Organized by Centre for Science and Technology Development Studies, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PAPPIPTEK-LIPI) In cooperation with United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations Supported by The International Development Research
26 July 2011, PDII Building, 2 nd Floor
Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto 10, Jakarta, Indonesia REPORT
Organized by Centre for Science and Technology Development Studies, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PAPPIPTEK-LIPI)
In cooperation with United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations
Supported by The International Development Research Center (IDRC)
NATIONAL SEMINAR ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION POLICY Science, Technology, and Innovation Indicators and Academy-Government-Industry Partnership
for Effective Technology Transfer
26 July 2011, PDII Building, 2 nd Floor Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto 10, Jakarta, Indonesia REPORT
Organized by Centre for Science and Technology Development Studies, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PAPPIPTEK-LIPI)
In cooperation with United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations
Supported by The International Development Research Center (IDRC)
PREFACE
This report is composed based on the results of National Seminar on Science, Technology and Innovation Policy with the spesific theme Science, Technology, and Innovation Indicators and Academy-Government-Industry Partnership for Effective Technology
Transfer. The seminar was held on 26 July 2011 at PDII Building, 2 nd Floor, Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto 10, Jakarta, Indonesia.
The seminar was organized by the Centre for Science and Technology Development Studies, Indonesian Institute of Sciences in colaboration with UNESCO Jakarta Office and Supported by International Development Research Center (IDRC).
The main report contains of 5 (five) papers and discussions presented in the seminar, namely : (1) industry indicators; (2) R&D at the universities indicators; (3) Biotechnology indicators; (4) Academia-Business and Government Partnership, (5). STI E-Forum.
We would like to express our deepest gratitude to UNESCO Jakarta Office and IDRC for their kindess in supporting this seminar. We also thanks all participants who has attended and participated in this seminar, in particular speakers, moderators, reporters and participants from various STI stakeholders and universities. We do hope that this seminar could provide strong ideas and strong foundation for resulting STI recommendations in the next bigger seminar.
Jakarta, 28 July 2011 Director PAPPIPTEK-LIPI
` Dr. Husein Avicenna Akil
CONTENTS
1.3 Expected Beneficiaries
1.4 Organization of the Seminar
1.5 Conduct of the Seminar
II Opening Session
2.1 Report of the Organizing Committee
2.2 Official Remark from UNESCO Jakarta Office
2.3 Inaugural Address by Indonesian Institute of Sciences
III Substance of STI Seminar
3.1 Science, Technology and Innovation Indicator
3.2 Academia-Business-Government Partnership
3.3 E-Forum Discussion on STI
3.4 Discussion and Future Initiatives
IV Concluding and Closing
Appendixes
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) are the key roles to the rapid economic growth and sustainability. Innovation is not necessarily emerged by itself, but it should be facilitated in a system that includes a variety of stakeholders, namely research and development institutes, universities, industries and Government. National Innovation System is needed in order to create synergy and collaboration policies, programs and activities among various stakeholders and across government departments.
STI e-forum site (http://stepan.org/eforum) has been established and the initial discussion threads started by UNESCO. However, for the attainment of the STI Policy awareness, and also to identify the most relevant STI policy issues in Indonesia, it is required an intense discussions in the form of face-to-face workshop on STI policy.
The Center for Science and Technology Development Studies – Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PAPPIPTEK-LIPI) is one of the government R&D institutes under Indonesian Institute of Sciences which focus on STI Policy and R&D management research in Indonesia and international. Nevertheless, R & D activities at LIPI and other R & D government agencies and universities, does not fully support the needs of industry. R & D activities undertaken by government agencies and universities largely answer the need for developments of S&T itself. Therefore, efforts to strengthen the awareness of STI policy and the national innovation system among STI community needs to be done in various ways including through the strengthening of national discussion, network, share knowledge with various stakeholders, exchange of information and communication, and learning from STI related best practice. PAPPIPTEK-LIPI supporting by UNESCO Office Jakarta will organize one day workshop on STI Policy.
Two themes of the workshop selected, namely: (1) STI indicator, which will be used by policy makers in formulating STI policy. STI indicator include indicator on human resources, sources of research funding and research quality; (2) Academic-Government- Industry Strategic Partnership for effective technology transfer.
The workshop attended by selected e-forum participants mainly post graduate students from Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Bogor Agriculture Institute (IPB) and University of Indonesia. Several researchers from LIPI and BPPT (Agency for Assessment and Implementation of Technology), Ministry of Research and Technology, National Committee on Innovation (KIN) and industries. More than 70 participants attended the seminar. List of Participants can be seen at Annex 1
1.2 Objective
The objective of this activity is to promote common understanding and mutual learning through sharing of information, ideas, good practices among STI community including post graduate students, researchers and policy makers.
1.3 Expected Beneficiaries
Main results of the workshop will be in the form of identification of STI policy issues and ABG issues on how to Strengthening National Innovation System. STI policies and ABG issues, as a common interest will be recommended further as the main input for UNESCO e-forum activities and wider and bigger STI seminar at the end of the year.
