POLITENESS IN ADDRESSING TERMS OF TOBA BATAK TEENAGERS.
POLITENESS IN ADDRESSING TERMS OF
TOBA BATAK TEENAGERS
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State
University of Medan, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
The Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
LESTARI BATUBARA
Reg.Number 2101220005
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
ABSTRACT
Batubara, Lestari. 2014. Politeness in Addressing Terms of Toba Batak Teenagers. A
Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan.
This research deals with the politeness in addressing used by Toba Batak teenagers. The
objectives of the study are to find out the use of addressing terms and describe the types of
politeness addressing terms Toba Batak teenagers. This research was conducted by using
qualitative descriptive method. The data was collected from the text of recording transcription
from Toba Batak teenagers. The subjects were ten Batak Toba teenagers in Hutaraja, Kecamatan
Sipoholon, 24 April – 25 May 2014. The findings of the thesis show that the Toba Batak
teenagers uses address terms in two ways they are single addressing and double addressing.
Single addressing terms are to show politeness for intimacy purposes while double addressing is
to emphasize that the speaker respect and make the conversation fell comfortable. The Toba
Batak teenager uses the types of politeness namely positive politeness for person that we have
intimate relation with the speaker, negative politeness for non intimate relation to show respect.
Keywords: Politeness, Addressing terms, Teenagers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to thank God for the blessing, guarding,
guidance, and everything that have been given to the writer accomplish this thesis.
This thesis is aimed at fulfilling one of the requirements to obtain the S1
degree of Sarjana Sastra at English Department in Faculty of Languages and Arts,
State University of Medan.
In completing this thesis, the writer has received a lot of assistance and
academic support from some people. Therefore, the writer would like to express
her sincere gratitude, love and special thanks to:
Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si., as the Rector of State University
of Medan.
Arts State University of Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., as the Head of English Department, Dra.
Meisuri, M.A., as Secretary of English Department and the Head of
English Literature Department, and Dra. Masitowarni, M.Ed., as the
Head of English Education Department.
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., as Thesis Advisor.
Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan M.Hum,
Dra. Yunita Agnes Sianipar M.Hum., as Reviewers.
All the Lecturers throughout her academic years at State University of
Medan that could not be mentioned one by one.
Her beloved parents; her mother, N. Nababan and her father, P. Batubara
for the pray, love, moral and financial support. And also thanks for the
love and support from her brother M. Batubara , G. Batubara, Nimrot
Batubara and her lovely sister S.Batubara, TN Batubara.
To Dedi A.S. Sianipar who always support me and all my boarding house
(Desy Siallagan, Irna Siallagan, Febri Siallagan, Syinthia Rosa Naibaho,
Rita M, Mariati M)
All her beloved classmates of Applied Linguistics Regular 2010
especially Harmit Kaur, Pinta Panjaitan, Nelly V Hutabarat and also
Novita Naibaho a roommate and the others that cannot be mentioned all.
Thank you for the support, information, encouragement, and beautiful day
spent together.
Small Group Servios Es Ces Dios (Pinta, Nelly, Marini, Lita, Novita)
especially our beloved sister Riahmawani Purba, A2I3 4 God (Deni,
Herlina, Heli, Eria), Cressendo for God (Kiki, Masniari, Chaterine,
Helena), Miracle team and UP. FBS who lead me to be a good person.
Maam Euis, for helping the writer in preparing the files for the purposes
of this thesis.
Without their deep and sympathetic understanding, this thesis could not
complete. Over all, the writer hopes this thesis can give a bit contribution to the
Applied Linguistics. Therefore, comments, critics, suggestions, and advices are
expected from the readers.
