THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THINK PAIR SHARE TECHNIQUE USING FLASHCARD TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILL OF EIGHTH GRADE AT MTS. HASYIM ASY’ARI.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THINKPAIRSHARE
TECHNIQUE USING FLASHCARDS
TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILL
OF EIGHTH GRADE AT MTS. HASYIM ASY’ARI
THESIS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd) in Teaching English
By
NAILUL MAFAZA NIM D05208081
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND TEACHERS TRAINING
ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2015
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ABSTRACT
Mafaza, Nailul. (2015). The Implementation of Think Pair Share Technique Using Flashcard to Improve Students’ Speaking Skill of Eighth Grade at MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari. A Thesis. Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Keguruan, Universitas Islam Surabaya, Surabaya. Pembimbing: Nur Fitriatin, Dwiarianti Fitri.
Kata Kunci: Think Pair Share Technique, flashcards, students’ speaking skill
Berbicara menjadi kemampuan penting bagi setiap pelajar Bahasa Inggris sebagai cara berkomunikasi dengan yang lain. Dalam mengajar kemampuan berbicara, memilih teknik sesuai menjadi hal yang penting. Siswa kelas delapan sekolah MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari kesulitan dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berbahasa mereka. Hal ini dibuktikan berdasarkan uji pencapaian kemampuan berbicara mereka, yang mana menunjukkan bahwa ratarata poin dalam uji kemampuan berbicara yang mereka capai adalah 10,2 poin, sedangkan poin tertinggi yang seharusnya mereka capai adalah 20 poin. Karena itulah penulis mengambil penelitian tentang sebuah teknik pengajaran yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berbicara siswa dalam bahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa penerapan teknik Think Pair Share (Berpikir Berpasangan Berbagi) menggunakan flashcards dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berbicara siswa kelas delapan di sekolah MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari. Penulis mengambil sampel MTs. Hayim Asy’ari sebab berdasarkan hasil interview, kemampuan berbicara dalam Bahasa Inggris mereka belum pernah diukur sebelumnya. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kuasieksperimental dengan mengaplikasikan desain penelitian nonekuivalen grup. Dalam hal ini, penulis mengambil dua grup sampel, yang mana satu grup menerima perlakuan dan disebut grup eksperimen dan yang lain tidak menerima perlakuan dan disebut grup kontrol. Penelitian ini menggunakan rumus ttes untuk menguji hasil eksperimen. Signifikansi peningkatan kemampuan berbicara setelah menggunakan teknik Think Pair Share adalah 15,7 , yang mana hasil ini lebih besar dari pada nilai pada tabel t yaitu 2,042, sehingga disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan berbicara siswa dalam Bahasa Inggris meningkat secara signifikan setelah menerapkan teknik Think Pair Share menggunakan flashcards. Dan uji terhadap grup kontrol yang tidak menerima perlakuan menunjukkan nilai 2,61, yang mana nilai ini lebih besar dari pada nilai tabel t pengganti, yaitu 2,043, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada perbedaan signifikan dalam berbicara Bahasa Inggris antara kelompok eksperimen yang menerapkan teknik Think Pair Share menggunakan flashcards dan kelompok kontrol yang tidak menerapkan teknik Think Pair Share menggunakan flashcards.
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ABSTRACT
Mafaza, Nailul. (2015). The Implementation of Think Pair Share Technique Using Flashcard to Improve Students’ Speaking Skill of Eighth Grade at MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari. A Thesis. English Education Department, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Sunan Ampel Islamic University, Surabaya. Advisors: Nur Fitriatin, Dwiarianti Fitri.
Key Words: Think Pair Share Technique, flashcards, students’ speaking skill Speaking had become essential skill for every English learner as the way to communicate with other. In teaching speaking skill, selecting the appropriate technique became important thing. The eighth graders of MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari have difficult in improving their speaking skill. It was proven based on the speaking achievement test which showed that the mean of their score was 10,2 points, while the maximum score on speaking skill was 20 points. Therefore, researcher takes a study about a teaching technique to improve students’ speaking skill. This study proposes to know about the implementation of Think Pair Share
Technique Using Flashcards to improve students’ speaking skill of eighth grade at MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari which focuses on the topic ‘Expression of asking for agreement, agreeing and disagreeing’. The researcher took MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari
because their students’ speaking skill had never been measured before. The researcher uses quasi-experimental research by applying Non-Equivalent Group Design as research design. It takes two groups as the sample, which one group received the treatment and called as experimental class and another group called as control class. This study employed t-test to find out the result of the research and showed that the significant improvement was 15,7 and it is higher than the value in t-table, 2,042 or can be said that t-table is smaller than t-value, which is mean that students’ speaking skill can significantly improved after Think Pair Share technique using flashcard is implemented. It also can be seen based on the mean of the pretest score of the experimental class, 10,2 improved to 16,5 on the post test score. To find the significant difference between experimental and control class, researcher employed t-test and found that the significant different was 2,61 and it is higher than the value in substitute t-table, 2,043 which is mean that there is significant different in speaking skill between experimental group that apply Think Pair Share technique using flashcards and the control group.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITTLE SHEET ... i
ADVISOR APPROVAL SHEET ... ii
APPROVAL SHEET ... iii
MOTTO ... iv
DEDICATION SHEET ... v
ABSTRACT ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... vii
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TULISAN ... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix
LIST OF TABLE ... xi
LIST OF APPENDIXES ... xiii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION A. Background of Study ... 1
B. Research Problem ... 6
C. Objective of Study ... 6
D. Hypothesis ... 6
E. Significance of Study ... 7
1. Theoretical Advantage ... 7
2. Practical Advantage ... 7
F. Scope and Limitation ... 8
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CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Foundation ... 11
1. Nature of Speaking ... 11
2. Teaching Speaking ... 13
3. Speaking English for Eighth Grade of Junior High School ... 15
4. Teaching Strategy ... 16
5. Cooperative Learning as Part of Teaching Strategy ... 17
6. Think Pair Share Technique as Part of Cooperative Learning Strategy ... 17
7. Teaching Media ... 22
8. Flashcard as Teaching Media through Think Pair Share Technique ... 23
B. Previous Studies ... 24
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ... 27
B. Research Design ... 29
1. Determining the Problem ... 29
2. Collecting the Data ... 29
C. Population and Sample ... 30
D. Data Collection Technique ... 32
E. Research Instrument ... 32
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CHAPTER IV : RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Research Findings ... 35
B. Data Analysis ... 45
1. Analyzing the Significance of Students’ Speaking Improvement ... 46
2. Analyzing the Significance Difference between Experimental and Control Class ... 47
C. Discussion ... 50
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ... 52
B. Suggestion ... 53
REFERENCES ... xiv
TABLES ... xviii
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION A. Background of Study
Learning speaking skill is a need as Folse, an American writer, stated that speaking is a crucial means of presenting communication among individuals1. It means that speaking is being vital and important component in
learning English.