1.4 Organization of the Seminar
STI seminar was organized by LIPI in cooperation with UNESCO Jakarta Office. The seminar took place at PDII Building, STI seminar was organized by LIPI in cooperation with UNESCO Jakarta Office. The seminar took place at PDII Building,
1.4.1 Inaugural/Opening Session.
The event was preceded by a report from Mr. Dudi Hidayat on behalf of the organizing committee. Second remark was given by UNESCO representative. Dr. Masami Nakata, Program Specialist of Engineering, Sciences and Technology UNESCO delivered a welcome remark. Opening remark was given by the Executive Secretary of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) which was read by director of the Centre for S&T Development Studies (PAPPIPTEK)-LIPI. The entire contents of speech delivered at the opening session is presented in the second part of this report.
1.4.2 STI Indicators Science, technology and innovation indicators session
consisted of three papers, namely : Industry Indicators presented by Ms. Nani Grace; Current State of R&D Activities in University Sector in Indonesia pesented by Ms. Irene Muflikh Nadhiroh; and Biotechnology Indicators presented by Mr. Budi Triyono. Questions and answers session with the audience was moderated by Mr. Dudi Hidayat from PAPPIPTEK-LIPI.
1.4.3 Academic-Busniness-Government Partnership
The third session was started in the afternoon by presenting Academic-Business and Government (ABG) partnership issues. Keynote presentation was delivered by Prof. Dr. E. Gumbira Sa’id, MA.Dev. from Bogor Agriculture Institute (IPB). Discussants of the main paper were done by Dr. Benni Ranti from Chambers Of Commerce and Industry (KADIN) and Ms. Setyawati from Ministry of Research and Technology. Dr. Benni Ranti discussed ABG from business point of view, while Ms. Setiawati discussed it from government point of view. Moderator of this session was Dr. Trina Fizzanty from PAPPIPTEK-LIPI.
1.4.4 E-Forum on STI
Ms. Rodame dan Mr. Eko Prasetyo presented E Forum on STI in this session. This presentation is intended to invite the participants engage in STI discussions in the e-forum that moderated by Prof. Kudang Boro Seminar from IPB.
1.4.5 Concluding and Closing Session
The formulation of the final results and plan for the follow up activities was given by Mr. Dudi Hidayat. One of the activities to be conducted in a few months a head is National Science and Technology Development (NSTD) Forum. Participants are expected to participate in this forum in October. Closure of the seminar conducted by Dr. Husein Avicenna Akil, Director of PAPPIPTEK- LIPI. Agenda of the seminar is in Annex 1.
1.5 Conduct of the Seminar
The seminar was organized in the following methods: • Presentation from resources person with the main topic on STI
Indicators and policies and role of ABG Partnership in STI Development.
• Presentation of STI E-Forum expereinces by UNESCO Representatives
• Discussion on STI policies, STI indicators and ABG Partnership for effective transfer of technology.
• Preliminary discussion on STI Forum and STI national and international seminar in 2011.
• Formulating results and closing.
II. OPENING SESSION
Opening/Inaugural Session was started at 09.00 a.m until
10.00. Three remarks were presented in this session, namely: Report of the organizing committee delivered by Mr. Dudi Hidayat; Welcome Address by Dr. Masami Nakata, UNESCO Jakarta Office; and Inaugural Address by Executive Secretary of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). The tree opening reports are presented below.
2.1 Report of the Organizing Committee
Mr. Dudi Hidayat from PAPPIPTEK-LIPI, delivered the report on behalf of the Organizing Committee. Mr. Dudi Hidayat bade the participants and guests a warm welcome to the seminar. Report of the organizing committee started by reminding Presiden SBY citation at a hearing with AIPI (Indonesian Academy of Science).
Further, Mr. Dudi mentioned that science, technology and innovation (STI) plays an important role in nation-building movement. It has been stated explicitly in MP3EI (Masterplan Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia's Economic Development) documents, by making STI as one of the pillars of the accelerated expansion of Indonesia’s economic development.
Therefore, we (PAPPIPTEK) responded positively when UNESCO invited us to co-organized a national seminar on STI Policy: STI Indicators and Academy-Industry-Government Partnership for Effective Technology Transfer. PAPPIPTEK-LIPI, as
a research center for science and technology development, of course, put great emphasis on science and technology development and innovation issues and problems.
Particular theme that we proposed in this seminar is STI indicators and ABG relationships: Academics, Business and
Government. Both of these themes are very important theme in the development of science and technology. STI indicator is indispensable in science and technology to map the current state and development plans. Meanwhile, the question of the relationship between academia, business and government, or often called the ABG, has the main problem in the business development of science and technology and innovation. ABG relationship is believed to be the main driving force in the development of science, technology and innovation.
