Indonesian Broadcasting Policy: Achieving Educated and Civilized Society for Social Welfare.
SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES
IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
Edited by:
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Centre for Socioglobal Studies
Padjadjaran University
Foreword by:
Dr. Arry Bainus MA
Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Padjadjaran University
2015
SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES
IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
© 2015 Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin et.all.
First Published May, 2015
Published By
Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI)
Jomblangan Gg. Ontoseno Blok B No 15 Rt 12/30
Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia 55198
Telp. (0274) 9494 558
E-mail/FB: psambiru@gmail.com
ISBN: 978-602-9276-55-8
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
CONTENTS
Contents .............................................................................................
Acknowledgement ..............................................................................
Foreword ............................................................................................
Introduction .......................................................................................
Chapter 1
Globalizing Information Technology:Issues and
Challenges in Contemporary Indonesia’s Democracy
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ari Ganjar Herdiansah
and Wahyu Gunawan ............................................
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
iii
ix
xi
xiii
1
ASEAN Community 2015: A New Human Resources Paradigm
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Arry Bainus and Ali Maksum ........................................................................
15
Communication Strategy through Media Education: An Efort to Achieve Harmony and Sustainability in Indonesia-Malaysia Relations
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Fitaha Aini, Tofan Rakhmat Zaky and Forina Lestari ................................
27
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
iii
Chapter 4
Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St Century
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Tia Devianti and R. A.
Tachya Muhamad ....................................................
Chapter 5
Crafting Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal:
Role of Nepalese Political and Welfare Institutions
Bala Raju Nikku, Pradipta Kadambari, Pranita
Bhushan Udas and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ...........
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Urban Poverty and Housing
Chapter 8
Mohd Haizzan Yahaya and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin..........................................................................
Human Traicking
Syarif Muhidin Abdurahman and Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin ...................................................................
iv
77
93
101
Youth and Crime
Kumarashwaran Vadevelu, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
and Wahyu Gunawan ..............................................
Chapter 10
53
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy: Achieving Educated and Civilized Society for Social Welfare
Fitaha Aini & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ..................
Chapter 9
39
Concluding Remarks ..........................................
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
107
125
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research and
International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His
current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from defensive
realism perspective. He has written articles have been published in such
publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, Springer (ISI),
Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.
Arry Bainus, Ph.D is a senior lecturer at Department of International
Relation Padjadjaran University. He recived his doctoral degree in University
of Indonesia. He focuses his studies on issues arround national security
and defence, including political study on Indonesian Army. Now he is a
dean at Faculty of Social and Political Science Padjadjaran University
Ari Ganjar Herdiansah, Ph.D is a lecturer at Department of Sociology
Padjadjaran University. In 2014 he received his doctoral degree in political
sociology at University of Malaya, Malaysia. His main academic concerns
are political sociology of Islamic society, political communication, and the
politics of community.
Bala Raju Nikku, MSW, Ph.D is a Visiting Sr. Lecturer, Social Work
ProgramSchool of Social SciencesUniversiti Sains Malaysia (USM)&
Member at Large, International Association of Schools of Social Work
(IASSW) Founding Director, Nepal School of Social Work.
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
v
Fitaha Aini, MA, is a communication lecturer in Indonesia. She has
published book and journals in the ield of communication and media. In
2013, she published her irst book entitled Kebebasan Akhbar MalaysiaIndonesia. She completed her study in Science University of Malaysia
(Persuasive Communication) in 2008 and University of Malaya (Media
Studies) in 2011. Her previous research was evaluation of communication
programs (2009-2014) and formulation of communication policy
(2015-2019) in Indonesia under the Ministry of National Development
Planning.
Forina Lestari, M.Sc. obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing,
School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia
(USM, 2008).Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She
has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan Lokal
dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and expertise at
Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development
Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of Spatial Planning,
Ministry of Public Works(2013), Directorate General of Regional
Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and Expert, Deputy of
the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing (2012), Expert Staf,
Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian House of Representatives
(DPR, 2011).Junior Expert, Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs,
Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas, 2010).
Kumarashwaran VadeveluMSW is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work
Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His
current Ph.D studies regarding social support system among youth who
identiied as transgender women dealing with HIV/AIDS issues. Currently,
he’s working as an outreach worker with AIDS Action and Research Group
(AARG), Universiti Sains Malaysia under the programme of Needle and
Syringe Exchange Program (NSEP) which is dealing with the drug user
community.
Mohd. Haizzan Yahaya MSW is Ph.D scholars from University Sains
Malaysia. He is currently researching on Urban Poor Housing and being
supervised by Dr. Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and associate professor Dr.
Azlinda Azman.
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of Malaya.
He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011) and
Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement of Sociology
in Faculty Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University (2014present). Visiting Associate Professor at University of Malaya (2008) and
Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains Malaysia (2012- present).
Syarif Muhidin, Prof. Dr., obtained his Ph.D. from University
of Pedjadjaran (UNPAD) Bandung (1997), Master of Science from
University of Wales (1979), Diploma in Social Policy & Administration
from University College of Swansea (1977). Currently, he is Visiting Senior
Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), prior as Visiting Lecturer at
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 2010-2012, and formerly as the Head
of Research Institute of University of Langlangbuana (UNLA), last he is a
Honorable Member (Dewan Kehormat) of the Institute for Social Work
Sertiication of Indonesia (2012-up to the present).
Tahcya Muhamad, R. A. Drs. MSi is a senior lecturer at Department
of Sociology Padjadjaran University.He is expert in sociology of family and
rural community.
Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas
Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty
of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now,
a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996 –
present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing.Current Researches are
mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).
Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of
International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.
Wahyu Gunawan is aPhD candidate at Padjadjaran University and a
senior lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University. He is
eager in engaging on community development particularly in rural areas.
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
vii
Has background in rural government studies and sociology, he now expert
in sociology of government in rural community.
viii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing giving
me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and Policy
Practices in Contemporary Issues. he publication of this book would
not have been possible without the guidance and knowlwdge wich I
have acquired from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah University of Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of
Malaya. I would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty
Tohri and our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha
Aini and Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.
he publication of this book would not be possible without the assistance
and cooperation that we have received over the years from the many
individuals and organization in various parts of the world. In particular, we
wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of Sociology Padjadjaran
University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially thanks especially to Ali
Maksum for his excellent assistance during the editorial process of this
book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences,
Padjadjaran University.All of my Masters-PhD students and colleagues at
Padjadjaran University as well as USM whom I would like to thanked for
providing continuous support towards my success.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
ix
x
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
FOREWORD
Dr. Arry Bainus, MA
Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Padjadjaran University
I would like to express my sincere wishes to Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin, PhD as Head Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and
Political Sciences Padjadjaran University for his great dedication and
success in completing this book titled “Sociology and Policy Practices
in Contemporary Issues”. his is a very interesting and important book
which I personally feel able to impart more knowledge to the many
academics, not only from sociology and political ields, but also from other
ields as well. he various issues addressed in this book are in fact very
much current issues that is happening around the globe, which need to be
understand and scrutinize for better intervention.
I am really honoured to be given the opportunity to give a foreword
to this special book. It is hoped that this book able to generate more
discussions and awareness on quest for searching for the more relevant
solutions to all social, political and economic issues occurring around us
today.
I would like to congratulate all chapter contributors for sharing their
ideas and knowledge, which I am sure able to set platform for more writers
to venture into the highlighted issues. I sincerely hope that more of this
book kind will be published in the near future.
hank you.
Wassalam.
Bandung, 2015
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xi
xii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
INTRODUCTION
In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful
his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era,
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. he main
objective is to present an integrated analysis of how the discipline of
sociology can contribute to our wider understanding of the variety of
social and political issues, practices and insttitutions approachs, policies
and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries. his explanatory
chapters expected to examine and understand as well as ofer choices for
human beings in the dinamics world to build a human harmony.
his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied
social and political sciences can contribute to the development of human
life through many perspectives; political and international strategy,
culture, history, communi-cation, poverty and social probles. he various
theme have been selected are discussed from social fenomena to policy
directions.
In the irst chapter, focus on the Information Technology (IT)
developments that more increasingly integrated in almost every social aspect
have shaped Indonesia’s contemporary democracy. Chapter two, ASEAN
Community 2015 and discusses the dilemma of Indonesian workers
especially those who categorized as illegal in Malaysia. Both countries have
recognized their positive contribution whether for Malaysia or Indonesia.