In English speaking skill, there are five elements of English as a foreign language, they are grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and fluency and comprehension2. Those elements cannot be separated from the whole speaking
activity. It means that mastering the elements of speaking skill was an important aspect in learning English as a foreign language.
In speaking English as a foreign language, learners needed a lot of practice to develop this skill3. Based on preliminary study did by writer in
interviewing some English language learners at MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari4, they
claimed that they did not have the same opportunities to practice English
1 K.S Folse, The Art of Teaching Speaking: Study Pedagogy for ESL/EFL Classroom, (Michigan:
The Michigan University Press, 2006), 39
2 Thornburry, How To Teach Speaking, (England: Longman 2006), 44
3 Moh. Hasbullah Isnaini, Thesis: “ Improving the Speaking Ability of the Tenth Graders of SMK
Negeri 1 Singosari Malang through the ThinkPairSquare Strategy”, (Malang: Universitas Malang, 2002), 12
4 Writer’s notes in interviewing student’s eighth grade of MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari on January, 25th
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speaking in the classroom. Most students did not have same chances to talk5.
Another problem was teacher only use monotonous technique in teaching speaking such as giving students handbook containing examples of dialogue which had been constructed in accordance with materials given then he or she asked the students to come forward and speak up in front of their friends6. This
situation created passive class where only few students are actively speakup in teaching and learning process. Less of practicing speaking English made students though that speaking was difficult for them7. Moreover, most of
students tend to be silent and passive in the English speaking lesson. In addition, teacher needed to use a teaching technique that can motivate students to become more active in teaching and learning process of English speaking skill. The technique should also be able to feed up the students to speak more. The technique was ThinkPairShare technique.
Think Pair Share is a teaching technique that has been constructed by Lyman Frank, an American great teacher, and it consisted of three stages of students’ action; thinking the material individually, pairing to discuss, and sharing their ideas8. In short, Think Pair Share gave the same opportunities for
the students to speak during the lesson.
5 Ibid
6 Writer’s notes in observing English teaching and learning process of eighth grade at MTs.
Hasyim Asy’ari on January, 25th 2015
7 Ibid
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Previous research that was written by Kusrini, showed that ThinkPairShare technique can be effective technique in teaching English speaking9. The sample of this study was SMK Ponorogo. This research was
done on Classroom Action Research as the research method and in analyzing the data she described the result from the observation checklist and researcher’s notes because it focused on the process of implementing the ThinkPairShare technique. The media used in this study was problem posted by a teacher.
Another study which was done by Dinda, showed that ThinkPairShare technique can improve students’ speaking achievement10. The
sample of the study was the students of SMA Nusantara Lubuk Pakam, Medan. This study was also done on Classroom Action Research as study method. In analyzing the data, researcher described from the test result without using statistic. The media used in this study was text book. It concluded that Think Pair Share Technique can improve students’ speaking ability. But, considering that these previous studies used Classroom Action Research (CAR) and analyzing the data by describing it from notes without using statistic, it has weaknesses. They were the result that has temporary characteristic and cannot be generalized to other sample.
In previous studies, to apply ThinkPairShare technique, researcher
9 Endang Kusrini, “Teaching Speaking for Senior High School Students Using Cooperative
Learning ThinkPairShare”, Jurnal Aktif vol. XVIII, 2012, 29
10 Dinda Adinda Fatariq, Thesis: “Improving Students’ Speaking Achievement Through
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used media such as problem posted by teacher11 and text book12 because the
media used in applying ThinkPairShare Technique may vary13. The weakness
in using problem posted by teacher was because it was not visual media that can give more stimulation for students to talk more14. In using textbook, the
class atmosphere had been passive because students only read the dialog in the textbook then they had to discussing it without getting other stimulation15.
Considering the weakness of using problem posted by teacher and textbook as teaching media, researcher selected flashcards in applying ThinkPairShare technique.
Flashcards were sets of cards bearing information as word, words, or numbers, on either or both sides16. There are three types of flashcards17; words
flashcards, picture flashcards, and picture with word flashcards. Words flashcards were cards which contained of a word or some words that form a sentence, command, or instruction, picture flashcards were a card with printed picture, and picture with word flashcards were flashcard with printed picture and words on it.
In term of using flashcard, researcher had reasons for choosing it.