This seminar has unique characteristics when compared to similar seminars. This seminar was attended not only by researchers, academics and industry, but also attended by post graduate students who are expected to be an important actors and thinkers in the future science and technology development efforts. So, one of the main objectives of this seminar is to provide an overview to post graduate students in the STI indicator and ABG parnership. Of course, in this seminar, post graduate students are expected to provide inputs for the development of the concepts discussed. The concept of science and technology indicators, for example, still need fresh ideas to grow and contribute significantly to the development of science and technology. The organizing committee look forward to critical comments from post graduate students. More than 70 participants were invited and about 35 of them are post graduate students from various universities.
Mr. Dudi Hidayat on behalf of the organizing committee express their appreciation to UNESCO for its support and thanked the speakers, panelists and participants of the seminar and sincerely hope that this seminar may give the expected results.
2.2 Official Remarks from UNESCO Jakarta Office.
Dr. Masami Nakata give title of her speech as: “Science, Technology and Innovation for Development in Asia: A platform for
Information Sharing and Learning”. Content of the official remark of Dr. Masami Nakata is as follow.
“Good morning. My name is Masami Nakata, Programme Specialist for Engineering Sciences and Technology at the UNESCO Jakarta Office, Regional Science Bureau for Asia and the Pacific. This morning, I would like to begin by expressing UNESCO’s appreciation to Dr. Husen Akil, Dr. Gumbira Said, Dr. Geni and Pak. Dudi Hidajat , Ibu Wati Hermawati, and Science and Technology policy experts and participants from UI, ITB, and IPB for attending this exciting meeting.
Everyone here understands better than I do that science, technology and innovation (STI) are critical elements of national policy for economic and social development. So, I will not remind you of the importance. However, although we know STI are closely linked to national development, the path from scientific research to technological innovation to eventual economic productivity and social benefit is not very clear. We know STI policy is the key to linking the path, but we still need to find out what science and technology development policies are appropriate for Indonesia and for the region. Therefore, we need to discuss among us and with people from other countries, we need to share experiences and draw practical lessons from the dialogues.
The meeting is part of STI project “Science, Technology and Innovation for Development in Asia: A platform for Information Sharing and Learning“. The project is funded by the International Development Research Center of Canada and implemented by UNESCO in collaboration with LIPI, to encourage and facilitate such sharing of experiences and mutual learning amongst Southeast Asian countries. This project proposes two types of platforms: virtual online e-forum and face-to-face discussion platform such as workshops and seminars. Using these platforms, the project will facilitate and foster networking among STI policy institutions and practitioners, students and young professionals who are keen to participant in the STI discussion, and promote mutual learning through sharing of The meeting is part of STI project “Science, Technology and Innovation for Development in Asia: A platform for Information Sharing and Learning“. The project is funded by the International Development Research Center of Canada and implemented by UNESCO in collaboration with LIPI, to encourage and facilitate such sharing of experiences and mutual learning amongst Southeast Asian countries. This project proposes two types of platforms: virtual online e-forum and face-to-face discussion platform such as workshops and seminars. Using these platforms, the project will facilitate and foster networking among STI policy institutions and practitioners, students and young professionals who are keen to participant in the STI discussion, and promote mutual learning through sharing of
UNESCO will likely shift our Science Sector priority towards STI policy for coming biennium. Therefore, the project and also this meeting would be very important also for UNESCO to rethink our strategy to contribute to Sustainable Development through Science, Technology and Innovation.
With these remarks, I would like to conclude. I hope outcome of this meeting will be a valuable input to the regional conference in October. Thank you.”
2.3 Inaugural Address by Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Inaugural address was given by Dr. Husein Avicenna Akil, Director of PAPPIPTEK-LIPI, on behalf of Dr. Djusman Sajuti, Executive Secretary, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). Dr. Husein Avicenna Akil welcomed participants and thanked UNESCO for their support and collaboration.
Dr. Husein Avicenna Akil also mentioned that the seminar is discussing about science, technology and innovation indicators (STI) and the relationship between academia, business and government (ABG). This is a very important seminar, that given the important role of STI in the process of national development. Newly released government documents on the acceleration of economic development policy (MP3EI) explicitly put STI as one of the cornerstones of the three pillars of the acceleration and expansion of the Indonesia's economic development.
STI development effort requires the availability of data and information about the current state of science, technology and innovation as well as conditions of the various factors that encourage STI development effort requires the availability of data and information about the current state of science, technology and innovation as well as conditions of the various factors that encourage
The experience of developed countries which are members of the OECD indicators show that science and technology is important information for the evaluation of the development of science and technology and science and technology development planning. They have developed indicators of science and technology since 1963, and known as the Frascati manual, as a guide in data collection and information about the activities of R & D. Frascati Manual continue to be revised and refined, so it has reached the fifth edition. But the indicator alone, science and technology is not just limited to what is described in the Frascati Manual. We need to continue develop it. Today seminar is expected to describe the availability of indicators of science and technology in Indonesia as well as the utilization of science and technology policy. Seminar participants, especially post graduate students participants at several universities are expected to gain an understanding of STI indicators and provide input to the development of science and technology indicators in the future.
