4 standar akuntansi perbandingan
Learning Objectives
Akuntansi Keuangan
Bandi, Dr., M.Si., Ak., CA
Sesi 4
Standar Akuntansi & Perkembangannya
Learning Objectives
Ses
si 4
Standar
Akuntansi dan
Perkembangan
Copyright © 2015
Bandi FE UNS: bandi.staff.fe.uns.ac.id
Seminar Akuntansi
Learning Objectives
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
1. Memahami pentingnya standar akuntansi
keuangan
2. Memahami pentingnya standar akuntansi dlm
lingkungan akuntansi
3. Memahami standar akutansi dan perkembangan
Standar akuntansi
4. Memahami perbandingan standar akuntansi
Indonesia dengan standar akuntansi dunia
Seminar Akuntansi
Learning Objectives
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
1. Memahami pentingnya standar
akuntansi
penjurnalan
Bukti
Bk
Jurnal
Bk Besar
BB
LAP KEUANGAN:
~Neraca
~Lap. Laba Rugi
~Lap. Perubahan
Modal
~Lap. Arus Kas
Pembantu
posting
Akti: proses pencatatan, pengelompokan, peringkasan, dan
penciptaan inf keuangan unt pembuatan keputsan ekonomis
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
1. Memahami pentingnya standar
akuntansi
• Proses Akuntansi keuangan:
• Proses yg dimulai dari bukti akuntansi s/d laporan keuangan unt
pihak eksternal.
• Perlu standar
• Proses Auditing:
• Proses yg dimulai dari laporan keuangan s/d bukti akuntansi, untuk
memastikan kesusuian dg ukuran tertentu.
• Perlu standar
Financial Reporting
Environment-USA
Regulator
Learning
Objectives
2.
Memahami
pentingnya standar dlm
lingkungan akuntansi- USA
(Source: Elmhurst College)
Sumber Informasi
Alternatif
Praktik
Industri
Informasi Ekonomi
Industri
FASB
GAAP
Manajer
Pengungkapan
sukarela
AICPA
Analis
Statutory Financial Reports
(Laporan Keuangan)
SEC
Corporate
Governance
Litigation
Auditor
Enforcement and Monitoring Mechanisms
Investor
dan
Kreditor
Lainnya
User
Financial Reporting
Environment-USA
Form 10-K
(Annual Report)
Objectives
2Learning
. Memahami
pentingnya standar dlm
lingkungan akuntansi- USA (Source:
Elmhurst College)
10-Q
(Quarterly Report)
20-F
(Registration Statement/
Annual Report [Foreign])
8-K
(Current Report)
Statutory Financial Reports
14-A
(Proxy Statement/
Prospectus)
Other
SEC Filings
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
3 . Memahami standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
• Di akuntansi dan keuangan (audit) di Indonesia, ada “prinsip akuntansi
yang berlaku umum di Indonesia (PABU)”
– = “generally accepted accounting principles”)
– adl suatu istilah teknis akuntansi, yg mencakup konvensi aturan, dan prosedur
yang diperlukan untuk membatasi praktik akuntansi yang berlaku umum
• Standar Akuntansi Pelaporan Keuangan
– Th 1973: PAI (Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia)
– Th 1984: PAI (Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia)
– Th 1994: PSAK (Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi
Keuangan)-Sekarang
Learning Objectives
Kriteria Penyusunan Standar
• Ada banyak faktor yg mempengaruhi
penyusunan standar (Scott, 2006)
– Standar hrs menjadi keputusan yg berguna
– Standar jug harus akseptabel unt konstituen yg lain, khususnya
manajemen penyusun standar berada pd situasi konflik & sulit
memprediksi apa resolusi yg akseptabel dari konflik ini
• Kriteria penyusunan standar
–
–
–
–
Kebermanfaatan keputusan
Penurunan asimetri informasi
Konsekuensi standar baru
Aspek politis penyusunan standar
Seminar Akuntansi
Objectives
4Learning
. Memahami
standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
•
Standar 1984 (Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia PAI):
–
–
Ada 6 prinsip (dlm 6 bab)
1. Konsep Dasar & Keterbatasan Ak. Keuangan
2. Prinsip Lap Keuangan
3. Prinsip Pendapatan & Beban
4. Prinsip Aktiva
5. Prinsip Kewajiban
6. Prinsip Modal
Ada 3 Pernyataan
1.
2.
3.
–
Penjabaran Mata uang asing
Bungan dlm periode Konstruksi
Koperasi
Ada 7 Interpretasi
Seminar Akuntansi
Objectives
4Learning
. Memahami
standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
•
Standar 1984 (Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia PAI):
–
–
Ada 3 Pernyataan
Ada 7 Interpretasi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Tanggal Efektif berlakunya PAI 1984
Selisi Kurs karena Devaluasi
Revaluasi Aktiva Tetap
Perubahan Posisi Keuangan
Koreksi Masa lau dan pos luar biasa
Biaya Emisi Saham dan Obligasi
Tanggal Efektif berlakunya PAI, Pernyataan no. 3
Seminar Akuntansi
Objectives
4Learning
. Memahami
standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
•
Th 1994-2009: PSAK (Pernyataan Standar
Akuntansi Keuangan)-Sekarang
PSAK 2004
•
–
–
–
Kerangka Dasar Pneyusunan dan Penyajian Lap
Keuangan Bank Syariah
PSAK (Pernyataan Standar Ak Keuangan) 1-59
ISAK (Interpretasi Standar Akuntansi Keuangan) 01-07
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
4 . Memahami standar akuntansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
No. PSAK
Keterangan
PSAK 1
Penyajian Laporan Keuangan (Revisi 1998)
PSAK 2
Laporan Arus Kas
PSAK 3
Laporan Keuangan Interim
PSAK 4
Laporan Keuangan Konsolidasi
PSAK 5
Pelaporan Segmen (Revisi 2000)
PSAK 6
Akuntansi dan Pelaporan Bagi Perusahaan dalam Tahap
Pengembangan
PSAK 7
Pengungkapan Pihak-pihak yang Mempunyai Hubungan Istimewa
PSAK 8
Peristiwa Setelah Tanggal Neraca
PSAK 9
Penyajian Aktiva Lancar dan Kewajiban Jangka Pendek
PSAK 10
Transaksi dalam Mata Uang Asing
