool to make someone look foolish McGraw-Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs (2002)

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4. Trouble A spider web it’s tangled up with me

tangled up

involved with someone who usually causes trouble or involved in something that is

difficult to get out of

Cambridge Dictionary of American Idioms (2003)

5. Lost You might be

a big fish in a little pond

the most important people in a small group of organization who would have much less power and importance if they were part of larger group or organization Cambridge Idioms Dictionary (2006)

2. Live Metaphor

Live metaphor is a new figurative language which is made in a certain occasion and is able to be understood without any further information. A live metaphor is made by the author in order to teach or to give illustration of an expression. As a live metaphor is made freely without any bond to certain familiar expressions, it is often used to create readers or listeners’ imagination in reading poems or listening to music. Live metaphors, on the other hand, are those which are constructed on the spot by the author or speaker to teach or illustrate (Larson, 1998: 274).

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Live metaphor also takes role in song lyrics which mostly similar to poems. In this study, live metaphor exists in song lyrics in order to create listeners’ imagination about the song’s meaning by related it to the context of the songs. A live metaphor, on the other hand, is one which is understood only after paying special attention to the comparison which is being made (Larson, 1998: 274).

The live metaphor which are existed in the data are: No. Song Title Song Lyrics Metaphoric

expression

Meaning Source

1. Magic You're such

a precious jewel precious jewel beautiful and worth The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols (1982) 2. A Sky Full

of Stars You’re such a heavenly view heavenly view beautiful view The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols (1982) 3. A Sky Full

of Stars

Cause you’re a sky full of stars

sky full of stars

beautiful The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols (1982)

4. A Message And I’m on

fire for you

on fire feels excited or enthusiast

The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols (1982)

5. A Message The fire

would sparkle in your eyes

fire sparkle in your eyes

enthusiasm seen in your eyes

The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols (1982)

6. True Love When I was

yours and you were blind

blind not

recognizing the bad side of something

The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols (1982)

7. Warning

Sign And you were an island to discover island to discover get someone who has been dreaming of

The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols (1982)

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8. Clocks You’re home where I wanted to go

home a person as permanent destination American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2011)

9. Sparks My heart is

yours

heart emotional term where love belongs The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols (1982) 10. Christmas

Lights

Tears, we cried a flood

flood tears in huge amount Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2010) 11. Christmas

Lights

Got all kinds of poison in my blood

poison in my blood

feeling sadness all over the body

Oxford Advanced

Learner’s

Dictionary (2010)

12. Yes Yeah, we

were dying of frustration dying of frustration surrender from the sadness Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2010)

13. Miracles I blossom

and die

blossom happy Oxford

Advanced

Learner’s

Dictionary (2010) 14. Us Against

the World

In my heart, she left a hole

hole emptiness Oxford

Advanced

Learner’s

Dictionary (2010)

B. The Meaning of the Metaphoric Expressions

As what have been analyzed in the previous part, two classifications of metaphors, dead metaphor and live metaphor certainly have roles in determining the metaphorical meaning of metaphoric expression. Dead

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metaphors which already has fixed expressions as idioms, directly gives fixed metaphorical meaning in the metaphoric expressions.

1. Coldplay’s Till Kingdom Comes - For you, I’d wait till kingdom comes This song tells about a man who finds a love which he has been waited for so long. He thinks that this woman has everything that he has been looking for so long and finally she completes him. He falls in love with her and he is willing to wait for this kind of woman forever.

As what has been classified in the types of metaphor, this metaphoric expression is an example of dead metaphor which uses common figurative expression called idiom. According to McGraw-Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs (2002), ‘Till kingdom comes’ is an example of famous idioms which means forever or until the end of the world. The expression is existed in Christian prayer which means let the God’s role be done and then the world comes to an end. His words to them, "I tell you, there are some standing here who will not taste death before they see the kingdom of God come with power (Mark 9:1)

The word “kingdom” from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary

(2010) means that a country which is ruled by a king or a queen. It also says that kingdom is an area controlled by a particular person or idea. Lexically, the meaning of phrase “till kingdom comes” when the country rulled by king and queen comes.

Although lexically ‘till kingdom comes’ does not have any relation to the end of the world, it does not become the main point for the listeners

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to analyse how the metaphoric expression is related to the metaporical meaning. As long as the idiom is a common-heard, the listeners directly know the meaning of the expression.