It was undeniable that all sectors in Malaysia especially construction and
plantation were using Indonesian workers services. At the same time,
Indonesia also indirectly obtained advantages through the remittance
which totally contribute to the national economic development. However,
what happened in Malaysia is illegal workers were arrested and treat as a
criminal. It should be stopped and substituted by the constructive policies
which could give beneits to the both countries. Indonesia and Malaysia
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xiii
and the countries in ASEAN should build strong partnership in all sectors
especially migrant workers which seen obtain small attention. Facing the
ASEAN Community 2015 both countries should prepare as maximize as
possible by empowering all aspects including migrant workers. By take
positive action towards migrant workers both countries indirectly has
contribute to the development of “Ummah.”
In the thrird chapter discusses communication strategy through media
education: an efort to achieve harmony and sustainability in IndonesiaMalaysia relations - concludes a guidance should be provided to the public
so that they can be more critical and wise in dealing with any negative
news. A critical community is a community who is able to diferentiate the
written and hidden message of writing. A wise community is the one who is
not provoked by provocative and negative news. Indonesian and Malaysian
should be aware that each of them has had a signiicant contribution one
to another. A good example can be seen through the assistant of Malaysian
people in the disaster recovery process in Indonesia and the existence
of Indonesia migrant workers in the Malaysia’s economic development.
However, Indonesia-Malaysia rela-tions is always changing and tend
to lead to conlict situations. he role of media and media educationis
importantas a communication strategy to implement the problem solving
modelin understanding the global situation and the public policies who
are based theory of cultural conlict and acculturation. Chapter fourth,
the author emphasized Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St Century.
his section concludes that hird World back to dig the philosophical values
that are in each country. For instance, the basic values of the Indonesian nation is
relected in the ive principles of Pancasila namely the divinity in God Almighty,
humanity, unity and nationality, deliberation and social justice for all people.
he problem is how to translate basic values into the concept of development
and preserve cultural heritage. Apparently, the third world thinkers have to work
harder to formulate a philosophical values - ideological cultural heritage as part of
the great nations of the world.herefore, the cultural heritages is an essential
economic asset in facing the escalation of human development.
In the chapter ifth takes up the theme of crafting federal democratic
Republic of Nepal: role of Nepalese political and welfare institutions.
Nepal is one of the least developed, post conlict recovery countries going
through a series of transitions and eforts of nation building. his chapter
concludes that the citizen mobilisation that took place over a period of time
due to the experiments with democracy building in Nepal in the past sixty
years should be sustained, to further ensure the vibrancy and consolidation
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
of democracy, resulting in crafting a uniied republic out of a multi ethnic
Nepal. Chapter six explores the broadcast media industry and the role model
or best practice in the broadcast media industry. his concept is suitable
due to it contains freedom which is up-to-date without abandoning the
values of religion, culture and national spirit. Overall, Indonesia requires
an (endogenous) big push to strengthen and institutionalize the use of
research product for design and implementation of public policies. his
will be a crucial factor in determining the success of the welfare policies
that the government is currently designing.
In the chapter seven related with poverty phenomena. However,
these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well
planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from
the previous period was also relatively small. In addition, the struggle of
urban poor communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely
related to the development and history of the country. After the British
colonial period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing
on the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted
when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search
of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban
migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories,
because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard
work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and
build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and hence
they are known as urban pioneers.
In chapter eigth focus on human traicking, issues and Challenges.
Human trafcking has become global issue and problem. he researchers
concluded that the relevant region is suspect as illegal and such region
is indicated as human traicking (if the elements of coercion and sexual
exploitation are met). he challenges of the government has the right and
responsibility to provide all the protections to its citizen inside as well as
outside the country. here is still optimistic that emphasizing spiritual values
in the public administration and services will enhance the performance
of the government. Finally, the latest chapter nine concern onyouth and
crime as social problem. However, the Malaysia’s social policies makers
can make this recommendation as a guide in outlining or implement a
rehabilitation program for youths involved in crime. At the same time
and hopefully this research will also beneit the school management and
Penang Welfare Department in using this research to improve existing
rehabilitation programs in these institutions. In addition, through this
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xv
research, it is expected that the people of Malaysia be aware especially in
spending the time with their children or less able to prevent their children’s
involvement in crime. Finally, researchers expect this research can provide
as important reference material for dealing with negative behavior such as
criminal involvement among adolescents in Malaysia.
his book examines the social and political fenomena in the broader
“Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues” perspective. It
is compiled from travelers and knowledge experiences in international
seminars, talks and forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion
with my professors and colleagues, PhD and Master students. hat
experiences, together with their personal values and interests extremely
inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope that those who
engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge. All errors are the
author’s responsibility.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
xvi
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Chapter
6
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy:
Achieving Educated and Civilized Society for
Social Welfare
Fitaha Aini and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
READERS GUIDE
his chapter argues that the disputable
regulations which govern the broadcasting
industry are not more than business
entities and parties’ political tools.
Indonesian broadcasting system in the
post-Reformation era demonstrates the
freedom of media through the existences
of Indonesian Broadcasting Commission
(KPI) as an independent agency.
Nevertheless, achieving an ideal democratic
broadcasting system for social welfare
has not been straight forward. It should
ensure the diversity of content, diversity
of ownership and diversity of voices. In
Indonesian context, establishing those
diversities have becoming increasingly
important, considering geographical and
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy
77
sociological conditions of Indonesian society. Moreover, the power of
the liberal-capitalist approach which is eminent in the context of media
freedom is unsuitable if it were to be totally implemented in Indonesia.
It was proven that diversiication of ownership which led to diversiied
content does not guarantee a more knowledgeable society. Referring to the
data which show the domination of music and entertainment in private
radios had resulted in diminishing of other programs that have enormous
potential to form an educated and civilized society.
DEMOCRATIZE BROADCASTING: CURRENT SITUATION
AND ISSUES
he spirit of democratized broadcasting which is stated in the Indonesian
Broadcasting Act No.32 (2002) is relatively pleasing. Nevertheless, there are
still some sign of weaknesses which hinder this democratized broadcasting
could not be properly implemented. Indonesia has an independent
agency, Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI), that manage
national broadcasting issues. However, its main authority is only limited
to monitoring broadcasted content. Broadcasting administration and
licensing are still under government’s scope (Ministry of Communication
and Informatics). he duality in this regulatory control is clearly not
serving democratic broadcasting any favor. Although licensing depends on
KPI’s recommendation, however, in practice, that is not the case. Various
violations have occurred which resulted in ownership of television stations
being narrowed by only a handful of people. Buying and selling share
occurs due to weak regulators.
On the other hand, development of communications technology has
increased extremely. Meanwhile, there are so many issues that have not been
able to be answered by the Broadcasting Act No. 32 of 2002. Digitalization
of broadcasting has not been properly addressed by the broadcasting law
which resulted in confusions during the implementation phase. herefore,
the amendemend of broadcasting law remains an urgent agenda with the
spirit of democracy rests on broadcasting as already laid its foundations in
the Broadcasting Act No. 32 2002.
In any country that embraces democracy, regulating of broadcast media
are distinguished with print media. here are three basic arguments why
broadcasters should be strickly regulated. First, broadcasters use the public
domain. herefore, it should be strictly regulated and credentials should
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
be used as much as possible for the prosperity and welfare of the people.
Secondly, radio frequencies of which they use to broadcast are public space.
Demand for frequency channels is signiicantly larger than that available
frequencies. Despite the advanced technology capable of making more
utilized frequency broadcast channels, but they remain limited.
hirdly, it is pervasive. Programs broadcasted by electronic media can
access private spaces, expanded and spread rapidly to other spaces uninvited.
Besides the three main reasons above, a democratic broadcasting system
should ensure the diversity of content, diversity of ownership and diversity
of voices. In Indonesian context, ensuring that diversity has becoming
increasingly important, considering geographical and sociological
conditions of Indonesian society.
In terms of diversity of content, in 2012, government radio programs
were dominated by music by 37.14% and news by 34.29%. While private
radio stations have also featured programs include 73.3% of music and
10:23% of news. Government featured a balance range of entertainment
and news programs, whereas in the private radio, music was featured
extensively.
Chart 1
Chart of Government and Private Radio Programs
(Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2012)
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy
79
hese charts indicate that private radios are more as an entertainers
than an informers. his phenomenon illustrates that media freedom
is only enjoyed by groups who have economic and political power.
