POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY BATAK TOBA TEENAGERS.

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POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY BATAK TOBA TEENAGERS

A THESIS

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistic Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Magister Humaniora

BY:

SRISOFIAN SIANTURI Registration number: 8106111034

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN 2012

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks to Jesus Christ the Almighty and Most Beneficial for without His Guidance and Mercy, this thesis would not have been completed. In the process of finishing this piece of academic writing, the writer has been given much support and valuable knowledge from many people whose names cannot be mentioned one by one.

First, the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude to Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D., her First Adviser and Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A, Ph.D her Second Adviser, for their valuable advice, guidance, constructive comments and precious time spent on supervising and commenting the process of writing until it comes to its present form. Second, her special gratitude goes to the head of English Applied Linguistics, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd, who has generously encouraged her in completing this study, all lecturers, for the valuable knowledge and instruction they have imparted to her during the years studying and the librarians of the State University of Medan for lending some useful books and other sources that are needed in writing this thesis.

The writer would like to sincerely thank the anonymous participants who contributed suggestions, critics and advises to this study. My deepest gratitude goes to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd., and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum., without their excellent academic guidance and support, this thesis would not have been possible.

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Then, a very special debt of gratitude is directed to her beloved father Jhonny Sianturi, S.Pd., and her beloved mother Hermin Lumban Gaol, together with her beloved sisters, Ayuna Sianturi, ST., Hartayanti Sianturi, Amk., Gustinaria Sianturi, S.Hut., Verawati Sianturi, Pasu Mulia Sianturi, and her brother, Raja Natongam Sianturi, M.Th., for their full love, support, care, and prayers.

Finally, a special debt of gratitude is addressed to all of her beloved best friend Elita Modesta Br. Sembiring, S.S. M. Hum, and her classmates LTBI A2 for their close friendship and encouragement in finishing this thesis.

Last but not least, she must confess that she has done her most to accomplish this thesis but she realizes that it is still far from being perfect. Therefore, any constructive, criticisms, suggestions, or comments will be highly appreciated.

May God Bless Us!

Medan, September 3rd, 2012 The Writer,

Srisofian Sianturi

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iii CONTENTS

ACKNOLEDGEMENTS ... i

CONTENTS... ... iii

LIST OF FIGURES ... vi

LIST OF TABLES ... vii

ABSTRACT ... viii

ABSTRAK ... ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 The Problems of the Study ... 5

1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... 5

1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 6

1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Politeness ... 8

2.1.1 Politeness Strategies... 12

2.1.2 The Types of Politeness Strategies ... 17

2.1.2.1 Bald On-Record Strategy ... 18

2.1.2.2 Positive Politeness Strategy ... 21

2.1.2.3 Negative Politeness Strategy ... 32

2.1.2.4 Off Record Politeness Strategy ... 37

2.2 Toba Batak Language ... 43

2.3 Politeness Strategies in Batak Toba Language ... 44

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iv CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 The Research Design ... 53

3.2 Data and Data Sources ... 53

3.3 Subjects of the Study ... 53

3.4 The Techniques of Data Collection ... 55

3.5 The Techniques of Data Analysis ... 55

3.6 Trustworthiness of the Study ... 58

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 The Data and Data Analysis ... 61

4.1.1 Politeness Strategies Used by Toba Batak Teenagers ... 61

4.1.1.1 Using Address Terms/Kinship Forms ... 61

4.1.1.2 Using Pronouns ... 64

4.1.1.3 Using Particles ... 65

4.1.1.4 Using Deference ... 66

4.1.2 Types of Politeness Strategies Used by Toba Batak Teenagers ... 66

4.1.3 The Dominant Types of Politeness Strategies Used by Toba Batak Teenagers ... 69

4.1.3.1 Bald on Record Strategy ... 70

4.1.3.2 Positive Politeness Strategy ... 72

4.1.3.3 Negative Politeness Strategy ... 79

4.1.3.4 Off Record Strategy ... 82

4.1.4 The Realization of Politeness Strategies Used by Toba Batak Teenagers ... 83

4.2 Findings ... 86

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CHAPTER IV CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclussions ... 91 5.2 Suggestions ... 92

REFERENCES ... 93 APPENDICES

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Possible strategies for doing FTAs ... 14

Figure 2. Communication Strategy ... 16

Figure 3. Proto-Batak ... 44

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vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The Types of Politeness Strategies Used by Toba Batak Teenagers ... 67 Table 2. The Percentages of Politeness Strategies Used by Toba

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viii ABSTRACT

Sianturi, Srisofian. Registration Number: 8106111034. Politeness Strategies Used by Batak Toba Teenagers. A Thesis. Postgraduate School, English Applied Linguistics. State University of Medan. 2012.

This study deals with the politeness strategies used by Batak Toba teenagers. This study employs qualitative design which aim at describing the politeness strategy which used by Batak Toba teenagers. The strategy of politeness which is related, those are proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987); Bald on record strategy, Positive politeness, Negative politeness, and Off-record strategy. The subjects are 10 (ten) Batak Toba teenagers who participated in this research. They live on Tapian Nauli, Lintongnihuta.

