Application of Biot-Gassmann Subtitution method in generating synthetic of S-wave sonic log for simultaneous AVO inversion - repository civitas UGM

  

Preface

rd

  All praises are due to Allah, God Almighty, Who made this annual event of successful. The “3

  

Annual Basic Science International Conference (BaSIC-2013)” is an annual scientific event organized

  by the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University. As a basic science conference, it covered a wide range of topics on basic science: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics and statistics. In 2013, the conference took a theme of “Basic Science Advances in Energy, Health and Environment” as those three aspects of life are hot issues.

  The conference in 2013 was the continuation of the preceding conferences initiated in 2011 as the

International Conference on Basic Science (ICBS), where it was a transformation from the similar

  national events the faculty had organized since 2004. What also changed in year 2013 was the use of the

  ISSN for the conference proceedings book, instead of an ISBN used in previous proceedings books. The change was based on the fact that BaSIC is an annual event, and, therefore, the use of ISSN is more appropriate. The proceedings book was also divided into four books: Physics, Biology, Chemistry and Mathematics, each with a different ISSN. The proceedings were also published in electronic forms that can be accessed from BaSIC website. I am glad that for the first time both types of publication can be realized.

  This event is aimed to promote scientific research activities by Indonesian scientists, especially those of Brawijaya University, in a hope that they may interact and build up networks and collaborations with fellow overseas counterparts who participated in the conference. This is in line with university vision as a World Class Entrepreneurial University.

  I am grateful to all the members of the program committee who contributed for the success in framing the program. I also thank all the delegates who contributed to the success of this conference by accepting our invitation and submitting articles for presentation in the scientific program. I am also indebted to PT Semen Gresik and PT PLN (Persero) for their support in sponsoring this event.

  I wish for all of us a grand success in our scientific life. And I do hope that the coming conferences will pick up similar success, and even better.

  Malang, April 2013 Johan Noor, Ph.D.

  Conference Chairperson

Foreword by the Rector of Brawijaya University

  First of all I would like to congratulate the Organizing Committee for the success in organizing this amazing event. I believe all dedicated time and efforts will contribute to the advancement of our beloved university.

  I would like to welcome all participants, domestic and overseas, especially the distinguished invited speakers, to Malang, to the conference. An international conference is a good means to establish and build relationships and collaborations among participants. So, I hope this conference will facilitate all of you, the academicians and scientists, to setup a network of mutual and beneficial collaboration. As a university with a vision to be “A World Class Entrepreneurial University”, Brawijaya University will support all efforts to realize that dream.

  Finally, I do hope that the conference will run smoothly and nicely and is not the last one. I would like to thank all parties who have lent their hands in making this conference happened.

  Malang, April 2013 Prof. Dr. Yogi Sugito

  Rector, Brawijaya University

Table of Contents

  Preface .............................................................................................................................................................. i Foreword by the Rector of Brawijaya University ........................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................... iii Program Committee ....................................................................................................................................... iv Scientific Program......................................................................................................................................... vii

  Scientific Papers Invited Papers

  Cluster Dynamics by Ultra-Fast Shape Recognition Technique.................................................... I01 Nanotechnology Development Strategy for Supporting National Industry in Indonesia .............. I02 Role of Atomic Scale Computational Research in the Nanoscale Materials ................................. I03 Paeonilorin(PF) Strongly Effects Immuno System........................................................................ I04 Investigating Chlamydia trachomatis using mathematical and computational.............................. I05 Recent Trends in Liquid Chromatography for Bioanalysis ........................................................... I06

  Submitted Papers Potential of desiccant cooling system performance in hot and humid climate country................ P03 The Orientation of Levels Thermal Comfort on Space (Case studied: Lauser International Building In The Ground Floor) .................................................................................................................... P05 Application of Induced Polarization to Estimate Saprolite and Limonite Deposits Case Study Kolo Bawah Area, Morowali Regency, Central Sulawesi..................................................................... P07 Simulation Design Of Earthquake On Fault Zone Using Stochastic Model (A Brief Review).... P09 A New Concept Water Saturation Estimation Based on Vertical Seismic Profiling Data ........... P10 Analysis of Pumice Thickness Layers As a Result of Rinjani Volcano Eruption in Lombok Island Based on Resistivity Data ............................................................................................................. P12