Cherian George (2013) conclude a study that is capable of breaking
down the power of the liberal-capitalist thinking which is celebrated in
the context of media freedom. It was proven that the diversiication of
ownership which led to diversiied content does not guarantee a more
knowledgeable society. Referring to the above data which show the
domination of music and entertainment in private radio had resulted in
the shifting of other programs that have enormous potential to form an
educated and civilized society. On the other hand, in 2012, government
television had 80% of news and information programs that become
lagship of public television programs and 20% of religious programs.
Meanwhile, private television news seeded the news program by 51.43%
and the ilm or soap by 20%.
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Chart 2
Chart of Government and Private Television Programs
(Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2012)
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy
81
Broadcasted programs such as soap operas and football matches are the
programs that are likely to get high ratings. Meanwhile, talk show only
got low rating. A high rating can make programs receive abundant ofer
of advertisements, which consequently will beneit media inancially from
these advertisements. his is contrary to the process of educating audience.
A media practitioner, Budi, said:
“TV is still a reference point for the community. TV programs such as football matches, F1 and soap operas always
get high ratings. hese programs can easy achieve rating
of 20-25 from Nelson and are assured to get at least 15 of
rating. Rating is advertisement. Advertising is money. It is
very contradictory to the process of educating the public.
Talk shows, just obtain a rating of 7. hough this program
is a positive form of journalism. “(Workshop, December
2, 2013)
In addition, there are lack of availability in regulatory instruments
that can address future challenges. he uncertainty in the industry of
broadcasting caused a decline in the quality of the broadcast. Various
broadcast programs on air are not based on the eligible criteria of a
broadcast. Broadcasting activities are geared to attract advertising and
determine the feasibility of the programs through market tastes and rating.
he rise of mystical shows, pornography, infotainment and reality show is
one of the dominant impact of market considerations in determining the
broadcast material.
he dilemmatic problem of broadcasting, especially television, is
competing in reaching the audience through ratings and shares. If the
rating and share as a reference in the preparation of the agenda, it will be
more of television text which feature a low taste with full of entertainment
elements. Even news programs that should promote the ideals aspects,
positive values and norms are focusing on rating and share by modifying
news content in order to further entertain and reach audience as much as
possible.
he owner of media can determine which political side should be praised
or hated by editor indirectly. In reality, the presented media content has
been constructed in such a way by the policy owner. When the media has
changed their function to be partisan media to their owners, the media
will boost the popularity of their owner in terms of political activities. For
instance some cases that happened in legislative elections and president
election in Indonesia in 2014
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Table 1
Percentage Broadcasting Company by Legal Entity / Company / Licensing (Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2012)
Category
Legal/Company/Licensing
PT
(1)
Government
Radio
Private Radio
Government
Television
Government
Radio
Total
Cooperation Individual Public
(Private
Limited)
(2)
-
(3)
-
(4)
-
(5)
100,00
(6)
100,00
99,45
-
0,55
-
100,00
-
-
-
100,00
100,00
97,50
2,50
-
-
100,00
he table above shows the diversity of media ownership in Indonesia.
In the context of broadcasting company, private broadcasters, both radio
and television were held by institutions that are legal entities PT (Private
Limited) were 99.45% for private radio and 97.5% for private television.
However, the dynamics of media ownership issues arise when the
dominance of the interests of media owners who always put the interests
of shareholders and owners rather than the public interest.
BROADCASTING A MEANS FOR PRESERVING HEGEMONY
OF ELITE GROUPS
hus, the democratization of broadcasting are not properly implemented
because there are many violations of campaign by the owners of broadcast
media. In public discussion about ‘Democratization Broadcasting and the
election in 2014’ in Bali, Roiqi, TEMPO journalist, said that broadcast
media in Indonesia is strongly inluenced by business and political interests
of their owners whereas it inluences on public perspective. So that the
broadcast media owners have shrouded in its campaign strategy, as an
example of media owners use it through ad campaigns holiday greetings,
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy
83
etc., although in this statement there is no delivery of the vision and mission
as well as the vote number. his violation not only through advertising
alone, but also the abuse of broadcast media through campaign in news.
After 2014 elections, KPI evaluated to all broadcasters, both private and
public regarding the principle of independence. Because it is a benchmark
that political education for the public and the media goes well. According
to Deputy Chairman of the KPI, Idy Muzayyad, safety or ire wall that
separates the newsroom with the business as well as related interest must
be maintained despite the broadcasters owned by political party leaders.
he diagram below shows a comparison of radio programs broadcast on
government and private radio.
Gramsci (1971) has detailed this process as preserving the cultural and
ideological ‘hegemony’ of elite groups in society, which in turn will ensure
the stability of the capitalist system and impede socioeconomic change. As
such, mass media can be perceived as tools used by the upper classes and by
extension the state, to forge social consent over polarizing issues by actively
intervening in public space and shaping public opinion. Social perceptions
are then ‘steered’ appropriately and a certain social consciousness is formed
through exaggerated journalistic accounts (i.e., facial expressions, body
dramatic music and a highly emotive rhetorical language), supposedly
venting the already present - but actually just then created - public demand
requiring those in power to ‘do something about this’ (McRobbie &
hornton 1995). If such strategies are followed by government legislative
action, then the public’s ‘rational, well-founded fears or outrage’ can be
alleviated. he media can promote images of strong government and
leadership which acted decisively, enhancing the political system’s ability
to presumably maintain a free, democratic, but ‘civilized’ and ‘orderly’
society, and should be supported to ensure society’s present and future.
hus, media legitimize their own truth representations as indisputable
reality, airming the power of constructed discourse conferring ‘ideological
legitimation’ and imposing ‘discipline’ to applied policies (Bourdieu 1991;
Foucault et al. 1991; Foucault 1980).
Furthermore, Ministry of National Development Planning (Bappenas)
in collaboration with Ministry of Communication and Informatics should
lead the road map of the media development in Indonesia, so there is
room to hoodwink the media by loading or broadcast advertisements with
messages of national character. Ermiel said:
“he road map of media development in Indonesia, no one preaches
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
control resulting in an inluential authority. Now people are looking
for information in google. Bappenas should be a ‘lead shepherd’.
he media especially television, are really cheating. It would be great
if media industry can provide 5% of public frequency to broadcast an announcements or advertisements about national character.
Space for media empowerment, by loading or broadcasting an advertisements with messages of the national character. “(Workshop,
December 2, 2013)
Indonesian society is a pluralistic society and therefore broadcasting
media must relect the aforementioned plurality. his is only possible if
the broadcasting system is properly decentralized. Broadcasters can engage
in national broadcast, but must be networked with limited ownership
and broadcast range. In some countries, the ownership and broadcast
coverage area are limited so that, diversity of ownership and content
can be controlled. In United States, a person or a legal entity can own as
much as possible as long as the broadcaster range does not exceed 39%
of the nation’s TV homes or TV’s household. While in Australia, limiting
the range based on the population that is covered by the broadcasting
organizations, i.e a maximum of 75%.
Indonesia does have diferent characteristics from those two countries.
However, Indonesia should be able to learn from these countries, especially
in terms of ownership and restrictions on media coverage. his is because,
based on empirical studies on the practice of broadcasting in Indonesia,
broadcasters tend to be centralized which could be a serious threat to
democracy. On the other hand, the democratization of broadcasting must
also maintain a balance between private broadcasters, public broadcasters,
and community broadcasters. Currently, private broadcasters are much
more dominant than their public and community counterparts. Public
broadcasters do not get adequate support from the state so that they
have shown weak transformation from government agencies into the
public broadcaster. In fact, in a democratic state, the existences of public
broadcasters are important because it can balance the private broadcasters
which are proit-oriented. Meanwhile, community agencies for broadcasting
statute enacted in a state marginal. he licensing process is imposed equally
as of private broadcasters.
Finally, the enforcement of spirit of democracy in broadcasting will be
determined by, in addition to legislation, by regulators. It is important to
underline that the failure of broadcasting law in ensuring a more democratic
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy
85
broadcasting is due to the absence of a progressive regulatory agencies. For
that reason, there should be an independent regulatory agency and the
progressive democratization of broadcasting can be secured and maintained.
KPI, in this case, should be given that role. he government may still be
involved in regulation, but merely to grant or revoke a license to use a radio
frequency wave spectrum based on the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU).
BROADCAST POLICY: A ROAD MAP TO SOCIAL WELFARE
From the above descriptions, a number of recommend actions are
presented in this academic paper. Based on this assessment, the priority
legislation should include the following:
1. Legislation should be drafted based on the spirit of democracy
which ensure diversity of ownership, diversity of content, and a
diversity of voices. his must be imposed by law.
