THE INFLUENTIAL FACTORS OF STREET CHILDREN’ ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION IN BUGISAN PEKALONGAN A GRADUATING PAPER Submitted to the Board of Examiner as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd.) in English Educat

  

THE INFLUENTIAL FACTORS OF STREET CHILDREN’

ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION IN BUGISAN

PEKALONGAN

A GRADUATING PAPER

  

Submitted to the Board of Examiner as a Partial Fulfillment of

the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd.) in

English Education Department of Teacher Training and

Education Faculty

  

State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga

Arrange by :

Arifah Aulia Lutfiyah

  

113 12 045

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN)

  

SALATIGA

2017

  

MOTTO

“Orang berilmu dan beradab tidak akan diam di kampung halaman

Tinggalkan negerimu dan merantaulah ke negeri orang.

  

Merantaulah, kau akan dapatkan pengganti dari kerabat dan kawan.

  

Berlelah-lelahlah, manisnya hidup terasa setelah lelah berjuang."

Imam Syafi’i

  DEDICATION

  This thesis is sincerely dedicated for : 1.

  My beloved Allah SWT and Prophet Muhammad SAW who always guide me and take care of me to be a good person.

  2. My beloved father and mother ( Mr. Moh Zaenal Abidin and Mrs.

  Uripah Sri Rejeki) who always have sincerity to grow me up, educate, accompany and pray for me until getting success and their greatest live and support for me at all until I can accomplish this graduating paper.

  3. My beloved lecturer, Mr Rifqi Aulia Erlangga and Mr Maimun who always support me and pray for me to success chasing my dreams.

  4. My great volunteers in GREAT Indonesia, Volunteers from SCI France Elen Soyer and Amandin, my best friends Julie Chao and my closest friends Atik Magfiroh, Sefy Hanida, Badariyah, Nastiti Ardita Sari, and Laily who always support, entertain, and help me to get my dreams come true and make my life more alive. Thanks for your everything.

  5. All the people who always pray for me.

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

  ,

  Bismillahirrahmanirrahim

  In the name of Allah, the most gracious and merciful, the kings of universe and space. Thanks to Allah because the researcher could complete this research as one of requirement to finish study in English and Education Department of States Institute for Islamic Studies.

  This graduating paper would not have been completed without support, and guidance from individual and institution. Therefore, the researcher would like to express special thanks to : 1.

  Dr. Rahmat Hariyadi, M. Pd. as the Rector of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga.

  2. Suwardi, M.Pd., as Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty of State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga.

  3. Noor Malihah, Ph. D. as the Head of English Education Department of States Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. Thank for all her suggestions, recommendations and supports for this graduating paper from the beginning until the end. She is really outstanding lecturer and mom for students of English Education Department.

  4. Dr. Rifqi Aulia Erlangga, S. Fil., M. Hum. as counselor who has educated, supported, directed and given the researcher advices, suggestions and recommendations for this graduating paper from beginning until the end. Thank for his patience and care. Without him, this graduating paper seemed will not be finished. He really gave big contributions to this graduating paper.

  5. All lecturers in English Education Department of IAIN Salatiga. Thank for your guidance, knowledge, and support.

  6. My beloved family. Thank for your love, support, and pray.

  7. My beloved best friends. Thank for your love, laugh and pray.

  8. All of my friends TBI 2012.

  9. All of staffs who help the researcher in processing this graduating paper‟s administrations.

  10. Everybody who has helped me in finishing this graduating paper. Thank for your supports, advices, suggestions. The researcher hopes that this research will be useful for everyone.

  Salatiga, September 29

  th

  2017 The Researcher, Arifah Aulia Lutfiyah 113-12-045

  

ABSTRACT

  Aulia Lutfiyah, Arifah. 2017. THE INFLUENTIAL FACTORS OF STREET

  CHILDREN’ ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION IN BUGISAN PEKALONGAN . Graduating Paper. English Education Department of

  Teacher Training and Education Faculty. State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. Counselor: Dr. Rifqi Aulia Erlangga, S.Fil., M. Hum. Keywords: English learning, Street children, Motivation

