THE REPRESENTATION OF AQJ’S CAR ACCIDENT ON SEPTEMBER 8 AND THE PARTIES INVOLVED.
THE REPRESENTATION OF
AQJ’S CAR ACCIDENT ON
SEPTEMBER 8 AND THE PARTIES INVOLVED
A Critical Discourse Analysis
Submitted to the English Education Department of Indonesia University of Education as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
By
Ismy Fauziah Ainun (0902350)
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
BANDUNG
2014
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THE REPRESENTATION
OF AQJ’S CAR ACCIDENT ON SEPTEMBER 8 AND
THE PARTIES INVOLVED
A Critical Discourse Analysis
By
Ismy Fauziah Ainun
Submitted to the English Education Department of Indonesia University of Education as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
© Ismy Fauziah Ainun 2014
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Juni 2014
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
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PAGE OF APPROVAL
THE STUDY OF THE JAKARTA GLOBE’S REPRESENTATION IN REPORTING CAR ACCIDENT IN 2013 AND THE PARTIES INVOLVED IN
THE EVENT
A Study of Critical Discourse Analysis
By
Ismy Fauziah Ainun 0902350
Approved by
Supervisor I Supervisor II
Dadang Sudana, M.A., Ph.D. Ripan Hermawan, S.S., M.A. NIP.196009191990031001 NIP.198010242005011001
Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M. Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001
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ABSTRACT
This study entitled The Study of The Jakarta Globe’s Representation in Reporting AQJ’s Car Accident on September 8 and The Parties Involved: The Study of Critical Discourse Analysis. This study aims to revealthe representation of AQJ’s car accidenton September 8and the parties involvedin the articles by the Jakarta Globe. This study used aqualitative descriptive method. The theory used in this study is Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) approach proposed by Halliday (2004) covering transitivity and nominalization, and the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) proposed by Norman Fairclough (2003) as well as the social event identification. The findings of this study suggest that the newspaper represents the accident asan inevitable event. The suspects tend to be represented as being guilty. Meanwhile, the government seems to be represented intensively as the sympathetic and reliable party, and the victims tend to be represented as the unfortunate citizens who have to endure the result of the accident. Those representations lead to the conclusion that the newspaper is on the government’s side.
ABSTRAK
Penelitianiniberjudul The Study of The Jakarta Globe’s Representation in
Reporting AQJ’s Car Accident on September 8 and The Parties Involved: The
Study of Critical Discourse Analysis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap representasi kecelakaan mobil oleh AQJ pada tanggal 8 September dan pihak-pihak yang terkait dalam artikel Jakarta Globe. Penelitian in imenggunakan metode qualitif deskriptif. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) yang dikemukakan olehHalliday (2004) mencakup transitivity dan nominalisasi, dan the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) yang dikemukakan oleh Norman Fairclough (2003) dalam social event identification. Hasil dari penelitian ini menjelaskan bahw aartikel dalam Jakarta Globe merepresentasikan kecelakaan mobil sebagai suatu kejadian yang tidak bisa dihindari. Pelaku cenderung direpresentasikan sebagai seseorang yang bersalah. Sementaraitu, pemerintahan direpresentasikan sebagai pihak yang bersimpati dan dapat dipercaya dan korban cenderung direpresentasikan sebagai masyarakat yang kurang beruntung yang harus menanggung hasil dari kecelakaan. Dari keseluruhan representasi dapat disimpulkan bahwa Koran Jakarta Globe berada di pihak pemerintah.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ...Error! Bookmark not defined.
PREFACE ...Error! Bookmark not defined.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...Error! Bookmark not defined.
ABSTRACT ... iError! Bookmark not defined.