Medan,
2014
The writer,
Lestari Batubara
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. iv
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... vi
LIST OF APPENDIXES ................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ......................................................... 1
B. Problems of the Study ............................................................... 4
C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................ 4
D. Scope of the Study ................................................................... 5
E. Significances of the Study ........................................................ 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Language and Culture ............................................................... 6
B. Sociopragmatics. ....................................................................... 6
C. Politeness .................................................................................. 7
1. Politeness Theories.................................................................. 8
2. Types of Politeness by Brown and Levinson .......................... 13
D. Addressing Terms ..................................................................... 14
E. Toba Batak Language ................................................................ 18
F. Relevant Studies ........................................................................ 19
G. Conceptual Framework ............................................................. 20
CHAPTER III: METHOD OF RESEARCH
A. Research Design….................................................................... 22
B. The Data and Data Sources ....................................................... 22
C. The Subject of the Study… ....................................................... 23
D. Techniques of Collecting Data ................................................. 23
E .Techniques of Analyzing Data .................................................. 23
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
A. The Data and Data Analysis ..................................................... 24
B. Data Analysis … ....................................................................... 24
1. The Use of Addressing Terms in Toba Batak...................... 24
a. Single Addressing Terms ................................................. 24
b. Double Addressing Terms ............................................... 29
2. Types of Politeness by Toba Batak teenagers ..................... 31
a. Positive Politeness............................................................ 31
b. Negative Politeness .......................................................... 32
3. The Addressing Terms Used by Toba Batak Teenagers ...... 33
C. Research Findings ..................................................................... 36
D. Discussions................................................................................ 36
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions… ........................................................................... 39
B. Suggestions ............................................................................... 40
REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 41
APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 43
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 4.1 The Addressing Terms Used by Toba Batak Teenagers……. 33
iv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 The Teenager’s Utterances Analysis… ..................................... 43
APPENDIX 2 Recording Transcription… ......................................................... 49
iv
REFERENCES
Adelaar. 1981. Sastra Budaya Batak Toba. Retrieved from http://
togapardede.wordpress.com /sastra-budaya-batak-toba/ accessed on 12
January 2014.
Basaria and Harahap. 2009. Ungkapan Metafora. Makalah Seminar Nasional
Budaya Etnik III (ed) 11, Medan: Departemen Sastra Daerah.
Brown, P & Levinson, S. C 1987. “Politeness”; Some Universals in
LanguageUsage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Deutchman, M. 2003. Apologizing in British English. Umea Universitet.
Erico, Saut. 2009. Sopan Santun dalam Memakai Bahasa pada Orang Batak Toba
Retrieved from http://orang-batak.blogspot.com/2009/09/sopan-santundalam-memakai-bahasa- pada.html accessed on 24 January 2014.
Gu, Yueguo. 1990. Politeness Phenomena in Modern Chinese. Journal of
Pragmatics 14, p.237-257.
Holmes, J. 1995. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York & London:
Longman.
Kothari, C, R. 1985. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Age
International Publisher.
Kramsch, Claire. 1998. Language and Culture. Oxford University Press
Lakoff and Ide. 2005. Broadening the Horizon of Linguistic Politeness. USA:
John Benjamins.
Leech, Geoffrey. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Menyuk and Brisk. 2005. Language Development. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Nanbakhsh, Golnas. 2012. Politeness and Address Forms in Contemporary
Persian: Thirty Years on. University of Edinburgh.
Nevala, Minna. 2004. Accessing Politeness Axes: Forms of Address and Terms of
Reference in Early English Correspondence. Journal of Pragmatic. 2004
(36): 2125-2160.
Punch, Keith F. 2004. Introduction to Social Research; Quantitative and
Qualitative Research Approaches. London.
Rajamarpodang. 1992. Dalihan Na Tolu Nilai Budaya Suku Batak. Medan:
Armada.
Sembiring, Puan Sari. 2009. Politeness Strategies in Javanese. Unpublished
Thesis. Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Medan.
Sibarani, Robert. 1997. Sintaksis Bahasa Batak Toba. Medan: USU.
Sianturi, Srisofian. 2012. Politeness Strategies Used by Batak Toba Teenagers.
Unpublished Thesis. Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Medan.
Tanjung, Srimaharani. 2010. Gender Differences in Expressing Politeness in
English. State University of Medan.
Vikki, L.2006. Face and Facework: Current Issues. Journal of Politeness.
University Helinski, 2006 (19): 322-332.
Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Language is a tool of communication by human life. As a social human, it
can only live among other people. People can get their needs if they have
communicated everything they need, shared and expressed their minds, willing,
ideas, feelings and information through language. The social member can only be
united and work in harmony by the help of language, to have good
communication people have some rules or ethnic. The ethnic in language used is
known as language politeness.