  This research aims are: to know the work of volunteer in vulnerable program in Bugisan, to describe the factors of street children motivation in learning English through the program. The research questions are; how the volunteers of GREAT work in vulnerable children program in Bugisan?, what are the factors of street c hildren‟ motivation to learn English in Bugisan?. Therefore, this research limits the subject of the research. The writer conducted the research in Bugisan village, Pekalongan. in addition, this research used mix quantitative and quantitative descriptive approach. The methods of collecting data are observation, interview, questioner, and documentation. The implementation of vulnerable children project was held in Bugisan such as; Pusdaling - a mobile library on bicycle - is run every week, supporting the foundation in motivation learning trough worksheets, story telling, education games and watching movie in English, artistic concepts. Some factors that influence the street children‟ motivation in learning English are; the children‟s capability, volunteers‟ capability in conducting the class, and the condition of surrounding environment.

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE............................................................................................................... i

DECLARATION............................................................................................. ii

ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTE............................................................. iii

CERTIFICATION PAGE ......................... ................................................ iv

MOTTO ........................................................................................................ v

DEDICATION ............................................................................................ vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................... vii

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................ ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. x

  CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Research ................................................................ 1 B. Problems of Research ......................................................................... 5 C. Objectives of the Research .................................................................. 5 D. Significances of the Study ................................................................... 6 E. Limitation of the Study ........................................................................ 7 F. Clarification of Key Term ……................................................................7 G. Research Out Line .............................................................................. 9 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Previous Researches ..........................................................................11 B. Theoritical Framework ......................................................................13

  1. Learning .....................................................................................13 a.

  Definition of Learning ...........................................................13 b.

  Criteria of Learning ...............................................................15 c. Some Factors that Affect Learning Motivation .......................16 d.

  Learning goals .......................................................................17 2. Street Children ............................................................................17 a.

  Definition of Street Children ..................................................17 b.

  The Characteristic of Street Children .....................................20 c. The Problems of Street Children ............................................23 3. Motivation ...................................................................................25 a.

  Definition of Motivation .......................................................25 b. The Types of Motivation .......................................................27 c. The Function of Learning Motivation....................................30 d. The Factors that Influence Motivation ...................................30 e. The Characteristic of High Learning Motivation ...................33

  CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Research Location ............................................................................35 B. Research Approach ..........................................................................36 C. Population and Sample .................................................................... 38 D. Technique of Data Collecting ...........................................................39 E. Data Analysis ...................................................................................41 F. The Validity of Data .........................................................................43

  CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DATA ANALYSIS A. Implementation of Volunteers Work in Vulnerable Children Project Bugisan ............................................................................................44 B. The Influential Factors of Street Children‟ Motivation in Learning English in Bugisan ...........................................................................47 1. The Result of Questionnaire of Street Children‟s Motivation in Learning English in Bugisan ........................................................47 2. The Result of Interview of Street Children‟s Motivation in Learning English in Bugisan .......................................................................57 3. Analysis Factors of Street Children‟ Motivation in English Learning

  in Bugisan....................................................................................51

  CHAPTER V CLOSURE A. Conclusions ............................................................................................61 B. Suggestions .............................................................................................63 REFERENCES APPENDICES

  

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Problem Faced by Street Children ...........................................24Table 3.1 List of Children in Bugisan Pekalongan ..................................38

  Table 4.1 First Questionnaire of Street Children‟ Motivation ..................47

Table 4.2 Second Question naire of Street Children‟ Motivation .............48

  Table 4.3 Third Questionnaire of Street Children‟ Motivation ................49

  Table 4.4 Fourth Questionnaire of Street Children‟ Motivation...............50

  Table 4.5 Fifth Questionnaire of Street Children‟ Motivation .................51

Table 4.6 Sixth Questio nnaire of Street Children‟ Motivation .................52

  Table 4.7 Seventh Questionnaire of Street Children‟ Motivation ............53

  Table 4.8 Eight Questionnaire of Street Children‟ Motivation ................54

Table 4.9 Ninth

  Questionnaire of Street Children‟ Motivation ................55

Table 4.10 Tenth Ques tionnaire of Street Children‟ Motivation ................56

  

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 Concurrent Triangulation Design ............................................37Figure 4.1 Graph Total of First Indicator .................................................48Figure 4.2 Graph Total of Second Indicator .............................................49Figure 4.3 Graph Total of Third Indicator ................................................50Figure 4.4 Graph Total of Fourth Indicator ..............................................51Figure 4.5 Graph Total of Fifth Indicator .................................................52Figure 4.6 Graph Total of Sixth Indicator ................................................53Figure 4.7 Graph Total of Seventh Indicator ............................................54Figure 4.8 Graph Total of Eight Indicator ................................................55Figure 4.9 Graph Total of Ninth Indicator ................................................56Figure 4.10 Graph Total of Tenth Indicator................................................57