Another important issue in the STI development is a link between academia, business and government, or often called ABG partnership. Various studies and experiences in developed countries and newly developed countries have demonstrated the important role of the relationship between the three actors (ABG) in STI development. It could be argued that close ties between the three institutions is the motor of STI development in many countries. Therefore, it is very important for us to be able to map and analyze the status or condition of ABG relationship. In this case, STI indicators are expected to provide an overview and analysis of ABG partnership. I sincerely hope that the papers and discussions about the relationship of ABG grows in this seminar and provide insight to the seminar participants about the ABG relationships that occur in the context of Indonesia.
Hopefully you can follow this seminar and gain useful knowledge about two important issues, and may contribute to the further development of these two issues namely problems of ABG relationship and STI indicators.
At the end, Dr. Husein Avicenna Akil congratulateds all participants for discussing and to contribute to the development of STI in Indonesia. Finally, Dr. Husein declared STI Policy Seminar: STI Indicators and Universities, Business and Government linkages'' officially opened.
III. SUBSTANCE OF STI SEMINAR
3.1 Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators
STI indicator is a measurement system that illustrates STI condition or a trend of STI condition both positive and negative about phenomena or a certain key interest. STI Data and Indicator are important tools for observing the development of a country either for monitoring or for planning purposes. In this seminar, three conditions of STI indicators were presented namely: Industry Indicators; R&D Activities in University sector in Indonesia and Biotechnology Indicators.
3.1.1 Indonesian S&T Indicator: Industry Indicators
As statistical analysis, an indicator of science and technology is a tool to explain the situation and development of science and technology capabilities of a country. Therefore, many countries are developing and utilizing science and technology indicators, especially for (1) mapping, measure and compare the condition of science and technology with other countries or measure and understand the status of a country based on activity technology, (2) set goals achieved within a certain period, and 3) formulate and evaluate alternative policies. In the end, indicators are needed to provide insight to decision makers, especially regarding the condition of the national science and technology that creating an appropriate policy target.
In 1993, BPPT and LIPI organized compilation of indicators of science and technology projects. With a loan from the World Bank and the assistance of experts from several OECD countries, has conducted a survey of science and technology especially in industry. In 1993 the project has produced a report describing and analyzing the condition of science and technology in Indonesia by using indicators collected in the survey. After that, the activity stops. Then in 2005 until today, on an ongoing basis, LIPI Indonesia (Pappiptek) In 1993, BPPT and LIPI organized compilation of indicators of science and technology projects. With a loan from the World Bank and the assistance of experts from several OECD countries, has conducted a survey of science and technology especially in industry. In 1993 the project has produced a report describing and analyzing the condition of science and technology in Indonesia by using indicators collected in the survey. After that, the activity stops. Then in 2005 until today, on an ongoing basis, LIPI Indonesia (Pappiptek)
There are two activities in the manufacturing sector survey namely: survey of R & D and innovation. The method used for R &
D survey is a census survey. Census surveys are intended to capture all the R & D Company from all industry groups. But given the huge number of companies (about 27 000 companies based on the Directory of Manufacturing Indonesia 2007 (BPS, 2007)) with a very wide coverage area, then some level of work was done to determine the population of firms as a sampling frame of R & D actors in the industrial R & D manufacturing sector survey. The method used in this survey is a stratified random sample.
In reality, not all companies have their own R&D unit. Although 32% of the respondents have R&D units, many others using engineering, production and quality control as R&D activities place. The survey also divides R&D expenditure into two, namely Intramural and Extramural R&D expenditure.
Total R&D expenditure of Manufacturing Industry are Rp. 880 Billion, 95% of the total R&D expenditure are intramural and only 5% (19 companies) are extramural. There are 3 biggest institutions as sources of intramural R&D funds, namely: own companies (spend about Rp. 280 billion), mother companies (Rp. 8,6 billion) and government (Rp. 6,8 billion -2% from the total of R&D expenditure). R&D cooperative scheme shows an extramural expenditure. Extramural expenditure mostly used but chemistry and chemistry goods (ISIC 24) and food and beverage industry (ISIC 15).
Ratio of company R & D expenditures to total sales is an indicator of the contribution of corporate R & D activities. If the company has been promoting R & D characteristics (such as occurred in OECD countries), then the ratio of company R & D expenditure to total sales is around 30%. For the case in Indonesia, the ratio of R &
D expenditures to total sales is still about 0.9%. The highest ratio found in the television industry, radio and communications equipment is 3.1%. Furthermore, the industry group that has ratio of R & D spending 1.6% and 1.4% was machinery, equipment, chemicals and chemical goods. Machines and office supplies, accounting and data processing are an industry group that has the lowest ratio of R & D expenditure of 0.02% of total sales.