11 Endang Kusrini, “Teaching Speaking for Senior High School…”, 24
12 Dinda Adinda Fatariq, “Improving Students’ Speaking Achievement…” , 32
13 Hamzah Uno, Pembelajaran Aktif Inovatif Lingkungan Kreatif Efektif Menarik, (Jakarta: PT.
Bumi Aksara, 2011), 46
14 Azhar Arsyad, Media Pembelajaran, (Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo, 2013) , 113
15 Ibid, p. 83
16 Wozniak, P.A., Optimization of Learning, (Poznan: University of Technology in Poznan, 1990),
55
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First, flashcards can stimulate students’ idea, grab their attention and keep it on their mind. Second, flashcards were motivating and eyecatching. Third, flashcards were effective and applicable for any level of students. Fourth, flashcards were can be taken almost everywhere. Fifth, flashcards provided visual link between L1 and target language. Sixth, flashcards were easy to apply, and teacher can make them by him/herself. Last, flashcards can be used for practicing variety activities and games18. It can be concluded that flashcards
had many advantages for using in language teaching.
Relating to the explanation above, researcher had done a study by observing students of MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari. Researcher had some reasons for choosing MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari as study setting. First, in teaching and learning process, teacher of MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari still used conventional and traditional method and based on the preliminary study, this school never applied Think Pair Share Technique in teaching and learning process. Second, the students of MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari had problem in improving speaking skill such as they needed a strategy that applicable for giving each of them the same chance to talk more in the speaking class. Moreover, the ThinkPairShare Technique had been applicable and suitable for this school. Third, based on information from the teacher in this school, they declared that the students’ speaking skill had never been measured before. Therefore, it was possible to measure the students
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speaking skill after ThinkPairShare was implemented.
Concerning the background above, researcher conducted a study entitled The Implementation of Think Pair Share Technique Using Flashcards to Improve Students’ Speaking Skill of Eighth Grade at MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari.
B. Research Problem
This study was guided by the following question:
“Can the implementation of ThinkPairShare using flashcard significantly improve students’ speaking skill at MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari?”
C. Objective of Study
The objective of this study was to explain and to prove that ThinkPairShare Technique using flashcards can significantly improve students’ speaking skill of eighth grade at MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari.
D. Hypothesis
This study used hypotheses for analyzing the result of the study. To measure the significance in applying ThinkPairShare Technique using flashcard, the hypothesis was:
H0: Student’s speaking skill cannot significantly improve after
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Ha: Students’ speaking skill can significantly improve after
ThinkPairShare Technique using flashcards is implemented.
E. Significance of Study
Referring to the objective of this study above, this study was hoped to give benefits as follows:
1. Theoretical Advantage
For the readers, the result of this study was expected to contribute knowledge and theory about the implementation of ThinkPairShare technique using flashcards to increase students’ speaking skill.
2. Practical Advantage
The result of this study was expected; to add knowledge that ThinkPairShare technique can be teaching technique to improve students’ English speaking skill, to motivate educators and teacher to do more innovation and creativity in selecting teaching technique and to enrich discourse and reference for another researcher who intends to do advance study based on the result of this study.
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F. Scope and Limitation
The scope of the study was focused on the use of ThinkPairShare technique as teaching technique by using flashcard as teaching media to improve the student’s English speaking skill.
The teaching and learning process have some problems but, the researcher limits this study on English speaking skill at the eighth grade of MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari. The theme of the lesson is “What’s Your Favorite Story?” and the topic of the speaking lesson used about expressing spot: “Asking for and Giving Agreement”. The researcher tries to improve the students’ speaking skill by applying ThinkPairShare technique using flashcard.
G. Definition of Key Term
In order to avoid misunderstanding about this study, researcher defines the key terms as follows:
a. Implementation
Implementation is the realization of an application, or execution of a plan, idea, model, design, specification, standard, algorithm or policy19.
Implementation can also refer to a process of perform idea, policy or
19 Laudon, K., Management Classroom: Managing the Class, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2010),
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innovation in some practical performance to give affect, in capability reform, or value, or attitude20. In this study, implementation determined as the
process of stages how ThinkPairShare Technique is applied at MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari.
b. ThinkPairShare
ThinkPairShare is one of cooperative learning strategy. Its name inspired by three stages of their students’ action, with emphasizes on what students are to be doing on each of those stages21. In this study,
ThinkPairShare is a concept of learning that helps the students to share and discuss the material in learning speaking.
c. Flashcard
Flashcard is a set of cards bearing information, as word, words, or numbers, on either or both sides22. Another expert defines flashcard as cards
sized about 8x12 cm on which words or pictures are printed or drawn23.
Flashcards consist of numbers and sentences and every teacher can make it for teaching and learning process as long as it relates to the materials24. In
20 Mulyasa, E., KBK: Konsep, Karakteristik dan Implementasi, (Bandung: Remaja Rosda Karya,
2002), 93
21 M. Afan, The Effect of Think Pair Share Technique on the English Reading Achievement of the
Students’ Differing Achievement Motivation at Grade Eighth of SMPN 13 Mataram, (2013) Journal Program Pascasarjana Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha Program Studi Jurusan Bahasa Inggris vol. 3, 29
22 Wozniak, P.A., Optimization of Learning…..55
23 Haycraft, John op. cit., p. 38
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this study, flashcard refers to selfmade and selfdesigned cards contain picture, words and expression that is used as teaching media to improve students’ speaking skill.
d. Improve
Improve is the way to bring into a more desirable or excellent condition25. Improve can also defined as modifying the process or procedure
to increase the efficiency or increase the effectiveness of the procedures and process26. In this study, improve determined as the higher quality that
reached by students of MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari in their speaking skill.
e. Speaking
Speaking is sharing information or saying something about feelings, perceptions and intentions to other people27. Speaking can also
defined as a complex task since it involves putting the message together, communicating, and interacting with other people28. In this study, speaking
is a part of English lesson that is learned by the eighth grade students at MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari.
25 Douglass Harper, The Developing Strategy, (New Jersey: Collins Publisher, 2010), 66
26 John Whitmore, “The Coaching for Performance.”,
(http://scribd.com/thecoachingforperformance/ accessed on February 15th, 2015)
27 K.S Folse, The Art of Teaching Speaking….. 39
28 Lindsay C Knights P, Learning and Teaching English, A Course for Teacher, (Oxford: Oxford
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, researcher explained theoretical foundation relating to the study and provided related previous research.