  Investigation of Subsurface Structure With Integrated Geophysical Methods in Sedau, Lombok Barat to Determined a Landslide Risk .......................................................................................... P13 Instrument Corrections for Broadband and Short-period Seimometers (Case Study: Japan's Earthquake September 5th 2004) .................................................................................................. P14 Iron rock positioning determination, using the geomagnetic method, in the Mount Lawang, Aceh, Indonesia ....................................................................................................................................... P15 Shoreline Changes and Seismic Vulnerability Index in The Earthquake Prone Areas (The Case of Coastal North Bengkulu, Bengkulu Province-Indonesia)............................................................. P16 Array Technique Application to Determine Direction of Rupture of Tohoku's Earthquake, March 11th 2011....................................................................................................................................... P17 Installing Surface Microseismic Monitoring in Mt. Lamongan Geothermal Area (MLGA), East Java, Indonesia .............................................................................................................................. P18 Magnetic Survey within Penantian Geothermal Area in Pasema Air Keruh, South Sumatra ...... P20 Application of Biot -Gassman Substitution methodin Generating Synthetic of S-Wave Sonic Log for Simultaneous AVO Inversion ................................................................................................. P26 Detection of low velocity zone using receiver function analysis from CJ1 station ...................... P27 Analysis of The 3D Geothermal Reservoir Model from Anomaly Magnetic Data Using Mag3d (Case Study: Rajabasa Geothermal field, Lampung Province, Indonesia) ................................... P28 Development of Information Systems to Semeru Volcano Activity using SMS : In Study ........ P29 Prediction Pattern Around Ground Water Depth TPA Supit Urang (Landfill) Using Geoelectric Resistivity soundings Method ....................................................................................................... P30 CORRECTING THE PULL-UP EFFECT IN SEISMIC DATA USING PRE STACK DEPTH MIGRATION METHOD ............................................................................................................. P32 Geomagnetic Data Interpretation of Mount Ungaran Geothermal Using Pseudogravity Transform for Determining Heat Source Rocks ............................................................................................. P33 Analysis of seismic activity 1973-2012 in the volcanic arc system of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) to examine the Rinjani VolcanoActivity ...................................................................................... P35 Detection of seepage patterns direction in the Bajulmati Dam, Banyuwangi, Indonesia using geoelectrical method, Schlumberger and dipole dipole configuration.......................................... P37 Comparison of Ammonia Yield using Nanocatalyst MnZnFeO and MnZnFeO at Ambient

  NITRIDING BEHAVIOR OF AISI 316 L in high density PLASMA NITRIDING .................. P39 The effect of deposited ZnPc islands in ZnPc/Polystyrene/Quartz Crystal oscillator stack for QCM based biosensor ............................................................................................................................. P40

  INFLUENCE OF THE WAVEFORM and DC OFFSET on THE ASYMMETRIC HYSTERESIS LOOP in Au/PZT/Pt/ Al2O3/ SiO2/Si THIN FILMS PREPARED by MOCVD METHOD ...... P41 Reactive Mixing In Stirred Tanks Under Different Kinds Of Perturbations (April 2013) ........... P42 Potential Benefits of Hypofractionation scheme to Improve Radiotherapeutic Ratio for lung cancer treatment (April 2012)................................................................................................................... P44 Comparison between general purpose crystal resonator and TCXO as reference frequency for frequency counter.......................................................................................................................... P45 Treatment Strategy for Dynamic Organs in Radiation Oncology................................................. P46 The Relation of Temperature to PM2.5 Production from Wood Burn ......................................... P49 Effect of Purification of Carbon From Coconut Shell pyrolisis With Acid Reaction Method in HCl

  1 M Solution.................................................................................................................................. P50 A Preliminary Application of Fuzzy Logic to Classify Volcanic Earthquakes and Tremors Recorded at Semeru Volcano, East Java, Indonesia ..................................................................... P51 Development of Instrumentation System for Heavy-Load Measurement Based on Piezoelectric Sensor............................................................................................................................................ P52

  Acknowledgement....................................................................................................................................... Ack

Program Committee Patrons

  Rector, Universitas Brawijaya Dean, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya Advisory Boards Associate Deans 1, 2 and 3, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya Chairperson Johan A.E. Noor, Ph.D. Deputy-Chair Dr. Suharjono Secretary Agus Naba, Ph.D. Treasurers Mrs. Sri Purworini Mrs. Rustika Adiningrum Mr. Surakhman Secretariat & Registration Dr. Masruroh dr. Kusharto Mr. Sugeng Rianto Mr. Gancang Saroja Conference Web Agus Naba, Ph.D. Publication & Proceedings Arinto Y.P. Wardoyo, Ph.D.

  Mr. Wasis Public Relations & Sponsorship Chomsin S. Widodo, Ph.D.