TABLE OF CONTENTS...V
LIST OF TABLES ... vii
LIST OF APPENDICES... viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.1 Background of The Study... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2 Research Questions ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3 Aims of the Study ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.4 Scope of the Study ... 4
1.5 Research Method ... 4
1.5.1 Research Design ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.5.2 Object of The Research ... 4
1.5.3 Data Collection ... 4
1.5.4 Data Analysis... 5
1.6 Organization of the Paper ... 5
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 6
2.1 Language Influences the Representation of Media ... 6
2.1.1 Discourse, Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ... 6
2.1.2 Critical Discourse Analysis and Media ... 9
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2.2 Important Means of Analysis of Critical Discourse Analysis ... 11
2.2.1 Transitivity ... 11
2.2.2 Nominalization ... 16
2.2.3 Identification of Social Event and Its Aspects ... 17
2.3 Previous Studies ... 18
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 20
3.1 Research Design ... 20
3.2 Data Collection ... 20
3.3 Data Analysis... 21
3.4 Clarification of the Terms ... 24
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 25
4.1 Analysis and Findings ... 25
4.1.1 Identification of Transitivity and Occurrence of Processes ... 25
4.1.2 Occurrence of Nominalization ... 35
4.1.3 Identification of Social Event and Its Aspects ... 36
4.2 Discussions ... 40
4.2.1 Representation of the Car Accident... 40
4.2.2 Representation of the Suspect, Government and the Victims ... 42
4.2.3 The Meaning behind the Representation ... 45
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 47
5.1 Conclusions ... 47
5.2 Suggestions ... 48
REFERENCES ... 49
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Ismy Fauziah Ainun, 2014
The Representation Of Aqj’s Car Accident On September 8 And The Parties Involved
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, research methodology, and organization of the paper.
1.1Background of The Study
Language is a tool for human in doing communication. People use language to share their ideas, express opinion and do the interaction (Majid, 2009). In expressing their thought, human can use two modes of communication, namely written and spoken. In spoken mode, the analysis can happen through several kinds of analysis, for example conversational analysis, speech analysis, etc. Meanwhile, in written mode people can analyze the text. One example in analyzing the text is an identifying of discourse, which will be conducted in this research. According to Cambridge Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, discourse can be defined as a speech or piece of writing about a particular, usually serious. Generally, discourse analysis examines both spoken and written text. The process of analyzing the discourse can be done through the tools from Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). CDA is the areas
of knowledge that dealing with the study of discourse, which views “language as a form of social practice” (Fairclough, 1989 as cited in Sahragard and
Davatgarzadeh, 2010). Hence, discourse represents particular world views, social relations between people, context and addressees of the text. Discourse can be delivered in two ways, which are interpersonal communication and in massive way to the society (Fajar, 2011).
One type of communication that became the main attention of public is done by mass media. There are a various types of mass media, for instance audio, video, and printed media. This study focuses on the printed media. The print media are linguistic medium, and one of the most important methods for the exchange of ideas (Ghannam, 2011). The information can be delivered to
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the society through what is written in the printed media. The news media have a big responsibility to control and to report what is happening in the society.
In fact, the articles in news media can bring an effect to the society such as
change of reader‟s perspective (Kurniawan, 2011). This is connected with
what Fairclough (2003) suggests that texts should have casual effect upon the change of what people believe (belief, attitude, etc), how people act, and how the social relation works. It means that media can have the power to contribute the change of what people think through what is presented in the text.
Some of the problems with one daily online newspaper are that the news media not only present the reality, but also tend to use their own interpretation. The use of their own perspective in reporting the news by the media will influence the way the reader to see it, for example the news about teenage car accident is presented in the newspaper. The newspaper presents point of views from every party such as the suspect, the government and the victims. This study concerns the way one of English online newspaper, the Jakarta Globe presents the reality of a teenage car accident in 2013 that contains every parties involved in the event of the articles.
Several studies of Critical Discourse Analysis about how media represents particular parties in particular events have also been conducted before. Here are some examples of the researches that have similarity to this study.