A. Theoretical Foundation 1. Nature of Speaking
Speaking is a complex task because it involves putting the messages together, communicating, and interacting with other people, and learners need a lot of practice to develop this skill1. It means that speaking
is the ability to use the language appropriately to interact with other. The interaction involves not only verbal communication but also elements of speaking ability such as grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, fluency and comprehension2. The five elements of speaking abilities are:
a. Grammar
Grammar is the rules for forming and combining words to form sentences3. Grammar is the most important thing to determine the
students’ competence to communicate the language. There are
1 Lindsay C Knights P, Learninng and Teaching English…, 58
2 Ibid., 33
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grammatical terms such as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, and article used to refer to the nature of the grammar and people can understand the concept of language.
b. Vocabulary
Vocabulary is a list of words in alphabetical order with meaning4. Knowing a lot of words in foreign language is very
important5. A vocabulary usually develops with age and serves as a
useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring knowledge6. The more students know the better their chance to
understand in a conversation. c. Pronunciation
Pronunciation is the act or the way of saying a word7. It
means, pronunciation is the way people say something. Edge stated that there are three most important elements of pronunciation8:
a. Stress : Which word, or part of a word, is uttered the loudest and
4 Zainal, et.al., Teaching Speaking, (Jakarta: Bermutu, 2009), 39
5 Edge, J,. Essentials of English Language Teaching, (New York: Longman, 1993), 27
6 Lewis Clarence., The World Book Dictionary, (Chicago: ThorndikeBarnhart Press, 1968), 55
7 John Beech, Assessment in Speech and Language Therapy, (New Jersey: Academic Press,
1993), 121
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the longest.
b. Intonation: The way the voice goes up or down as one speaks, especially at the end of what someone says.
c. Sound : The impressions transmitted to the brain by the sense of hearing, as in separate sounds of pen; /p/, /e/, /n/
d. Fluency
Fluency is ease in speaking or expressing9. Fluency is a
speech language pathology term, it means the smoothness or flow which sounds, syllables, words, and phrases that are joined together when someone speaks quickly10. To become fluent in speaking English,
students need more practice. e. Comprehension
Comprehension is the act or power of understanding11. While
people do a dialogue, each other need understanding to the aim of conversation.
2. Teaching Speaking
9 National Curriculum Council, Teaching Talking and Listening. (UK: Key Stage Three, 1991),
33
10 Bruce Harrel, Speech Language Pathologist, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 28
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Speech is language that we learn to speak before we learn to read or write, it was argued that language is primarily what is spoken and only secondarily what is written12. Therefore, in short it is assumed that speaking
had priority in language teaching. To be able to operate effectively in the real world, students need plenty of opportunity to practice language in situations which encourage them to communicate their needs, ideas and opinion 13.
In learning foreign language students have to learn to speak the target language first then learn read or write. Speaking is a significant ability for learners who study English as their foreign language because the goal of teaching a foreign language is to gain the ability to communicate with others with target language. Therefore the teacher should give more opportunities to use the target language to communicate with others.
In teaching speaking skill teacher need creative method that able to make students speak, language learners are often embarrassed or shy to say anything when they do not understand another speaker or when they do not catch the meaning, sometimes they are shy because they realize that the partner has not understand them.
There are three factors why students prefer to be silent in the
12 Ibid., p. 6
13 Tricia Hedge, Teaching and Learning in The Language Classroom, (Oxford: Oxford University
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speaking class:14 First, they may be very conscious of their imitation in the
foreign language and feel that by expressing themselves open to ridicule. Second, the teacher may have chosen the topic which is native language or in foreign language. Third, they have nothing to say. Those factors are often come in language learners when they learn speaking skill. Teacher can help them to overcome this problem, by giving strategies, motivation, and opportunity to practice more.
3. Speaking English for Eighth Grade of Junior High School
In eighth grade of English lesson, students have six (6) themes of lesson. Each theme has two (2) topics. In these topics, the skills that have to be mastered by students are integrated. Although, the skills are integrated throughout the course, there is an emphasis on a particular skill area in each lesson. Students in eighth grade have to develop their English skills including speaking skills to find high English mark.
Throughout the course, students have two meetings per week. Every meeting has two periods English lesson and each period is forty (40) minutes which the member of each class is about 30 students. It concludes that teacher needs to manage the class to make each students be active in
14 Lukman Hakim, Thesis: “The Implication of Teaching Speaking Using Picture At The Second
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speaking during the lesson.
4. Teaching Strategy
Teaching strategy means the arrangement of teaching activities and the true communication between teacher and students15. To be more
exact, it refers to a series of effective teaching actions to achieve the expected result16. It can be concluded that teaching strategy is the strategy
used by teacher to teach the students and help them achieve the learning goal.
There are variety of teaching strategies that teacher can use to improve students’ learning. They are Active Learning, Collaborative or Cooperative Learning, Critical Thinking, Discussion Strategies, Experiential Learning, Games, Experiments or Simulations, InquiryGuided Learning, and ProblemBased Learning17. It means that teacher needs to selects
effective strategy in teaching and learning process.
15 Xiong, CP., “A Study of Interactive Teaching and Research”, Educational Research,
(http://books.google.co.id/xiongteaching/ accessed at Feb 22nd , 2015), 11
16 Ibid., 12
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5. Cooperative Learning as Part of Teaching Strategy
Cooperative learning strategy aims to enhance students’ motivation and reduce students’ stress and also to design a positive affective in classroom atmosphere18. It means that cooperative learning can help
students to create effective and active activity in the classroom.