The results show that the Toba Batak teenagers express their politeness by using address terms/kinship forms, pronouns, particles, and deference. The Toba Batak teenagers aplly the four types of politeness strategies stated by Brown and Levinson which are (1) bald on record, (2) positive politeness, (3) negative politeness, (4) off record. The dominant type is bald on record strategy (57.6%). It is caused by Toba Batak societies do not like talk long-winded. Their characteristic are hard worker and extrovert, so that they speak directly. They show solidarity in their interactions. The Toba Batak teenagers apply 4 metaphorical expressions (umpasa) as their concept in controlling their ways of speaking.

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ix ABSTRAK

Sianturi, Srisofian. 8106111034. Politeness Strategies Used by Batak Toba Teenagers. Tesis. Pascasarjana, Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2012.

Penelitian ini mengkaji mengenai strategi kesantunan berbahasa yang digunakan oleh remaja Batak Toba. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif yang bertujuan menggambarkan strategi kesantunan yang digunakan oleh remaja Batak Toba. Strategi kesantunan yang diusulkan adalah menurut Brown dan Levinson (1987) yaitu Bald on record strategy, Positive politeness, Negative politeness, and Off-record strategy. Subyek penelitian ini terdiri dari 10 (sepuluh) remaja Batak Toba. Merekan tinggal di Tapian Nauli, Lintongnihuta.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa remaja Batak Toba mengekspresikan kesantunan mereka dengan menggunakan panggilan kekerabatan, pronomina, partikel, dan rasa hormat. Remaja Batak Toba mengaplikasikan keempat strategi kesantunan yang diusulkan oleh Brown dan Levinson yaitu (1) strategi langsung, (2) kesantunan positif, (3) kesantunan negatif, dan (4) strategi tidak langsung. Kesantunan yang paling dominan adalah kesantunan langsung (57.6%). Hal itu disebabkan oleh masyarakat Batak Toba tidak suka bertele-tele. Karakter mereka adalah pekerja keras dan terbuka, sehingga mereka berbicara dengan langsung. Mereka menunjukkan keakraban dalam berinteraksi. Remaja Batak Toba mengaplikasikan 4 ungkapan metafora (umpasa) sebagai konsep dalam mengatur cara mereka berbicara.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Politeness is applied by someone because he wants to respect the hearer. Politeness is not something we are born with, but something we have to learn and be sociolized into (Watts, 2003:9). Furthermore, Watts (2005) adds that human societies use communication strategies to avoid or minimize conflict, and increase comfortable and understood. Speaking politely with other speakers is conducted to maintain the harmony of relationship and to avoid conflict. The harmony in an interaction between the speaker and the hearer is kept in order to share information, willingness and build interaction also avoid misunderstanding among them. Politeness can be apllied by the

utterances with consider the hearer‟s culture.

Knowing the culture of the hearer will help us to build comfortable interaction and to build our image or face in the hearer point of view. One can be impolite if s/he

cannot identify the hearer‟s culture and the contexts of the situation. Different tribes

have different way to say something. It is based on the hearer‟s culture and context.

For example, in Toba Batak tribe, the speakers have to reply a question by using

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not have it or may use different way. That is why, the way people do communication is different from another. It depends on its culture. Each culture influences the way its people talking as language is a part of culture, vise versa; the two are intricately interwoven and cannot be separated without losing the significance of either language or culture. In a word, culture and language are inseparable. That is why, the degree of politeness in speaking is not the same in every person. Polite behaviour and speech in one culture can actually perceived as impolite in another culture.It is based on their culture and habit. Culture has significant factor in politeness. Culture controls the ways of speaking and life of the Toba Batak society.

The Toba Batak society is a group of community who uphold politeness

linguistic values in their interactions. Politeness linguistic is called „pantùn‟ [pattun] in Toba Batak language. It is used to appreciate someone who can applies social behavior and style shifting based on context. Pantùn is the basic ideal value which grows and develops in Toba Batak society and it is used in daily communication. One

who obeys the rules of speaking politely will be called „halak napantùn‟ (polite

people).

Historically, the Toba Batak ancients have rules of speaking. They spoke polite and carefully. They kept politeness as their rules in speaking. They called themselves as „raja dohot boruni raja‟ (king and princess). However, they had to

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face, and portrayed themselves as honorable men. The rules of speaking become heritage for the next generations to keep politeness.

Erico (2009) finds that the using pronouns „ho‟ and „hamu‟ (you) as the rule

of speaking politely. Pronoun „hamu‟ more polite than pronoun„ho‟. He also found

that the kinship citation in the politeness linguistic interactions. It is more polite to call the family name than the hearer‟s name (except for children).

Sitohang (2010) states that in Batak Toba language, politeness linguistic by using of address. Therefore, Batak Toba societies have politeness in addressing, such as Amang/Bapa is address for father, Ompung is address for grandparents, etc.

Basaria and Harahap (2009) explain that there are some concepts of life in speaking politely. The are metaphorical expressions. One of them is ”Pantun hangoluan, tois hamagoan!. It means “polite and respectful result life and goodness,

whereas careless or impolite will be die”. Unang raus manghatai!. It means “Do not

talk carelessly”. That is why, the Toba Batak people speak politely and carefully. The expressions become principal of Toba Batak tribe in their interactions.