In addition to total sales, R & D expenditures can also be associated with the licensing and promotional expenditures. Only 4% of R & D expenditures or the ratio between expenditure licensing, promotional and R & D is 25:23:2. Companies with the highest expenditures are a group of licensed motor vehicle industry. Food and beverage companies spent the most money for promotion. While the highest R & D expenditures contained in the materials from chemical and chemical companies.
About 57% companies spent their budget for doing experimental research (less than Rp. 170 billion). About 37% companies are doing applied research (about Rp.110 billion). Whereas R&D expenditure for basic research only 6% from the total of intramural expenditure. The biggest R&D funding goes to engineering and technology (about Rp. 126 billion), agricultural & veterinary science (Rp.37 billion) and chemical sciences (Rp. 36 billion).
Numbers of R&D employee are 5.495 people with the ratio male (4341 man) to female 79%: 21%. About 63% has educational background of High school (SMK-D3). 37% of the employees are undergraduate. This shows us that R&D employee at industry mostly has vocational school background. Majority of foreign experts are
Japanese, Chinese Taiwanese, Indian and Malaysian with engineering and technology background.
In terms of innovation, 68% companies deal with product and process innovation. 13% only do product innovation and 19% do process innovation.
Results of the survey also shows that 83% companies do their own innovation, only 17% of the companies’ population do their innovation in collaboration with others institutes. The biggest information for innovation come from market and get less information from others stakeholders such as government R&D institutions, universities, NGOs, etc. Companies which have good research collaboration with other stakeholders receive big influence from association, scientific journal and internet. This kind of company has high level openness and awareness of information.
In general, innovation give great impact to the company, especially in terms of quality of work, increase productivity, and resilience in the market competition and the fulfillment of customer needs, reaching index 0.72
Several issues related to industrial sector namely: (1) Manufacturing industry still limit their R&D spending; (2) Contribution of industrial R & D expenditures to total national R & D expenditure is between 10% - 18%. Ideal conditions are R & D spending comes largely from business / industry R & D. ; (3) Proportion of industrial R&D expenditure is quite small as compared to PDB about 0.008% - 0.02%; (4) average companies R&D expenditure is about 0,9% from the total sales.
In terms of human resources, many of the employees have educational background with diploma not undergraduate. Government should emphasize quality and quantity of vocational school. Most companies do their innovation activities by themselves and do not collaborate with others stakeholders. It is therefore, companies working on innovation activities in collaboration with In terms of human resources, many of the employees have educational background with diploma not undergraduate. Government should emphasize quality and quantity of vocational school. Most companies do their innovation activities by themselves and do not collaborate with others stakeholders. It is therefore, companies working on innovation activities in collaboration with
3.1.2 R&D Activities at University Sector in Indonesia
Pappiptek-LIPI in 2010 has conducted a survey of mapping R & D activities in 50 public universities (PTN), 25 state technical colleges and 15 private colleges (PTS), especially for private universities, selection based on the following criteria: ( 1) the city where the university stand is in the big cities of Java (Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, Malang, and Salatiga), (2) faculty at the university has been actively conducting R & D activities, (3) faculty at the college have accreditation A.
The survey results indicate that R & D expenditures at public universities in 2009 amounted to Rp1, 7 trillion. Of the total expenditure, the amount of 64.60% are R & D spending at 44 research institutions, 34.01% in the faculty of 379, and 1.39% in 23 state technical colleges. Meanwhile, spending on activities in 46 community service agencies of the university up to Rp141, 6 billion.
Based on sources of funding, most of the R & D spending comes from the college of domestic funds with the amount reached about 95.79%. As for funds which sourced from overseas is only 3.62% and 0.59% from other sources.
Some of the funds were sourced from government funds which reached 78.20% (65.10% of the Directorate General of Higher Education, 10.20% cooperation with various government agencies, and 2.90% from government grants). R & D spending comes from private parties only 1.93% (in collaboration with various private institutions 1.22%, 0.12% cooperation with NGOs, grants from private institutions 0.57%, and grants from NGOs 0.02% ), and the remaining 15.56% came from the university itself (including college). R & D spending comes from abroad is only 3.62%
The survey results show that the allocation of R & D expenditures at public universities for applied research at the same time reached 56.70% and 22.90% of basic research, and 20.40% for experimental development.
The survey showed that the largest spending on R & D is engineering faculty (23.59%), then the faculty of agriculture (22.25%), Mathematics and Science (18.82%), Social and Humanities (18.62), medical / health (9 , 99%) and education (6.72%).
Based on the socio-economic goals, most of the allocation of R & D expenditures for the advancement of science, technology, and engineering (27.48%), health (12.60%), the economic framework (10.46%), crop production and the main crop products (10.40%), education and training (9.19%), manufacturing (8.49%), defense (8.27%), livestock production and animal primary products (6.70%), and the progress of social sciences and humanities (6.39%).
Based on field research category, the largest allocation of funds used for the field of natural science (29.03%), followed by social sciences (23.68%), agriculture and environmental sciences (20.96%), engineering technology (15, 13%), medical sciences (8.58%), and the smallest allocation for humanities (2.62%).