The benefits of applying cooperative learning in classroom19 are;
it copies the exact experience which students can practice the activity in the lesson directly, it empowers and involves students to become independent learners by handling what they have learn, it serves the heterogeneous classroom because it provides an excellent vehicle for students of different ability level to work together in positive way.
6. Think Pair Share Technique as Part of Cooperative Learning Strategy a. Definition of Think Pair Share Technique
ThinkPairShare Technique is one of cooperative learning strategy20. Its name inspired by three stages of their students’ action, with
emphasizes on what students are to be doing on each of those stages21. In
18 Killen Roy, Effective Teaching Strategies…, 37
19 Robert Slavin, “Cooperative Learning: Teori, Riset dan Praktek”, Translated by Zainal Arifin,
(Bandung: Nusa Media Bandung, 2005), 10
20 Miftahul Huda, Cooperative Learning…, 43
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short, ThinkPairShare provides an opportunity for students to share their thinking with at least one another students, which in turn, increase their sense in involvement in the classroom teaching learning process.
The benefits of using ThinkPairShare technique22 are; First,
ThinkPairShare presents ‘think time’ to improve the quality of students’ responses. In a research, it is revealed that we need time to mentally ‘chew over’ new ideas in direction to keep them in memory23, so thinking
time is need. When teachers served an overloaded capacity of information on students needed at once time, most of them are lost. Second, students became actively participated in thinking about the academic concepts presented in lesson, because they are in pair. They are wished to participate since they do not feel the peer pressure appeared in front of the whole class. Third, the students talk over new ideas, they are supported to make sense of those new ideas refer to their basic knowledge during time discussion step. Fourth, ThinkPairShare is easily apply on the spur of the moment and applicable for the small or big class.
b. The Procedures of Think Pair Share Technique in Speaking Class
22 Ibid, p. 8
23 Wagner Kendra, “Murray’s Theory of Psychogenic Needs”,
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The basic procedures of ThinkPairShare Technique are; ‘thinking step’ where teacher gives problem to think, teacher gives students time to think, ‘pairing step’ which students pair with their friend, and the last, ‘sharing step’ where students share what is on their ideas24.
Then, these three steps of Think Pair Share strategy is developed by Johnson25, An American great teacher. He creates technique which uses
the basic of the Think Pair Share and inserts the pairexchange where the students exchange their partner to the other’s partner before the ‘sharing step’26. It means, Johnson use ‘thinking step’, ‘pairing step’,
‘pairexchange step’ and ‘sharing step’. Teacher can modify media used in ThinkPairShare Technique as long as it related to the material.
In speaking class, Think Pair Share technique can encourage individual participation and applicable across grade levels and class sizes. Susan construct the three steps in implement the steps of Think Pair Share technique for speaking class. They are27:
a. Think : Students are given time to think individually about the materials that have been revealed by teacher.
24 Miftahul Huda, Cooperative Learning, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2014), 96
25 Johnson D.W Johnson. Active Learning: Cooperation In The College Classroom, (Edina: MN
Interaction Book Company, 1991), 25
26 Ibid., 10
27 Susan Ledow. Using Think Pair Share in The College Classroom, (Arizona: Arizona State
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b. Pair : Students are pairing with their friends to start communication. This step allows students to articulate their ideas.
c. Share : Students share their ideas orally with a larger group, such as the whole class.
Kusrini, Indonesian writer and teacher, constructs three distinct steps in implementing Think Pair Share technique for speaking class28.
The three steps are almost similar with the basic of the ThinkPairShare technique, but it has little bit different. Before started the thinking time, students are grouped in six or five groups contain of three or four students. Then, it follows with ‘thinking step’, ‘pairing step’ which each student discuss with their friends in a group, and the last is ‘sharing step’ which one students share their discussion in to a whole class. In addition, the steps of ThinkPairShare technique that have been constructed by Kursini gives benefit in saving the time29.
c. The Benefits of Using Think Pair Share Technique
Think Pair Share Technique is a simple technique with great benefits30. Using Think Pair Share Technique, students learn from one
28 Endang Kusrini, Teaching Speaking for Senior High School….17
29 Ibid., p. 20
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another and get to try out their ideas. Students’ confidence improves and students are given a way to participate in class, rather than the few who usually volunteers. The benefits for the teacher include increasing time on task in the classroom and greater quality of students’ contributions to class discussion. Students and teacher gain much clearer understanding of the expectation for attention and participation in classroom discussion.
Based on the explanation above, it can conclude that Think Pair Share have benefits for both students and teacher, which students can have the more opportunity to practice the lesson and the teacher can save manage the lesson time as effective as possible.
d. The Weaknesses of Using Think Pair Share Technique
The weaknesses of using Think Pair Share Technique are not too much, but it is still found the weakness of using Think Pair Share as teaching technique31. First, the teacher should prepare the material as
good as possible. The goal in implementing Think Pair Share technique in speaking class is to get students’ focus and attention in speaking activity, this is the reason teacher should prepare it well. Second, when the teacher asks the students to discuss, make sure that the discussion is not out the
31 Lilik Puspita, Strength and Weakness of TPS Technique. Research And Arts.
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topic. This is the reason why selecting media is being important by implementing Think Pair Share Technique32.
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7. Teaching Media
Teaching media is a device that functions to present the message of learning33. To convey the message of learning, teacher typically use
teaching aids in the form of drawings, models, or other tools that can provide concrete experience, motivation to learn, as well as enhance the absorptive capacity or that we know as visual aid34. It means that usage of media in the
learning process can help and facilitate students in understanding the lesson. Yuniar divides the teaching media as follow35:
a. Printed Media: textbook, magazines, newspaper, journals, bulletins and blogs.
b. Visual Media: flashcards, chalkboard, flannel board, magnetic board and picture cards.
c. VisualMediaProjected: visual audio format, video and computers.
d. AudioVisual Media: overhead Projector, document cameras, slides, digital image projection, video formats, computers and tape Recorder.