Language politeness is one of language features which should include in
communication. Language politeness is related to good conduct use in language
use, therefore will make the communication work better, (Holmes: 268). We adapt
our talk to suit our audience and talk differently to children, customers and
colleagues. We use language differently in formal and casual context. A polite
person makes others feel comfortable. We will be polite when we addressee one
another. Addressing is to call someone a particular name or title when we speak to
them. Putting somebody in his proper position and states is to address him/her as
what he/she is according to his/her social status and this will make everyone feel
comfortably pleased and appreciated. It is difficult to learn because it involves
understanding not just the language, but also the social and cultural values of the
community. Different people who have just met must call or address each other
politely until they get to know each other‟s heart well.
This politeness will be applied in every language to make the interaction
be better each other. Based on the scope of using, language can be classified as
international language; national language, and local language. In North Sumatera,
local languages can be divided into some languages, for example: Toba Batak
language, Simalungun language, Karonese language, Pak-Pak Dairi language
(Sibarani, 1997:1). Toba Batak Language as a part of the local language spoken
by Toba ethnic society, they use this language in their daily interactions and it has
its own linguistic items or elements one of which is the politeness in addressing
will select to become the topic of this work. Culture has significant factor in
politeness. Culture controls the ways of speaking and life of the Toba Batak
society. Different tribes have different way to say something. It is based on the
hearer‟s culture and context. For example, in Toba Batak tribe, the speakers have
to reply a question by using “ninna hamu”. This phrase makes the utterance more
polite. While other cultures do not have it or may use different way. That‟s why;
the way people do communication is different from another. It depends on its
culture. Each culture influences the way its people talking as language is a part of
culture.
Batak Toba language politeness linguistic usually using of address. This
study will find the politeness based addressing term in Batak Toba; ho/ hamu,
kinship form, family name (marga). Erico (2009) finds that the using pronouns
“ho and hamu (you)” as the rule of speaking politely. He shows in his research
that Ho and Hamu as polite address when we talk to other based the context of
relation with the speaker. For example; this conversation took in Hutaraja (a
village in Tarutung Tapanuli Utara) a teenager asked his friend when they met on
the way. He asked, “tudia ho nantuari”? (where did you go yesterday?). It is
positive politeness because in this case they have an intimate relation each other.
Hamu means (you as singular, you as plural) usually using when someone met
unknown or non-intimate person, so he show his respect by using hamu. For
example; ai nungnga sahat be hamu hape! In this case, hamu means one person
and it is called negative politeness by using hamu to show the respect.
He also found that the kinship citation in the politeness linguistic
interactions. Kinship means family relation (mother, father, grandfather, etc). For
example; “andigan halak namboru mulak”? (when will you back?). Namboru
means our father‟s sister. It is called negative politeness because in this context
the speaker non-intimate relation so he using halak namboru to addressed.
And the family name (marga) it is more polite to call the family name
(marga) than the hearer‟s name (except for children). When someone said „barat
beta marminggu‟ (let‟s go to church) it‟s positive politeness, because they have a
close relation and it will be negative politeness when someone asked a person
which has no close relation with him, so he will say „lae barat beta marminggu‟ he
respect him by added lae before his family name.
Thus, the politeness addressing will be seen from the context of our
relation with the speaker.
Nowadays, people not really care anymore about politeness, especially the
teenagers. Menyuk and Brisk (2005) state that the teenagers are usually aged 12 or
13 years old to 17 or 18 years. The Toba Batak teenagers have different ways of
speaking. They think that they are intelligent and able to wade through this life.
However, the bad behavior does not something we are born with. It‟s because
influenced by the globalization which is make the life style has change. The
politeness and behavior itself decrease in daily life especially in addressing.
In this research the writer will study language politeness in addressing
terms in Toba Batak ethnic group exactly in Hutaraja Kecamatan Sipoholon
Tapanuli Utara. People in that village of Hutaraja still native Toba Batak Speaker.
The focuses of this study are the conversations from the teenagers will select
randomly. The daily interaction that will be observed includes are interaction in
and out of family.
B. The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study are formulated as follows:
1. How are addressing terms used by Toba Batak teenagers?
2. What types of politeness by using addressing terms in Toba Batak
teenagers?