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Research Language is the most important component of human-life activities through language human can communicate with other and express feeling. Every country has their own language which is used to communicate

  within the local citizen. Most of the country in the world use English as a language of international communication in order to ease the process of communication with the people who has different cultural background and nationalities. Along the time, the existence of English can replace other language as main international communication because English is a rapidly developed language.

  English currently develops into more significant language for people in Indonesia. Indonesia as a developing country needs some information exchange of science, technology, economu and etc from other developed countries to improve the quality of human life. In this globalization era, The Ministry of Education of Indonesia considers the important of English as a lingua franca for the students to learn it in the school from Junior high school until university level. However, English is still categorized as a foreign language in Indonesia. According to Jeremy Harmer (2001:01) stated that:

  “Although English is not the language with the largest number of native or “first” language speaker, it has become a lingua franca. A lingua franca can be defined as a language widely adopted for communication between two speaker whose native language are different from each other‟s and where one or both speaker are using it as “second language””.

  English in Indonesia has become a nationwide and making an effort to be pursued at all academic levels, from the kindergarten to the university. For instance, English is one of foreign languages that is included in national examination and many companies have certain requirement for everyone who would like to apply it, they should be able to speak in English. It is as a result of economic and cultural globalization that would be unavoidable. It can be concluded that English becomes an important language to be learned by the students in Indonesia.

  Based on Waluyo (2000:183), The economic development that has been done by the Indonesian government has made progress in several economic sectors. However, it cannot be denied that the development has been implemented has resulted in several negative impacts. One of the example is the creation of socio-economic disparities in Indonesian society. The economic gap has generated many problems in both rural and urban areas. One of problem is the emergence of street children phenomenon.

  Living as the street children is not an easy way. They are life in the bad condition. They work as street musician and salesmen of newspaper. They work to survive their life in society. The existences of street children are ignored by the community because they are considered as sources of problems in the society. The perception exists in communitiy‟s mindset. However, street children have their own right. They must have good quality of life and education.

  Other factors that cause children to fall into life on the streets are due to economic problems, lack of parental attentions and environmental influences. To solve the problems of street children is not easy. Many efforts have been done by non-government organization, government, professional organization, social organization and individu. They help the street children to get out from their problem.

  Gerakan Kerelawanan International (GREAT) or International Voluntary Service Movement is a non government organization, which organizes international voluntary service in Indonesia. It was established

  rd on 23 of august 2015 with its base in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.

  It consist of dedicated volunteers who believe that trough thiw movement, it gives the opportunity to all youth without exceptions and discrimination to access education, experience and etc; by with the grow as the agent of change in their respective .

  In Pekalongan, GREAT has some projects related to environment case and social issues. One of social project is about vulnerable children that conducted in three different locations, like Pasir sari, Poncol and Bugisan. However, the writer focuss on vulnerable project in Bugisan which place is slum area, nearby Loji river and Borobudur market. In this project, GREAT of Pekalongan community works together with the local/ international volunteer, other organizations, foundation and surrounding citizen to organize the learning activities for the street children in Bugisan.

  Most of the children in Bugisan are still students of primary until senior high school. They can access education for free from the donator who supports their school fee. However, some of teenagers in Bugisan don‟t want to go to school and prefer to be worker. The motivation of the people in Bugisan to get higher education is still lower. For example, the fresh graduate students (Junior high school) are prefered to work or get merried than to continue their study to get a better life.

  To motivate the street children to get better education, GREAT support the learning process by the material and the learning facilities for the children. All learning facilities such as chairs, tables, book cases, white board, stationaries, educate toys were obtained from donations and fundings. One of funding that organized by Melanie, Elen and Amandin the volunteers of SCI Concordia France is a website that created for crowd funding and to support them to improve the street children‟s education through non formal education in Bugisan and Pasir sari. From this website

  

they succed to collect around 945 Euro or 14.819.898 Rupiah (accesed on August 19, 2017).