33 Azhar Arsyad, Media Pembelajaran…. 9
34 Ibid., p. 11
35 Yuniar Istigfhfarin, Thesis: “Learn to Write Descriptive Text Using Digital Image Projector
That Makes Students Easily to Understand The Material”, (Bandung: Bandung University, 2009), 22
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8. Flashcard as Teaching Media through Think Pair Share Technique
Flashcards is a set of cards bearing information, as word, words, or numbers, on either or both sides36. Another expert defined flashcards as
cards on which words and or with pictures are printed or drawn37. It can be
concluded that flashcards are cards with a word or words and sometimes picture drawn on it.
There are three types of flashcards38; words flashcards, picture
flashcards, and picture with words flashcards. Words flashcard is card which contains of a word or some words that form a sentence, command, or instruction. Picture flashcard is a card with printed picture. Picture with words flashcards is a card with picture and words on it. There are many advantages of using flashcard in language teaching. First, flashcards can stimulate students’ idea, grab their attention and keep it on their mind. Second, flashcards are motivating and eyecatching. Third, flashcards are effective and applicable for any level of students. Fourth, flashcards are can be taken almost everywhere. Fifth, flashcards provide visual link between L1 and target language. Last, flashcards can be used for practicing variety
36 Wozniak, P.A., Optimization of Learning….., 56
37 Haycraft, John., An Introduction to English Language Teaching…., 38
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activities and games39.
B. Previous Studies
Researcher described some research related to the implementation of ThinkPairShare Technique to improve students’ speaking skill.
The first research entitled The Effect of Using ThinkPairShare Technique in Increasing Students’ Speaking Ability on Descriptive Text40. The
sample of this research was the eighth grade students of SMPN 5 Kubug. The media used in this research was problem posted by teacher. This study was conducted under Classroom Action Research. In analyzing the result, researcher describing it based on the observation checklist and the questionnaire that had been answered by the students to know the effect of using Think Pair Share Technique.
The second research entitled Teaching Speaking for Senior High School Students Using Cooperative Learning: Think Pair Share41. The sample
of this research was senior high school students in SMK Ponorogo. This research was done on Classroom Action Research as the research method and in analyzing the data, researcher described the result from the observation
39 David Cross, A Practical Handbook of Language Teaching, (London: Cassel, 1991), 36
40 Risnawati, Thesis: “The effect of Using ThinkPairShare Technique in Increasing Students’
Speaking Ability on Descriptive Text”, (Solo: FKIP UMMY Solo, 2014), 25
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checklist and researcher’s notes because it focused on the process of implementing the ThinkPairShare technique. The media used in this research was hot issue from entertainment.
The third research entitled ThinkPairShare: Its Effect on The Academic Performance of ESL Students42. This study was done under
qualitative research. In analyzing the result, researcher took descriptive qualitative design. Researcher focused on the effect on academic performance by using ThinkPairShare technique. This research used problem posted by teacher as teaching media. The result showed that ThinkPairShare technique gives positive effect on the academic performance of ESL students.
The fourth research entitled Sustaining Students’ English Academic Performance by Applying Think Pair Share Technique Using Textbook43. This
research conducted on New Jersey and used qualitative as research method. This study showed that the teaching process in sustaining students’ English academic performance by applying Think Pair Share technique using textbook can run effectively. The media used in this research is text book.
The last study entitled Improving Students’ Speaking Achievement
42 Tristeza Danebeth. “ThinkPairShare: Its Effect on The Academic Performance of ESL
Students”, (2010). International Journal of Literature, Linguistics & Interdiciplinary Studies,
Anglisticum (http://scribd.com/?TPSTristeza/ accessed on January 31st, 2015)
43 Rasinski, T. Sustaining Students’ English Academic Performance by Applying Think Pair Share
Technique Using Textbook, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1996), 35
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through ThinkPairShare Technique Using Textbook44. This study used
classroom action research design which focused on the process of teaching and learning. This research conducted in SMA Nusantara Lubuk Pakam. This research was also done on Classroom Action Research as research method. In analyzing the data, researcher described from the test result without using statistic. The media used in this research is text book. The result showed that students’ speaking achievement is improved after applying ThinkPairShare Technique.
The differences between these previous research and this study were; first, the methodology used. These previous research used classroom action research as the research methodology. Meanwhile, this study used quasiexperimental research. Generally, the characteristic of Classroom Action Research is the result of the study cannot be generalized toward another population and sample45. Therefore, researcher tried to use the same teaching
strategy in different sample. Second, the analyzing technique used. On previous research, researcher used descriptive qualitative and only explaining the result of their study based on observation, questionnaire and notes that they took during the research. The result was analyzed not using statistic and had become temporary. Meanwhile, this study analyzed the result by using ttest and
44 Fatariq, Dinda Adinda., Improving Students’ Speaking…,24
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, researcher described the method used to collect the data and to answer research problem. Researcher also provided research instrument and research procedures in conducting this study.
A. Research Method
In this study, there were three variables. They were; ThinkPairShare technique as independent variable that causes the changes of dependent variable, Flashcards as moderator variable or can be called as second independent variable that affect the association of independent and dependent variable, and Speaking Skill as dependent variable that is influenced by independent variable1.
This research design were conducted using “NonEquivalent Group Design” as a research design, the researcher used quasiexperimental method. The notation for this design was:
1 Sugiyono. Statistika untuk Penelitian, (Bandung: Penerbit Alfabeta, 2010), 110
N
O
X
O
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Where:
N: noted as sample group O: measured score
X: treatment.
It showed that first line is experimental group where the treatment was given and second line is control group which was not receiving treatment2.