2. Diversity is only possible, especially in the context of Indonesia, if
the broadcasting system developed is decentralized and networked.
herefore, there are three issues that must be done and translated
into legislation, namely (1) ownership restrictions and coverage
range of private broadcasters; (2) strict rules where if private
broadcasters are to broadcast nationally, they should be networked;
(3) for democracy, center of network should not be only stationed
in Jakarta but can spread throughout Indonesia.
3. Regulators must be independent. herefore, position, role, and
functions of KPIs that have been mandated by the Broadcasting
Act No. 32 in 2002 as the regulator should be strengthened. In this
case, the KPI should be the only single regulator of broadcasting in
Indonesia. KPI should be allowed to issue regulations to implement
broadcasting in Indonesia in consolidation with other three pillars.
4. he government is still involved in regulating, but limited to permit/
revoke the use of radio frequency spectrum.
5. Strengthening of the public broadcaster and the community as a
counterweight to private broadcasters. To that end, the law has to
be explicitly grant allocation of broadcasting frequencies for both
types of these media. Especially for public service broadcasters, in
case, can be a merger between RRI and TVRI as public broadcasters
86
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
to better serve the entire public in Indonesia.
Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) station should be built at
the borders because there is competition of radio requency
between Indonesia-Malaysia radios. Stephen from (RRI) says:
“RRI do not have radio station at the borders. his radio station
was built with what it is in the border area. What is happening
today is a competition to raise the frequency in IndonesiaMalaysia border. “(Focus Group Discussion, July 17, 2013)
he revitalization of public company should be conducted immediately
by Indonesia’s goverment, due to the current public broadcasting
is under quality so that Indonesia does not have the best mark in the
public broadcaster as other countries. Yanuar, media expert, said:
“We do not have bestmark because we do not have enough quality of
public broadcasters. Consequently, public broadcasters revitalization
agenda becomes important. “(Interview, December 4, 2013)
6. In addition, the development of digital technology is inevitable,
and clearly will provide a challenge for broadcasting in Indonesia.
herefore, it is necessary to further study and conduct mapping of
digital-related issues in Indonesia, to then be used in reining the
legislation for the broadcaster. In this case, digitization should remain
in favor of the public interest and to prevent the concentration of
broadcast ownership.
herefore, these developments could not have been accomplished
without the inluence of mainstream mass media. he media have long
been embedded in society’s fabric and social reality is experienced through
the cultural dynamics of language, communication and imagery (Gamson
et al., 1992). Social meanings are inextricably interconnected with
representation and thus ‘accounts of reality’ are already representations of
meaning-construction processes, which people activate in order to form
perceptions of what the ‘real issues’ are (McRobbie & hornton, 1995).
In dealing with this problem, media industry should form a concept,
namely the Indonesian Communications And Media Authority (ICMA)
which contain consolidation of four main pillars, namely the Indonesian
Broadcasting Commission (KPI), the Ministry of Communications and
Information Technology, Institute of Science & Knowledge Indonesia
(LIPI), and religious & culture organizations. he four pillars have the
power of a balanced and cohesive strength. heir power will give colors to
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy
87
the landscape for the broadcast media industry in Indonesia. he ICMA is
tasked with ensuring media and communications works for all Indonesians.
It does this through various legislation, regulations, standards and codes
of practice. he ICMA is a ‘converged’ regulator, created to oversee the
convergence of the four ‘worlds’ of telecommunications, broadcasting,
radio communications and the internet.
Figure 5
Diagram of ICMA Role in Indonesia
Nothing to be changed for the duties and authority of KPI in the
concept of this strategy, which to impose policy, overseeing content or
broadcast content, and enforce penalties for noncompliance. Similarly,
the government (Communications), which has the duty and authority
only in charge of the administrative and licensing arrangements as well
as the utilize of public frequency. hen, coupled with the LIPI research
that serves as the implementing science and technology research covering
inbox (media, communications and information technology) and outbox
(all disciplines related to broadcast media). hese studies must be carried
88
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
out sincerely for the sake of mapping digitization issues in Indonesia and
media policy in favor of the public.
Greta Nielsen (2010) argues that Indonesia appears to be sufering from
stagnation in this regard as the government is dissatisied with the quality
or applicability of research to policy making. Petrarca Karetji (2010)
says that this country does not lack in knowledge sector institutions and
structures. he deicit lies in efective collaboration between stakeholders, a
problem stemming from Indonesia’s decades of authoritarian government,
when the state did not help develop a policy and funding framework to
support high quality social science research. Oey-Gardiner and Sejahtera
(2012) suggests that the government ‘…takes the driver’s seat and allocates
signiicant resources to develop and allow a knowledge sector to become a
signiicant source for social and economic improvements in society.’
Lastly, religious and culture in charge of overseeing this case and instilling
moral values, religious, cultural and national commitment. Indonesian
broadcasting has three articles that underscores the protection of the values
and local culture. Under this system, broadcast companies are required to
broadcast local content of at least 10 per cent of all the broadcast duration
per day. With the rules of the existence of local content is expected to not
only provide the local growth of the broadcasting industry, but also the
conservation of culture and local wisdom. In the end, the broadcast media
in Indonesia could act as a conlict suppressor, media that foster the spirit
of patriotism and the emphasis on unity and cohesion.
herefore, the four pillars must make eforts that can restore the
broadcast media industry in Indonesia. he actions undertaken by the four
pillars, among others:
1. Revitalization of Public Broadcasting Institution (LPP).
Efort, process, or means to revive and reactivate LPP, namely TVRI
(television) and RRI (radio). In this regard, Indonesia can follow the
eforts of countries in Scandinavian Nations in creating LPP that
educate and empower the public.
2. Defragmentize Private Broadcasting Institution (LPS).
Defragmentation is a process to re-arrange the broadcast range of the
share ownership and irregular private companies. he defragmentation
process applies to all private broadcast media companies both television
and radio so as to minimize the occurrence of conglomeration and
concentration of media ownership.
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy
89
3. Optimization and facilitation of Community Broadcasting Institution
(LPK)
An efort to maximize the role and functions of LPK and provide
facilities to support the activities of broadcasting. By implemented these
actions, the government can listen to the needs of local communities,
creating justice in the dissemination of information from the government
for all the people of Indonesia. Case studies in India show that the
internet facility provided by the Indian government to broadcasters
in particular community radio is able to strengthen public access to
information.
4. Research about media supporting the advancement of science and
technology in broadcasting industry.
he development of digital technology is clearly a challenge for
broadcasting in Indonesia. he existence of research conducted speciically
to examine media, information, and communication (inbox) and other
multidisciplinary research related to broadcast media (outbox) is expected
to respond to these challenges. hus, these actions will be giving Indonesia
the broadcast media landscape become free and air, synergy , innovative
and civilized
By doing so, the broadcast media industry overview will become
he Role Model or Best Practice in the broadcast media industry. his
concept is said to be suitable because it contains freedom which is upto-date without abandoning the values of religion, culture and national
spirit. Overall, Indonesia requires an (endogenous) big push to strengthen
and institutionalize the use of research and data analysis for the design
and implementation of public policies. his will be a crucial factor in
determining the success of the welfare policies that the government is
currently designing.
REFERENCES
Bourdieu (1991) Language and symbolic power.Harvard University Press.
Central Bureau of Statistics (2012) Statistic of Communication and Information
Technology Companies [Statistik Perusahaan Komunikasi dan Teknologi
Informasi]. Jakarta, Indonesia, Badan Pusat Statistik
90
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Cherian George (2013) he Unknowing Of Public Knowledge. [online]. Available from: http://mediaasia.info/ [Accessed 14th November 2014]
Foucault M (1980) Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings,
1972-1977, Ed. C. Gordon. New York: Pantheon, 90.
Foucault M, Burchell G, Gordon C And Miller P, (Eds.) (1991) he Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality. University of Chicago Press.
Gamson W A, Croteau D, Hoynes W And Sasson T, (1992) Media images and the
social construction of reality. Annual review of sociology, Vol. 18, Issue 1,
p. 373-393. [doi://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so. 18.080192.002105]
Gramsci A (1971) Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci:
Ed. and Transl. by Quintin Hoare and Geofrey Nowell Smith. G. Nowell-Smith, & Q. Hoare (eds.). International Publishers.