  Based on the background of Bugisan, the writer is interested to know the advantages of vulnerable children project in improving their quality life trough the activities of project and motivating them to learn English with the volunteers from GREAT of Pekalongan. The writer is interested in conducting a study case entitled “THE INFLUENTIAL FACTORS OF STREET CHILDREN‟ ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION IN BUGISAN PEKALONGAN”.

B. Problem of Research

  Based on the background discussed above, the writer underlines the problem as follow:

  1. How do the volunteers of GREAT work in vulnerable children project in Bugisan?

2. What are the factors of street‟s children motivation to learn English in

  Bugisan? C.

   Objectives of the Research

  Based on the background discussed above, the writer underlines the objectives of the reseach as follow:

  1. To describe the volunteers of GREAT work in vulnerable children project in Bugisan.

  2. To describe the factors of street children‟s motivation to learn English in Bugisan.

D. Significances of the Research

  This research is formulated as an effort of finding some significances. The significances of this research are:

  1. Theoretically, the results of the research can contribute useful information for the development of learning activities for street children, especially in conducting non-formal education activities.

2. Practically, through this research, it is hoped that the society has different perception about their point of view of street children.

  However, they participate to help the street children to figure their problems out. Therefore, the street children have a good education.

  It is expected that street children in Bugisan Pekalongan realize and want to get a better education trough the non formal education in GREAT project. The street children can continue their study higher and they can communicate using English well.

  E. Limitation of the Research

  This research is conducted in Bugisan, Pekalongan. The writer takes the street children who live in Bugisan area, Pekalongan. The subject of this research is the volunteers of GREAT of Pekalongan Community while the object of this research is the street children in Bugisan. There are three volunteers as the subject of the research. It focuses on the English learning activities and the influence of it to street children‟s motivation in learning English.

  F. Clarification of Key Terms 1.

  English learning According to Slavin (2000:141) cited in Trianto (2009:16), states that leaning is:

  “Learning is usually defined as a change in an

  individual caused by experiences. Changes caused by development (such as growing taller) are not instances of learning. Neither are characteristics of individuals that are presented at birth (such as reflexes and response to hunger or point). However, humans do so much learning from the day of their birth (and some say earlier) that learning and development are inseparably link ed”. It can be meant that learning is individuals changing from their habit through experiences. The growth of individual cannot be meant as a source of experiences. Experiences are taken from individual activities. Moreover, learning is started from the earliest life of an individual.

2. Street children

  According to Suyanto (2010:186-187) says that the street children are divided into three groups;

  Firstly , children on the street are those having activity as

  the child worker on the street, but still having close relationship to their parents. Some of their income is given to their parents. The function of street children in this category is to help reinforce their family‟s economic support because their parents cannot fulfill the daily needs.

  Secondly, children of street are those who participate fully

  on the street, either socially or economically. Some of them still have relantionship to their parents, but their meeting frequency is not certain. Some of them are those category as very risk children to get mistreatment, whether socio-emotionally, physically or sexually.

  Thirdly, children from families of street are those coming

  from the family who living on the street. Although these children have strong kinship, they should move from one place to another place with any risks.

  It can be learn that the street children have their own type based on their currectly activities do in street and their background of families. Furthermore, the children who are still students can called as street children if they spent their more time on the road and do social ecomoniec as well.

3. Motivation

  Based on Hamzah (2008: 27), basicly motivation can help in understanding and explain the individual‟s behavior, including in learning procces. There are several important role of motivation in learning process, such as (1) determine the important thing to engage the motivation‟s student to learn, (2) clarify the objectives of learning, (3) determine the disciplines in learning process.

  It can be learnt that motivation as a phenomenon which determinates to understanding level of the individual. The motivation determines strength of an enthusiasm will devote to tha achievement. For example: motivation tolearn and to get high score.

G. Research Out Line

  This research is divided into five chapters. In order to get a tidy presentation, the researcher conveysthis graduating paper in the following: Chapter I is introduction. It consists of background of study which mentions the writer‟s reasons why the writer chooses the topic as a research topic, then problem statement that explain the problem of the study that is observed by the writer, next is limitation of the study which mentions the specific problem that the writer explains. Besides that it includes objective of the study that consist of the aim of the study, significances of the study that describe the advantages of the study, and then the clarification of key term. Last is research out line.