  Mr. Moch. Djamil Mrs. Firdy Yuana Venue Mr. Ahmad Hidayat Dr. Ahmad Nadhir Mr. Sunariyadi Mr. Purnomo Mr. Karyadi Eka Putra Accommodation & Hospitality Ms. Siti J. Iswarin

  Mrs. Nur Azizah Mr. Robi A. Indrajit Mrs. Trivira Meirany Master of Ceremony Himafis Transportation, Excursion & Social Events Djoko Santjojo, Ph.D.

  Dr. Sukir Maryanto Mr. Wahyudi Mrs. Arnawati Workshop, Poster & Scientific Exhibitions Hari Arief Dharmawan, Ph.D.

  Mr. Pudji Santoso Mr. Sahri Mr. Murti Adi Widodo Documentation Mauludi A. Pamungkas, Ph.D.

  Mr. Susilo Purwanto General Supports Himafis Scientific Program Dr. rer.nat. M. Nurhuda Dr. Sunaryo Mr. Agus Prasmono Local Scientific Committees (Reviewers & Editors) Physics Dr. rer.nat. Abdurrouf Adi Susilo, Ph.D. Mr. Unggul P. Juswono Dr.-Ing. Setyawan P. Sakti Biology Dr. Moch. Sasmito Djati Dr. Muhaimin Rifai Dr. Catur Retnaningdyah Chemistry Dr. Masruri Dr. Ahmad Sabarudin Dr. Lukman Hakim Mathematics Dr. Agus Suryanto Dr. Wuryansari M.K. Dr. Rahma Fitriani Dr. Solimun

  International Scientific Committee and Editors A/Prof. Lilibeth dlC. Coo, University of the Philippines, the Philippines Prof. Dr. Gereon Elbers, FH Aachen, Germany Prof. S.K. Lai, National Central University, Taiwan Prof. Kwang-Ryeol Lee, Korean Institute of Science and Technology, Korea A/Prof. Dann Mallet, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Prof. Lidia Morawska, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Prof.Dr. Petr Solich, Charles University, Czech Republic Dr. Michitaka Suzuki, Nagoya University, Japan Prof. Hideo Tsuboi, Nagoya University, Japan Prof. Jia-Lin Wang, National Central University, Taiwan

   _{Abstract— Simultaneous AVO inversion is novel method in reservoir characterization. The method will produce several physical properties of reservoir such as P-wave Impedance, S- wave Impedance, density, Vp/Vs ratio, Lamda-rho and mu-rho. These physical properties could be used to estimate the type and content of reservoir lithology. Simultaneous AVO inversion needs P-wave sonic log, S-wave sonic log and density as input. S-Wave sonic logs are rarely available due to the expensive cost of data acquisition. We generate synthetic S-wave sonic log by mean Biot-Gassman Substitution method instead of the Castagna or Mudrock line} method and compare the results with the original S-wave sonic log. We use the synthetic S- _{AVO (Amplitude versus offset) inversion. This initial model together with the seismic wavelets wave sonic log, P-wave sonic log and density log to create the initial model for simultaneous which are extracted from 3D seismic data statistically to perform simultaneous AVO inversion that will produce physical property like P-wave Impedance, S-wave Impedance, density and Vp/Vs ratio in a 3D cube. Index Terms— Simultaneous AVO Inversion, Biot-Gassman substitution, S-wave sonic, P-} wave sonic, Vp/Vs ratio _{I. INTRODUCTION The objectives of this papers are to conduct S-wave estimation by mean Biot-Gassman substitution method for running simultaneous AVO inversion of pre-stack seismic data in order to estimate the elastic parameters of the rock, which will derive pseudo density (Rho/Dn), P-wave ervelocity (VP), S-wave velocity (VS), acoustic impedance (ZP), shear}

  V  

  V V _{= 1.5, then  = 0.1(Gas Case)} ^{If S P}

  V V _{= 2, then}  ^{= 1/3 (Wet Case)} _{If S P}

  V V ₌

  ∞, then  ^{= 0.5(V S = 0)} _{Castagna's Relationship Castagna et al (1985) derived simple empirical relationship between P-wave and S-wave velocity, which can be written:}

  1360 16 .  1  _{S P}

  V V m/s (5) _{This is simply that the equation is a straight line, so VP and VS are linearly related. This line is also legendary called as the Mudrock Line The Biot-Gassmann Equations The basic use of the Biot-Gassmann equations is to “substitute” or replace the fluids in a set of target layers with another set of fluids.}

  Independently, Gassmann (1951) and Biot (1956), developed a more complete theory _{of wave propagation in fluid saturated rocks, by deriving expressions for the saturated bulk and shear moduli, and substituting into the regular equations for P and S-wave velocity: sat sat sat P sat}