So, from the Coldplay’s song lyric ‘For you, I’d wait till kingdom comes’ means the person is willing to wait for someone until the end of the world or forever. Unfortunately, human’s existence is limited by the age, so the meaning of the expression in the lyrics becomes the person who waits until he dies.

a. Lexical meaning:

Till kingdom comes till the end of the world

Signifier Signified

b. Metaphorical meaning:

Till kingdom comes

Till the end of the world Till the end of someone’s life c. Semantic properties of ‘Till kingdom comes’:

- physical

Lexical= + forever

+ waiting + physical Metaphorical= + forever

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2. Coldplay’s Swallowed in the Sea - You put me on a shelf and kept me for your self

This song tells about a couple in their relationship life. Their relationship experience many ups and downs along the journey. One of their fights is told in this song and it is about how they react to the problem which they are facing with. This song also tells one of the lovers’ treatment to the partner. In the end, they realize that they have and need each other.

The metaphoric expression ‘put me on a shelf’ is an example of dead metaphor which is formed as a common idioms. According to Cambridge Dictionary of American Idioms (2003), put somebody on the shelf means to cause someone not to be available. In Coldplay’s Swallowed in the Sea, shelf is used to keep a human. It is related to the second metaphorical expression, kept me for yourself. According tothe same source, the expression means introducing something that is meant to be a secret. ‘Keep’ also shows possessive characteristic by seeing the meaning to hold or retain in one’s possession or hold as one’s own.

Lexically, according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2010), shelf means a flat board, made of wood, metal, glass, and fixed to the wall or forming part of a cupboard. It is usually used to keep books, plates, or things related to display. While in the same dictionary, keep means to stay in a particular condition or position.

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The lyrics ‘you put me on a shelf and kept me for yourself’ in Coldplay’s Swallowed in the Sea means a person who is being treated possessive by someone until he or she is not able to socialize. This analysis prevents listeners define the metaphoric expression as a person who is kept on a shelf or a cupboard.

a. Lexical meaning:

Put me on a shelf Put me in a cupboard for display

Signifier Signified

b. Metaphorical meaning:

Put me on a shelf

Put me in a cupboard Possessive treatment For display

c. Semantic properties of ‘You put me on a shelf and kept me for yourself’:

+ possessive Lexical= + treatment

- physical + possessive Metaphorical= + treatment

+ physical

3. Coldplay’s Yes - But night makes a fool of us in daylight

This song tells about a struggle happens in couple’s relationship which is been tested by temptation. There is a condition where they ignore to have sex to stay innocent, but there is also a moment where

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temptation comes to test them. The lyrics said Saying"Lord lead me not into temptation"But it's not easy when she turns you on, which means they care about prohibition in religious way because the sentence “Lord lead me not into temptation” is a prayer in Christian. On the other hand, the man cannot handle the temptation when his girlfriend turns him on.

The metaphoric expression of ‘make a fool’ is also a dead metaphor. It is a common idiom in order to mock someone or something. According to McGraw-Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs (2002), makes a fool means to make someone look foolish. In lexical term, it is impossible that night could make a fool a human because to mock somebody can only be done by human. This what makes this expression has metaphorical meaning. What is meant by ‘night makes a fool of us in daylight’ is the reality who mocks the couple for being afraid to having sex.

Lexically, according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2010), night lexically means the time between one day and the next when it is dark when people usually sleep. On the other hand, based on the same dictionary, daylight lexically means the light that comes from the sun during the day.

Based on the context of the song, it tells about a sex temptation which happens between a couple. They struggle so hard to ignore the tempation because they know there is that kind of prohibition in their religion. Night in Coldplay’s Yes represents having sex time which

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mostly happens at night and daylight represents the time when humans usually focus on their activity and no longer concern on sex things. As night represents having sex time, it is also related to the temptation which is given by the evil.

a. Lexical meaning:

Night makes a fool of us in daylight Night mocks us in daylight

Signifier Signified

b. Metaphorical meaning:

Night makes a fool of us in daylight

Night mocks us in daylight The sexual temptation mocks us for being afraid

c. Semantic properties of ‘Night makes a fool of us in daylight’:

+ dark + dark

+sexual ambition + sexual ambition

- desire + desire

Lexical Metaphorical

4. Coldplay’s Trouble - A spider web it’s tangled up with me

This song tells about a couple who experiences a fight in their relationship. In their fight, the man said something rude and hurt the woman, but actually he did not mean to hurt her. It just the effect of anger which happened to him. Finally, he tried to apologize to his girlfriend and felt so guilty.