Karetji, Petrarca (2010) Overview of he Indonesian Knowledge Sector Milestone 8. Final Report, AusAID, Canberra: AusAID
Mayling Oey-Gardiner (2012) In Search of an Identity for the DRN. Final Report, AusAID, Canberra: AusAID
Mcrobbie A and horton S L, (1995) Rethinking ‘moral panic’ for multi-mediated social worlds.British Journal of Sociology, p.559-574. [doi://dx.doi.
org/10.2307/591571]
Nielsen, Greta (2010) Comparative Experiences of Middle Income Countries
- as part of diagnostics for the initiative Revitalising Indonesia’s Knowledge Sector for Development Policy. Diagnostics, Canberra: AusAID
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy
91
IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
Edited by:
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Centre for Socioglobal Studies
Padjadjaran University
Foreword by:
Dr. Arry Bainus MA
Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Padjadjaran University
2015
SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES
IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
© 2015 Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin et.all.
First Published May, 2015
Published By
Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI)
Jomblangan Gg. Ontoseno Blok B No 15 Rt 12/30
Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia 55198
Telp. (0274) 9494 558
E-mail/FB: psambiru@gmail.com
ISBN: 978-602-9276-55-8
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
ii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
CONTENTS
Contents .............................................................................................
Acknowledgement ..............................................................................
Foreword ............................................................................................
Introduction .......................................................................................
Chapter 1
Globalizing Information Technology:Issues and
Challenges in Contemporary Indonesia’s Democracy
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ari Ganjar Herdiansah
and Wahyu Gunawan ............................................
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
iii
ix
xi
xiii
1
ASEAN Community 2015: A New Human Resources Paradigm
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Arry Bainus and Ali Maksum ........................................................................
15
Communication Strategy through Media Education: An Efort to Achieve Harmony and Sustainability in Indonesia-Malaysia Relations
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Fitaha Aini, Tofan Rakhmat Zaky and Forina Lestari ................................
27
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
iii
Chapter 4
Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St Century
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Tia Devianti and R. A.
Tachya Muhamad ....................................................
Chapter 5
Crafting Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal:
Role of Nepalese Political and Welfare Institutions
Bala Raju Nikku, Pradipta Kadambari, Pranita
Bhushan Udas and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ...........
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Urban Poverty and Housing
Chapter 8
Mohd Haizzan Yahaya and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin..........................................................................
Human Traicking
Syarif Muhidin Abdurahman and Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin ...................................................................
iv
77
93
101
Youth and Crime
Kumarashwaran Vadevelu, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
and Wahyu Gunawan ..............................................
Chapter 10
53
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy: Achieving Educated and Civilized Society for Social Welfare
Fitaha Aini & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ..................
Chapter 9
39
Concluding Remarks ..........................................
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
107
125
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research and
International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His
current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from defensive
realism perspective. He has written articles have been published in such
publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, Springer (ISI),
Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.
Arry Bainus, Ph.D is a senior lecturer at Department of International
Relation Padjadjaran University. He recived his doctoral degree in University
of Indonesia. He focuses his studies on issues arround national security
and defence, including political study on Indonesian Army. Now he is a
dean at Faculty of Social and Political Science Padjadjaran University
Ari Ganjar Herdiansah, Ph.D is a lecturer at Department of Sociology
Padjadjaran University. In 2014 he received his doctoral degree in political
sociology at University of Malaya, Malaysia. His main academic concerns
are political sociology of Islamic society, political communication, and the
politics of community.
Bala Raju Nikku, MSW, Ph.D is a Visiting Sr. Lecturer, Social Work
ProgramSchool of Social SciencesUniversiti Sains Malaysia (USM)&
Member at Large, International Association of Schools of Social Work
(IASSW) Founding Director, Nepal School of Social Work.
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
v
Fitaha Aini, MA, is a communication lecturer in Indonesia. She has
published book and journals in the ield of communication and media. In
2013, she published her irst book entitled Kebebasan Akhbar MalaysiaIndonesia. She completed her study in Science University of Malaysia
(Persuasive Communication) in 2008 and University of Malaya (Media
Studies) in 2011. Her previous research was evaluation of communication
programs (2009-2014) and formulation of communication policy
(2015-2019) in Indonesia under the Ministry of National Development
Planning.
Forina Lestari, M.Sc. obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing,
School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia
(USM, 2008).Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She
has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan Lokal
dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and expertise at
Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development
Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of Spatial Planning,
Ministry of Public Works(2013), Directorate General of Regional
Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and Expert, Deputy of
the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing (2012), Expert Staf,
Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian House of Representatives
(DPR, 2011).Junior Expert, Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs,
Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas, 2010).
Kumarashwaran VadeveluMSW is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work
Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His
current Ph.D studies regarding social support system among youth who
identiied as transgender women dealing with HIV/AIDS issues. Currently,
he’s working as an outreach worker with AIDS Action and Research Group
(AARG), Universiti Sains Malaysia under the programme of Needle and
Syringe Exchange Program (NSEP) which is dealing with the drug user
community.
Mohd. Haizzan Yahaya MSW is Ph.D scholars from University Sains
Malaysia. He is currently researching on Urban Poor Housing and being
supervised by Dr. Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and associate professor Dr.
Azlinda Azman.
vi
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of Malaya.
He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011) and
Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement of Sociology
in Faculty Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University (2014present). Visiting Associate Professor at University of Malaya (2008) and
Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains Malaysia (2012- present).
Syarif Muhidin, Prof. Dr., obtained his Ph.D. from University
of Pedjadjaran (UNPAD) Bandung (1997), Master of Science from
University of Wales (1979), Diploma in Social Policy & Administration
from University College of Swansea (1977). Currently, he is Visiting Senior
Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), prior as Visiting Lecturer at
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 2010-2012, and formerly as the Head
of Research Institute of University of Langlangbuana (UNLA), last he is a
Honorable Member (Dewan Kehormat) of the Institute for Social Work
Sertiication of Indonesia (2012-up to the present).
Tahcya Muhamad, R. A. Drs. MSi is a senior lecturer at Department
of Sociology Padjadjaran University.He is expert in sociology of family and
rural community.
Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas
Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty
of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now,
a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996 –
present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing.Current Researches are
mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).
Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of
International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.
Wahyu Gunawan is aPhD candidate at Padjadjaran University and a
senior lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University. He is
eager in engaging on community development particularly in rural areas.
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
vii
Has background in rural government studies and sociology, he now expert
in sociology of government in rural community.
viii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing giving
me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and Policy
Practices in Contemporary Issues. he publication of this book would
not have been possible without the guidance and knowlwdge wich I
have acquired from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah University of Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of
Malaya. I would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty
Tohri and our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha
Aini and Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.
he publication of this book would not be possible without the assistance
and cooperation that we have received over the years from the many
individuals and organization in various parts of the world. In particular, we
wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of Sociology Padjadjaran
University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially thanks especially to Ali
Maksum for his excellent assistance during the editorial process of this
book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences,
Padjadjaran University.All of my Masters-PhD students and colleagues at
Padjadjaran University as well as USM whom I would like to thanked for
providing continuous support towards my success.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
ix
x
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
FOREWORD
Dr. Arry Bainus, MA
Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Padjadjaran University
I would like to express my sincere wishes to Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin, PhD as Head Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and
Political Sciences Padjadjaran University for his great dedication and
success in completing this book titled “Sociology and Policy Practices
in Contemporary Issues”. his is a very interesting and important book
which I personally feel able to impart more knowledge to the many
academics, not only from sociology and political ields, but also from other
ields as well. he various issues addressed in this book are in fact very
much current issues that is happening around the globe, which need to be
understand and scrutinize for better intervention.
I am really honoured to be given the opportunity to give a foreword
to this special book. It is hoped that this book able to generate more
discussions and awareness on quest for searching for the more relevant
solutions to all social, political and economic issues occurring around us
today.
I would like to congratulate all chapter contributors for sharing their
ideas and knowledge, which I am sure able to set platform for more writers
to venture into the highlighted issues. I sincerely hope that more of this
book kind will be published in the near future.
hank you.
Wassalam.
Bandung, 2015
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xi
xii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
INTRODUCTION
In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful
his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era,
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. he main
objective is to present an integrated analysis of how the discipline of
sociology can contribute to our wider understanding of the variety of
social and political issues, practices and insttitutions approachs, policies
and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries. his explanatory
chapters expected to examine and understand as well as ofer choices for
human beings in the dinamics world to build a human harmony.
his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied
social and political sciences can contribute to the development of human
life through many perspectives; political and international strategy,
culture, history, communi-cation, poverty and social probles. he various
theme have been selected are discussed from social fenomena to policy
directions.