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
4 . Memahami standar akuntansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
No. PSAK
Keterangan
PSAK 11
Penjabaran Laporan Keuangan dalam Mata Uang Asing
PSAK 12
Pelaporan Keuangan Mengenai Bagian Partisipasi dalam
Pengendalian Bersama Operasi dan Aset
PSAK 13
Akuntansi untuk Investasi
PSAK 14
Akuntansi Persediaan
PSAK 15
Akuntansi untuk Investasi dalam Perusahaan Asosiasi
PSAK 16
Aktiva Tetap dan Aktiva Lain-lain
PSAK 17
Akuntansi Penyusutan
PSAK 18
Akuntansi Dana Pensiun
PSAK 19
Aktiva Tak Berwujud (Revisi 2000)
PSAK 20
Biaya Riset dan Pengembangan
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
4 . Memahami standar akuntansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
No. PSAK
Keterangan
PSAK 21
Akuntansi Ekuitas
PSAK 22
Akuntansi Penggabungan Usaha
PSAK 23
Akuntansi Pendapatan
PSAK 24
Akuntansi Biaya Manfaat Pensiun
PSAK 25
Laba atau Rugi Bersih untuk Periode Berjalan, Kesalahan
Mendasar, dan Perubahaan Kebijakan Akuntansi
PSAK 26
Biaya Pinjaman (Revisi 1997)
PSAK 27
Akuntansi Perkoperasian (Revisi 1998)
PSAK 28
Akuntansi Asuransi Kerugian (Revisi 1996)
PSAK 29
Akuntansi Minyak dan Gas Bumi
PSAK 30
Akuntansi Sewa Guna Usaha
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
4 . Memahami standar akuntansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
No. PSAK
Keterangan
PSAK 31
Akuntansi Perbankan (Revisi 2000)
PSAK 32
Akuntansi Pengusahaan Hutan
PSAK 33
Akuntansi Pertambangan Umum
PSAK 34
Akuntansi Kontrak Konstruksi
PSAK 35
Akuntansi Pendapatan Jasa Telekomunikasi
PSAK 36
Akuntansi Asuransi Jiwa
PSAK 37
Akuntansi Penyelenggaraan Jalan Tol
PSAK 38
Akuntansi Restrukturisasi Entitas Sepengendali
PSAK 39
Akuntansi Kerjasama Operasi (KSO)
PSAK 40
Akuntansi Perubahan Ekuitas Anak Perusahaan/Perusahaan
Asosiasi
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
4 . Memahami standar akuntansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
No. PSAK
Keterangan
PSAK 41
Akuntansi Waran
PSAK 42
Akuntansi Perusahaan Efek
PSAK 43
Akuntansi Anjak Piutang
PSAK 44
Akuntansi Aktivitas Pengembangan Real Estat
PSAK 45
Pelaporan Keuangan Organisasi Nirlaba
PSAK 46
Akuntansi Pajak Penghasilan
PSAK 47
Akuntansi Tanah
PSAK 48
Penurunan Nilai Aktiva
PSAK 49
Akuntansi Reksadana
PSAK 50
Akuntansi Investasi Efek Tertentu
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
4 . Memahami standar akuntansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
No. PSAK
Keterangan
PSAK 51
Akuntansi Kuasi Reorganisasi
PSAK 52
Akuntansi Mata Uang Pelaporan
PSAK 53
Akuntansi Kompensasi Berbasis Saham
PSAK 54
Akuntansi Restrukturisasi Hutang Piutang Bermasalah
PSAK 55
Akuntansi Instrumen Derivatif dan Aktivitas Lindung Nilai
PSAK 56
Akuntansi Laba Per Saham
PSAK 57
Kewajiban Diestimasi, Kewajiban Kontijensi, dan Aktiva Kontijensi
PSAK 58
Operasi Dalam Penghentian
PSAK 59
Akuntansi Perbankan Syariah
Seminar Akuntansi
Objectives
4Learning
. Memahami
standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
• Standar Auditing adl
– 10 standar yang (dirinci dalam bentuk Pernyataan Standar
Auditing/PSA), ditetapkan & disahkan olh (IAPI), terdiri dari:
•
•
standar umum,
standar pekerjaan lapangan, dan
•
standar pelaporan beserta interpretasinya.
– mrp pedoman audit atas laporan keuangan historis.
– Di US, disebut Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS)
the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
Seminar Akuntansi
Objectives
4Learning
. Memahami
standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
• Standar Auditing--Pernyataan Standar Auditing/PSA)
– Standar umum
1.Audit harus dilaksanakan oleh seorang atau lebih yang memiliki keahlian
dan pelatihan teknis yang cukup sebagai auditor.
2.Dalam semua hal yang berhubungan dengan perikatan, independensi
dalam sikap mental harus dipertahankan oleh auditor.
3.Dalam pelaksanaan audit dan penyusunan laporannya, auditor wajib
menggunakan kemahiran profesionalnya dengan cermat dan seksama.
– Standar pekerjaan lapangan
Seminar Akuntansi
Objectives
4Learning
. Memahami
standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
•
Standar Auditing--Pernyataan Standar
Auditing/PSA)
– Standar pekerjaan lapangan
1. Pekerjaan harus direncanakan, asisten hrs disupervisi
semestinya.
2. Pemahaman atas pengendalian intern unt merencanakan
audit dan menentukan sifat, saat, dan lingkup pengujian.
3. Bukti audit kompeten hrs untuk menyatakan pendapat atas
laporan keungan yang diaudit.
–
Standar pekerjaan lapangan
Seminar Akuntansi
Objectives
4Learning
. Memahami
standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
•
Standar Auditing--Pernyataan Standar
Auditing/PSA)
– Standar pekerjaan Pelaporan
1. Laporan hrs menyatakan kesesuaian dg PABU
2. Laporan hrs menunjukkan atau menyatakan, jika ada,
ketidakkonsistenan dg periode sebelumnya.
3. Pengungkapan informatif dlm LK harus dipandang
memadai, kecuali dinyatakan lain dalam laporan auditor.
4. Laporan hrs memuat pernyataan pendapat
Learning Objectives
Organisasi Badan Akuntansi Profesional
• Kanada--CICA: The Canadian Institute of
Chartered Accountants
• Amerika--AICPA= American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants
• Indonesia—IAI= Ikatan Akuntansi Indonesia
– ?????? IAI= Ikatan Arsitektur Indonesia
??????????