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‘Tangled up’ is also an example of dead metaphor which is formed as common idiom. According to Cambridge Dictionary of American Idioms (2003), there are two expressions of phrase ‘tangled up’. The first is tangled up with someone means involved with someone who usually causes trouble. The second one, tangled up with something means involved in something that is difficult to get out of. In Coldplay’s Trouble, the metaphoric expression ‘tangled up’ is pointed to someone who is ‘me’. The other metaphoric expressionfound in Coldplay’s Trouble is ‘spider web’. In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2010), spider web means a fine net of threads made by a spider to catch insects. On the other hand, The Urban Dictionary describes spider web as a symbol which shows time locked up because spider web symbolizes how spider catches or imprisons its prey. The other meaning of spider web in the same dictionary is struggle. It shows the struggle that someone has been through in life such as drug addiction, gangster, prison or jail, or lose a lover. (http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Spiderweb+Tattoos)

In Coldplay’s Trouble, the metaphoric expression ‘A spider web it’s tangled up with me’ means someone who is struggling with something difficult and it is very difficult to get out of. Without an appropriate analysis, listeners could define the metaphoric expression as a person who is trapped by a spider web.

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a. Lexical meaning:

A spider web it’s I’m trapped by a spider web

tangled up with me

Signifier Signified

b. Metaphorical meaning:

A spider web it’s tangled up with me

I’m trapped by a spider web I’m dealing with problem

c. Semantic properties of ‘A spider web it’s tangled up with me’: + animal

Lexical= + trap + prey - animal Metaphorical= + trap

+ prey

5. Coldplay’s Lost - You might be a big fish in a little pond

This song tells about a person who experiences a down moment in his life. It can be a broken heart or a failure. He says that he is lost now but he used to be a great person in the past. He was maybe a master of something or a person with a power, but now he is down. In this song, he also tells his down moment cannot bring him down.

Lexically, the phrase ‘a big fish in a little pond’ found in Coldplay’s Lost means an animal in its habitat. It does not show any other meaning if a person sees it lexically. On the other hand, from Cambridge Idioms Dictionary (2006), ‘big fish in a little pond’ means the most important people in a small group of organization who would have much less power

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and importance if they were part of larger group or organization. Listeners can be misunderstood the meaning with a living big fish which lives in a small pond, but fortunately, the fixed meaning of the metaphoric expression gives clearer metaphorical meaning.

a. Lexical meaning:

A big fish A big size fish living in little pond in a little pond

Signifier Signified b. Metaphorical meaning:

A big fish in a little pond

A big size fish Someone with power or control living in little pond

c. Semantic properties of ‘A big fish in a little pond’: - human

Lexical= + power + authority + human Metaphorical= + power

+ authority

This term now analyses the influence of live metaphor in revealing metaphorical meaning in the metaphoric expressions. Live metaphor does not have bond to other fixed metaphoric expressions, that is why revealing the metaphorical meaning of live metaphoric expression is more free.

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6. Coldplay’s Magic - You're such a precious jewel

This song tells about a man who falls in love with a woman. He does not know what makes him so fall in love with her, but he feels that the woman is a miracle. Everything in her attracts him and makes him fall for more. His love is so big for her until he does not want anybody else beside her.

‘A precious jewel’ here is an example of live metaphor. This metaphoric expression was formed as the result of the song writer’s creativity in making lyrics. It was made freely in order to describe a person as a very worth and beautiful to be adored. The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols (1982) says that jewellery symbolizes hidden knowledge in the precious gems and metals and the shape they take. Besides, it also states the precious materials contained in a jewellery such as glittering gems and metals and also chiefly incorruptible gold which is so expensive. But lexically, precious jewel means the real beautiful stones like diamond, ruby, and saphire usually worn by women. So, what is meant by metaphorical expression in this lyric is worth and beautiful.

a. Lexical meaning:

Precious jewel Expensive gems which makes it so worth to be kept

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b. Metaphorical meaning:

Precious jewel

Expensive gems Beautiful and worth woman which is worth to be kept

c. Semantic properties of ‘precious jewel’:

+ beautiful + beautiful

Precious Jewel= + worth Precious Jewel= + worth

- human + human

Lexical Metaphorical

7. Coldplay’s A Sky Full of Stars - You’re such a heavenly view

This song tells about a person who adores someone a lot. He describes his loved one as a very adorable view and very beautiful, so he compares her to a night view. A dark sky at night which is filled by stars becomes the most magnificent view that attracts him. He really falls in love with her and feels like in heaven when he is staring at her.