The first example of the study was undertaken by Azis Nurkholis Majid in 2009. He discussed to compare the way how the two newspapers: Media Indonesia and Kompas present the Lumpur Lapindo Case in their articles. The result of the study shows that Media Indonesia tended to take the
government‟s side, on the other hand Kompas tended to take side on Lapindo
Brantas Inc, which leads to the conclusion that none of the Media tends to take the side of the mud victims.
The second example was undertaken by Ani Savitri in 2012 entitled “The
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on news reporting related to Arifinto and his porn-watching case which consisted in four articles on The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe. In her study, she found that Arifinto was the main Theme in the articles and Arifinto was represented as being guilty, as a role model, and as a victim. Savitri furthermore suggested in her findings that these representations suggest at least three ideologies: egalitarianism, balanced reporting, and business.
The analysis of CDA has been done in some fields. The examples that have been mentioned above are also one of the reasons why such study is interesting to undertake. It is also relevant to the nowadays issue of public matter and the way how it is represented in the public information that is newspaper. The present study discusses the meaning of the representation of
AQJ‟s Car Accident on September 8 by the Jakarta Globe. AQJ‟s Car Accident on September 8 is the phenomenon that happened by thirteen years old son of Indonesian popular musician Ahmad Dhani in Jagorawi toll road which created many public attentions. That is why the analysis of CDA in the context of hot social issue which being a public attention is a must and interesting to be analyzed. This study employs Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) to identify the articles published by the Jakarta Globe which contains the people involved in their articles.
1.2Research Questions
1. How is the car accident represented by the Jakarta Globe?
2. How are the suspects, the government, and the car accident victims represented by the Jakarta Globe?
3. What do these representations mean?
1.3Aims of The Study
This research aims to the following:
1. To discover how car accident event is represented by the Jakarta Globe.
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2. To reveal how the suspects, the government, and the car accident victims in the event are represented by the Jakarta Globe.
3. To uncover what is mean behind the representations.
1.4Scope of The Study
This study is concerned with analyzing three news reports from Jakarta Globe
newspaper related to car accident event. The analysis use Fairclough‟s theory
of Critical Dicourse Analysis (CDA) and Halliday‟s theory of Systemic
Functional Grammar (SFG) to reveal the representation in the articles.
1.5Research Methodology 1.5.1 Research Design
This study uses qualitative descriptive research method. Descriptive
research is a method to „obtain information used in devising hypothesis and proposing associations‟ and this method „often illustrates a relevant
but nonquantified topic involving a well-focused research question‟ (Monsen, 2008). Qualitative research is a method that „generates narrative
data, that is data described in words instead of numbers‟ and „its primary
purpose is to explore the phenomenon of interest as a prelude to theory
development‟ (Monsen, 2008).
1.5.2 Object of the Research
For the present study, the researcher used the issues on the articles by daily online newspaper the Jakarta Globe for the object of the research. The data of this research was in the form of text which contain in three articles that has been selected.
1.5.3 Data Collection
In this study, the data were taken from the daily online newspaper the Jakarta Globe on the internet for car accident. Three articles were chosen
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as the data of the research. Each text was related to the topic and was collected as the source of the data.
1.5.4 Data Analysis
The analysis was done using Critical Discourse Analysis proposed by Fairclough (2003). Meanwhile, the analytical process (CDA) is done by employing Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) proposed by Halliday (2004) frameworks to finally draw a conclusion.
1.6Organization of The Paper
The paper is organized into five chapters as follows:
Chapter I (Introduction)
It includes the background of the research, reason for choosing the topic, scope of the study, research question, aims of the study, research procedures, data collection and data analysis.
Chapter II (Theoretical Foundation)
It presents the theories and reviews about critical discourse analysis and systemic functional grammar to support the analysis of the study. It provides definition of representation, critical discourse analysis, transitivity, nominalization, and the identification of social event.
Chapter III (Methodology)
It explains the research methodology, research design, data collection, and data analysis.