Learning Objectives
Organisasi Badan Akuntansi Profesional
• Kanada--CICA: The Canadian Institute of
Chartered Accountants
– Komite Standar Akuntansi:
• AcSB (Accounting Standards Board)
• AASB (Auditing and Assurance Standards Board), dan
• PSAB (Public Sector Accounting Board)
– Hasil kerja komite standar akuntansi= CICA
Handbook, berisi standar unt akuntansi keuangan
dan unt pengauditan, yg diletakan oleh AcSB dan
AASB
Learning Objectives
Organisasi Badan Akuntansi Profesional-Kanada
• Berbagai tahapan unt menciptakan standar baru
menunjukkan bahwa prosesnya adl kental dg
politis, dg tekanan pd proses akhir (due process)
– Banyak dr konstituen akuntansi diundang unt ambil
bagian
– Konstituen peran: sbg bagian dari proses yg
menyebabkan penyisipan suatu item ke dlm agenda
badan, maupun sbg anggota badan sendiri, atau sbg
responden unt draf ekspos
– Jk proses adl scr ketat ekonomis, perwakilan berbasis
badan tidak perlu slm standar yg benar dpt scr
sederhana dideduksi dr teori
Learning Objectives
Perbandingan Standar Akuntansi
U.S-Indonesia-Internasional
US
5. Memahami perbandingan standar
akuntansi Indonesia dg standar
akuntansi dunia
INDONESIA
• FASB
• Dwn Standar
• APB
• PAI
PSAK
INTERNATIONAL
• IFRS
• IA
Learning Objectives
Perbandingan Standar Akuntansi
U.S-Indonesia-Internasional
5. Memahami perbandingan standar
akuntansi Indonesia dg standar
akuntansi dunia
Badan standar akuntansi
• Indonesia
• Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia
• Institut Akuntan Publik Indonesia
• Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal dan Lembaga Keuangan
• Amerika Serikat
•
•
•
•
•
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
Financial Accounting Standards Board
Governmental Accounting Standards Board
Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board
Securities and Exchange Commission
Learning Objectives
Perbandingan Standar Akuntansi
U.S-Indonesia-Internasional
5. Memahami perbandingan standar
akuntansi Indonesia dg standar
akuntansi dunia
Badan standar akuntansi
• Inggris
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales (ICAEW)
Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS)
Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA)
Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA)
Chartered Institute of Public Finance Accountants (CIPFA)
Association of International Accountants (AIA), a UK Registered
Auditor is being consulted for Standard setting.
Association of Accounting Technicians (AAT)
Learning Objectives
Perbandingan Standar Akuntansi
U.S-Indonesia-Internasional
5. Memahami perbandingan standar
akuntansi Indonesia dg standar
akuntansi dunia
Badan standar akuntansi
• Republik Irlandia
• Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland
• Kanada
• Accounting Standards Board "AcSB“
• Internasional
• International Accounting Standards Board
Learning Objectives
Pihak yang terlibat dalam penyusunan
standar-U.S
• AICPA: American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants
– CAP-Committee on Accounting Procedure 1939-1959
• Part-time, volunteer, appointed.
• Issued ARBs (Accounting Research Bulletins) listed on text inside
front cover.
• Not thorough or involved enough-piecemeal approach.
• No basic theory established.
13
Learning Objectives
Pihak yang terlibat dalam penyusunan
standar
– APB- Accounting Principles Board 1959-1973 Senior Committee of
the AICPA.
• Issued Opinions, listed on text inside front cover.
• Formed to settle problems and do research.
• More authority than CAP.
• 18-21 members, part-time and poorly paid. Challenged early on
from various constituencies.
14
Pihak yang terlibat dalam penyusunan
standar
Learning Objectives
Wheat Committee formed to address need for coherent approach to
theory and practice. Recommended the formulation of:
– FASB-Financial Accounting Standards Board (1973-present)
• Seven highly paid, full-time members from various constituencies
(practice, research, users). 5-year terms.
• Independent of AICPA, under the auspices of the Financial
Accounting Foundation (FAF).
– The FAF selects the members of the FASB.
– The FAF oversees the Financial Accounting Standards
Advisory Council (FASAC) which has the responsibility to
consult with the FASB on major policy and technical issues.
15
Pihak yang terlibat dalam penyusunan
standar
Learning Objectives
– FASB has broader representation than CAP or APB.
• Member need not be a CPA.
– FASB issues:
•Standards
•Interpretations
•Concepts
•Technical Bulletins
•Industry Guides
•Please see figure 1-5 House of
GAAP (text).
16
Pihak yang terlibat dalam penyusunan
standar
Learning Objectives
• DUE PROCESS: To develop standards (GAAP) (page 10, text)
– A topic or project is identified and placed on FASB’s agenda.
– A task force is assembled to define problems, issues and
alternatives.
– Research is conducted by FASB technical staff.
– A discussion memorandum is drafted and released.
– Public hearings are held in a timely manner.
– The FASB committee analyzes and evaluates public response.
– The FASB committee deliberates and prepares and exposure
draft.
17
Pihak yang terlibat dalam penyusunan
standar
Learning Objectives
– Again, public hearings are held in a timely manner,
comments taken.
– The FASB committee evaluates the public
comments and revises the draft as necessary.
The full board of FASB reviews
final draft and, if approved by a
vote of at least 5 of 7, issues a
Standards Statement.
FASB
18
Learning Objectives
FASB: Melihat ke masa depan
• Public versus Private regulation of profession. The Accounting Profession
seeks to govern itself directly rather than have the government directly
draw up the GAAP to be followed.
• Should Securities and Exchange Commission exercise direct oversight?
• Congressional Actions:
– Metcalf-Moss-Revised due process procedures.
– Dingell Committee (1985)-Standard setting process sufficient.
– Trueblood Committee-Set up Accounting Change Commission.
19
Learning Objectives
FASB: Melihat ke masa depan
• Standards Overload v. Timely Guidance
– Big GAAP-Complex registrants.
– Little GAAP-Nonregistrants, smaller firms.
– Very specialized standards--Too complex or complex issues?
– Standard overload-A quick look at textbook inner covers for dates
demonstrates how numerous and complex new standards have become!
– Timely guidance-Due process too long? If faster will issues be
adequately addressed?
20
Learning Objectives
FASB: Melihat ke masa depan
• FASB response:
– Set up two sets of standards?: OCBOA-Other Comprehensive Basis of Accountingproblems, comparability, consistency.
– Increased use of EITF-Emerging Issues Task Force-to prioritize concerns.
• Emerging Issues Task Force:
– Set up by FAF to advise FASB.
– 16 members -no user representation!
– Prioritizes issues and treatment:
• General consensus there is preferable treatment-no further study.
• No consensus but problem narrow-no further action.
• No consensus but agreement important--FASB attention.
– Is it usurping the FASB’s role?
21
Learning Objectives
FASB: Melihat ke masa depan
• Preparer dominance in setting GAAP (resource allocation)?
– Vested interest in simplicity and “work product”.
– Reduced SEC involvement lately.
– Some wish to change focus of reports from public to management!
– Preparers have severely criticized the FASB-not “blue ribbon”.
• To prevent abuse Users should remain active!
– Greater SEC involvement; preparers
lose most by direct regulation.
– Careful selection of FASB
board members.
Members of the
FAF selected
carefully
(independent).
22
Learning Objectives
Badan-badan pembuatan peraturan
penting lainnya
• SEC-Securities and Exchange Commission
– First group to draw up professional standards.
– 1933 Act--Set up commission and governed initial issuance of shares.
– 1934 Act--Governed subsequent trading in shares.
– Statutory power to govern profession-uses “veto power”.
– Issues :
• FRR (Financial Report Releases)
• Regulation S-X which contains instructions and forms for filing
financial statements.
• Decisions on cases coming before the SEC.
23
Learning Objectives
Badan-badan pembuatan peraturan
penting lainnya
• Need for regulation arose chiefly out of the corporate characteristic of the
separation of ownership and control. Regulation of Securities in the U.S.
(federal)
– Federal Trade Commission Act (Interstate commerce)
– Clayton Act (Interstate commerce)
– Early attempts at regulation failed-no “big problem” yet.