C.
The Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems above the objectives of the study are:
1. to find out the using addressing terms of Toba Batak teenagers.
2. to describe the types of politeness addressing terms in Toba Batak
teenagers.
D. The Scope of the Study
This work will describe the politeness in addressing in Toba Batak
teenagers. To avoid an overlapping and misleading discussion, the writer will
focus on politeness addressing used in Toba Batak ethnic group in Hutaraja
Kecamatan Sipoholon Tapanuli Utara from the daily interaction in and out of
family.
E. The Significance of the Study
The findings of this study are expected to be useful and relevant
theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the research findings are expected to
enrich the theories of linguistic politeness in addressing terms, especially for
Batak Toba teenagers. Finding of this study will be useful to provide the
information of what politeness in addressing terms used by teenagers. Practically,
it will give better understanding and insight of how politeness is related to the
aspect of pragmatic study. Hopefully it is useful for teachers and lecturers of
sociolinguistics to apply the politeness in addressing terms specifically to
sociolinguistics students either University or high school which occur in daily
conversation.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
The study concerned on politeness in addressing terms of Toba Batak
teenagers, it was aimed at describing the utterances used by Toba Batak teenagers.
Based on the analysis, the conclusions are stated as the following.
1) The Toba Batak teenagers uses address terms in two ways they are single
addressing and double addressing. Single addressing to show politeness
for intimacy purpose while double addressing is to emphasize that the
speaker respect to the hearer.
2) The Toba Batak teenager uses the types of politeness namely positive
politeness for person that we have intimate relation with the speaker,
negative politeness for non intimate person to show the respect.
B. Suggestions
It is suggested to those who concerned with Toba Batak teenagers to learn
about politeness in addressing terms.
1. It is suggested to Toba Batak teenagers to express their politeness
especially in addressing terms when they want to communicate to other.
2. It is suggested to all parents especially Toba Batak native speaker to teach
their children from beginning about the addressing so that they can apply it
in their daily life.
3. It is suggested to the lecturer who teach play an important role in teaching
pragmatics and sociolinguistics to pay attention about politeness in
addressing especially in inter-ethnic in North Sumatera.
TOBA BATAK TEENAGERS
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State
University of Medan, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
The Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
LESTARI BATUBARA
Reg.Number 2101220005
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
ABSTRACT
Batubara, Lestari. 2014. Politeness in Addressing Terms of Toba Batak Teenagers. A
Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan.
This research deals with the politeness in addressing used by Toba Batak teenagers. The
objectives of the study are to find out the use of addressing terms and describe the types of
politeness addressing terms Toba Batak teenagers. This research was conducted by using
qualitative descriptive method. The data was collected from the text of recording transcription
from Toba Batak teenagers. The subjects were ten Batak Toba teenagers in Hutaraja, Kecamatan
Sipoholon, 24 April – 25 May 2014. The findings of the thesis show that the Toba Batak
teenagers uses address terms in two ways they are single addressing and double addressing.
Single addressing terms are to show politeness for intimacy purposes while double addressing is
to emphasize that the speaker respect and make the conversation fell comfortable. The Toba
Batak teenager uses the types of politeness namely positive politeness for person that we have
intimate relation with the speaker, negative politeness for non intimate relation to show respect.
Keywords: Politeness, Addressing terms, Teenagers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to thank God for the blessing, guarding,
guidance, and everything that have been given to the writer accomplish this thesis.
This thesis is aimed at fulfilling one of the requirements to obtain the S1
degree of Sarjana Sastra at English Department in Faculty of Languages and Arts,
State University of Medan.
In completing this thesis, the writer has received a lot of assistance and
academic support from some people. Therefore, the writer would like to express
her sincere gratitude, love and special thanks to:
Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si., as the Rector of State University
of Medan.
Arts State University of Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., as the Head of English Department, Dra.
Meisuri, M.A., as Secretary of English Department and the Head of
English Literature Department, and Dra. Masitowarni, M.Ed., as the
Head of English Education Department.
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., as Thesis Advisor.
Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan M.Hum,
Dra. Yunita Agnes Sianipar M.Hum., as Reviewers.
All the Lecturers throughout her academic years at State University of
Medan that could not be mentioned one by one.