  K

  V  

  3

  4 _{_}   _sat ^sat _{S sat}

   _{_} ⁽⁶⁾ _{Note that sat}  is found using the volume average equation described earlier _{Pre-stack Simultaneous AVO Inversion. The purpose of simultaneous AVO inversion is to invert pre-stack CDP gathers (PP and optionally PS angle gathers) to obtain reliable estimates of compression impedance}

₍

_P

Z

^{), Shear impedance (} _S

  √2, then

  Z ^{), and density (}  ^{) from which to predict the fluid and} _{lithology properties of the subsurface of the earth. Post-stack inversion ignores the fact that, in wet clastic rocks, ZP and ZS should be related. VP and VS should be linearly related (as shown from Castagna's equation) when there are no complicated factors, such as the presence of hydrocarbons. Also, density should relate to VP through some form of Gardner's equation. Therefore, simultaneous (or joint) inversion would include some form of}

  coupling between the variables. This should add stability to a problem that is sensitive to _{noise and usually produces non-unique solutions, so simultaneous inversion solves the Fatti’s equation. The Aki-Richards equation (Russell, 2005) is a linearized version of the Zoeppritz equations. The Aki-Richards equation was re-expressed by Fatti (1994) as: D S P PP}

  r c r c r c r _{3 2 1}    _ ⁽⁷⁾ _where,  ² ₁ tan

   1  c ^;  ^{2 2} ₂ tan 8 

         _P ^S

  V V c   ^{2 2 2} ₃ sin

  2 tan 5 .

     

      _P ^S

  V V c _{III. METHOD Workflow of S-wave velocity estimation using Biot-Gassman Substitution could be seen in figure 2. Input for this process are petrophysics data log, such as: density, P-wave velocity, porosity, water saturation and the composite of hydrocarbon in the reservoir.}

  Some rock physic parameters, such as: balk or shear modulus of oil, gas and water could be _{determined based empirical data from previous study. Final product of this work are estimated S-wave velocity. Figure 3. show the S-wave velocity comparison among original S-wave velocity, S- wave velocity estimated using Castagna and Biot-Gassman method. S-wave velocity estimated Biot-Gassman method have more similar shape with original S-wave velocity than S-wave velocity estimated using Castagna method.}

  Fig. 2. Workflow of S-wave velocity estimation using Biot-Gassman Substitution

Application of Biot-Gassman Substitution Method in

Generating Synthetic of S-Wave Sonic Log for

   = 0 _{If S P}

  V V ₌

  impedance (ZS), and VP/VS ratio volume. Rock properties of reservoir could be derived _{from these elastic parameters. II. TEORI P-wave and S-wave Velocity Theory There are two types of waves that are of great interest to us when analyzing seismic data, i.e. the compressional wave or P-wave, and the transverse wave or S-wave. Unlike density,} seismic velocity involves the deformation of a rock as a function of time. As shown in _{Figure II.4, a cube of rock can be compressed, which changes its volume and shape or can be sheared, which changes its shape but not its volume.}

  V V  

  Fig. 1. A rock may be deformed by compression and shear wave _{The simplest forms of the P and S-wave velocities are derived for non-porous, isotropic rocks. These are the equations for velocity written using the Lamé coefficients:}

     2   _P

  V and  

   _S V (1) _{Where,  = the first Lamé constant,}

   ^{= the second Lamé constant,}  ^{= density.} _{Poisson’s Ratio and Vp/Vs Another important parameter is the Poisson's Ratio. A change in this ratio can indicate a change in the pore fluid. Poisson's Ratio can be defined in terms of P and S wave velocities: Another important parameter is the Poisson's Ratio. A change in this ratio can indicate a}

  change in the pore fluid. Poisson's Ratio

   ^{can be defined in terms of P and S wave} _velocities:     ^{2 2 2 2}

  2

  2

  1 _{S P S P}

  V V

    _{(2) but it can also be given in terms of the square of V P to V S ratio:}  

  V V _{ratio that are important to remember. If S P}

  1

  2

  2   

     (3) _and

  1

  2

  2

  2 ²   

     

     

    _S ^P

  V V _{(4) Note that there are several values of Poisson’s ratio and S P}

  

Simultaneous AVO Inversion Sudarmaji, Budi Eka Nurcahya and Sismanto Fig. 3. S-wave velocity comparison among original S-wave velocity , S-wave velocity estimated using Castagna _{From estimated S-wave velocity and P-wave velocity, P-Impedance and S- and Biot-Gassman method Impedance ( Z ) could be could be calculated with multiplying velocity of P-wave (}   Z _{P S P} V ) _{and S-wave (}