In the irst chapter, focus on the Information Technology (IT)
developments that more increasingly integrated in almost every social aspect
have shaped Indonesia’s contemporary democracy. Chapter two, ASEAN
Community 2015 and discusses the dilemma of Indonesian workers
especially those who categorized as illegal in Malaysia. Both countries have
recognized their positive contribution whether for Malaysia or Indonesia.
It was undeniable that all sectors in Malaysia especially construction and
plantation were using Indonesian workers services. At the same time,
Indonesia also indirectly obtained advantages through the remittance
which totally contribute to the national economic development. However,
what happened in Malaysia is illegal workers were arrested and treat as a
criminal. It should be stopped and substituted by the constructive policies
which could give beneits to the both countries. Indonesia and Malaysia
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xiii
and the countries in ASEAN should build strong partnership in all sectors
especially migrant workers which seen obtain small attention. Facing the
ASEAN Community 2015 both countries should prepare as maximize as
possible by empowering all aspects including migrant workers. By take
positive action towards migrant workers both countries indirectly has
contribute to the development of “Ummah.”
In the thrird chapter discusses communication strategy through media
education: an efort to achieve harmony and sustainability in IndonesiaMalaysia relations - concludes a guidance should be provided to the public
so that they can be more critical and wise in dealing with any negative
news. A critical community is a community who is able to diferentiate the
written and hidden message of writing. A wise community is the one who is
not provoked by provocative and negative news. Indonesian and Malaysian
should be aware that each of them has had a signiicant contribution one
to another. A good example can be seen through the assistant of Malaysian
people in the disaster recovery process in Indonesia and the existence
of Indonesia migrant workers in the Malaysia’s economic development.
However, Indonesia-Malaysia rela-tions is always changing and tend
to lead to conlict situations. he role of media and media educationis
importantas a communication strategy to implement the problem solving
modelin understanding the global situation and the public policies who
are based theory of cultural conlict and acculturation. Chapter fourth,
the author emphasized Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St Century.
his section concludes that hird World back to dig the philosophical values
that are in each country. For instance, the basic values of the Indonesian nation is
relected in the ive principles of Pancasila namely the divinity in God Almighty,
humanity, unity and nationality, deliberation and social justice for all people.
he problem is how to translate basic values into the concept of development
and preserve cultural heritage. Apparently, the third world thinkers have to work
harder to formulate a philosophical values - ideological cultural heritage as part of
the great nations of the world.herefore, the cultural heritages is an essential
economic asset in facing the escalation of human development.
In the chapter ifth takes up the theme of crafting federal democratic
Republic of Nepal: role of Nepalese political and welfare institutions.
Nepal is one of the least developed, post conlict recovery countries going
through a series of transitions and eforts of nation building. his chapter
concludes that the citizen mobilisation that took place over a period of time
due to the experiments with democracy building in Nepal in the past sixty
years should be sustained, to further ensure the vibrancy and consolidation
xiv
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
of democracy, resulting in crafting a uniied republic out of a multi ethnic
Nepal. Chapter six explores the broadcast media industry and the role model
or best practice in the broadcast media industry. his concept is suitable
due to it contains freedom which is up-to-date without abandoning the
values of religion, culture and national spirit. Overall, Indonesia requires
an (endogenous) big push to strengthen and institutionalize the use of
research product for design and implementation of public policies. his
will be a crucial factor in determining the success of the welfare policies
that the government is currently designing.
In the chapter seven related with poverty phenomena. However,
these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well
planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from
the previous period was also relatively small. In addition, the struggle of
urban poor communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely
related to the development and history of the country. After the British
colonial period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing
on the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted
when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search
of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban
migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories,
because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard
work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and
build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and hence
they are known as urban pioneers.
In chapter eigth focus on human traicking, issues and Challenges.
Human trafcking has become global issue and problem. he researchers
concluded that the relevant region is suspect as illegal and such region
is indicated as human traicking (if the elements of coercion and sexual
exploitation are met). he challenges of the government has the right and
responsibility to provide all the protections to its citizen inside as well as
outside the country. here is still optimistic that emphasizing spiritual values
in the public administration and services will enhance the performance
of the government. Finally, the latest chapter nine concern onyouth and
crime as social problem. However, the Malaysia’s social policies makers
can make this recommendation as a guide in outlining or implement a
rehabilitation program for youths involved in crime. At the same time
and hopefully this research will also beneit the school management and
Penang Welfare Department in using this research to improve existing
rehabilitation programs in these institutions. In addition, through this
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xv
research, it is expected that the people of Malaysia be aware especially in
spending the time with their children or less able to prevent their children’s
involvement in crime. Finally, researchers expect this research can provide
as important reference material for dealing with negative behavior such as
criminal involvement among adolescents in Malaysia.
his book examines the social and political fenomena in the broader
“Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues” perspective. It
is compiled from travelers and knowledge experiences in international
seminars, talks and forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion
with my professors and colleagues, PhD and Master students. hat
experiences, together with their personal values and interests extremely
inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope that those who
engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge. All errors are the
author’s responsibility.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
xvi
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Chapter
6
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy:
Achieving Educated and Civilized Society for
Social Welfare
Fitaha Aini and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
READERS GUIDE
his chapter argues that the disputable
regulations which govern the broadcasting
industry are not more than business
entities and parties’ political tools.
Indonesian broadcasting system in the
post-Reformation era demonstrates the
freedom of media through the existences
of Indonesian Broadcasting Commission
(KPI) as an independent agency.
Nevertheless, achieving an ideal democratic
broadcasting system for social welfare
has not been straight forward. It should
ensure the diversity of content, diversity
of ownership and diversity of voices. In
Indonesian context, establishing those
diversities have becoming increasingly
important, considering geographical and
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy
77
sociological conditions of Indonesian society. Moreover, the power of
the liberal-capitalist approach which is eminent in the context of media
freedom is unsuitable if it were to be totally implemented in Indonesia.
It was proven that diversiication of ownership which led to diversiied
content does not guarantee a more knowledgeable society. Referring to the
data which show the domination of music and entertainment in private
radios had resulted in diminishing of other programs that have enormous
potential to form an educated and civilized society.
DEMOCRATIZE BROADCASTING: CURRENT SITUATION
AND ISSUES
he spirit of democratized broadcasting which is stated in the Indonesian
Broadcasting Act No.32 (2002) is relatively pleasing. Nevertheless, there are
still some sign of weaknesses which hinder this democratized broadcasting
could not be properly implemented. Indonesia has an independent
agency, Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI), that manage
national broadcasting issues. However, its main authority is only limited
to monitoring broadcasted content. Broadcasting administration and
licensing are still under government’s scope (Ministry of Communication
and Informatics). he duality in this regulatory control is clearly not
serving democratic broadcasting any favor. Although licensing depends on
KPI’s recommendation, however, in practice, that is not the case. Various
violations have occurred which resulted in ownership of television stations
being narrowed by only a handful of people. Buying and selling share
occurs due to weak regulators.
On the other hand, development of communications technology has
increased extremely. Meanwhile, there are so many issues that have not been
able to be answered by the Broadcasting Act No. 32 of 2002. Digitalization
of broadcasting has not been properly addressed by the broadcasting law
which resulted in confusions during the implementation phase. herefore,
the amendemend of broadcasting law remains an urgent agenda with the
spirit of democracy rests on broadcasting as already laid its foundations in
the Broadcasting Act No. 32 2002.
In any country that embraces democracy, regulating of broadcast media
are distinguished with print media. here are three basic arguments why
broadcasters should be strickly regulated. First, broadcasters use the public
domain. herefore, it should be strictly regulated and credentials should
78
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
be used as much as possible for the prosperity and welfare of the people.
Secondly, radio frequencies of which they use to broadcast are public space.
Demand for frequency channels is signiicantly larger than that available
frequencies. Despite the advanced technology capable of making more
utilized frequency broadcast channels, but they remain limited.
hirdly, it is pervasive. Programs broadcasted by electronic media can
access private spaces, expanded and spread rapidly to other spaces uninvited.
Besides the three main reasons above, a democratic broadcasting system
should ensure the diversity of content, diversity of ownership and diversity
of voices. In Indonesian context, ensuring that diversity has becoming
increasingly important, considering geographical and sociological
conditions of Indonesian society.