  Chapter II is theoretical framework. It consists of related literature review. In this chapter, the researcher divides into two parts, namely: previous research and theoritical framework.

  Chapter III is research methodology. This chapter deals with the object of research, research types, data sources, the method of collecting data and the method of analyzing data.

  Chapter IV is findings and discussions. It consists of an analysis on street children‟s motivation in learning English through vulnerable children project by Gerakan Kerelawanan Internasional‟s volunteers (GREAT) in Bugisan Pekalongan.

  Chapter V is conclusion. It is the last chapter of the research. It ends of the research and the researcher states the conclusions and suggestions of the research in summary. References Appendices

CHAPTER II LITERATURE RIVIEW A. Previous Researches There are three researches had conducted in relation to this

  research that the street children are as the main discussion. The related researches are as the following: Ruswanto (2004) who conducted a research to finish his study in the Dakwah Faculty of UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. His research was about

  “Pemberdayaan Anak Jalanan di Rumah Singgah CERIA

  Yogyakarta

  ”. It was to learn more about how to empower the effort undertaken by Rumah Singgah CERIA, what are some factors can support and hamper the empowerment of street children in Rumah Singgah CERIA. Some findings came out as the result of the research such as the kind of empowerment that was used by Rumah Singgah CERIA; coaching the street children in spiritual improvement, social development and education, while the empowerment of effort that done by Rumah Singgah CERIA were approaching, preparation and termination.

  Argyo Demartoto (2012), in his research he focused on “Need- Based Street Children Management in Surakarta City of Central Java Province of Indonesia

  ”. The research indicated some characteristics of street children, the cause of children becoming street children and the management of street children problems in Surakarta City. An evaluation study was used as the method of this research. He collected data from conducting data study, semi-structured interview, observation, and used literature source such as electronic media (internet).

  Some findings came out as the result that the management of street children was determined by the need and problem the street children. The open house for street children as well as community based approaches by conducting activity and advocacy on the street children problems involving all potencies of society. In fact, the approaches are overlapping. The most important point was empathy and commitment to manage the street children problems.

  Abdul Basthit Ar Rido (2015), the was about “Aktivitas Komunitas

  

Save Street Children dalam Pendidikan Moral Anak Jalanan di Daerah

Lokalisasi Baluunggangkring Mojokerto ”. The research aimed to describe

  the activities of the Community Save Street Children in moral education of street children in the area Balungcangkring localization as well as the obstacles encountered and solutions did.

  He used a qualitative approach such as descriptive study, observation and structured interviews. The findings result of this research was conducted by Save Street Children were archipelago class, hygine education, discipline and manner. Further, edutrip activities of the street children taught about the moral culture. Furthermore, they concerned about moral education.

  From the previous researches, this research has the distinction because the writer took different subject of the research which the writer took the subject in Bugisan Pekalongan. Beside this research further highlighted the motivation of street children in English learning process through the Vulnerable children project by GREAT NGO. Furthermore, the writer investigated the works of volunteers on the learning activities for street children.

B. Theoretical Framework 1. Learning a. Definition of Learning

  Learning according to Kennedy (2011:11), learning involves the acquisition of particular skill which is useful in here and now, or knowledge which is relevant for the moment but may not have broader educational value.

  According to Uno (2008: 23), learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior and potentially occurs as a result and practice or reinforced practice.

  This behavioral change is the acquisition that results from learning. Learning is a human process to achieve various competencies, skills and attitudes.

  According to Pritchard (2008:01), learning is something of which we all have an understanding and in which we have all participated. Furthermore, learning is the development of new associations as a result of experience.

  Learning it is a pure internal process Learning is a process that can not be seen, that process occurs within a person who is learning. All learning takes place internally within the individual..

  According to Schunk (2012:03), also explain some definition of learning, such as (1) Learning is acquisition or "getting.", (2) Learning is retention of information or skill, (3) Retention implies storage systems, memory, cognitive organization, (4) Learning involves active, conscious focus on and acting upon events outside or inside the organism, (5) Learning is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting, (6) Learning involves some form of practice, perhaps reinforced practice, (7) Learning is a change in behavior

  Learning is a change of behavior or appearance with a series of activities such as reading, observing, imitating, listening and so on. Learning would be better, if the learners have experience and do it.