Her beloved parents; her mother, N. Nababan and her father, P. Batubara
for the pray, love, moral and financial support. And also thanks for the
love and support from her brother M. Batubara , G. Batubara, Nimrot
Batubara and her lovely sister S.Batubara, TN Batubara.
To Dedi A.S. Sianipar who always support me and all my boarding house
(Desy Siallagan, Irna Siallagan, Febri Siallagan, Syinthia Rosa Naibaho,
Rita M, Mariati M)
All her beloved classmates of Applied Linguistics Regular 2010
especially Harmit Kaur, Pinta Panjaitan, Nelly V Hutabarat and also
Novita Naibaho a roommate and the others that cannot be mentioned all.
Thank you for the support, information, encouragement, and beautiful day
spent together.
Small Group Servios Es Ces Dios (Pinta, Nelly, Marini, Lita, Novita)
especially our beloved sister Riahmawani Purba, A2I3 4 God (Deni,
Herlina, Heli, Eria), Cressendo for God (Kiki, Masniari, Chaterine,
Helena), Miracle team and UP. FBS who lead me to be a good person.
Maam Euis, for helping the writer in preparing the files for the purposes
of this thesis.
Without their deep and sympathetic understanding, this thesis could not
complete. Over all, the writer hopes this thesis can give a bit contribution to the
Applied Linguistics. Therefore, comments, critics, suggestions, and advices are
expected from the readers.
Medan,
2014
The writer,
Lestari Batubara
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. iv
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... vi
LIST OF APPENDIXES ................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ......................................................... 1
B. Problems of the Study ............................................................... 4
C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................ 4
D. Scope of the Study ................................................................... 5
E. Significances of the Study ........................................................ 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Language and Culture ............................................................... 6
B. Sociopragmatics. ....................................................................... 6
C. Politeness .................................................................................. 7
1. Politeness Theories.................................................................. 8
2. Types of Politeness by Brown and Levinson .......................... 13
D. Addressing Terms ..................................................................... 14
E. Toba Batak Language ................................................................ 18
F. Relevant Studies ........................................................................ 19
G. Conceptual Framework ............................................................. 20
CHAPTER III: METHOD OF RESEARCH
A. Research Design….................................................................... 22
B. The Data and Data Sources ....................................................... 22
C. The Subject of the Study… ....................................................... 23
D. Techniques of Collecting Data ................................................. 23
E .Techniques of Analyzing Data .................................................. 23
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
A. The Data and Data Analysis ..................................................... 24
B. Data Analysis … ....................................................................... 24
1. The Use of Addressing Terms in Toba Batak...................... 24
a. Single Addressing Terms ................................................. 24
b. Double Addressing Terms ............................................... 29
2. Types of Politeness by Toba Batak teenagers ..................... 31
a. Positive Politeness............................................................ 31
b. Negative Politeness .......................................................... 32
3. The Addressing Terms Used by Toba Batak Teenagers ...... 33
C. Research Findings ..................................................................... 36
D. Discussions................................................................................ 36
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions… ........................................................................... 39
B. Suggestions ............................................................................... 40
REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 41
APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 43
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 4.1 The Addressing Terms Used by Toba Batak Teenagers……. 33
iv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 The Teenager’s Utterances Analysis… ..................................... 43
APPENDIX 2 Recording Transcription… ......................................................... 49
iv
REFERENCES
Adelaar. 1981. Sastra Budaya Batak Toba. Retrieved from http://
togapardede.wordpress.com /sastra-budaya-batak-toba/ accessed on 12
January 2014.
Basaria and Harahap. 2009. Ungkapan Metafora. Makalah Seminar Nasional
Budaya Etnik III (ed) 11, Medan: Departemen Sastra Daerah.
Brown, P & Levinson, S. C 1987. “Politeness”; Some Universals in
LanguageUsage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Deutchman, M. 2003. Apologizing in British English. Umea Universitet.
Erico, Saut. 2009. Sopan Santun dalam Memakai Bahasa pada Orang Batak Toba
Retrieved from http://orang-batak.blogspot.com/2009/09/sopan-santundalam-memakai-bahasa- pada.html accessed on 24 January 2014.