This time, Coldplay gives an image of a person as a heavenly view. This metaphoric expression is also an example of live metaphor which was formed freely based on song writer’s creativity while making the lyrics. First, we should know what is the meaning of heaven metaphorically. According to The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols (1982), heaven means a direct manifestation of transcendence, power, sacrality and everlastingness which no Earth-dweller can attain. Besides, it also symbolizes superhuman power which is so magnificent. Heaven is usually described as a beautiful

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place where God and angels exist and lexically, it becomes the first destination after human’s death.

‘Heavenly view’ in this lyric means a person who is able to create a magnificent view because of the person’s beauty.

a. Lexical meaning:

Heavenly view A view looks like heaven

Signifier Signified

b. Metaphorical meaning:

Heavenly view

A view looks like heaven Beautiful woman c. Semantic properties of ‘heavenly view’:

+ beautiful + beautiful

Heavenly= + happy Heavenly view= + happy

- Human + human

Lexical Metaphorical

8. Coldplay’s A Sky Full of Stars - Cause you’re a sky full of stars

This metaphoric expression comes from the same song which is an example of live metaphor. Lexically, a sky full of stars is identical with a

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sky at night. Star is something fills the space that we see as a point of light in the sky at night. Bare eyes are able to see the stars in a clear night sky because it twinkles. Stars are very identical in astronomy as the planets in the galaxy that shines because of its own light. On the other hand, The Penguin Dictionary of Symbol (1982) says that the best remembered property of the star is its luminosity and the fact that it is a source of light. It also symbolizes angels actually. In A Sky Full of Stars lyric, the metaphorical expression refers to a person who is beautiful. The beauty is just like a night sky full of stars so that it becomes a very great view to enjoy. A beautiful person who makes the speaker falls in love.

a. Lexical meaning:

A sky full of stars Night view in sky which full of stars

Signifier Signified

b. Metaphorical meaning: A sky full of stars

Night view in sky which Beautiful woman full of stars

c. Semantic properties of ‘a sky full of stars’:

+ beautiful + beautiful

A sky full of stars= + adorable A sky full of stars= + adorable

- human + human

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9. Coldplay’s A Message - And I’m on fire for you

This song tells about a woman who is seemed scared to fall in love. She does not only close every way for a man to reach her love but she also acts cold to them. She does not realize that there is a man who adores her so much and tries to reach her. The man tries to convince her that his love is real and asks her to not to be so sceptical about love.

The word “fire” appears lexically in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2010) as something which burning with flames and heat. Besides, smoke is also form of fire heat production. Fire in certain measurement can cause destruction of buildings or forests. In the same dictionary, fire as a metaphorical word has meaning of strong emotion such as anger or enthusiasm. According to The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols (1982), fire symbolizes the passions both love and hate. Besides, it also says that the love act is the first scientific hypothesis about the objective reproduction of fire.

So, the lyrics ‘And I’m on fire with you’ describes a feeling or an emotion from a person like enthusiasm or love which is pointed to someone else because there are subjects like you and I.

a. Lexical meaning:

On fire Burning with fire Signifier Signified

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b. Metaphorical meaning: On fire

Burning with fire Feels excited or enthusiast c. Semantic properties of ‘on fire’:

+ hot + hot

On fire = + powerful On fire = + powerful

+ light - light

Lexical Metaphorical

10. Coldplay’s A Message -The fire would sparkle in your eyes

Another metaphoric expression is also found in the same song. Fire here does not stand for the real burning flame as the fire exists in the eyes of someone. Fire here is also a metaphoric expression. Lexically, fire is a kind of elements which characteristics is hot. But, based on The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols (1982), fire symbolizes a love act and enthusiasm. In the other words, Coldplay states that the enthusiasm seen in the eyes when someone is fall in love.