Chapter IV (Findings and Discussions)
This chapter explains the result of the research which consists of findings, data presentation and the results of how the issue is represented and the meaning behind the representation.
Chapter V (Suggestions and Conclusions)
It presents the conclusions of the research findings and the suggestions for further research.
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The Representation Of Aqj’s Car Accident On September 8 And The Parties Involved
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the explanation of the research design, data collection and analysis. It also covers the detail of research methodology employed in the study that is aimed at analyzing the newspaper articles in terms of 1) the representation of teenage car accident; 2) the representation of the parties involved in the accident; and 3) the tendency behind the representation.
3.1 Research Design
The method used in this study is qualitative. Qualitative method “focuses
on the issue of particular phenomena which has internal validity and contextual
understanding, rather than generalizability and comparability” (Alwasilah, 2009,
p.143). It means that the study explains the relation of the issue to some aspects such as language, media, representation, and tendency. The study is intended at describing the issue of language influences the representation of media and reveals their tendency concerning the use of language to represent certain parties in the event which is existed in newspaper article. By this method, the study reveals the representation of car accident and the parties involved in the event, and
the Jakarta Globe’s tendency behind those representations.
3.2 Data Collection
Even though data collection and data analysis in qualitative research are conducted simultaneously (Hood, 2009; Meriam, 1991), the two processes will described separately in this chapter for purposes of clear description.
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The study incorporated document analysis as the technique for data collection. The main data source for this purpose was three research articles
published by online newspaper Jakarta Globe. The title of the articles were “Six
Dead and Nine Injured in Toll Road Collision” published on September 8th, 2013, “Rock Star Dad Blames Govt, Highway Operator in Crash” published on September 11th, 2013, and “Another Victim in Rock Star Son’s Toll Road Wreck Dies” published on September 14th, 2013.
In collecting the data, the researcher took the following steps: 1. Deciding the hottest issue or the headline news on the Jakarta Globe
2. Choosing the three related articles on the issue
3. Gathering the three chosen articles into Microsoft Word 4. Separating the articles in clause by clause
3.3 Data Analysis
The analysis of the study relies on the approach of Critical Discourse Analysis proposed by Norman Fairclough (2003) which is related to Systemic Functional Linguistics and Systemic Functional Grammar of Halliday (2004). Thus, the analysis in terms of linguistic feature (textual analysis) is built on the foundation of systemic Functional Grammar that examines the text through several aspects such as transitivity and nominalization.
Furthermore, in unfolding the tendency behind the representation of the newspaper (which is based on the stages of interpretation and explanation) is built
on the basis of Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis approach that includes
the social event identification process. The interpretation is done in order to interpret the meaning behind the words the writers wrote. Further, it comes to explanation. This is done after the textual analysis and interpretation of it are completed hence the access to unfolding what tendency behind the representation becomes accessible.
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To get a clear vision of how the analysis was undertaken, the examples of the analysis were given below:
(1) Transitivity Analysis
2a Indonesia Police Watch chairman Neta S Pane
Said Dhani was as guilty as his son for allowing an underage child to drive a car before the legal age limit
Sayer Verbal Verbiage
(Taken from “Six Dead and Nine Injured in Toll Road Collision” article)
Figure 3.1 Example of Transitivity Analysis
The example above is the verbal process. The phrase “Indonesia Police
Watch chairman Neta S Pane” in the clause is categorized as the sayer, the one
from which the saying is originated. “Said”, on the other hand, indicates the
verbal process, and the clause “Dhani was as guilty as his son for allowing an underage child to drive a car before the legal age limit” is the projected clause or the verbiage. In this clause the Jakarta Globe has given an adequate source of information of the statement and by whom it is said.
(2) Nominalization Analysis
Nominalization is achieved by turning processes and conjunction into noun (things). It has the effect of completely concealing human agents (people). The agents are left blurred or the subject is shifted into inanimate object (Gerot and Wignell, 1994, p.149).