Gu, Yueguo. 1990. Politeness Phenomena in Modern Chinese. Journal of
Pragmatics 14, p.237-257.
Holmes, J. 1995. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York & London:
Longman.
Kothari, C, R. 1985. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Age
International Publisher.
Kramsch, Claire. 1998. Language and Culture. Oxford University Press
Lakoff and Ide. 2005. Broadening the Horizon of Linguistic Politeness. USA:
John Benjamins.
Leech, Geoffrey. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Menyuk and Brisk. 2005. Language Development. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Nanbakhsh, Golnas. 2012. Politeness and Address Forms in Contemporary
Persian: Thirty Years on. University of Edinburgh.
Nevala, Minna. 2004. Accessing Politeness Axes: Forms of Address and Terms of
Reference in Early English Correspondence. Journal of Pragmatic. 2004
(36): 2125-2160.
Punch, Keith F. 2004. Introduction to Social Research; Quantitative and
Qualitative Research Approaches. London.
Rajamarpodang. 1992. Dalihan Na Tolu Nilai Budaya Suku Batak. Medan:
Armada.
Sembiring, Puan Sari. 2009. Politeness Strategies in Javanese. Unpublished
Thesis. Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Medan.
Sibarani, Robert. 1997. Sintaksis Bahasa Batak Toba. Medan: USU.
Sianturi, Srisofian. 2012. Politeness Strategies Used by Batak Toba Teenagers.
Unpublished Thesis. Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Medan.
Tanjung, Srimaharani. 2010. Gender Differences in Expressing Politeness in
English. State University of Medan.
Vikki, L.2006. Face and Facework: Current Issues. Journal of Politeness.
University Helinski, 2006 (19): 322-332.
Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
Language is a tool of communication by human life. As a social human, it
can only live among other people. People can get their needs if they have
communicated everything they need, shared and expressed their minds, willing,
ideas, feelings and information through language. The social member can only be
united and work in harmony by the help of language, to have good
communication people have some rules or ethnic. The ethnic in language used is
known as language politeness.
Language politeness is one of language features which should include in
communication. Language politeness is related to good conduct use in language
use, therefore will make the communication work better, (Holmes: 268). We adapt
our talk to suit our audience and talk differently to children, customers and
colleagues. We use language differently in formal and casual context. A polite
person makes others feel comfortable. We will be polite when we addressee one
another. Addressing is to call someone a particular name or title when we speak to
them. Putting somebody in his proper position and states is to address him/her as
what he/she is according to his/her social status and this will make everyone feel
comfortably pleased and appreciated. It is difficult to learn because it involves
understanding not just the language, but also the social and cultural values of the
community. Different people who have just met must call or address each other
politely until they get to know each other‟s heart well.
This politeness will be applied in every language to make the interaction
be better each other. Based on the scope of using, language can be classified as
international language; national language, and local language. In North Sumatera,
local languages can be divided into some languages, for example: Toba Batak
language, Simalungun language, Karonese language, Pak-Pak Dairi language
(Sibarani, 1997:1). Toba Batak Language as a part of the local language spoken
by Toba ethnic society, they use this language in their daily interactions and it has
its own linguistic items or elements one of which is the politeness in addressing
will select to become the topic of this work. Culture has significant factor in
politeness. Culture controls the ways of speaking and life of the Toba Batak
society. Different tribes have different way to say something. It is based on the
hearer‟s culture and context. For example, in Toba Batak tribe, the speakers have
to reply a question by using “ninna hamu”. This phrase makes the utterance more
polite. While other cultures do not have it or may use different way. That‟s why;
the way people do communication is different from another. It depends on its
culture. Each culture influences the way its people talking as language is a part of
culture.
Batak Toba language politeness linguistic usually using of address. This
study will find the politeness based addressing term in Batak Toba; ho/ hamu,
kinship form, family name (marga). Erico (2009) finds that the using pronouns
“ho and hamu (you)” as the rule of speaking politely. He shows in his research
that Ho and Hamu as polite address when we talk to other based the context of
relation with the speaker. For example; this conversation took in Hutaraja (a
village in Tarutung Tapanuli Utara) a teenager asked his friend when they met on
the way. He asked, “tudia ho nantuari”? (where did you go yesterday?). It is
positive politeness because in this case they have an intimate relation each other.