a. Lexical meaning:

Fire sparkle in your eyes Fire burning your eyes

Signifier Signified

b. Metaphorical meaning:

Fire sparkle in your eyes

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c. Semantic properties of ‘fire sparkle in your eyes’:

+ moving + moving

Fire= + strong Fire= + strong

+ physical -physical

Lexical Metaphorical

11. Coldplay’s True Love- When I was yours and you were blind

This song tells about a broken relationship. There was a couple who have been separated and the man is picturing their togetherness in the past. He remembers when they were in love and it seemed right. He hopes to hear the woman saying ‘I love you’ again although the woman no longer loves him, but he does not mind the love words are lies.

Lexically, the word ‘blind’means not able to see, but ‘blind’here does not mean the literal meaning, but it is a metaphoric expression. According to The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols (1982),blind symbolizes those who ignore the deceitful shows of the world. Mostly refers to people who cannot accept the reality whether they do not realize it or choose to ignore it. Usually the condition happens when couple are madly in love, like what has been so familiar as love is blind.

Coldplay’s True Love states blind to describes the same condition when a person cannot realize the pain of being in love.

a. Lexical meaning:

Blind The sight sense is not able to see Signifier Signified

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b. Metaphorical meaning: Blind

The sight sense Not recognizing the bad side of is not able to see something

c. Semantic properties of ‘blind’:

- see - see Blind= + organ Blind= + organ + sense + sense

Lexical Metaphorical

12.Coldplay’s Warning Sign - And you were an island to discover

This song tells about a sad love story where a man regrets his mistake. He first found a woman who was right for him. However, this man let the woman go, so she was no longer with him. Finally he realized that the woman was the best for him and felt stupid to let her go. Now, he tries to apologize to the woman and hopes he can get her back.

Again, Coldplay describes someone by metaphoric expression which stated as ‘an island to discover’. Based on The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols (1982), island means something that can only be reached at the end of a long voyage and symbolizes dream and desire from an exploration. Island is usually described as a full of surprise destination for the explorer, mostly like a treasure. Besides, based on psychoanalytic viewpoint, island becomes an image of eternal happiness in Fortunate Island. So, what Coldplay stated as ‘an island to discover’is a person as treasure and it is a

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luck to find that person. Lexically, island to discover means discovering a land that surrounded by water.

a. Lexical meaning:

Island to discover Discovering island in the middle of ocean

Signifier Signified

b. Metaphorical meaning:

Island to discover

Discovering island Get someone who has been in the middle of ocean dreaming of

c. Semantic properties of ‘island to discover’:

+ desire + desire Island= + treasure Island= + treasure

- human + human

Lexical Metaphorical

13. Coldplay’s Clocks - You’re home where I wanted to go

This song about someone’s confusion about something or another person. He actually has something to say but somehow he cannot describe it with words then causing his silence. He seems do not know about the thing that confuse his mind but he knows there is something wrong.

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary(2010), home means the house or flat/apartment that you live in, especially with your family. In Coldplay’s Clocks, home does not refer to a building but an abstract feeling of comfortable. In American Heritage Dictionary of the

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English Language (2011), home means an environment offering security and happiness. Besides, there is difference between the meaning of house and home. Home can refer either a building to live in or any location where a person belongs to. Home is not only a house but it can be an apartment, a tent, a car, a boat, or an underground cave. Besides, home also shows something abstract, a place in mind which is special that a person feels comfortable and belongs to, while a house simply means a kind of building that people can live in.

a. Lexical meaning:

Home A building for permanent stay Signifier Signified

b. Metaphorical meaning: Home

A building for permanent stay A person as permanent destination c. Semantic properties of ‘home’:

+ destination + destination

Home= + comfortable Home= + comfortable

-human + human

Lexical Metaphorical

14. Coldplay’s Sparks–My heart is yours

This song tells about couple who go through a relationship. In the middle of their relationship, the woman hesitates her man that he will

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always love her. Fortunately, her man convinces her that he loves her very much and she owns everything in him include his heart.