Further, Gerot and Wignell (1994, p.149) claim that with extensive use of nominalization, more and more information tends to be more packed into nominal groups. Consequently, the text becomes more difficult to read and to say and the meaning becomes more buried.
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The procedures which are taken in analyzing the news report of each media in term of nominalization strategy. Here is the example:
Nine other people suffered serious injuries.
(Taken from “Rock Star Dad Blames Govt, Highway Operator in Crash” article)
In the sentence above, the underlined clause shows the implementation of
nominalization strategy. In the clause “serious injuries” (the injuries that was
suffered by the victims) is not taken based on the certain types of injuries.
According to that, the readers didn’t know the actual injuries that the car accident victims suffered.
(3) Identification of Social Events and its Aspects
Through the identification of social events, the aspects of the events such as the forms of activity of the events, the persons involved, the social relation, means, times and places and language are revealed. This is used to reveal whether the events are constantly put at the focus, which social actors or the persons in the event are the prominent one, how the events are arranged and what addition is added to the way how the events are presented. This whole strategy is used supportively in the means of undertaking what is behind the representation through these aspects; presence, abstraction, arrangement, and addition.
In brief the figure below will explain how the analyst undertakes the analysis based on the aspect of identification of social events and its aspects.
Presence
This aspect includes which elements of the events, such as the persons, the times and places or event in a chain of events are present or abstract, or are prominent or back-grounded
Abstraction
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Arrangement
This includes how the events are ordered Addition
This aspect covers what is added in representing the events. The addition aspect includes the explanation or evaluation.
(adapted from Fairclough “Analyzing Discourse”, (2003, p.139))
3.4 Clarification of The Terms
Representation is transmitting X via Y, where X is an event, people, place
etc., and Y is the medium through which the X is transmitted (Pasha, 2011).
Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) is how the speakers generate
utterances and texts to convey their intended meanings. According to SFG, language has three metafunctions, namely, the ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions. (Halliday, 2004).
Transitivity is branch knowledge in SFG which talks about the representation
and explanation of the three semantic categories in a general way how phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic structures. (Gerot & Wignell, 1994).
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions
The study is concerned with the text analysis of the newspaper articles in regards to the car accident that happened in Indonesia in 2013. It was conducted to answer the questions of how the car accident is presented in online newspaper, how the parties involved are represented and what is the tendency behind the representations. In addition, the analysis was conducted through the use of transitivity, nominalization and the identification of social event strategy. The result of the textual analysis of the text done by using systemic functional grammar proposed by Halliday (2004) was linked to the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis proposed by Norman Fairclough (2003). After completing the entire procedures, the answers to the questions were obtained.
Furthermore, the results of the analysis reveal several conclusions. Firstly, in regards to the way the newspaper sees the car accident, the results of analysis show that the Jakarta Globe tends to present the car collision as the inevitable events. Given the notion, the newspaper does not put pre-judgmental assessment in presenting the chronology of the accident. Therefore, the newspaper is inclined to presents the news as detailed as possible.
Secondly, in terms of the representation of the suspects, the government and the victims, the result of the analysis leads to the idea that the suspects tend to be represented as being guilty. Meanwhile, the government seems to be represented as the reliable and sympathetic party when it comes to the car accident. On the other hand, the victims tend to be described as the unfortunate citizens who have to endure the unexpected accident.
Thirdly, in regards to the tendency behind the representations, the result of the analysis suggests that the newspaper is inclined to take side of the
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government. Furthermore, for the accident itself, the newspaper sees it as the inevitable accident that should have never even happened.
5.2. Suggestions
To conduct a similar study in the future, there are some useful approaches to investigate the representation. First, The recontextualization proposed by Van Leeuweun (2008). Second, Van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Studies (1984, as cited in Wodak and Meyer, 2009) and another representation such as social actor representation.