24
Learning Objectives
Badan-badan pembuatan peraturan
penting lainnya
• Regulation of Securities in the U.S. (state)
– Kansas 1911-by 1913 22 states had regulatory laws-”blue sky” laws.
– Not terribly effective.
• Abuses in 1920’s
– Price manipulation “wash sales”.
– Purchase on “margin”.
– Insider trading.
• Establishment of the SEC
– Charged to ensure “full and fair disclosure”, concern for fraud and
securities registration.
– Accused of self-interest and accumulating power-- hopefully it serves
the public.
25
Learning Objectives
Badan-badan pembuatan peraturan
penting lainnya
• Growth of SEC
– From tentative acceptance SEC has grown and become more involved.
– 1962-market disruption brought amendments-Exchange Act.
– 1977-Foreign Corrupt Practices Act-Criminal penalties possible for
management and accountants; adequacy of internal control.
– 1984-Insider Trader Sanctions Act-increased penalties.
• Question still remains as to how effective SEC is in regulating capital
markets.
– Exercises veto power over accounting profession although vested with
direct authority (as discussed before).
– Regulated filings adequate?
26
Learning Objectives
Badan-badan pembuatan peraturan
penting lainnya
• Organizational Structure of SEC:
– Office of the Chief Accountant is the most powerful in the United States!
• Responsible for administration of laws.
• Works with the FASB.
• Works with many other organizations (e.g., major stock exchanges).
• Enforcement by SEC:
– Letter of deficiency used if there are
questions, irregularities that arise in the
financial statements, reports. If the
problems persist, a “stop order” will
be issued. Criminal charges are possible.
27
Learning Objectives
Badan-badan pembuatan peraturan
penting lainnya
• GASB-Governmental Accounting Standards
Board -1984
– Under the auspices of the FAF.
– Operational structure similar to the FASB.
– Deals with state and local governmental issues.
– Unclear its relationship to FASB-do we need two?
28
Learning Objectives
Isu-isu dalam pelaporan keuangan
• Primary Purpose of Financial Accounting: Financial statements that shall
not mislead the reader.
• GAAP-Rule 203-Code of Professional Conduct--Lends enforceability to
GAAP.
• “Expectations Gap” This is the difference between what the public
expects accountants will be able to do and be responsible for and what
the accounting profession is willing and able to assume responsibility
for.
Learning Objectives
Isu-isu dalam pelaporan keuangan
• International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC)
– Formed in 1973 to improve standards (as much as possible) in the
preparation of the financial statements.
– SEC has indicated international companies may use IASC standards in the
US if the IASC meets 3 conditions.
• The standards constitute a comprehensive, generally accepted basis of
accounting
• The standards are of high quality and
• They be rigorously interpreted and applied.
• We will be considering several ethical issues or cases during the course of the
semester. Along with other references, please see pages 19 & 20 of your text for
the basic steps in the process of enhancing ethical awareness.
30
Learning Objectives
ABRIVIATION
• AICPA= American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
• CAP = Committee on Accounting Procedure 1939-1959
• APB = Accounting Principles Board 1959-1973 (Senior Committee of the
AICPA).
• FASB=Financial Accounting Standards Board (1973-present), has broader
representation than CAP or APB,Member need not be a CPA.
• SEC =Securities and Exchange Commission, First group to draw up
professional standards,1933 Act--Set up commission and governed initial
issuance of shares,1934 Act--Governed subsequent trading in shares,Statutory
power to govern profession-uses “veto power”.
Learning Objectives
Organisasi Badan Akuntansi ProfesionalIndonesia
• Standar Akuntansi Pelaporan Keuangan
–
–
–
–
Th 1973: PAI (Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia)
Th 1984: PAI
Th 1994: PSAK (Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan)
Sekarang....?
• Standar Pengauditan
– Th 1973: Norma Pemeriksaan Akuntan
– Th 1994: Pernyataan Standar Akuntan Publik
– Sekarang.....?
Learning Objectives
Other Important Rulemaking Bodies
(Indonesia)
• BAPEPAM (US=SEC)
– Untuk perusahaan yg go public di Bursa Efek Indonesia
– Isu:
• Sesuai aturan perubahaan publik
• PAJAK
– Untuk kepentingan penghitungan & pelaporan pajak
– Isu:
• Metode penghitungan persediaan
• Pengelompokan aktiva Tetap & Penyusutannya
• Cadangan penghapusan piutang
Learning Objectives
Other Important Rulemaking Bodies
(Indonesia)
• Bank Indonesia
– Untuk perusahaan perbankan
– Isu: Selain sesuai SAK juga harus sesuai aturan perbankan
• PEMERINTAH (DepKeu) SAP
– Untuk kantor pemerintah dan pelayanan umum
– Isu:
• Transisi dari cash basis menjadi accrual basis
• SAP
Learning Objectives
Other Important Rulemaking Bodies
(Indonesia)
• Tahun 2012 Indonesia mengadopsi IFRS
• Standar yang berlaku ada 3:
1.
IFRS: untuk perusahaan publik, bank, dan keuangan
2.
ETAP: untuk persah kecil dan menengah (non publik)
3.
SAP: untuk organisasi pemerintahan dan nir laba
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
Referensi
• Kieso, Donald E.; Jery J. Weygandt; dan Tery D. Warfield. 2005 (Atau yang
terbaru). Intermediate Accounting. 11st. Edition. USA: John Wiley & Sons.
– Bab: Financial Accounting and Accounting Standard
• Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. 2004 (Atau yang terbaru). Standar Akuntansi
Keuangan. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
– Bab: Sejarah Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (sejak 1994), dan Kerangka
Dasar Penyusunan dan Penyajian Laporan Keuangan
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
Referensi
Tambahan
•
•
•
•
Adikoesoema, 1983. Kamus Akuntansi. Bandung Penerbit Tarsito.
AICPA (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Committee on
Terminology.1953. Accounting Terminology Bulletin Numbe 1, Review and esume. Yew
York: The Institute. Hlm 9 (lihat Black et al., 1961)
Black, H.A; J.E. Champion; R.G. Brown. Accounting in Business Decisions: theory
Method and Use. 2nd. 1961. USE:
Miller, Brandon; Katie Ketelsen; Kira Selser; Stephen Newman; Margaret Larson; dan
Patrick Hewitt (Univ of IOWA, slide.ppt)
•
•
•
•
Horngren, dkk. Akuntansi, jilid 1. edisi 6. Jakarta:2006. ISBN 979-683-757-9.
Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. 1986. Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia Keuangan. Jakarta:
Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. 1973. Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia. Jakarta:
Meigs, Walter B. and Robert F. Meigs. Financial Accounting, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill,
1970, p.1. (old edition)
•
•
Scott, William R. 2006. Financial Accounting Theory. 4th. Ed. Prentice Hall.