In finding the result, the researcher uses statistic for data analysis “ttest”. Parametric statistics was used to know the result of the hypothesis. The test had been compared the average of two samples with the interval3. This research
used quasiexperimental research because this research had control group but it cannot be fully controlled the other aspects that influenced the improvement of the speaking skill. Quasiexperimental design was used because it was impossible to get control group that can fully control the implementation of Think Pair Share technique using flashcards and the speaking skill improvement without involving other aspect that influence it on the experimental group4.
2 William Torchim M.K, The Research Method Knowledge Base, (New York: Cornell University,
1999), 241
3 Sugiyono. Statistika untuk Penelitian…., 121
4 Sugiyono., Metode Penelitian Kualitatif, Kuantitatif dan R&D, (Bandung: Penerbit Alfabeta,
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B. Research Design
The researcher needed two of ways to manage the design of the research. They were determining the problem and collecting the data. Before the researcher found the complete data, the researcher had to determine the problem and the researcher had to collect the data.
1. Determining the Problem
The researcher took the preliminary study of student’s speaking problem at MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari and determined that ThinkPairShare Technique had been used as a teaching strategy to improve the student’s speaking skill of eighth grade at MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari.
2. Collecting the Data:
The researcher used some procedures to collect the data about the effect of ThinkPairShare technique as teaching media to improve the student’s speaking skill of eighth grade at MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari. The procedures applied were stated below:
a) The researcher gave pretest for experimental class to measure skillful in English speaking before applying ThinkPairShare Technique using flashcard.
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ThinkPairShare technique using flashcard. The treatment had been taken in two meeting. The steps in implementing ThinkPairShare technique described in the detailed lesson plan.
c) The researcher gave post test for both control and experimental class to measure students’ speaking skill after ThinkPairShare technique was implemented in experimental class.
d) The researcher compared the pretest and post test of experimental class to determine how significant the differences are before and after applying ThinkPairShare technique using flashcard and compared post test result between both control and experimental class.
e) The researcher used statistic for data analysis “t test” to find out the result.
f)The researcher explained the result of the research and gave conclusion.
C. Population and Sample
This study was conducted at MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari TawangsariKejapananGempol. It took place at Jl. Akses Tol No. 63A TawangsariKejapananGempol 67155. The population was students of this school. This school had 7 classes and they are 7AC, 8AB, and 9AB.
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class for the experiment or treatment group which had got treatment and took 8B class for control group which had not receive any treatment. 8A class consisted of 32 students and the 8B class consisted of 30 students. This research had been done under the English materials themed “I Had A Great Time”.
Researcher took eighth grade as sample by considering the reason follows: First, students of eights grade were assumed as having basic knowledge in English speaking skill and they were ready to be given a treatment and test to improve their speaking skill. Second, students of eighth grade were possible to be research sample because they are not in preparing National Last Examination. Third, students of eighth grade were assumed as mature age where they had responsibility on their own learning achievement5.
The technique sampling used in this research was simple random sampling where the taking of the sample from the population was random without considering the strata in the population6. This way is done because this
research is pedagogical research and this sampling technique made it easier to apply.
D. Data Collection Technique
5 Nurbaiti Widyasari, Thesis:” Meningkatkan Kemampuan Penalaran dan Disposisi Matematika
Siswa SMP Melalui Pendekatan Metaphorical Thinking”, (Jakarta: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia: 2013) p. 28
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To collect the data of the study, researcher used test. The pretest and post test was taken on both control and experimental class. The pretest was taken before the Think Pair Share technique using flashcards was implemented and the post test was taken after the Think Pair Share Technique using flashcards was implemented.
E. Research Instrument
To answer the research problem, researcher used test. Test was used as measurement evidence that students’ English speaking skill was improved. The result of the pretestpost test from experimental group had been analyzed, and the result of the post test from both experimental and control group also had been analyzed.
F. Data Analysis Technique
The researcher used statistics to analyze the data. The data obtained from the result of the test was classified as t test. Parametric statistics was used to know the result of the hypothesis. The test compared the average of two samples with the interval.7 It means two sample that had the same of
population and sample in the different time.8 In this study, the researcher
wondered the significantly of the research, the researcher used comparative
7 Ibid., p.121
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hypothesis. Therefore, the researcher used ttest to find the result of the data.
In doing the pretestpost test of experimental group, researcher used the following formula:
Where:
Md = Mean from difference of pretest and post test
The Md formula is Md = ∑d N
∑d = Deviation of each subject (dMd)
= The squared deviations
N = Subject of sample
Which is if tobs is higher than tcri or can be said if tcri is smaller than
tobs, it means that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. On the other hand, if tobs is
smaller than tcri, or can be said that tcri is higher than tobs, it means that H0 is
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Finally, to see the difference between the result of experiment and control group, researcher used the ttest by the formula:
Where:
X1 = Mean of experimental group
X2 = Mean of control group
s12 = variance of experimental group
s22 = variance of control group
n1 = amount of experimental group
n2 = amount of control group
The tobs compared with tcri. If the tobs is higher than tcri, H0 rejected
and Ha accepted. On the other hand, if tobs is smaller than tcri, H0 accepted and Ha
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CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter discussed the analysis of each activity. The researcher explained the research findings, data analysis and the discussion about findings.
A. Research Findings
1. The Research Result on March, 09th 2015
On March, 09th 2015 at 07.40 – 09.00, researcher did pretest for
8A class to measure students’ English speaking skill. The aim of pretest here was to find the students’ speaking skill before the use of ThinkPairShare Technique using flashcards as teaching media.