  Furthermore, Pritchard said in his book “Teaching ways of learning: learning theories” the definition of learning into some items. They are : (1) a change in behavior as a result of experience or practice, (2) the acquisition of knowledge, (3) knowledge gained through study, (4) to gain knowledge of, or skill in, something trough study, teaching, instruction or experience, (5) a process by which behavior is changed, shaped or controlled, (6) the individual process of constructing understanding based on experience from a wide range of sources.

  Those explanations have the same focus that learning is an effort to get something done. It may that they have different point of views on how they define learning such as; intentional learning, integral part of life and behavioral changing. Those still lead to the conclusion that learning is a process of self development.

b. Criteria of Learning

  Based on Schunk (2012:04) in his book “Learning Theories: An Educational Perspective

  ”, there are some Criteria of learning: 1)

  Learning involves change; is that learning involves change – in behavior or in the capacity for behavior. People learn when they become capable of doing something differently. 2)

  Learning endures over time; this excludes temporary behavioral changes (e.g., slurred speech) brought about by such factors as drugs, alcohol, and fatigue.. (3) Learning

  occurs through experience (e.g., practice, observation of others). This criterion excludes behavioral changes that are primarily determined by heredity, such as maturational changes in children (e.g., crawling, standing).

c. Some Factors that Affect Learning Motivation

  Learning is a process that leads to a change or renewal in behavior and skill. The successfulness of learning depends on a variety of factors. According to Purwanto (2007:102), the learning motivation divided into two:

1) Factor that exist in self organism itself or individual factor.

  Such as maturity / growth, intelligence, exercise, motivation and personal factors.

  2) Factor that exists outside of individual or social factor. Such as family / home circumstances, teachers and teaching methods, tools used in teaching learning, the environment and opportunities, and social motivation.

  Syah (2010:129) says there are three kinds of factor that affects on leaner‟s motivation: 1)

  Internal factors, students' physical and mental condition; 2)

  External factors, environmental conditions around learner;

  3) Factor of learning approaches, types of learning effort that include strategies and methods used by learner to conduct activities to learn the subject material.

d. Learning Goals

  Every activity that someone does must have a goal to be achieved. The purpose of learning is to develop the ability of learners to be more directed. According to Suprijono (2013: 05) there are two kind of purpose of learning; firstly, the explicit learning objectives achieved by the action of instructional, or instructional effects are usually in the form of knowledge and skills. Secondly, the purpose of learning as a result of instructional learning commonly called murturant effects.

  The learning product which may result from learning activity. These products are: (1) skill and habit, (2) social competence, (3) abstract and creative thinking.

2. Street Children a. Definition of Street Children

  The Ministry of Social Affairs (1999) provides understanding about street children are children under the age of 18 years due to various factors such as economy, family conflicts to cultural factors that make them take to the streets.

  Furthermore, UNESCO explain where the street children come from, these children from: (1) Urban families, generally poor or in marital crisis, (2) More and more the rural areas (rural exodus), (3) Minority ethnic groups from neighbouring countries, (4) Nomad communities who have settled on the outskirts of town

• – shanty towns – who have fled from natural disasters, (5) Political or religious minorities exluded from their own country or rejected by formal schools due to the rigidity of the school system.

  UNICEF defines “street children are those who abandoned their home, schools and immediate communities before they are sixteen years of age have drifted into a nomadic street life (UNICEF, 1997). They are children in difficult circumstances, who struggle to survive in urban or suburban areas and who, in their search for help, often fall foul of law.

  Based on Amnesty International (UNICEF Assesment of Street Children), divided the street children into two main categories; (1) Children on the street are children who do the economic activities on the road, such as be begger, seller and so on. These children should return home when they finish. They should give the money to family because their family is a poor family. The instability of family‟s economic condition forces the children to stay more longer on the street. (2) Children of the street are children who really stay and live on the street (outside the family surronding), the relathionship with family still exist but estranged and its only for formal status.

  According to Suyanto (2010: 186) based on the results of field studies, the outline of street children can be divided into three groups

  First, children on the street, children who have economic activities as child laborers on the streets, but still have a strong relationship with their parents. Some of their income on the street is given to their parents. The function of street children in this category is to strengthen the economic buffer of their families because the burden or pressure of poverty that must be borne can not be solved by their parents.

  Second, children of the street, the children who participate fully in the streets, both socially and economically. Some of them still have relationships with their parents, but the frequency of their meetings is uncertain. Many of them are children who victim such as violence, run or leave home.