Wikipedia. 2010. http://wikipedia.org
Learning Objectives
The End
Akuntansi Keuangan
Bandi, Dr., M.Si., Ak., CA
Sesi 4
Standar Akuntansi & Perkembangannya
Learning Objectives
Ses
si 4
Standar
Akuntansi dan
Perkembangan
Copyright © 2015
Bandi FE UNS: bandi.staff.fe.uns.ac.id
Seminar Akuntansi
Learning Objectives
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
1. Memahami pentingnya standar akuntansi
keuangan
2. Memahami pentingnya standar akuntansi dlm
lingkungan akuntansi
3. Memahami standar akutansi dan perkembangan
Standar akuntansi
4. Memahami perbandingan standar akuntansi
Indonesia dengan standar akuntansi dunia
Seminar Akuntansi
Learning Objectives
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
1. Memahami pentingnya standar
akuntansi
penjurnalan
Bukti
Bk
Jurnal
Bk Besar
BB
LAP KEUANGAN:
~Neraca
~Lap. Laba Rugi
~Lap. Perubahan
Modal
~Lap. Arus Kas
Pembantu
posting
Akti: proses pencatatan, pengelompokan, peringkasan, dan
penciptaan inf keuangan unt pembuatan keputsan ekonomis
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
1. Memahami pentingnya standar
akuntansi
• Proses Akuntansi keuangan:
• Proses yg dimulai dari bukti akuntansi s/d laporan keuangan unt
pihak eksternal.
• Perlu standar
• Proses Auditing:
• Proses yg dimulai dari laporan keuangan s/d bukti akuntansi, untuk
memastikan kesusuian dg ukuran tertentu.
• Perlu standar
Financial Reporting
Environment-USA
Regulator
Learning
Objectives
2.
Memahami
pentingnya standar dlm
lingkungan akuntansi- USA
(Source: Elmhurst College)
Sumber Informasi
Alternatif
Praktik
Industri
Informasi Ekonomi
Industri
FASB
GAAP
Manajer
Pengungkapan
sukarela
AICPA
Analis
Statutory Financial Reports
(Laporan Keuangan)
SEC
Corporate
Governance
Litigation
Auditor
Enforcement and Monitoring Mechanisms
Investor
dan
Kreditor
Lainnya
User
Financial Reporting
Environment-USA
Form 10-K
(Annual Report)
Objectives
2Learning
. Memahami
pentingnya standar dlm
lingkungan akuntansi- USA (Source:
Elmhurst College)
10-Q
(Quarterly Report)
20-F
(Registration Statement/
Annual Report [Foreign])
8-K
(Current Report)
Statutory Financial Reports
14-A
(Proxy Statement/
Prospectus)
Other
SEC Filings
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
3 . Memahami standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
• Di akuntansi dan keuangan (audit) di Indonesia, ada “prinsip akuntansi
yang berlaku umum di Indonesia (PABU)”
– = “generally accepted accounting principles”)
– adl suatu istilah teknis akuntansi, yg mencakup konvensi aturan, dan prosedur
yang diperlukan untuk membatasi praktik akuntansi yang berlaku umum
• Standar Akuntansi Pelaporan Keuangan
– Th 1973: PAI (Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia)
– Th 1984: PAI (Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia)
– Th 1994: PSAK (Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi
Keuangan)-Sekarang
Learning Objectives
Kriteria Penyusunan Standar
• Ada banyak faktor yg mempengaruhi
penyusunan standar (Scott, 2006)
– Standar hrs menjadi keputusan yg berguna
– Standar jug harus akseptabel unt konstituen yg lain, khususnya
manajemen penyusun standar berada pd situasi konflik & sulit
memprediksi apa resolusi yg akseptabel dari konflik ini
• Kriteria penyusunan standar
–
–
–
–
Kebermanfaatan keputusan
Penurunan asimetri informasi
Konsekuensi standar baru
Aspek politis penyusunan standar
Seminar Akuntansi
Objectives
4Learning
. Memahami
standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
•
Standar 1984 (Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia PAI):
–
–
Ada 6 prinsip (dlm 6 bab)
1. Konsep Dasar & Keterbatasan Ak. Keuangan
2. Prinsip Lap Keuangan
3. Prinsip Pendapatan & Beban
4. Prinsip Aktiva
5. Prinsip Kewajiban
6. Prinsip Modal
Ada 3 Pernyataan
1.
2.
3.
–
Penjabaran Mata uang asing
Bungan dlm periode Konstruksi
Koperasi
Ada 7 Interpretasi
Seminar Akuntansi
Objectives
4Learning
. Memahami
standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
•
Standar 1984 (Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia PAI):
–
–
Ada 3 Pernyataan
Ada 7 Interpretasi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Tanggal Efektif berlakunya PAI 1984
Selisi Kurs karena Devaluasi
Revaluasi Aktiva Tetap
Perubahan Posisi Keuangan
Koreksi Masa lau dan pos luar biasa
Biaya Emisi Saham dan Obligasi
Tanggal Efektif berlakunya PAI, Pernyataan no. 3
Seminar Akuntansi
Objectives
4Learning
. Memahami
standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
•
Th 1994-2009: PSAK (Pernyataan Standar
Akuntansi Keuangan)-Sekarang
PSAK 2004
•
–
–
–
Kerangka Dasar Pneyusunan dan Penyajian Lap
Keuangan Bank Syariah
PSAK (Pernyataan Standar Ak Keuangan) 1-59
ISAK (Interpretasi Standar Akuntansi Keuangan) 01-07
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
4 . Memahami standar akuntansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
No. PSAK
Keterangan
PSAK 1
Penyajian Laporan Keuangan (Revisi 1998)
PSAK 2
Laporan Arus Kas
PSAK 3
Laporan Keuangan Interim
PSAK 4
Laporan Keuangan Konsolidasi
PSAK 5
Pelaporan Segmen (Revisi 2000)
PSAK 6
Akuntansi dan Pelaporan Bagi Perusahaan dalam Tahap
Pengembangan
PSAK 7
Pengungkapan Pihak-pihak yang Mempunyai Hubungan Istimewa
PSAK 8
Peristiwa Setelah Tanggal Neraca
PSAK 9
Penyajian Aktiva Lancar dan Kewajiban Jangka Pendek
PSAK 10
Transaksi dalam Mata Uang Asing
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
4 . Memahami standar akuntansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
No. PSAK
Keterangan
PSAK 11
Penjabaran Laporan Keuangan dalam Mata Uang Asing
PSAK 12
Pelaporan Keuangan Mengenai Bagian Partisipasi dalam
Pengendalian Bersama Operasi dan Aset
PSAK 13
Akuntansi untuk Investasi
PSAK 14
Akuntansi Persediaan
PSAK 15
Akuntansi untuk Investasi dalam Perusahaan Asosiasi
PSAK 16
Aktiva Tetap dan Aktiva Lain-lain
PSAK 17
Akuntansi Penyusutan
PSAK 18
Akuntansi Dana Pensiun
PSAK 19
Aktiva Tak Berwujud (Revisi 2000)
PSAK 20
Biaya Riset dan Pengembangan
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
4 . Memahami standar akuntansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
No. PSAK
Keterangan
PSAK 21
Akuntansi Ekuitas
PSAK 22
Akuntansi Penggabungan Usaha
PSAK 23
Akuntansi Pendapatan
PSAK 24
Akuntansi Biaya Manfaat Pensiun
PSAK 25
Laba atau Rugi Bersih untuk Periode Berjalan, Kesalahan
Mendasar, dan Perubahaan Kebijakan Akuntansi
PSAK 26
Biaya Pinjaman (Revisi 1997)
PSAK 27
Akuntansi Perkoperasian (Revisi 1998)
PSAK 28
Akuntansi Asuransi Kerugian (Revisi 1996)
PSAK 29
Akuntansi Minyak dan Gas Bumi
PSAK 30
Akuntansi Sewa Guna Usaha