R & D expenditures at private universities based on funding sources, mainly financed from internal funds amounting to 96.04%. The biggest contribution comes from grants and the cooperation of various private agencies 42.39%, 35.38% government (Directorate General of Higher 26.82%, as well as grants and collaboration with various government agencies 8.56%), and the college itself 18 , 27%. Meanwhile, R & D spending comes from abroad is only 2.69%.
As in state universities, R & D expenditures at private universities also largely allocated for applied research activities (65.95%), then basic research (19.56%), and 14.49% for experimental development activities.
The number of foreign workers involved in R & D activities and / or community service are relatively small (74 people). Of these,
56 people were on the faculty, there are 14 people in Research Agency, and 4 people in a community service agency. While at the polytechnic there are no foreign personnel involved in R & D activities. This shows the level of international cooperation is still small in the R & D activities in universities.
R & D participation rates in all groups of faculty is less than
0.62, only 61 out of 100 professors engaged in R & D activities in 2009. Although the number of lecturers in the faculty of Mathematics and Science, including the smaller of the faculty IPSK, education, agriculture, and engineering, but the highest participation rate compared to other faculties (0.61). While enrollment in the faculty of agriculture second (0.58), and contains the smallest enrollment in the faculty of education (0.33)
Lecturer researchers involved in R & D activities in more with master background as compared to doctoral and undergraduate background.
Comparison of the average number of master degree and undergraduate to doctoral degree for every person at every level of the faculty is quite diverse. In faculty of Social sciences and Humanities, there are 4.25 researchers with Master degree for every 1 doctoral degree. In the faculty of agriculture (3.59), engineering (2.14), Mathematics (2.03), education (1.87), and medical / health (1.81), for each of every one researcher with doctoral background.
Human resources involved in R & D with the highest number of disciplines in colleges and state universities (institutional research institutes, polytechnics and faculties), is in the field of agricultural sciences (6537 people), with a percentage according to the level of education, undergraduate (4.20% ), Master degree (8, 80%), and Doctoral degree (2.25%) of total human resources involved in R & D (39,282 people). The next field of science technology 5990, 5028 of the medical sciences, and the smallest 79 people in the field of astronomy and astrophysics.
Number of human resources involved in R & D activities in private universities is about 1937 people from 35 faculty and eight research institutes. The largest number in the field of economics is about 406 people, 287 people from technological sciences, juridical science and the law 227 people, 212 were medical sciences, and the smallest number is Population and ethics only one each.
From the above description can be concluded as follows : R&D Spending in University Sector reached Rp. 1.771.7 Billion in
2009. (Rp. 531 Billion in 2007).
1) Most of R&D funding comes from domestic sources especially from National Government. Funding from industry is insignificant and it indicates that relation of University sector and Industry sector is weak.
2) Most of R&D Activity is Applied Research (56.7%). It reflects the R&D situation in Indonesia as developing country, which have role more as the user knowledge and technology than the creator of knowledge and technology.
3) Educational level of most of researchers is Master Degree, the number of researchers with doctoral degree is still in small percentage and the proportion is still not ideal.
Presentation of this topic is presented as Annex 4
3.1.3 Biotechnology Indicators.
Biotechnology was developed as a branch of science that has an effect on the development of various other sectors such as pharmaceutical technology, medical, agricultural, environmental and information. Development and application of biotechnology has high potential to achieve good economic, social and green environment. Therefore, the public have high expectations on the role of biotechnology in solving various problems of the world. In addition, biotechnology also looks into the world economy after a new wave of information technology. The importance of biotechnology is to Biotechnology was developed as a branch of science that has an effect on the development of various other sectors such as pharmaceutical technology, medical, agricultural, environmental and information. Development and application of biotechnology has high potential to achieve good economic, social and green environment. Therefore, the public have high expectations on the role of biotechnology in solving various problems of the world. In addition, biotechnology also looks into the world economy after a new wave of information technology. The importance of biotechnology is to
The purpose of this activity is to identify the profile of biotechnology in Indonesia which can be used as a reference in the development of biotechnology policy in Indonesia.
Methodology
Development of Biotechnology indicators is adopted from the framework developed by OECD (2005). This framework is used as a basis to compile statistics for the work of OECD member countries and other non-member countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. The focus of the framework is the use of biotechnology techniques in biotechnology R & D and engineering activities of the application of biotechnology to produce goods and services. Aspects that are measured include: (i) the involvement of Human Resources in R&D, (ii) R & D expenditures, (iii) ownership of major equipment, (iv) the use of biotechnology techniques, and (v) the output of scientific publications and patents.
The data used in the preparation of this indicator is derived from the results of a survey using a questionnaire to 296 respondents which include institutions of higher education, R & D institutions and companies considered potentially conduct biotechnology activities. The rate of return the questionnaire survey (response rate) is 51.05%. Of the total respondents who gave answers is 81.38%, reported conducting biotechnology and 18.62% said no biotechnology activities.