  V _P V ) with density ( ). The value of could estimated from estimated S- _{S  between elastic parameters log that have been generated with Gamma ray log as sand-shale indicator. Figure 4 show Cross-plot wave and P-wave velocity too. It is needed to make cross-plot analysis or sensitivity analysis in order to correlate}

  V _S V vs _P V log as function Gamma Ray log certain _{S Fig. 6. Map of S-wave velocity ( sand reservoir saturated with gas could be delineated with certain value of vs saturated with gas from different reservoir could be seen from the cross plot. Therefore, depth interval around gas reservoir. Rocks that composited by sand, shale, coal, sand} V ) overlaid with time structure from certain layer that contains gas reservoir _S V . _{P-wave vs S-wave Crossplot}

  V _{P S Fig. 4. Cross plot vs as function Gamma Ray from certain depth interval around gas reservoir Reservoir 1 Coal Sand Shale Vp : 2300 m/s – 3600 m/s Reservoir 2 Vs : 1800 m/s – 2200 m/s Vs : 2100 m/s – 2500 m/s Reservoir 2: Vp : 2900 m/s – 3300 m/s} Reservoir 1 : _{and optionally PS angle gathers) to obtain reliable estimates of P-wave velocity ( The final product of simultaneous AVO inversion is to invert pre-stack CDP gathers (PP}

  V _{P S}

  V _{IV. S IMULTANEOUS AVO I NVERSION} V ) and _{P S-wave velocity (}

  V _P V ) and ratio of from which to predict the fluid and lithology _{S properties of the subsurface of the earth. Figure 5 to figure 7 show map of P-wave velocity (}

  V _S V ) , map of S-wave velocity ( _{P Fig. 7. Map of ratio overlaid with time structure from certain layer that contains gas reservoir}

  V _P

  V _P V ) and map of ratio which are extracted form cube of P-wave velocity, S-wave _S

  V _S

  V _{S velocity and ratio as output of simultaneous AVO inversion. The inversion used}

  V _{P A CKNOWLEDGMENT reservoir of hydrocarbon saturated with gas are shown by middle value of P-wave and S- estimated S-wave velocity from the Biot-Gassman substitution method. Good sand}

  V _{S their support of hardware, software and data so this research could be conducted. We would like to say thanks to Geophysics Laboratory of Gadjah Mada University with wave velocity and low value of ratio . The reservoir sand saturated with gas have value}

  V _{P R EFERENCES of P-wave velocity around 2300 m/s - 3600 m/s, S-wave velocity around 1800ms - 2800}

  V _{S [1] B. H. Russell, et al., “Joint simultaneous inversion of PP and PS angle gathers”, [2] C.H.P.Veeken, Seismic Stratighraphy, Basin analysis and Reservoir Characterization, CREWES Research Report, Volume 17, 2005. ms and ratio around 1.35 – 1.6.}

  V _{P Amsterdam: Elsevier,2007.}

  V _{S [5] G.Mavko , et al,” Fluid substitution: Estimating changes in VP without knowing VS”, [4] G.P. Allen and J.L.C. Chambers, “Sedimentation in the Modern and Miocene Mahakam [3] D.P.Hampson, B.H. Russell, and B. Bankhead, “Simultaneous inversion of pre-stack [6] J.P.Castagna, M.L. Batzle, and R.L.Eastwood, ” Relationship between compressional- Geophysics, Nov-Dec. 1995, seismic data”, Ann. Mtg. Abstracts, SEG2005, p. 1633-1637 Delta”, Indonesian Petroleum Association, 1998. [8] R.T.Shuey,” A Simplification of The Zoeppritz Equations”, Geophisycs 50, 1985,p. [7] Per Avseth, et al, “Quantitative Seismic Interpretation”, Cambridge University Press, 2005 P.F. Anderson and L.R. Lines, “A comparison of inversion techniques for estimating V /V from 3D seismic data”, CREWES Research Report - Volume 20, 2008.} wave and shear-wave velocities in clastic silicate rocks”, Geophysics, Vol. 50, 1985,p. _{571-581. 609-614. p s . [10] W.J.Ostrander, “Plane-Wave Reflection Coefficients for Gas Sands at Non Normal} [9] S.Rutherford, and R.William, , Amplitude versus offset variation in gas sands, _{Angles of Incidence”, Geophysics 49, 1984, p.1637-1648. Geophysics 54, 1989, p. 680-688.}

  Fig. 5. Map of P-wave velocity ( )overlaid with time structure from certain layer that contains gas reservoir

  V _P