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
4 . Memahami standar akuntansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
No. PSAK
Keterangan
PSAK 31
Akuntansi Perbankan (Revisi 2000)
PSAK 32
Akuntansi Pengusahaan Hutan
PSAK 33
Akuntansi Pertambangan Umum
PSAK 34
Akuntansi Kontrak Konstruksi
PSAK 35
Akuntansi Pendapatan Jasa Telekomunikasi
PSAK 36
Akuntansi Asuransi Jiwa
PSAK 37
Akuntansi Penyelenggaraan Jalan Tol
PSAK 38
Akuntansi Restrukturisasi Entitas Sepengendali
PSAK 39
Akuntansi Kerjasama Operasi (KSO)
PSAK 40
Akuntansi Perubahan Ekuitas Anak Perusahaan/Perusahaan
Asosiasi
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
4 . Memahami standar akuntansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
No. PSAK
Keterangan
PSAK 41
Akuntansi Waran
PSAK 42
Akuntansi Perusahaan Efek
PSAK 43
Akuntansi Anjak Piutang
PSAK 44
Akuntansi Aktivitas Pengembangan Real Estat
PSAK 45
Pelaporan Keuangan Organisasi Nirlaba
PSAK 46
Akuntansi Pajak Penghasilan
PSAK 47
Akuntansi Tanah
PSAK 48
Penurunan Nilai Aktiva
PSAK 49
Akuntansi Reksadana
PSAK 50
Akuntansi Investasi Efek Tertentu
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
4 . Memahami standar akuntansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
No. PSAK
Keterangan
PSAK 51
Akuntansi Kuasi Reorganisasi
PSAK 52
Akuntansi Mata Uang Pelaporan
PSAK 53
Akuntansi Kompensasi Berbasis Saham
PSAK 54
Akuntansi Restrukturisasi Hutang Piutang Bermasalah
PSAK 55
Akuntansi Instrumen Derivatif dan Aktivitas Lindung Nilai
PSAK 56
Akuntansi Laba Per Saham
PSAK 57
Kewajiban Diestimasi, Kewajiban Kontijensi, dan Aktiva Kontijensi
PSAK 58
Operasi Dalam Penghentian
PSAK 59
Akuntansi Perbankan Syariah
Seminar Akuntansi
Objectives
4Learning
. Memahami
standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
• Standar Auditing adl
– 10 standar yang (dirinci dalam bentuk Pernyataan Standar
Auditing/PSA), ditetapkan & disahkan olh (IAPI), terdiri dari:
•
•
standar umum,
standar pekerjaan lapangan, dan
•
standar pelaporan beserta interpretasinya.
– mrp pedoman audit atas laporan keuangan historis.
– Di US, disebut Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS)
the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
Seminar Akuntansi
Objectives
4Learning
. Memahami
standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
• Standar Auditing--Pernyataan Standar Auditing/PSA)
– Standar umum
1.Audit harus dilaksanakan oleh seorang atau lebih yang memiliki keahlian
dan pelatihan teknis yang cukup sebagai auditor.
2.Dalam semua hal yang berhubungan dengan perikatan, independensi
dalam sikap mental harus dipertahankan oleh auditor.
3.Dalam pelaksanaan audit dan penyusunan laporannya, auditor wajib
menggunakan kemahiran profesionalnya dengan cermat dan seksama.
– Standar pekerjaan lapangan
Seminar Akuntansi
Objectives
4Learning
. Memahami
standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
•
Standar Auditing--Pernyataan Standar
Auditing/PSA)
– Standar pekerjaan lapangan
1. Pekerjaan harus direncanakan, asisten hrs disupervisi
semestinya.
2. Pemahaman atas pengendalian intern unt merencanakan
audit dan menentukan sifat, saat, dan lingkup pengujian.
3. Bukti audit kompeten hrs untuk menyatakan pendapat atas
laporan keungan yang diaudit.
–
Standar pekerjaan lapangan
Seminar Akuntansi
Objectives
4Learning
. Memahami
standar akutansi dan
perkembangan Standar akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
•
Standar Auditing--Pernyataan Standar
Auditing/PSA)
– Standar pekerjaan Pelaporan
1. Laporan hrs menyatakan kesesuaian dg PABU
2. Laporan hrs menunjukkan atau menyatakan, jika ada,
ketidakkonsistenan dg periode sebelumnya.
3. Pengungkapan informatif dlm LK harus dipandang
memadai, kecuali dinyatakan lain dalam laporan auditor.
4. Laporan hrs memuat pernyataan pendapat
Learning Objectives
Organisasi Badan Akuntansi Profesional
• Kanada--CICA: The Canadian Institute of
Chartered Accountants
• Amerika--AICPA= American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants
• Indonesia—IAI= Ikatan Akuntansi Indonesia
– ?????? IAI= Ikatan Arsitektur Indonesia
??????????
Learning Objectives
Organisasi Badan Akuntansi Profesional
• Kanada--CICA: The Canadian Institute of
Chartered Accountants
– Komite Standar Akuntansi:
• AcSB (Accounting Standards Board)
• AASB (Auditing and Assurance Standards Board), dan
• PSAB (Public Sector Accounting Board)
– Hasil kerja komite standar akuntansi= CICA
Handbook, berisi standar unt akuntansi keuangan
dan unt pengauditan, yg diletakan oleh AcSB dan
AASB
Learning Objectives
Organisasi Badan Akuntansi Profesional-Kanada
• Berbagai tahapan unt menciptakan standar baru
menunjukkan bahwa prosesnya adl kental dg
politis, dg tekanan pd proses akhir (due process)
– Banyak dr konstituen akuntansi diundang unt ambil
bagian
– Konstituen peran: sbg bagian dari proses yg
menyebabkan penyisipan suatu item ke dlm agenda
badan, maupun sbg anggota badan sendiri, atau sbg
responden unt draf ekspos
– Jk proses adl scr ketat ekonomis, perwakilan berbasis
badan tidak perlu slm standar yg benar dpt scr
sederhana dideduksi dr teori
Learning Objectives
Perbandingan Standar Akuntansi
U.S-Indonesia-Internasional
US
5. Memahami perbandingan standar
akuntansi Indonesia dg standar
akuntansi dunia
INDONESIA
• FASB
• Dwn Standar
• APB
• PAI
PSAK
INTERNATIONAL
• IFRS
• IA
Learning Objectives
Perbandingan Standar Akuntansi
U.S-Indonesia-Internasional
5. Memahami perbandingan standar
akuntansi Indonesia dg standar
akuntansi dunia
Badan standar akuntansi
• Indonesia
• Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia
• Institut Akuntan Publik Indonesia
• Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal dan Lembaga Keuangan
• Amerika Serikat
•
•
•
•
•
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
Financial Accounting Standards Board
Governmental Accounting Standards Board
Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board
Securities and Exchange Commission
Learning Objectives
Perbandingan Standar Akuntansi
U.S-Indonesia-Internasional
5. Memahami perbandingan standar
akuntansi Indonesia dg standar
akuntansi dunia
Badan standar akuntansi
• Inggris
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales (ICAEW)
Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS)
Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA)
Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA)
Chartered Institute of Public Finance Accountants (CIPFA)
Association of International Accountants (AIA), a UK Registered
Auditor is being consulted for Standard setting.