In terms of diversity of content, in 2012, government radio programs
were dominated by music by 37.14% and news by 34.29%. While private
radio stations have also featured programs include 73.3% of music and
10:23% of news. Government featured a balance range of entertainment
and news programs, whereas in the private radio, music was featured
extensively.
Chart 1
Chart of Government and Private Radio Programs
(Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2012)
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy
79
hese charts indicate that private radios are more as an entertainers
than an informers. his phenomenon illustrates that media freedom
is only enjoyed by groups who have economic and political power.
Cherian George (2013) conclude a study that is capable of breaking
down the power of the liberal-capitalist thinking which is celebrated in
the context of media freedom. It was proven that the diversiication of
ownership which led to diversiied content does not guarantee a more
knowledgeable society. Referring to the above data which show the
domination of music and entertainment in private radio had resulted in
the shifting of other programs that have enormous potential to form an
educated and civilized society. On the other hand, in 2012, government
television had 80% of news and information programs that become
lagship of public television programs and 20% of religious programs.
Meanwhile, private television news seeded the news program by 51.43%
and the ilm or soap by 20%.
80
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Chart 2
Chart of Government and Private Television Programs
(Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2012)
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy
81
Broadcasted programs such as soap operas and football matches are the
programs that are likely to get high ratings. Meanwhile, talk show only
got low rating. A high rating can make programs receive abundant ofer
of advertisements, which consequently will beneit media inancially from
these advertisements. his is contrary to the process of educating audience.
A media practitioner, Budi, said:
“TV is still a reference point for the community. TV programs such as football matches, F1 and soap operas always
get high ratings. hese programs can easy achieve rating
of 20-25 from Nelson and are assured to get at least 15 of
rating. Rating is advertisement. Advertising is money. It is
very contradictory to the process of educating the public.
Talk shows, just obtain a rating of 7. hough this program
is a positive form of journalism. “(Workshop, December
2, 2013)
In addition, there are lack of availability in regulatory instruments
that can address future challenges. he uncertainty in the industry of
broadcasting caused a decline in the quality of the broadcast. Various
broadcast programs on air are not based on the eligible criteria of a
broadcast. Broadcasting activities are geared to attract advertising and
determine the feasibility of the programs through market tastes and rating.
he rise of mystical shows, pornography, infotainment and reality show is
one of the dominant impact of market considerations in determining the
broadcast material.
he dilemmatic problem of broadcasting, especially television, is
competing in reaching the audience through ratings and shares. If the
rating and share as a reference in the preparation of the agenda, it will be
more of television text which feature a low taste with full of entertainment
elements. Even news programs that should promote the ideals aspects,
positive values and norms are focusing on rating and share by modifying
news content in order to further entertain and reach audience as much as
possible.
he owner of media can determine which political side should be praised
or hated by editor indirectly. In reality, the presented media content has
been constructed in such a way by the policy owner. When the media has
changed their function to be partisan media to their owners, the media
will boost the popularity of their owner in terms of political activities. For
instance some cases that happened in legislative elections and president
election in Indonesia in 2014
82
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Table 1
Percentage Broadcasting Company by Legal Entity / Company / Licensing (Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2012)
Category
Legal/Company/Licensing
PT
(1)
Government
Radio
Private Radio
Government
Television
Government
Radio
Total
Cooperation Individual Public
(Private
Limited)
(2)
-
(3)
-
(4)
-
(5)
100,00
(6)
100,00
99,45
-
0,55
-
100,00
-
-
-
100,00
100,00
97,50
2,50
-
-
100,00
he table above shows the diversity of media ownership in Indonesia.
In the context of broadcasting company, private broadcasters, both radio
and television were held by institutions that are legal entities PT (Private
Limited) were 99.45% for private radio and 97.5% for private television.
However, the dynamics of media ownership issues arise when the
dominance of the interests of media owners who always put the interests
of shareholders and owners rather than the public interest.
BROADCASTING A MEANS FOR PRESERVING HEGEMONY
OF ELITE GROUPS
hus, the democratization of broadcasting are not properly implemented
because there are many violations of campaign by the owners of broadcast
media. In public discussion about ‘Democratization Broadcasting and the
election in 2014’ in Bali, Roiqi, TEMPO journalist, said that broadcast
media in Indonesia is strongly inluenced by business and political interests
of their owners whereas it inluences on public perspective. So that the
broadcast media owners have shrouded in its campaign strategy, as an
example of media owners use it through ad campaigns holiday greetings,
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy
83
etc., although in this statement there is no delivery of the vision and mission
as well as the vote number. his violation not only through advertising
alone, but also the abuse of broadcast media through campaign in news.
After 2014 elections, KPI evaluated to all broadcasters, both private and
public regarding the principle of independence. Because it is a benchmark
that political education for the public and the media goes well. According
to Deputy Chairman of the KPI, Idy Muzayyad, safety or ire wall that
separates the newsroom with the business as well as related interest must
be maintained despite the broadcasters owned by political party leaders.
he diagram below shows a comparison of radio programs broadcast on
government and private radio.
Gramsci (1971) has detailed this process as preserving the cultural and
ideological ‘hegemony’ of elite groups in society, which in turn will ensure
the stability of the capitalist system and impede socioeconomic change. As
such, mass media can be perceived as tools used by the upper classes and by
extension the state, to forge social consent over polarizing issues by actively
intervening in public space and shaping public opinion. Social perceptions
are then ‘steered’ appropriately and a certain social consciousness is formed
through exaggerated journalistic accounts (i.e., facial expressions, body
dramatic music and a highly emotive rhetorical language), supposedly
venting the already present - but actually just then created - public demand
requiring those in power to ‘do something about this’ (McRobbie &
hornton 1995). If such strategies are followed by government legislative
action, then the public’s ‘rational, well-founded fears or outrage’ can be
alleviated. he media can promote images of strong government and
leadership which acted decisively, enhancing the political system’s ability
to presumably maintain a free, democratic, but ‘civilized’ and ‘orderly’
society, and should be supported to ensure society’s present and future.
hus, media legitimize their own truth representations as indisputable
reality, airming the power of constructed discourse conferring ‘ideological
legitimation’ and imposing ‘discipline’ to applied policies (Bourdieu 1991;
Foucault et al. 1991; Foucault 1980).
Furthermore, Ministry of National Development Planning (Bappenas)
in collaboration with Ministry of Communication and Informatics should
lead the road map of the media development in Indonesia, so there is
room to hoodwink the media by loading or broadcast advertisements with
messages of national character. Ermiel said:
“he road map of media development in Indonesia, no one preaches
84
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
control resulting in an inluential authority. Now people are looking
for information in google. Bappenas should be a ‘lead shepherd’.
he media especially television, are really cheating. It would be great
if media industry can provide 5% of public frequency to broadcast an announcements or advertisements about national character.
Space for media empowerment, by loading or broadcasting an advertisements with messages of the national character. “(Workshop,
December 2, 2013)
Indonesian society is a pluralistic society and therefore broadcasting
media must relect the aforementioned plurality. his is only possible if
the broadcasting system is properly decentralized. Broadcasters can engage
in national broadcast, but must be networked with limited ownership
and broadcast range. In some countries, the ownership and broadcast
coverage area are limited so that, diversity of ownership and content
can be controlled. In United States, a person or a legal entity can own as
much as possible as long as the broadcaster range does not exceed 39%
of the nation’s TV homes or TV’s household. While in Australia, limiting
the range based on the population that is covered by the broadcasting
organizations, i.e a maximum of 75%.
Indonesia does have diferent characteristics from those two countries.
However, Indonesia should be able to learn from these countries, especially
in terms of ownership and restrictions on media coverage. his is because,
based on empirical studies on the practice of broadcasting in Indonesia,
broadcasters tend to be centralized which could be a serious threat to
democracy. On the other hand, the democratization of broadcasting must
also maintain a balance between private broadcasters, public broadcasters,
and community broadcasters. Currently, private broadcasters are much
more dominant than their public and community counterparts. Public
broadcasters do not get adequate support from the state so that they
have shown weak transformation from government agencies into the
public broadcaster. In fact, in a democratic state, the existences of public
broadcasters are important because it can balance the private broadcasters
which are proit-oriented. Meanwhile, community agencies for broadcasting
statute enacted in a state marginal. he licensing process is imposed equally
as of private broadcasters.