The word “heart” in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2010) means a vital organ in human or animal’s body that sends blood around. In The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols (1982), heart symbolizes the intellectual functions as a lining to distinguish good and bad things, that is why in the same dictionary, heart is also said as an enlightment and its task is to rule. Besides, heart also symbolizes the life centre of human, the inner personality and their emotional life to deal with wisdom and understanding. The role of heart in a human is so important, so, when Coldplay’s song lyrics said ‘My heart is yours’, it means that everything important from a person belong to someone else. The person must have special role in them so that they are willing to give all their life.

a. Lexical semantic:

Heart A vital beating organ to pump blood Signifier Signified

b. Metaphorical meaning: Heart

A vital beating organ Emotional term to pump blood where love belongs

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c. Semantic properties of ‘heart’:

+ human + human

Heart= - emotional Heart= + emotional

+ vital + vital

Lexical Metaphorical

15. Coldplay’s Christmas Lights - Tears, we cried a flood

This song tells about a sad Christmas. The person who is told in the song lose his girlfriend. They could experience a fight at Christmas night then it becomes a sad Christmas. He hopes that his girlfriend would come back but he does not feel sure about that. In the song, the man still enjoys his sad Christmas in the street.

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2010), flood means a large amount of water covering an area that is usually dry. Flood is one of natural disasters which usually happens in some areas. In the same dictionary, flood also means a very large number of things or people that appear at the same time. In Coldplay’s Christmas Lights, flood shows metaphorical expression as it is used to describe the amount of tears. In fact, flood cannot happen just because someone is crying.

a. Lexical semantic:

Flood A natural disaster Signifier Signified

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b. Metaphorical semantic: Flood

A natural disaster Tears in huge amount c. Semantic properties of ‘flood’:

- tears + tears

Flood= + sadness Flood= + sadness

+ water + water

Lexical Metaphorical

16. Coldplay’s Christmas Lights - Got all kinds of poison in my blood The story of the song has been told in analysis (15) and this is another metaphoric expression which is found in the same song. Lexically, poison in the blood means someone’s body is no longer healthy because there is toxic inside him. According to Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2010), poison means a substance that causes death or harm if it is swallowed into the body. So, poison in literal meaning is related to physical health.

On the other hand, this metaphoric expression has another meaning based on the context of the song. This song tells about a sad love story, a broken relationship in a Christmas night. The expression of “poison in my blood” here means all the sadness and broken heart feeling which happen to him and cause harm. The harm does not attack physically but more about emotion. As what is said in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2010), poison is also about feeling.

(64)

a. Lexical meaning:

Poison in my blood Getting poisoned

Signifier Signified

b. Metaphorical meaning:

Poison in my blood

Getting poisoned Feeling sadness all over the body c. Semantic properties of ‘poison’:

+ sadness + sadness

Poison= + physical Poison= -physical

+ health + health

Lexical Metaphorical

17. Coldplay’s Yes - Yeah, we were dying of frustration

What the song is about has been described in analysis (3) and this part describes another metaphoric expression which is found in the same song. Metaphoric expression of ‘dying of frustation’is much related to type of metaphor sadness is an illness. According to Oxford Advanced

Learner’s Dictionary (2010), dying means stop living. Literally, living things die because of an physical illness or maybe an accident. On the other hand, frustation is a mental illness. Living things are possible enough to die because of frustation, but in this Coldplay’s Yes, ‘dying of frustation’ does not mean the person die or lose his life because of frustation. Based on the context of the song, “dying of frustation” here means giving up from the sex temptation itself. According to Oxford

(1)

You're such a heavenly view

10. Coldplay – Warning Sign A warning sign

I missed the good part, then I realised I started looking and the bubble burst I started looking for excuses

Come on in

I've gotta tell you what a state I'm in I've gotta tell you in my loudest tones That I started looking for a warning sign

When the truth is, I miss you Yeah the truth is, that I miss you so

A warning sign

It came back to haunt me, and I realised That you were an island and I passed you by And you were an island to discover

Come on in

I've gotta tell you what a state I'm in I've gotta tell you in my loudest tones That I started looking for a warning sign

When the truth is, I miss you Yeah the truth is, that I miss you so

And I'm tired, I should not have let you go Oooooooo

So I crawl back into your open arms Yes I crawl back into your open arms And I crawl back into your open arms Yes I crawl back into your open arms

11. Coldplay – Christmas Lights Christmas night,

Another fight, Tears we cried, A flood

Got all kinds of poison in, of poison in my blood

(2)

To Oxford Street, Trying to right a wrong

"Just walk away," those windows say, but I can't believe she's gone.