Association of Accounting Technicians (AAT)
Learning Objectives
Perbandingan Standar Akuntansi
U.S-Indonesia-Internasional
5. Memahami perbandingan standar
akuntansi Indonesia dg standar
akuntansi dunia
Badan standar akuntansi
• Republik Irlandia
• Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland
• Kanada
• Accounting Standards Board "AcSB“
• Internasional
• International Accounting Standards Board
Learning Objectives
Pihak yang terlibat dalam penyusunan
standar-U.S
• AICPA: American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants
– CAP-Committee on Accounting Procedure 1939-1959
• Part-time, volunteer, appointed.
• Issued ARBs (Accounting Research Bulletins) listed on text inside
front cover.
• Not thorough or involved enough-piecemeal approach.
• No basic theory established.
13
Learning Objectives
Pihak yang terlibat dalam penyusunan
standar
– APB- Accounting Principles Board 1959-1973 Senior Committee of
the AICPA.
• Issued Opinions, listed on text inside front cover.
• Formed to settle problems and do research.
• More authority than CAP.
• 18-21 members, part-time and poorly paid. Challenged early on
from various constituencies.
14
Pihak yang terlibat dalam penyusunan
standar
Learning Objectives
Wheat Committee formed to address need for coherent approach to
theory and practice. Recommended the formulation of:
– FASB-Financial Accounting Standards Board (1973-present)
• Seven highly paid, full-time members from various constituencies
(practice, research, users). 5-year terms.
• Independent of AICPA, under the auspices of the Financial
Accounting Foundation (FAF).
– The FAF selects the members of the FASB.
– The FAF oversees the Financial Accounting Standards
Advisory Council (FASAC) which has the responsibility to
consult with the FASB on major policy and technical issues.
15
Pihak yang terlibat dalam penyusunan
standar
Learning Objectives
– FASB has broader representation than CAP or APB.
• Member need not be a CPA.
– FASB issues:
•Standards
•Interpretations
•Concepts
•Technical Bulletins
•Industry Guides
•Please see figure 1-5 House of
GAAP (text).
16
Pihak yang terlibat dalam penyusunan
standar
Learning Objectives
• DUE PROCESS: To develop standards (GAAP) (page 10, text)
– A topic or project is identified and placed on FASB’s agenda.
– A task force is assembled to define problems, issues and
alternatives.
– Research is conducted by FASB technical staff.
– A discussion memorandum is drafted and released.
– Public hearings are held in a timely manner.
– The FASB committee analyzes and evaluates public response.
– The FASB committee deliberates and prepares and exposure
draft.
17
Pihak yang terlibat dalam penyusunan
standar
Learning Objectives
– Again, public hearings are held in a timely manner,
comments taken.
– The FASB committee evaluates the public
comments and revises the draft as necessary.
The full board of FASB reviews
final draft and, if approved by a
vote of at least 5 of 7, issues a
Standards Statement.
FASB
18
Learning Objectives
FASB: Melihat ke masa depan
• Public versus Private regulation of profession. The Accounting Profession
seeks to govern itself directly rather than have the government directly
draw up the GAAP to be followed.
• Should Securities and Exchange Commission exercise direct oversight?
• Congressional Actions:
– Metcalf-Moss-Revised due process procedures.
– Dingell Committee (1985)-Standard setting process sufficient.
– Trueblood Committee-Set up Accounting Change Commission.
19
Learning Objectives
FASB: Melihat ke masa depan
• Standards Overload v. Timely Guidance
– Big GAAP-Complex registrants.
– Little GAAP-Nonregistrants, smaller firms.
– Very specialized standards--Too complex or complex issues?
– Standard overload-A quick look at textbook inner covers for dates
demonstrates how numerous and complex new standards have become!
– Timely guidance-Due process too long? If faster will issues be
adequately addressed?
20
Learning Objectives
FASB: Melihat ke masa depan
• FASB response:
– Set up two sets of standards?: OCBOA-Other Comprehensive Basis of Accountingproblems, comparability, consistency.
– Increased use of EITF-Emerging Issues Task Force-to prioritize concerns.
• Emerging Issues Task Force:
– Set up by FAF to advise FASB.
– 16 members -no user representation!
– Prioritizes issues and treatment:
• General consensus there is preferable treatment-no further study.
• No consensus but problem narrow-no further action.
• No consensus but agreement important--FASB attention.
– Is it usurping the FASB’s role?
21
Learning Objectives
FASB: Melihat ke masa depan
• Preparer dominance in setting GAAP (resource allocation)?
– Vested interest in simplicity and “work product”.
– Reduced SEC involvement lately.
– Some wish to change focus of reports from public to management!
– Preparers have severely criticized the FASB-not “blue ribbon”.
• To prevent abuse Users should remain active!
– Greater SEC involvement; preparers
lose most by direct regulation.
– Careful selection of FASB
board members.
Members of the
FAF selected
carefully
(independent).
22
Learning Objectives
Badan-badan pembuatan peraturan
penting lainnya
• SEC-Securities and Exchange Commission
– First group to draw up professional standards.
– 1933 Act--Set up commission and governed initial issuance of shares.
– 1934 Act--Governed subsequent trading in shares.
– Statutory power to govern profession-uses “veto power”.
– Issues :
• FRR (Financial Report Releases)
• Regulation S-X which contains instructions and forms for filing
financial statements.
• Decisions on cases coming before the SEC.
23
Learning Objectives
Badan-badan pembuatan peraturan
penting lainnya
• Need for regulation arose chiefly out of the corporate characteristic of the
separation of ownership and control. Regulation of Securities in the U.S.
(federal)
– Federal Trade Commission Act (Interstate commerce)
– Clayton Act (Interstate commerce)
– Early attempts at regulation failed-no “big problem” yet.