Result of the Survey
From 2114 biotechnology researchers in Indonesia recorded in this survey, most have university background, namely: Master degree
(S2) (43.24%) and Doctoral degree (S3) (35.57%). While the under graduate (S1) only 21.19%. Composition of researchers such as level of education is better when compared with the composition of Indonesia's education level researchers in general with the amount of 12.55% for Doctoral degree, Master and undergraduate level 33.15% from 54.30% (Science and Technology Indicators, 2007). With this composition, research activities in biotechnology potentially more advanced than other areas.
When composition of the researchers compared among the level of education among the actors seem to have a bunch of college players compositions ( Master and Doctoral Degreere are higher compared to most other actors. Instead of researchers at the company remains largely with undergraduate education.
From 2031 biotechnology researchers at universities and R &
D institutions are recorded in the survey, it was identified about 67 areas of expertise, with the four most dominant areas, namely: microbiology (16.83%), molecular biology (14.06%), genetics (10.2%) and biochemical (9.16%). Meanwhile, researchers recorded from 83 reside in the company, the most dominant area are molecular biology skills (65.06%), followed by a microbiologist (7.22%), enzymology (6.02%) and genetics (3, 61 %). The four areas reached 81.91%.
The biggest sources of funding for biotechnology R & D comes from the government, amounting to almost 75.84%. Meanwhile, sources from the private sector are only 7.22%. This indicates the extent of dependence on funding from government sources and low cooperation between universities and R & D institutions with the private sector. When examined further, the level of dependence on government funding of government R & D institutions are much higher than the universities. R & D expenditures of the R & D government reached 80.90% and private sectors only 2.24%. R & D spending in universities which its sourced from the government amounting to 65.65%, and from the private sector amounting to 17.23%. This indicates that cooperation with the private The biggest sources of funding for biotechnology R & D comes from the government, amounting to almost 75.84%. Meanwhile, sources from the private sector are only 7.22%. This indicates the extent of dependence on funding from government sources and low cooperation between universities and R & D institutions with the private sector. When examined further, the level of dependence on government funding of government R & D institutions are much higher than the universities. R & D expenditures of the R & D government reached 80.90% and private sectors only 2.24%. R & D spending in universities which its sourced from the government amounting to 65.65%, and from the private sector amounting to 17.23%. This indicates that cooperation with the private
The survey results also showed 46.2% of the biotechnology company's R & D expenditure was allocated to fund R & D activities that are contracted to other parties. Number of extramural R & D expenditures indicate the level of companies’ need to conduct R & D cooperation with research institutes. This figure also shows the potential of R & D financing from the private sector that can be absorbed by the universities and government R & D institutions. Only
a small of funds that can be absorbed by the universities and government R & D institutions in the country (only about 29.22%), while others are largely absorbed by research institutions from abroad (70.77%).
From a variety of major equipments, there are three main types of equipment that allow frontier biotechnology activities can be carried out as follows: electrophoresis, PCR machines, and centrifuges. The majority (more than 50%) of biotechnologist has three major appliances, except for universities, where only 45.45% of the biotechnologist who have PCR machines. These conditions indicate the potential of frontier biotechnology activity can be done in Indonesia.
The use of biotechnology techniques in biotechnology institutions and actors vary greatly depending on the needs and abilities. An agency may only use conventional techniques or modern or frontier. But sometimes the biotechnologist using three techniques side by side and mutually supportive. The survey results indicate that the group which using conventional biotechnological techniques (multiply the cells / tissues and fermentation) and have not used other techniques amounted to about 38.6%. The next group of actors who have mastered modern biotechnology (capable of using the technique of DNA / RNA in their activities), the number reached 22.8%, and the group of actors who have come to the stage border (using a group of proteins and other molecular techniques, bioinformatics or nano bio- technology in activities ) amounted to 38.6%, while the majority (>
50%) already have a frontier equipment. It shows the maximum utilization of equipment has not been achieved yet. The survey results also showed the majority of biotechnology activities (use of various biotechnology techniques) in Indonesia on the stage of new research and development, whereas activity in the stage production is still very limited.
Scientific publications are one tool for measuring productivity and the level of mastery of knowledge from R & D actors. The number of publications reported by three groups of actors consists of biotechnology publications in national journals about 84.13% and 15.87% for international journals.
The biggest contribution comes from the patent-producing R & D institutions, amounting to 82.46%. From the average number of patents generated per institution, it shows that R & D institutions most productive (9.61) compared to college players (0.55) and companies (0.14). The figure indicates that biotechnologist in R & D institutions are much more innovative than those who do research at university.
Conclusion
Indonesia has the potential of R & D in biotechnology, but this potentiality has not been realized yet to support the progress of industry sectors. This condition is reflected in the survey as follows:
• Biotechnology R & D resources in Indonesia is supported by
researchers with the quality level of higher education dominated by master and doctoral degree compared with the average Indonesian researchers in general.