When you're still waiting for the snow to fall It doesn't really feel like Christmas at all

Up above candles on air flicker Oh they flicker and they flow

And I am up here holding on to all those chandeliers of hope

And like some drunken Elvis singing I go singing out of tune

Singing how I've always loved you, darling, and I always will

Oh when you're still waiting for the snow to fall It doesn't really feel like Christmas at all

Still waiting for the snow to fall

It doesn't really feel like Christmas at all

Those Christmas lights light up the street Down where the sea and city meet May all your troubles soon be gone Oh Christmas lights, keep shining on

Those Christmas lights light up the street Maybe they'll bring her back to me Then all my troubles will be gone Oh Christmas lights, keep shining on

Oh Christmas lights light up the street Light up the fireworks in me

May all your troubles soon be gone Those Christmas lights keep shining on

12. Coldplay - Miracles

From up above I heard

The angels sing to me these words. And sometimes in your eyes I see the beauty in the world.

Oh, now I'm floating so high. I blossom and die.

(3)

Me between the eyes, Eyes

Sometimes the stars decide To reflect in puddles in the dirt. When I look in your eyes I forget all about what hurts.

Oh, now I'm floating so high. I blossom and die.

Send your storm and your lightning to strike Me between the eyes

And cry.

Believe in miracles.

Oh hey, I'm floating up above the world now! Oh hey, I'm floating up above the world now!

Oh yeah, yeah, yeah!

13. Coldplay - Trouble

Oh, no, I see

A spider web, it's tangled up with me, And I lost my head,

The thought of all the stupid things I'd said,

Oh, no, what's this?

A spider web, and I'm caught in the middle, So I turned to run,

The thought of all the stupid things I've done,

And I never meant to cause you trouble, And I never meant to do you wrong, And I, well, if I ever caused you trouble, Oh no, I never meant to do you harm.

Oh, no, I see

A spider web, and it's me in the middle, So I twist and turn,

Here am I in my little bubble, Singing out...

I never meant to cause you trouble, And I never meant to do you wrong,

(4)

And I, well, if I ever caused you trouble, Oh, no, I never meant to do you harm.

They spun a web for me, They spun a web for me, They spun a web for me.

14. Coldplay - Lost

Just because I'm losing Doesn't mean I'm lost Doesn't mean I'll stop Doesn't mean I would cross

Just because I'm hurting Doesn't mean I'm hurt Doesn't mean I didn't get What I deserved

No better and no worse

I just got lost

Every river that I tried to cross Every door I ever tried was locked Ohhh and I'm...

Just waiting 'til the shine wears off

You might be a big fish In a little pond

Doesn't mean you've won 'Cause along may come A bigger one

And you'll be lost

Every river that you tried to cross Every gun you ever held went off Ohhh and I'm...

Just waiting 'til the firing stopped Ohhh and I'm...

Just waiting 'til the shine wears off

[Guitar solo]

Ohhh and I'm...

Just waiting 'til the shine wears off Ohhh and I'm...

(5)

15. Coldplay – Magic Call it magic Call it true Call it magic When I'm with you And I just got broken Broken into two Still I call it magic When I'm next to you

And I don't, and I don't and I don't, and I don't No, I don't,

It's true

I don't, no, I don't, no, I don't, no, I don't want anybody else but you I don't, no, I don't, no, I don't, no, I don't

No, I don't, It's true

I don't, no, I don't, no, I don't, no, I don't want anybody else but you

Call it magic Cut me into two

And with all your magic I disappear from view And I can't get over Can't get over you Still I call it magic

You're such a precious jewel

And I don't, and I don't and I don't, and I don't No, I don't,

It's true

I don't, no, I don't, no, I don't, no, I don't want anybody else but you I don't, no, I don't, no, I don't, no, I don't

No, I don't, It's true

I don't, no, I don't, no, I don't, no, I don't want anybody else but you

Wanna fall I fall so far I wanna fall I fall so hard And I call it magic And I call it true I call it magic

(6)

And if you were to ask me After all that we've been through Still believe in magic

Metaphorical meaning of Coldplay`s Song lyrics.

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