Hamu means (you as singular, you as plural) usually using when someone met
unknown or non-intimate person, so he show his respect by using hamu. For
example; ai nungnga sahat be hamu hape! In this case, hamu means one person
and it is called negative politeness by using hamu to show the respect.
He also found that the kinship citation in the politeness linguistic
interactions. Kinship means family relation (mother, father, grandfather, etc). For
example; “andigan halak namboru mulak”? (when will you back?). Namboru
means our father‟s sister. It is called negative politeness because in this context
the speaker non-intimate relation so he using halak namboru to addressed.
And the family name (marga) it is more polite to call the family name
(marga) than the hearer‟s name (except for children). When someone said „barat
beta marminggu‟ (let‟s go to church) it‟s positive politeness, because they have a
close relation and it will be negative politeness when someone asked a person
which has no close relation with him, so he will say „lae barat beta marminggu‟ he
respect him by added lae before his family name.
Thus, the politeness addressing will be seen from the context of our
relation with the speaker.
Nowadays, people not really care anymore about politeness, especially the
teenagers. Menyuk and Brisk (2005) state that the teenagers are usually aged 12 or
13 years old to 17 or 18 years. The Toba Batak teenagers have different ways of
speaking. They think that they are intelligent and able to wade through this life.
However, the bad behavior does not something we are born with. It‟s because
influenced by the globalization which is make the life style has change. The
politeness and behavior itself decrease in daily life especially in addressing.
In this research the writer will study language politeness in addressing
terms in Toba Batak ethnic group exactly in Hutaraja Kecamatan Sipoholon
Tapanuli Utara. People in that village of Hutaraja still native Toba Batak Speaker.
The focuses of this study are the conversations from the teenagers will select
randomly. The daily interaction that will be observed includes are interaction in
and out of family.
B. The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study are formulated as follows:
1. How are addressing terms used by Toba Batak teenagers?
2. What types of politeness by using addressing terms in Toba Batak
teenagers?
C.
The Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems above the objectives of the study are:
1. to find out the using addressing terms of Toba Batak teenagers.
2. to describe the types of politeness addressing terms in Toba Batak
teenagers.
D. The Scope of the Study
This work will describe the politeness in addressing in Toba Batak
teenagers. To avoid an overlapping and misleading discussion, the writer will
focus on politeness addressing used in Toba Batak ethnic group in Hutaraja
Kecamatan Sipoholon Tapanuli Utara from the daily interaction in and out of
family.
E. The Significance of the Study
The findings of this study are expected to be useful and relevant
theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the research findings are expected to
enrich the theories of linguistic politeness in addressing terms, especially for
Batak Toba teenagers. Finding of this study will be useful to provide the
information of what politeness in addressing terms used by teenagers. Practically,
it will give better understanding and insight of how politeness is related to the
aspect of pragmatic study. Hopefully it is useful for teachers and lecturers of
sociolinguistics to apply the politeness in addressing terms specifically to
sociolinguistics students either University or high school which occur in daily
conversation.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
The study concerned on politeness in addressing terms of Toba Batak
teenagers, it was aimed at describing the utterances used by Toba Batak teenagers.
Based on the analysis, the conclusions are stated as the following.
1) The Toba Batak teenagers uses address terms in two ways they are single
addressing and double addressing. Single addressing to show politeness
for intimacy purpose while double addressing is to emphasize that the
speaker respect to the hearer.
2) The Toba Batak teenager uses the types of politeness namely positive
politeness for person that we have intimate relation with the speaker,
negative politeness for non intimate person to show the respect.
B. Suggestions
It is suggested to those who concerned with Toba Batak teenagers to learn
about politeness in addressing terms.
1. It is suggested to Toba Batak teenagers to express their politeness
especially in addressing terms when they want to communicate to other.
2. It is suggested to all parents especially Toba Batak native speaker to teach
their children from beginning about the addressing so that they can apply it
in their daily life.
3. It is suggested to the lecturer who teach play an important role in teaching
pragmatics and sociolinguistics to pay attention about politeness in
addressing especially in inter-ethnic in North Sumatera.