In the analytical process, it is suggested that the use of theme system and modality also contribute to transfers the meaning as well as transitivity system. Thus, the representation can be investigated from other perspectives.
In the data collection, the use of communication tools is useful in conducting a similar study. It is suggested that news report in television and radio, slogan airplane and speech can be used as the data to investigate the representation. These tools may produce various findings in the study of representation.
Moreover, this research chooses three texts from one media source as the object of analysis. It is suggested that for future research to choose more texts to make the result more comprehensive. Likewise, the research is expected to compare the representation from two different sources.
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Sahragard, R. & Davatgarzadeh, G. (2010). The representation of social actors in interchange third edition series: A critical discourse analysis. The Journal of Teaching Language Skills, 67-89.
Savitri, A. (2012). The representation of Arifinto on his porn-watching case. Unpublished paper, Department of English Education UPI Bandung.
Wodak, R. (2009). Politics as usual: The discursive construction and representation of politics in action. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Wodak, R. & Meyer, M. (2009). (Ed.). Methods of critical discourse analysis. (2nd ed). London: SAGE Publication Ltd.
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Arrangement
This includes how the events are ordered Addition
This aspect covers what is added in representing the events. The addition aspect includes the explanation or evaluation.
(adapted from Fairclough “Analyzing Discourse”, (2003, p.139))
3.4 Clarification of The Terms
Representation is transmitting X via Y, where X is an event, people, place
etc., and Y is the medium through which the X is transmitted (Pasha, 2011).
Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) is how the speakers generate
utterances and texts to convey their intended meanings. According to SFG, language has three metafunctions, namely, the ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions. (Halliday, 2004).
Transitivity is branch knowledge in SFG which talks about the representation
and explanation of the three semantic categories in a general way how phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic structures. (Gerot & Wignell, 1994).
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions
The study is concerned with the text analysis of the newspaper articles in regards to the car accident that happened in Indonesia in 2013. It was conducted to answer the questions of how the car accident is presented in online newspaper, how the parties involved are represented and what is the tendency behind the representations. In addition, the analysis was conducted through the use of transitivity, nominalization and the identification of social event strategy. The result of the textual analysis of the text done by using systemic functional grammar proposed by Halliday (2004) was linked to the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis proposed by Norman Fairclough (2003). After completing the entire procedures, the answers to the questions were obtained.
Furthermore, the results of the analysis reveal several conclusions. Firstly, in regards to the way the newspaper sees the car accident, the results of analysis show that the Jakarta Globe tends to present the car collision as the inevitable events. Given the notion, the newspaper does not put pre-judgmental assessment in presenting the chronology of the accident. Therefore, the newspaper is inclined to presents the news as detailed as possible.
Secondly, in terms of the representation of the suspects, the government and the victims, the result of the analysis leads to the idea that the suspects tend to be represented as being guilty. Meanwhile, the government seems to be represented as the reliable and sympathetic party when it comes to the car accident. On the other hand, the victims tend to be described as the unfortunate citizens who have to endure the unexpected accident.
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government. Furthermore, for the accident itself, the newspaper sees it as the inevitable accident that should have never even happened.
5.2. Suggestions
To conduct a similar study in the future, there are some useful approaches to investigate the representation. First, The recontextualization proposed by Van
Leeuweun (2008). Second, Van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Studies (1984, as cited
in Wodak and Meyer, 2009) and another representation such as social actor representation.
In the analytical process, it is suggested that the use of theme system and modality also contribute to transfers the meaning as well as transitivity system. Thus, the representation can be investigated from other perspectives.
In the data collection, the use of communication tools is useful in conducting a similar study. It is suggested that news report in television and radio, slogan airplane and speech can be used as the data to investigate the representation. These tools may produce various findings in the study of representation.
Moreover, this research chooses three texts from one media source as the object of analysis. It is suggested that for future research to choose more texts to make the result more comprehensive. Likewise, the research is expected to compare the representation from two different sources.
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