24
Learning Objectives
Badan-badan pembuatan peraturan
penting lainnya
• Regulation of Securities in the U.S. (state)
– Kansas 1911-by 1913 22 states had regulatory laws-”blue sky” laws.
– Not terribly effective.
• Abuses in 1920’s
– Price manipulation “wash sales”.
– Purchase on “margin”.
– Insider trading.
• Establishment of the SEC
– Charged to ensure “full and fair disclosure”, concern for fraud and
securities registration.
– Accused of self-interest and accumulating power-- hopefully it serves
the public.
25
Learning Objectives
Badan-badan pembuatan peraturan
penting lainnya
• Growth of SEC
– From tentative acceptance SEC has grown and become more involved.
– 1962-market disruption brought amendments-Exchange Act.
– 1977-Foreign Corrupt Practices Act-Criminal penalties possible for
management and accountants; adequacy of internal control.
– 1984-Insider Trader Sanctions Act-increased penalties.
• Question still remains as to how effective SEC is in regulating capital
markets.
– Exercises veto power over accounting profession although vested with
direct authority (as discussed before).
– Regulated filings adequate?
26
Learning Objectives
Badan-badan pembuatan peraturan
penting lainnya
• Organizational Structure of SEC:
– Office of the Chief Accountant is the most powerful in the United States!
• Responsible for administration of laws.
• Works with the FASB.
• Works with many other organizations (e.g., major stock exchanges).
• Enforcement by SEC:
– Letter of deficiency used if there are
questions, irregularities that arise in the
financial statements, reports. If the
problems persist, a “stop order” will
be issued. Criminal charges are possible.
27
Learning Objectives
Badan-badan pembuatan peraturan
penting lainnya
• GASB-Governmental Accounting Standards
Board -1984
– Under the auspices of the FAF.
– Operational structure similar to the FASB.
– Deals with state and local governmental issues.
– Unclear its relationship to FASB-do we need two?
28
Learning Objectives
Isu-isu dalam pelaporan keuangan
• Primary Purpose of Financial Accounting: Financial statements that shall
not mislead the reader.
• GAAP-Rule 203-Code of Professional Conduct--Lends enforceability to
GAAP.
• “Expectations Gap” This is the difference between what the public
expects accountants will be able to do and be responsible for and what
the accounting profession is willing and able to assume responsibility
for.
Learning Objectives
Isu-isu dalam pelaporan keuangan
• International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC)
– Formed in 1973 to improve standards (as much as possible) in the
preparation of the financial statements.
– SEC has indicated international companies may use IASC standards in the
US if the IASC meets 3 conditions.
• The standards constitute a comprehensive, generally accepted basis of
accounting
• The standards are of high quality and
• They be rigorously interpreted and applied.
• We will be considering several ethical issues or cases during the course of the
semester. Along with other references, please see pages 19 & 20 of your text for
the basic steps in the process of enhancing ethical awareness.
30
Learning Objectives
ABRIVIATION
• AICPA= American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
• CAP = Committee on Accounting Procedure 1939-1959
• APB = Accounting Principles Board 1959-1973 (Senior Committee of the
AICPA).
• FASB=Financial Accounting Standards Board (1973-present), has broader
representation than CAP or APB,Member need not be a CPA.
• SEC =Securities and Exchange Commission, First group to draw up
professional standards,1933 Act--Set up commission and governed initial
issuance of shares,1934 Act--Governed subsequent trading in shares,Statutory
power to govern profession-uses “veto power”.
Learning Objectives
Organisasi Badan Akuntansi ProfesionalIndonesia
• Standar Akuntansi Pelaporan Keuangan
–
–
–
–
Th 1973: PAI (Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia)
Th 1984: PAI
Th 1994: PSAK (Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan)
Sekarang....?
• Standar Pengauditan
– Th 1973: Norma Pemeriksaan Akuntan
– Th 1994: Pernyataan Standar Akuntan Publik
– Sekarang.....?
Learning Objectives
Other Important Rulemaking Bodies
(Indonesia)
• BAPEPAM (US=SEC)
– Untuk perusahaan yg go public di Bursa Efek Indonesia
– Isu:
• Sesuai aturan perubahaan publik
• PAJAK
– Untuk kepentingan penghitungan & pelaporan pajak
– Isu:
• Metode penghitungan persediaan
• Pengelompokan aktiva Tetap & Penyusutannya
• Cadangan penghapusan piutang
Learning Objectives
Other Important Rulemaking Bodies
(Indonesia)
• Bank Indonesia
– Untuk perusahaan perbankan
– Isu: Selain sesuai SAK juga harus sesuai aturan perbankan
• PEMERINTAH (DepKeu) SAP
– Untuk kantor pemerintah dan pelayanan umum
– Isu:
• Transisi dari cash basis menjadi accrual basis
• SAP
Learning Objectives
Other Important Rulemaking Bodies
(Indonesia)
• Tahun 2012 Indonesia mengadopsi IFRS
• Standar yang berlaku ada 3:
1.
IFRS: untuk perusahaan publik, bank, dan keuangan
2.
ETAP: untuk persah kecil dan menengah (non publik)
3.
SAP: untuk organisasi pemerintahan dan nir laba
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
Referensi
• Kieso, Donald E.; Jery J. Weygandt; dan Tery D. Warfield. 2005 (Atau yang
terbaru). Intermediate Accounting. 11st. Edition. USA: John Wiley & Sons.
– Bab: Financial Accounting and Accounting Standard
• Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. 2004 (Atau yang terbaru). Standar Akuntansi
Keuangan. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
– Bab: Sejarah Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (sejak 1994), dan Kerangka
Dasar Penyusunan dan Penyajian Laporan Keuangan
Learning Objectives
Seminar Akuntansi
Bandi, Dr., Drs., M.Si., Ak., CA
Referensi
Tambahan
•
•
•
•
Adikoesoema, 1983. Kamus Akuntansi. Bandung Penerbit Tarsito.
AICPA (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Committee on
Terminology.1953. Accounting Terminology Bulletin Numbe 1, Review and esume. Yew
York: The Institute. Hlm 9 (lihat Black et al., 1961)
Black, H.A; J.E. Champion; R.G. Brown. Accounting in Business Decisions: theory
Method and Use. 2nd. 1961. USE:
Miller, Brandon; Katie Ketelsen; Kira Selser; Stephen Newman; Margaret Larson; dan
Patrick Hewitt (Univ of IOWA, slide.ppt)
•
•
•
•
Horngren, dkk. Akuntansi, jilid 1. edisi 6. Jakarta:2006. ISBN 979-683-757-9.
Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. 1986. Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia Keuangan. Jakarta:
Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. 1973. Prinsip Akuntansi Indonesia. Jakarta:
Meigs, Walter B. and Robert F. Meigs. Financial Accounting, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill,
1970, p.1. (old edition)
•
•
Scott, William R. 2006. Financial Accounting Theory. 4th. Ed. Prentice Hall.
Wikipedia. 2010. http://wikipedia.org
Learning Objectives
The End