Nowadays, the Toba Batak people have forgotten that the important thing is not the messages but how to say it and also they have forgotten the heritage of speaking politely. Harahap (2009) states that the heritage remains in ceremony

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honorable men. However, in everyday conversations, the Toba Batak societies began to obey the rules of the politeness itself. It is supported by the assumption of Ekawati and Nashori (2005) that the Toba Batak people speak directly and they do not like to use the beautiful sentences. Furthermore, Harahap (2009) states that it is also commonly assumed that they are vulgar, arogan, and rough. He also adds that the Toba Batak people should be learned more about the ways of speaking politely because their weakness is the ways of communication. This is occured in Toba Batak societies, mainly teenagers.

The Toba Batak teenagers have different ways of speaking. They grow physically and intelectually. Menyuk and Brisk (2005) state that the teenagers are usually aged 12 or 13 years old to 17 or 18 years. They have been developing normally over all the periods of development, but because of variations in their experience have yet to acquire certain aspects of language. The Toba Batak teenagers have different ways of speaking.They think that they are intelligent and able to wade through this life. However, the bad behavior does not something we are born with. It is same with politeness itself.

Nowadays, there is an aspect which influences the politeness in the Toba Batak teenagers speaking, such as the influence of globalization. The globalization influences the life style and language of Toba Batak teenagers. In the past time, in Toba Batak region there was a punishment for who conducted speaking violations,

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such as „pababa-babahon‟ (cursing), „manghatai pasalpuhu‟ (speak vulgar or

arogan). The violator will be fined with „Mangindahani‟ as „gatip (gansip) bibir‟

(lips pinching). They applied that punishment to warn the violator be chary. By the influence of globalizations, this punishment does not do anymore in Toba Batak society. It causes them disregard for that politeness strategies.

The reasons mentioned above are considered to be the reasons why this research should be done urgently that is in order to describe the the types of politeness strategies of the Toba Batak teenagers which then brings the writer to the research entitled “Politeness Strategies Used by Batak Toba Teenagers”

1.2 The Problems of the Study

Related to the background of the study, the problems of the study are formulated as the following.

1. How are the politeness strategies expressed by Toba Batak teenagers? 2. What are the types of politeness strategies applied by Toba Batak teenagers? 3. What is the dominant types of politeness strategies applied by Toba Batak

teenagers?

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1.3 The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are

1) to describe the politeness strategies expressed by Toba Batak teenagers. 2) to elaborate the types of politeness strategies applied by Toba Batak

teenagers.

3) to elaborate the dominant types o politeness strategies applied by Toba Batak teenagers.

4) to explain the reason for the realization of politeness strategies in that way.

1.4 The Scope of the Study

This study attempts to describe and to explain the realization realization of politeness strategies used by the Toba Batak teenagers in everyday context of situation. The main aspect of this study is to see the politeness strategies of the Toba Batak teenagers use in their speech. Beside that, the researcher also scope the location of the research, namely Kecamatan Lintongnihuta, Kabupaten Humbang Hasundutan.

1.5 The Significance of the Study

Findings of this study are expected to be useful and relevant theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the research findings are expected to enrich the theories of

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linguistic politeness strategies, specifically the spoken language is spoken medium by certain community, mainly the Batak Toba teenagers. Finding of this study are considere being useful initially to provide the information of what politeness strategies used by Batak Toba teenagers native speakers when they express the speech acts in everyday context of situation. Practically, it will give better understanding and new insight of how politeness strategies are related to the aspect of pragmatic study. This contribution will in turn give tentative framework for a comprehensive analysis of politeness.

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REFERENCES

for an Alternative to Politeness Theory. Journal of International Pragmatics Association (IPrA), Vol.9.No.1. p.119

Ary D, Jacobs LC, Sorensen CK, and Razavieh A. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education. 8th Edition, USA: Wadsworth, p.498-500

Basaria and Harahap. 2009. Ungkapan Metafora. Makalah Seminar Nasional

Budaya Etnik III (ed) 11, Medan: Departemen Sastra Daerah.

Bayraktaroglu, A and Sifianou, M. 2001. Linguistic Politeness: the case of Greek

and Turkish. USA: John Benjamins B.V.

Bogdan and Biklen. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education. USA: Allyn and Bacon.

Brown, Penelope and Levinson, Stephen. C. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in

Language Usage. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Cutting, J. 2002. Pragmatics and Discourse. London: Routledge.

Duranti, Alessandro. 1997. Linguistic Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Eelen, Gino. 1999. Politeness and Ideology: A Critical Review. Journal of

International Pragmatics Association (IPrA), Vol.9.No.1. p.163

Ekawati, Dewi and Nashori. 2005. Perilaku Agresif Mahasiswa Etnis Jawa dan Etnis Batak. Thesis. Fakultas Psikologi dan Ilmu Sosial Budaya UII. https://docs.google.com/. Accessed April, 16th 2012.

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