Finally, the enforcement of spirit of democracy in broadcasting will be
determined by, in addition to legislation, by regulators. It is important to
underline that the failure of broadcasting law in ensuring a more democratic
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy
85
broadcasting is due to the absence of a progressive regulatory agencies. For
that reason, there should be an independent regulatory agency and the
progressive democratization of broadcasting can be secured and maintained.
KPI, in this case, should be given that role. he government may still be
involved in regulation, but merely to grant or revoke a license to use a radio
frequency wave spectrum based on the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU).
BROADCAST POLICY: A ROAD MAP TO SOCIAL WELFARE
From the above descriptions, a number of recommend actions are
presented in this academic paper. Based on this assessment, the priority
legislation should include the following:
1. Legislation should be drafted based on the spirit of democracy
which ensure diversity of ownership, diversity of content, and a
diversity of voices. his must be imposed by law.
2. Diversity is only possible, especially in the context of Indonesia, if
the broadcasting system developed is decentralized and networked.
herefore, there are three issues that must be done and translated
into legislation, namely (1) ownership restrictions and coverage
range of private broadcasters; (2) strict rules where if private
broadcasters are to broadcast nationally, they should be networked;
(3) for democracy, center of network should not be only stationed
in Jakarta but can spread throughout Indonesia.
3. Regulators must be independent. herefore, position, role, and
functions of KPIs that have been mandated by the Broadcasting
Act No. 32 in 2002 as the regulator should be strengthened. In this
case, the KPI should be the only single regulator of broadcasting in
Indonesia. KPI should be allowed to issue regulations to implement
broadcasting in Indonesia in consolidation with other three pillars.
4. he government is still involved in regulating, but limited to permit/
revoke the use of radio frequency spectrum.
5. Strengthening of the public broadcaster and the community as a
counterweight to private broadcasters. To that end, the law has to
be explicitly grant allocation of broadcasting frequencies for both
types of these media. Especially for public service broadcasters, in
case, can be a merger between RRI and TVRI as public broadcasters
86
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
to better serve the entire public in Indonesia.
Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) station should be built at
the borders because there is competition of radio requency
between Indonesia-Malaysia radios. Stephen from (RRI) says:
“RRI do not have radio station at the borders. his radio station
was built with what it is in the border area. What is happening
today is a competition to raise the frequency in IndonesiaMalaysia border. “(Focus Group Discussion, July 17, 2013)
he revitalization of public company should be conducted immediately
by Indonesia’s goverment, due to the current public broadcasting
is under quality so that Indonesia does not have the best mark in the
public broadcaster as other countries. Yanuar, media expert, said:
“We do not have bestmark because we do not have enough quality of
public broadcasters. Consequently, public broadcasters revitalization
agenda becomes important. “(Interview, December 4, 2013)
6. In addition, the development of digital technology is inevitable,
and clearly will provide a challenge for broadcasting in Indonesia.
herefore, it is necessary to further study and conduct mapping of
digital-related issues in Indonesia, to then be used in reining the
legislation for the broadcaster. In this case, digitization should remain
in favor of the public interest and to prevent the concentration of
broadcast ownership.
herefore, these developments could not have been accomplished
without the inluence of mainstream mass media. he media have long
been embedded in society’s fabric and social reality is experienced through
the cultural dynamics of language, communication and imagery (Gamson
et al., 1992). Social meanings are inextricably interconnected with
representation and thus ‘accounts of reality’ are already representations of
meaning-construction processes, which people activate in order to form
perceptions of what the ‘real issues’ are (McRobbie & hornton, 1995).
In dealing with this problem, media industry should form a concept,
namely the Indonesian Communications And Media Authority (ICMA)
which contain consolidation of four main pillars, namely the Indonesian
Broadcasting Commission (KPI), the Ministry of Communications and
Information Technology, Institute of Science & Knowledge Indonesia
(LIPI), and religious & culture organizations. he four pillars have the
power of a balanced and cohesive strength. heir power will give colors to
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy
87
the landscape for the broadcast media industry in Indonesia. he ICMA is
tasked with ensuring media and communications works for all Indonesians.
It does this through various legislation, regulations, standards and codes
of practice. he ICMA is a ‘converged’ regulator, created to oversee the
convergence of the four ‘worlds’ of telecommunications, broadcasting,
radio communications and the internet.
Figure 5
Diagram of ICMA Role in Indonesia
Nothing to be changed for the duties and authority of KPI in the
concept of this strategy, which to impose policy, overseeing content or
broadcast content, and enforce penalties for noncompliance. Similarly,
the government (Communications), which has the duty and authority
only in charge of the administrative and licensing arrangements as well
as the utilize of public frequency. hen, coupled with the LIPI research
that serves as the implementing science and technology research covering
inbox (media, communications and information technology) and outbox
(all disciplines related to broadcast media). hese studies must be carried
88
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
out sincerely for the sake of mapping digitization issues in Indonesia and
media policy in favor of the public.
Greta Nielsen (2010) argues that Indonesia appears to be sufering from
stagnation in this regard as the government is dissatisied with the quality
or applicability of research to policy making. Petrarca Karetji (2010)
says that this country does not lack in knowledge sector institutions and
structures. he deicit lies in efective collaboration between stakeholders, a
problem stemming from Indonesia’s decades of authoritarian government,
when the state did not help develop a policy and funding framework to
support high quality social science research. Oey-Gardiner and Sejahtera
(2012) suggests that the government ‘…takes the driver’s seat and allocates
signiicant resources to develop and allow a knowledge sector to become a
signiicant source for social and economic improvements in society.’
Lastly, religious and culture in charge of overseeing this case and instilling
moral values, religious, cultural and national commitment. Indonesian
broadcasting has three articles that underscores the protection of the values
and local culture. Under this system, broadcast companies are required to
broadcast local content of at least 10 per cent of all the broadcast duration
per day. With the rules of the existence of local content is expected to not
only provide the local growth of the broadcasting industry, but also the
conservation of culture and local wisdom. In the end, the broadcast media
in Indonesia could act as a conlict suppressor, media that foster the spirit
of patriotism and the emphasis on unity and cohesion.
herefore, the four pillars must make eforts that can restore the
broadcast media industry in Indonesia. he actions undertaken by the four
pillars, among others:
1. Revitalization of Public Broadcasting Institution (LPP).
Efort, process, or means to revive and reactivate LPP, namely TVRI
(television) and RRI (radio). In this regard, Indonesia can follow the
eforts of countries in Scandinavian Nations in creating LPP that
educate and empower the public.
2. Defragmentize Private Broadcasting Institution (LPS).
Defragmentation is a process to re-arrange the broadcast range of the
share ownership and irregular private companies. he defragmentation
process applies to all private broadcast media companies both television
and radio so as to minimize the occurrence of conglomeration and
concentration of media ownership.
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy
89
3. Optimization and facilitation of Community Broadcasting Institution
(LPK)
An efort to maximize the role and functions of LPK and provide
facilities to support the activities of broadcasting. By implemented these
actions, the government can listen to the needs of local communities,
creating justice in the dissemination of information from the government
for all the people of Indonesia. Case studies in India show that the
internet facility provided by the Indian government to broadcasters
in particular community radio is able to strengthen public access to
information.
4. Research about media supporting the advancement of science and
technology in broadcasting industry.
he development of digital technology is clearly a challenge for
broadcasting in Indonesia. he existence of research conducted speciically
to examine media, information, and communication (inbox) and other
multidisciplinary research related to broadcast media (outbox) is expected
to respond to these challenges. hus, these actions will be giving Indonesia
the broadcast media landscape become free and air, synergy , innovative
and civilized
By doing so, the broadcast media industry overview will become
he Role Model or Best Practice in the broadcast media industry. his
concept is said to be suitable because it contains freedom which is upto-date without abandoning the values of religion, culture and national
spirit. Overall, Indonesia requires an (endogenous) big push to strengthen
and institutionalize the use of research and data analysis for the design
and implementation of public policies. his will be a crucial factor in
determining the success of the welfare policies that the government is
currently designing.
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Cherian George (2013) he Unknowing Of Public Knowledge. [online]. Available from: http://mediaasia.info/ [Accessed 14th November 2014]
Foucault M (1980) Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings,
1972-1977, Ed. C. Gordon. New York: Pantheon, 90.
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social construction of reality. Annual review of sociology, Vol. 18, Issue 1,
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Karetji, Petrarca (2010) Overview of he Indonesian Knowledge Sector Milestone 8. Final Report, AusAID, Canberra: AusAID
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