• Biotechnology activities in Indonesia has reached the frontier
areas of biotechnology, although the number of participants is limited and most of these activities is at the research stage
• Cooperation in R&D activities between government agencies,university and the private sector is very limited. This is demonstrated by the low funding of biotechnology R&D in • Cooperation in R&D activities between government agencies,university and the private sector is very limited. This is demonstrated by the low funding of biotechnology R&D in
• Extramural R&D spending companies majority (70%) in collaboration with overseas R&D institutions.
Presentation of this topic is presented as Annex 5
3.2 Academia- Business-Government Partnerships for Effective Technology Transfer
ABG issues and concerns have been on the agenda of the Government of Indonesia (GOI). On 20 May 2011, the GOI launched the Master plan for acceleration and expansion of the economic development of Indonesia (MP3EI) for 2011 – 2025. MP3EI development focus is on eight major programs, namely: Agriculture, Mining, Energy, Industrial, Marine, Tourism, Telematics, and the Development of Strategic Areas. There are 22 Major Economic Activity: nine is in the field of agriculture, namely Agriculture Food, Food and Beverage, Fisheries, Livestock, Timber, Palm Oil, Rubber, Cocoa, Tourism (Eco-Agro-Tourism).
ABG partnership has very close relationship between economic sector, industrialization and higher education. A trend of ABG Partnership right now is individual type, market approach with personal desires mission. Several basic information on good practices related with ABG partnerships on research and development activities are:
• Basically (97%) the main source of scientific research is the government.
• The three major countries in the world that allocate 30% of the total research budget funds are: Canada, Sweden, Singapore
• Reference case of a research grant from the percentage of GDP: Egypt (0.9%), the Arab world in general (1.5%), European Union countries (2.5%)
• Percentage GDP in ASEAN: Singapore (2.5) Malaysia (0.7), Thailand (0.3), Filipina (0.1), Indonesia (0.1), Vietnam (0.2)
• Percentage GDP in specific countries : Iran (0.7), Israel (5.1), Taiwan (2.5)
Aside from the success of ABG partnership, there are also potential failures in ABG partnership, among others are:
• The Academics get limited education and training, and less flexible (comprehensive)
• ABG (especially A and G) parties have the tendency is weak in terms of professional skills
• In many cases the cooperation is often incomplete, because the project base (availability of funds)
• There is a possibility of those who decline.
A sample of ABG partnership in agro industry was also presented by taking prerequisite of good academia, business, and government.
Prerequisite of a good side of academia are as follows: • The presence of leading scientists (especially Professor or
Senior Researcher) who are committed to research and higher learning.
• The presence of major students of graduate and senior and committed researchers for the advancement of science and technology.
• The existence of an intellectual environment that stimulates competition, especially in scientific publications, and efforts to receive a scholarship
• Completeness of facilities that enable teaching and research are carried out effectively.
• The availability of good infrastructure (laboratories, pilot plant, campus industry/Education industry).
• The availability of sufficient research funds (as well as academics with experience in obtaining research grants)
• Availability of operational funds and instructional • Availability of high quality academic leader • The existence of institutional management (including
adequate salaries and other indirect benefits • Having a professional as well as guidance and experience in
conducting registration of Intellectual Property Rights Prerequisite of a good side of businesses are as follows: •
A commitment to conduct intensive research and development with the world of academia
• The existence of R & D Allocation of adequate budget for
travel including national / international conventions and seminars.
• Making the multiplication scale R & D to commercialization,
to seek and strengthen market (customer). • Having flexible IPR guidelines (allowing government
researchers to conduct joint patents, etc.). • Professional and adhere to business ethics and good corporate
governance Prerequisite of a good side of government are as follows: • Availability of active and professional R & D institutions. • Availability of multi-year commitment to adequate research
fund. • The availability of a commitment to establish a policy based
on a prospective R & D results and benefit to all parties.
A commitment to protect the domestic R & D results versus the competition with multi-national companies.
• Availability of national innovation system mechanisms that
applicable gradually to increase competitiveness (local, regional, national and international/global)
Potential of research on palm oil was also presented on this occasion. Identification of fact finding on Palm Oil are as follows:
• Network of Palm Oil R & D with PPKS proved quite useful,
especially in the procurement of oil palm seeds, palm oil cultivation guides, integrated pest management, etc. For downstream processing performance has not been prominent yet.
• Network of R & D to generate business from the oil palm has
successes by composting empty fruit bunches of oil palm (North Sumatra and Riau).
• There was no tangible evidence of the role of the agency business venture for Palm oil and bio-fuels and Surfactants.
• There has been no evidence on the success of the palm oil
industrial clusters, when it is considered North Sumatra and Riau are regarded as the place of palm oil industrial cluster
• Network performance for bio energy and surfactants has not
resulted yet. • Network R & D that leads to bio energy and surfactants