  Third, the children from the family of the street, the children who come from families who live on the streets. Although these children have strong familial relationships, their lives move from one place to another with all risks. One of the important thing of this category is the laying of street life since the child was a baby even from the moment of the womb. In Indonesia, this category is easily found under various bridges, wild houses along the railroads, slum area and so on.

b. The Characteristic of Street Children

  According to Suyanto (2010:190) says there are some characteristics of street children, such as;

  1. the age average is between 6 – 18 years old, 2. the intensity of the family relationship (regularly the street children meet their family, not often to meet their family for example only twice perweek, and no communication at all with the family),

  3. they spent their time more than 4 hours perday on the street,

  4. the common places to meet the street children are in traditional market, bus station, train station, city park, road, shopping centre, and public transportation, 5. the street children‟s activities are worker as shoes polisher, scavenger, street singer, car washer, beggar, joki three in one, sex worker and so on.

  Meanwile, based on Rosdalina (2007:72) there are 4 characteristics of street children in general;

  1. They do activities in a public space (on the roads, markets, shops, malls) for 3

• – 24 hours perday, 2.

  They have lower education (most of them are dropped out from the school and only few who graduate from primary school), 3. They come from a poor family (urban community and some of them don‟t have family),

4. They do economic activities/ work in the informal sector.

  Some factors cause the children become street children based on Suyanto (2010:197); a.

  The families‟ financial problem Most of the street children come from the poorest family. They should work to fulfill their family needs. It becomes normal for these children to do economic activities on the street. The children are still under age and it becomes difficult to find the good job for them. Sometime their parents teach them to become street children as well when they are still kid. Normally, people get easy to meet them directly in the streets. In other case, we can see the women cradling a baby as begger in the streets with hope that everyone who see it will be pity and they can get more money. c.

  The environment of children community Friends can cause the children to be street children.

  They can influence someone to play and do activities together with them in the roads. In the teenager social life, positive self estem has an important role in the strong and healthy of personal establishment. The good environment creates the personality to determine which one is good or not, including to be able to say “no” to reject the negative thing. In other words, these children are not easily influenced by various temptation that encounter a teenager to do something negative.

  d.

  The violence from the broken family.

  A study carried out by UNICEF on children who categorized as children of the street, shows that their motivation to live in the street is not only because of financial problem but also because of violence of the parents. The children are preferred to live in the street because it provides them an alternative living than living with the family but full of violences. The children can survive their life from violence if they stay in the street. If the still stay with the family, they must get beaten by parents and cannot avoid it.

C. The Problem of Street Children

  The problem of street children is a common phenomenon in big city cities. The steer children as child labour and the presence of children on the streets must be seen as less a phenomenon of poverty and more of phenomenon of social attitudes, exploitation, compulsions and sensibilities. This is evident from some developing countries, which tackled this problem much before the economic advancement.

  The term „street children‟ tends to carry very strong emotional overtones, because every aspect of their lives is exposed to the public gaze - their physical appearance, their way of life and their behaviour. Hence, conflicting emotions of pity, disgust, horror and disapproval among the public have resulted.

  To survive their life, street children usually do various jobs in the informal sector both legal and illegal and they involved in marginal economic activities like collecting rags, shining shoes, pulling carts and rickshaws, cleaning the streets, dishwashing in hotels, begging, hawkers, newspapers seller, picking up garbage, street musician, carpenters, and not infrequently there are street children who involved in criminal-type jobs such as stealing and robbing.

  The children who grow in an environment that is not in accordance with the process of personal formation of children, that street children have higher risks of experiencing exploitation.

  

Table 2. 1

Problem faced by street children (Suyanto, 2010:190)

Aspect Problem faced

  Education Some of children drop out from the

  school

  Intimidation Become the target of street children violence from other group, officers and sweeping

  Drug addictive Drug, alchohol, pills and so on Health care Range of skin desease, lung and gonorhoe Living Generally they live in any place or in slums area Risk of work Traffic accident Relationship with family

  Generally they are apart and not connected to the family at all

  Food Begging from the trash and sometime they buy the foods.

  One of the children's rights is to enjoy education. Furthermore, the continuity of street children education can be said to be very apprehensive, while the age of street children is under 18 years old.