The test instrument consists of 3 items (see appendix I). Because this was speaking test, researcher was not scoring each item of the question, but by using speaking rubric. Researcher used the speaking rubric that has been constructed by another researcher, Rania1. Researcher chosen this
rubric was because the explanation of each speaking component such as comprehension, grammar, fluency, vocabulary and pronunciation was clear and simple. It was also applicable and suitable as speaking measurement for
1 Rania Sameer Jondeya, Thesis: The Effectiveness of Using Information Gap on Developing
Speaking Skills for The Eighth Graders in Gaza Governorate School” (Gaza: AlAzhar University, 2011), 168
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eighth grader of MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari. Based on the speaking rubric (see appendix II), if the students can reach maximum score of the Comprehension, they will get 4 point, 4 point for the Fluency, 4 point for the Grammar, 4 point for the Vocabulary and 4 point for the Pronunciation so the maximum score of speaking skill will be 20. The result of the students’ speaking skill can be seen on the table I.
Based on the table I, the total score that had been achieved by the experimental class was 326 and the mean of their score was 10,2 points, while the maximum points that they had to reach was 20 points. It concluded that their speaking skill of eighth grade at MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari needed to be improved.
2. Research Result on March, 12th 2015
On March, 12th 2015 at 10.00 – 11.20, researcher did the first
meeting for speaking treatment in 8A class. The material was based on the theme ‘What is Your Favorite Story’. The learning process goes on as the lesson plan that has been constructed by researcher (see appendix III). The goal in speaking lesson was to make students be able to respond the expression of asking for and giving agreement.
In the opening of learning process, researcher gave students two minutes to make them more relax in learning speaking such as stretching the
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shoulder’s muscle. After that, researcher reviewed the previous lesson, demonstrated and explained the learning goal.
In the exploration activity, researcher tried to involve students by dividing them into eight groups which each group consisted of four (4) students. Then, researcher distributed 2 flashcards. Flashcard 1 contains of the example of asking for and giving agreement expression (see appendix V), and flashcard 2 contains of the example in dialogue and filling the blank activity. See appendix VI for the full transcript of the students’ activity.
Example of activity:
Student 1: (Gets expression of asking for agreement) Student 2: (Gets expression of agreeing)
Student 3: (Gets expression of disagreeing) Student 4: (Gets flashcard 2)
In the elaboration activity, researcher gave 5 minutes for students to think about the flashcards in their hands. Then, students were asked to pair and researcher instructed them to start discussing flashcard 1, practicing the sentences there and giving responses. They had 10 minutes for these activities. Researcher warned them to always use English as much as they can during the discussion.
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Example of students’ discussion:
Student 1: “I get the expression of asking for agreement,” Student 2: “I get the expression of agreeing,” Student 3: “I get the expression of disagreeing,” Student 4: “I get flashcard II. It consists of picture and dialogue. And in the second picture, we need to fill in the blank in a dialogue,” (Each student shows their cards to another)
Student 2: “We will practice the expression of giving agreement first, because it loads many sentence,”
Student 1: “Great idea. And we can try to replace another sentence in the italic words here,”
Student 3: “Good. Then we can give it response based on these expressions; agreeing, or disagreeing,” Student 4: “Well, we can start now,”
Student 1: (Reading expression of asking for agreement card) “Finding Nemo is a good movie. Do you think so?”
Student 2: (Reading agreeing card) “You’re right,”
Student 3: (Reading disagreeing card) “I don’t think so,” Student 4: (Reading agreeing card) “Yes, I do,”
(Starting the discussion again),“ Okay, now we can try to change the italic sentence. Let me try,” (Reading a card, try to create another sentence) “I think SpongeBob Squarepants is a good movie. Do you think so?”
Student 1: “I don’t think so. I don’t like that movie,” Student 2: “Yes, I do. That movie is funny,”
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Student 3: “You’re right,”
In this activity, students look difficult in producing the words, but they still try.
Then, students were asked to practice the dialog in flashcard 2 with their pair. In this activity, students looked having an idea and understood with the use of expression asking for and giving agreement. The next, students discuss to fill the blank in flashcard 2. They had 10 minutes for this activity.
Example of students’ discussion:
Student 1, 2, 3 and 4 reading the dialogue in flashcard 2 which contains of horses picture. Student 1 and 2 were pairing, and student 3 and 4 were pairing too. They are reading the dialogue. The text shows Mika and Roni discussed about a picture consists of many horses picture
Student 1: “I think there are nine horses in this picture. Do you think so?”
Student 2: I don’t think so. I find thirteen horses. But the creator only knows how many horses are,”
Then, student 1, 2, 3, and 4 discussed the blank in next picture on flashcard 2, it loads the dialogue between Ami and Dina.
Student 1: “I think the answer of the blank number 1 is ‘Do you agree’. What do you think, Guys?”
Student 2: “I agree. But what about the blank number 2? It looks agreeing or disagreeing?”
Student 3: “I think it shows agreeing. It can be seen from the next sentence, that Dina give positive
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This chapter was divided into two parts. They were conclusion of the study and suggestion for the reader.
A. Conclusion
The students’ speaking skill of eighth grade at MTs. Hasyim Asy’ari was significantly improved by implementing Think Pair Share Technique using flashcards. Researcher endorsed it by arranging the detail step and clear instruction in the lesson plan. Based on the result of the study from previous chapter, it can be concluded that implementing think pair share technique using flashcard can significantly improve students’ speaking skill.
To make sure that the Think Pair Share technique using flashcard can significantly improve students’ speaking skill, the control group which has not received any treatment was placed as comparable result. The control group was taken after study the same material by using the traditional technique that have been structured based on teacher’s lesson plan. based on the result of the ttest, it showed that there is significant different in speaking skill between the experimental group that implement think pair share technique using flashcard and control group that did not implement think pair share technique using flashcard.
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B. Suggestion
Having seen the result of the study, implementing Think Pair Share technique using flashcards is recommended to be used in teaching English speaking lesson. It can improve students’ achievement in English speaking skill.
Based on this study, there are some suggestions about the implementation of Think Pair Share technique using flashcards. First, the details of each step in the implementation of Think Pair Share technique using flashcards has to be described in lesson plan. Second, the selected material has to be prepared by the teacher to endorse the effectiveness of think pair share technique.
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